GRE

GRE

Sentence ................................................................................................................................................................. 1

A General Structure of (Long) Sentence ............................................................................................. 2

1. LNP & Parallelism ................................................................................................... 3

2. NP-CP ................................................................................................................................................ 4

3. NP-CP1-Cp2 ............................................................................................................. 4

4. SVO, SVO ................................................................................................................ 6

Examples ....................................................................................................................................... 8

................................................................................................................................ 8

......................................................................................................................................................... 9 ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 SVO...................................................................................................................................................... 16

Frequently Asked Sentences .............................................................................................................. 28

Sentence

/S/V/O NP(noun phrase), VP(verb phrase, V NP V), CPclause phrase, APadjective phrase, , PPpreposition phrase f=function

Sentence = SVO = f (NP, VP, CP, AP, PP)

AP PP NP, VP, CP

A General Structure of (Long) Sentence

GRE GRE/GMAT

SVO S/OCPCP1-Cp2 SVO, SVOSVO+SVO when, if, because SVO: SVO SVO vs. SVO whereas, however although, though

8 >>

NP NP CP CP Np NP-CP1-Cp2 CPNP NP that Np v Np v Np= NP GRE

SVO = NP V NP NP V AP --

1. LNP & Parallelism

Long Noun Phrase=LNP

S = np1 of np2 in np3 V O=np1 of np2 in np3 over np4.=> SVO = np1 -3 V np1-4.

3-4 3 1 3-4 8 np1 np1 the view of, the discovery of, the fact of development, lack, scarcity the number of, the amount of np2 np1 np2 3-4 np1 V np1

1.

parallelism 1

2. NP-CP

CP, that/which/whoVP, v-ing/v-ed NP+CP, np that,

S = np1-3

that/which/who

v-ing/v-ed

, (with) np that,

V O=np1-4

that/which/who

v-ing/v-ed

, (with) np that,

SO 1 2 8

6-9 1 +2 = 3 6-9 25 GRE

np1-4 V np1-4 np1 np1 V np1

that, whether, why, how

That np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 that V that np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 which.

3. NP-CP1-Cp2

recursionnesting CP=clause phrase Steven Pinker Words and Rules (p.9)

S=sentence/CPNP=noun phraseVP= verb phrase/, VP=V + NP, NP /S VP=V+NP+S S=NP + VPVP = V+NP+S

Source: Steven Pinker, Words and Rules, p. 9 GRE 88

4 5

2-3 3-5 GRE 2 3 6 CP

SVO = np1-3 CP1-Cp2 V np1-3 CP1-Cp2-cp3

SVO = np1-3 that, which, V np1-3, whichand which, v-ed, np1 of np2 that

np1-3, that which

Vnp1-3 which v-ed np1 of np2 that

1 2 3 6 6-9 50 >

np1 V np1

4. SVO, SVO

that/which/who if/because/when/although/while/whereas

SVO if / because / when SVO

1-3

np1-3 thatV np1-3, which, v-ed, np that if/because/when np1-3 which, V np1-3, which, v-ed, np that

2 1+3=4 10 8 80 if, because, when np1 V np1

2-3

SVO: SVO, SVO

Although/ While / Whereas SVO, SVO

While, whereas 1-3

Although/While / Where as np1-3 thatV np1-3 which, v-ed, np that, np1-3 thatV np1-3, which,

v-ing.

np1 V np1 vs. np1 V np1 np1 V np1 vs. np1

V np1

SVO; SVO; SVO 3

SVO: SVO; SVO; SVO

Although SVO, SVO while SVO 2

SVO if SVO; however, SVO because SVO, though SVO. 1 SVO however

Examples

1.

when, if, although, whereas

2.

3. GRE-RC-36 Exercise 13,15, 23, 24, 25,26 30-50

1. But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental

pressures.

But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental

pressures.

np1 np1-5np1 discovery np2 similarities in np3 of np4 in np5 undermine, =weaken, ruin, attempt explain away as due to convergent evolution response evolution similarities undermine convergent evolutionflipper; superficial: convergent:

2. They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and

physics.

They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and

physics.

they: were fighting, envisioned as, v1 to v2 to open to liberate

ecclesiastical philosophy albeit= although, contributing to the growth of mathematics and physics mathematics and physics = new science open to the new science envisioned, contributing to discreet = prudent, modest, not obtrusive; ecclesiastical: Ecclesiastes:

3. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the

whole female sex into public industry."

Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the

whole female sex into public industry."

E that women, liberated by by

technological developmentsdevelopment technological that

(predicted) thatE women be liberated by technologicalsubordination-ord- sub- recruitment

4. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in

an all-encompassing interpretation.

This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist

inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.

this is not because, but because but because because WH has np1 of np2 np1recalcitrant elements that resist inclusion = recalcitrant WH not, but not stiffen, but resist inclusion although rigid = stiffen stiff = rigid, stubborn; recalcitrant = obstinately defiant, unruly, resistant,

5. Metaphysics, philosophys traditional core considered as the most general description of how the heavens and the earth are put togetherhad been rendered almost completely meaningless by the

spectacular progress of physics.

Metaphysics, philosophys traditional coreconsidered as the most general description of how the heavens and the earth are put togetherhad been rendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of

physics.

metaphysics m traditional, recent considered how been rendered meaningless physics M physics metaphysics, , ; render = make, do; spectacular:

6. Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of philosophy as queen of sciences into the new notion

of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline:

philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of

highest but in the sense of underlying.

Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of philosophy as queen of sciences into the new notion of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline: philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of

highest but in the sense of underlying.

K v1 to v2 replace m vs. e by focusing on focus on = replace with, knowledge = epistemology K e knowledge m thus transform/, new p(hilosophy) new p underlying = foundationalK e m p foundational

underlying: basic, fundamental; epistemology:

7. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary

mobilization.

Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary

mobilization.

only we lack useful description 2 descrpition that what 2 that characterizein the light of = according to, in the view ofmobilization

8. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered

"women's work."

It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered

"women's work."

It was thatnot but ratherbut np1 of np2, v-ed, from np3 seen as np1separation np2secretarial work created dead-end jobs

considered notbut technology vs. separation

dead-end jobsapprenticeshipthenceforth:

9. When nitrogen levels are low, however, specialized cells called heterocysts are produced which lack chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which

can fix nitrogen by converting nitrogen gas into a usable

form.

When nitrogen levels are low, however, specialized cells called heterocysts are produced which lack chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which can fix nitrogen by converting nitrogen gas into a

usable form.

when specialized cells called h which, but which cells h = when n(itrogen)n h c(hlorophyll) photosynthesis c p p n(itrogen)n n: c:p n: p n: p

10. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at

25 to 85 kilometers per day.

According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at

25 to 85 kilometers per day.

that signal generated R. wave that depressed = negative R. wavedepressed, parallel,

*

11. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun's large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained

against decay.

The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun's large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained

against decay.

alternative explanation suppose that magnetic field/ is remnant remain that

the Sun acquired that/which when remnant = not against decay = decay alternative

explanation explanation kwx y z

12. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's

work.

They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing

evaluation of women's work.

They conclude that dramatic technological innovationsnot result in

np1 in np2 or in np3 np1dramatic social changes conclude

1-2 ts=kwcsdramtic:

striking, fundamental, revolutionary, transforming,

13. Since 1953, many experimental attempts to synthesize the chemical constituents of life under "primitive Earth conditions" have demonstrated that a variety of the complex molecules currently making up living organisms could have been present in the early ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the

atmosphere.

Since 1953, many experimental attempts to synthesize the chemical constituents of life under "primitive Earth conditions" have demonstrated that a variety of the complex molecules currently making up living organisms could have been present in the early ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when

oxygen-containing compounds dominate the

atmosphere.

attempts to synthesize chemical constituents demonstrate that

complex molecules v-ing been present early only less, dominatewhen o m only o: m() o: m

14. The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the

best.

The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact

counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school

of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best.

belief conviction that that the fact that, the theory that, the hypothesis that belief perfect the nation speaking it is it belief counterpart counter counterpart = similarity M. school that -best perfect = the best common belief l=e. l1=e1. l2=e2 (l=linguists, e=economist)

15. Many critics of Emily Bronts novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where

a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

Many critics of Emily Bronts novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part,

where a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

np1 of np2s np3 critics see as = view as = consider as second part, counterpoint that if that comments on that first part where WHWuthering Heights counterpoint counterpoint = comment on counterpoint counterpart counter/ NP1-3 V NP CP1(that), Cp1(if), Cp2(where) many critics

16. The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development in the e arly nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophys core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what

it means to know something.

The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophys core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what

it means to know something.

np1 of np2 from np3np1 demarcation = separation np2 p(hilosophy) facilitate = precipitate by np1 in np2 of np3np1 development new notion that that ps interest epistemology e np1 of np2 np2 what know = epistemologyp 19

p e development p p

17. Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, is a nineteenth-century master mechanic who, mysteriously awakening in sixth-century Britain, launches what he hopes will be a peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modern

democracy.

Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, is a nineteenth-century master mechanic who, mysteriously awakening in

sixth-century Britain, launches what he hopes will be a

peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modern democracy.

Mtopic T ACY is mechanic

who who awakening what to transform M master mechanic who what M

Mark Twain ACY Hank Morgan 19 6

18. None of these translations to screen and stage, however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled as lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements.

None of these translations to screen and stage, however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled as

lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges

and battlements.

np1 of np2 to np3 np1 of np2none translations dramatize np1 at np2 of np3 np1anarchy ACY 2-3 which nineteenth century where after conclusion: end, lunatic, lunar incoherent, babble, v.

ACY Morgan 19

*

19. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus

strengthening the wind still more.

These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus

strengthening the wind still more.

winds v1 to v2 v2=create feedback mechanism by driving driving = create pile that block, warm eastern water strengthening winds create feedback windsstrengthen the winds feedback: output inputupwelling:

20. For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone's surfaces, thereby passing airborne

pollen from one scale to the next.

For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone's surfaces, thereby passing airborne

pollen from one scale to the next.

np1 of np2 on np3 np1= spiral arragementnp2 of np3 where is important to = is important for = is responsible for = cause = determine airflow pattern that passing > spiral arrangement is important to airflow patterns pollen passing pollen in order to

21. As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to

the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to

the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

As e. characteristics encountered change which surface where as which where e[lastic]. characteristics change crossed, recordede crossed, energy recorded

SVO

22. Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other land masses, the great variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a process that requires both a method of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of

the source area and that of the recipient area.

Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other land masses, the great variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a process that requires both a method of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of the

source area and that of the recipient area.

Since Since variety = diversitybe a result of = be caused by = be determined by = result from

dispersal of seedsprocess = dispersal that

equivalence = similarity recipient, adj., receive, n., =receiver,

23. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different populations makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and

crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the

weather, and in other cases not.

The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different populations makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with

the weather, and in other cases not.

4 SVO 1 SVO 3 SVO SVO 1 variety exhibited by make difficult 2 3 4 some remains constant, others exhibit regular cycles, others vary wildly that

1

24. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death and migration rates may be fluctuating around their

long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle

by which gains and losses canceled exactly).

No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either

increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle

by which gains and losses canceled exactly).

2 1 No matter how if population either or without bound barring by which if severe: fluctuate: bar: block, prevent, barring = excluding, except

25. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people -- their political and economic systems -- but they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other African

cultural values.

They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people -- their political and economic systems -- but they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other African

cultural values.

but 2 1 that slavery strippedcultural elements 2 they underestimate music np1 of np2 in v-ing 1 correctly 2 underestimate =+ strip vs. sustain

26. If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from similar environmental pressures, as posited by the convergent-evolution theory, one would expect walruses and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have similar

flippers.

If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from similar environmental pressures, as posited by the convergent-evolution theory, one would expect walruses and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have

similar flippers.

anatomical similarity resulted from environmental posited one would expect If/convergent-evolution

f(lippers)

would anatomy:

posit: suppose, assume, presumeconvergent: flipper: ,

w s s s.l,

27. This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final

separation of philosophy from both.

This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final

separation of philosophy from both.

2 SVOwhen np1 between np2 and np3 np1=link persist until 19th century when decline provoke np1 of np2 from np3, separation of p(hilosophy) p 19 19 p until link separation link vs. separation persist: ecclesiastical: scholarship: academic study/provoke: pro--vok-

28. Biologists have long maintained that two groups of pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from a terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaining group,

seals, shares an ancestor with weasels.

Biologists have long maintained that two groups of pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from a terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaining

group, seals, shares an ancestor with weasels.

that 2 2 whereas 2 p(innipeds) 1

descended from = share ancestors with bearlike vs. weasels2 p p

long maintainedKWo AW-KWndescend:descendant = offspringterrestrial:

29. Although these observations are true, Pessen overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period

and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization.

Although these observations are true, Pessen

overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian

period and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization.

2 =+ true vs. overestimate although observations are true,

P overestimates importance by concluding that and that 1 that progress inequality continued

np1 toward np2 in np3 np1 progress np2inequality 2 that U.S. was a classsociety class- society plutocratic P thatand that overestimate progress: ridden: harassed, oppressed; class-ridden: class-dominated, class-governed; plutocratic: pluto-=wealth + -crat-=rule, govern

30. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,

whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.

Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,

whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.

3 SVO both whereas Although a(drenaline), n(orepinephrine) arousal stimulates a and n whereas h c fear vs. aggression arousal: arise, arouse, ; herbivore: herb=grass + vore = eat; carnivore: carn-=meat + vore=eat

31. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels

heterogeneous parts.

Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels

heterogeneous parts.

2 SVO Granted that these elements not argue J but presense encourage attempts to unify attempt unify parts Granted not : not construction vs. unify

J

32. When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering

the warfare between science and theology.

When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering the

warfare between science and theology.

2 when D and S

rejected medieval philosophy they

think of notbut new philosophy vs. science vs.

medieval: medi-: middle + ev-: eve, time ancient, modern, postmodern further, v. = facilitate,

17 D H

33. Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of

philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.

Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of

philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.

2 SVO but modern philosophers trace back to D and S D S not until it was articulated by K and did notuntil K 18 but D.S. K D.S. vs. K trace back to attribute to; notion = view, idea; articulate:

D S 18 K 19

34. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February

insurrection has been diminished.

Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been

magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been

diminished.

2 SVO which while J: magnified vs. F: diminished6 2

exert: ; impact: , = influence, significance; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt, revolution

35. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities efforts to

search out and punish the rebels.

Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of

authorities efforts to search out and punish the rebels.

2 SVOAlthough J and PC would be considered watersheds 19 but advantage invaluable documentation = advantage as a by-product =+ watershed vs. advantage/invaluable document

watershed: ; signal, adj. =significant; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt, revolution; invaluable, , = priceless; authority: =governmentrebel, n. , , = insurgent, insurrectionist, mutineer; rebel, adj.

1848 6 1871 19

36. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that

require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while

women's household labor remains demanding.

Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while

women's household labor remains demanding.

3 SVO+ 1 conditions changed little conditions under which 2 while changle little change little = persist, remains 2 SVO jobs that 2 require and offer 3 lower pay persist 3 SVO while womens household labor remains demandingwhile

37. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for

departure, but he finds that such explanations usually

assumed primacy only in retrospect.

With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually

assumed primacy only in retrospect.

2 SVO but 1 C not deny the factthe fact t hat some immigrants advanced religious explanationsbut 2 SVO explanations assumed primacy only in retrospectonly

religious vs. only C only

religious religious = spiritual = metaphysical vs. secular = material = sociopolitical

C 1630

assume: primacy: primaryretrospect: retro-: back + -spect-: see

38. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually

used.

Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is

actually used.

2 SVO so that so that 2 so that in which wind pollination = w. p. has been viewed as a process w.p. process marked by random events random process random in which vagaries = random (events), so that new seeds = reproductive assured at the expense produce more pollen generation of vast quantities of pollen that is actually used than is the pollen traditonally, has been KWoAW-KWn

pollination, ; random: ; vagary, n. = caprice, erratic or unpredictable action,

39. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by

insects.

Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species

pollinated by insects.

2 SVObecause 1 SVO because hazards pollen grains that / whichnp [that] np v np v np as hazards are enormous 2 SVO w-p plants compensated for the loss of pollen by virtue of doing

= by doing compensated producing an amount of pollen amount of pollen that amount produced by species pollinated by greater than w-p plants producing an amount of pollen

potential: possible, grain: ; be subject to: ; enormous: huge, tremendous, ; pollinate: ; ensue: ; ensuing: resulted, followinghappenstance: accidents, magnitude: ; orders of magnitude:

1-3

40. However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of vascular plants, of which conifers are only one kind, as a

whole.

However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of vascular plants, of which conifers are only one kind, as a

whole.

2 SVO because 1 these pattern cannot be viewed as an adapt ati on 2 because v(ascular) plants of which because

vascularconifer

41. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but, contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing

inner feelings through movement.

In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but, contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing

inner feelings through movement.

3 SVO but rather

D

recital: ; inspiration:

42. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density- independent effects act to produce "noise" in the

population dynamics.

In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density- independent effects act to produce "noise" in the

population dynamics.

2 SVO while in order to PPwe may think of d-d effects as signal signal ecologiststhat/which one that signal that while d-i effects produce noisePP, S V O-CP1-CP2 vs. S V O. while signal vs. noi se

parameter: factor ; dynamics:

43. For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain

unknown.

For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may

remain unknown.

2 SVO 2 that

*

44. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women

employers would hire.

The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did

with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only

women employers would hire.

2 1 SVO np1 in np2 of np3 np1, np2

np3married women employed

have to do with = relate to = correlate with less mechanization 1 2 2 that high marriage rates that single women workers the only womenemployers would hire that/ which less than mechanization vs. marriage rates

20 mechanization

pool 20

45. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and

in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his

own."

Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his

own."

2 just as economists were blind to cases cases in which so also linguists

are deaf to instances instances 2 in which 2 in which intended by 1 blind = deaf

cases, instances in which unsatisified =

misunderstanding

Frequently Asked Sentences

kw TS

CSaw-kw1 vs. kw2

however, but, yet, nevertheless, although aw TS, CS, kw, aw 2-3/10

2-3/10

5-6/10

1-3/10 GRE 3-5/10GRE GRE GRE GRE GRE

1.

(initial letters)

Hargrave and Geen: H.G.

, say, Brahms or Schumann: B. S.

in order to

, say, a hungry lizard :

adrenaline and norepinephrine: a. n.

Lymnaea peregra: Lp

Anabaena: A.

2.

like, similar(=), as as, comparable to;

unlike(), rather than, more than(>), less than, different from, contrast, opposed to, comparable to;

whereas, whenhowever, while

early, before, prior to, initially, originally; later, recent, now, new; until

only, first, most adj., the least

although, though, while; despite, in spite of + NP; as adj. as it is []

did/does, may be, may seem, might seem, there might be, there is some evidence [But]

of course, certainly; undoubtedly, no doubt, no problem

[But] It is true that, to be sure, Granted; this is not to deny[But]

not but/instead/rather

not to suggest. But

kw. not a. but b/kw.

without, never, absent from, the lack of, far from, away from, not until

150-160 /