greece
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Greece. Unit 6. Geography. In southeastern Europe. It is a peninsula. Contains mountains, with many gulfs and bays. Forests also fill some areas of Greece. Much of Greece is rocky. Some areas are suitable for growing wheat, barley, citrus, and olives. 3 Geographic Regions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Greece
Unit 6
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Geography• In southeastern Europe.• It is a peninsula. • Contains mountains, with
many gulfs and bays. • Forests also fill some
areas of Greece.• Much of Greece is rocky. • Some areas are suitable
for growing wheat, barley, citrus, and olives.
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3 Geographic Regions
• Northern Greece: Contains the largest plains area in Greece. It is almost surrounded by mountains.
• Central Greece: Has more mountains than northern Greece. had a poor soil, but a long coastline favoring trade.
• Peloponnesus: Contains a plateau over mountain ranges.
• Plus various Islands.
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Relative Isolation
• Various famous city-states are separated by water and mountains.
• This allows various different cultures to flourish and grow.
• It also affects the types of economy each city-state would have.
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The First Greeks
• 1st people were the Minoans and the Myceneans.
• Advanced civilizations based on trade in the Aegean sea.
• They built huge palaces and temples.
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Minoans of Crete• Lasted nearly 2000
B.C.E.• Great sailors. • Created many colonies. • Basic plumbing• Women had major roles,
depict many priestesses. • Linear A- writing system
we can not decipher. • Fell- Volcanic Eruption.
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Mycenaean• Conquered Minoans.• Built small kingdom that fought
often with each other. • Considered 1st because they
spoke a form of Greek Language.
• Traded with and copied Minoan writing to develop their own (we have deciphered their writing).
• Intense competition, warfare, powerful kings.
• Taxed trade and farming to build.
• Believed to be the ones responsible for the fall of Troy.
• Droughts, famines, invasion, and war between selves.
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City-State• City-state: A self-governing state consisting of a city and
its surrounding territory.• Developed because Greece’s rugged terrain made travel
and communication difficult. • Built around area called the acropolis.• Included an agora, a marketplace. • Sparta and Athens were one of the mightiest City-States.
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Athens
• Athens was ruled by kings at first. • Over time Aristocrats took their place who
had both money and power. • Most people in Athens were poor. • Rich and poor gap grew leading to conflict.
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Athens
• Draco: a ruler of Athens tried to solve this with harsh punishments but this failed.
• Solon: revised laws again, overturning Draco. • Outlawed debt slavery, reduced poverty with
trade. • Allowed all men to take part in the assembly that
governed the city and serve on juries. • Only wealthy could run for or hold political office.
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Governrment
• Peisistratus: (py-sis-truht-uhs) was a tyrant and ruled with force but was popular by pushing the aristocrats out of office and increased trade.
• Cleisthenes: (klys-thuh-neez) took over and set reforms that brought democracy. Broke into 10 tribes of where they lived for election basis.
• Tribes elect 50 to serve on council of 500.• Proposed laws and elected generals.
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Democracy
• Athens now ruled by the people• Only free males over the age of 20 who
completed military training. • Women, children, and immigrants cannot. • They
– Vote in all elections– Serve office if elected– Serve on juries– Serve in the military during war
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Three main bodies• Assembly all eligible
made all laws and decisions. (direct democracy)
• Council of 500 had to write the laws which assembly voted for.
• Complex series of courts. • Some special office like
generals, chief of state (archons) and had 1 term but elected as many times as it wants.
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Sparta
• Once surrounded by small towns but they were conquered by Sparta.
• Made some into helots or state slaves. • Slaves given to work on farms so citizens
can train for war. • War was seen as the only way to keep order. • Helots outnumbered them and were always
ready to rebel.
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Spartan Government
• Led by two kings who served as military commanders.
• Decisions fell increasingly to and elected council of elders.
• Felt on honor to serve on the council.• A few families run everything, is called an
oligarchy. • kept very tight control on its people.
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Athens Culture
• Athens was a very creative city state. • They believed in a good education.
(for boys)• You could go into the army or navy if
you wanted to. (if you were a boy)
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Spartan Culture• Sparta was very
focused on obedience and war and the people did not have any luxuries.
• Boys did not have to work or be educated but trained to be warriors from a young age.
• Boys had to join the Spartan army.
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Athens Girls
• Girls were not regarded as important by the Athenians.
• Girls could be taught at home. (if they had rich parents)
• Girls were not allowed to take part in anything to do with war, business or education.
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Spartan Girls• Girls in Sparta were
to grow up to be the mothers of warriors.
• Although they were not allowed to fight, girls took part in all the training because fit ladies produced fit babies, who would fight!
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Greek Philosophy • Three great philosophers. • Socrates: first of them, what we know come
from the writings of his students. Concepts of truth, justice, and virtue. What made good people and societies. (What is Truth?)
• Plato: student of Socrates. Truth, the ideal form of government. Only the best could lead.
• Aristotle: use of reason and logic to study the natural world. Rational thought, and helped develop science and biology.
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Greek Medicine• The Greeks believed that illness was a
punishment sent by the gods…& they prayed for cures.
• Asclepius-(As-KLEE-pi-us) the god of medicine
• Herbal remedies, special diets & exercise were used for treatment
• Sophisticated medical treatments for all kinds of diseases were created
• Hippocrates-(HIP-POH-CRAH –TIS) remembered as father of modern medicine
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literature• Homers Epics: two epic
poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, telling the stories and heroes of the Trojan war.
• Poems: descriptive poetry that describes peasants and Gods. Lyric poetry dealing with emotions and desires.
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History
• Herodotus: first major Greek writer of History. He described major events.
• Thucydides: more critical of his sources• Xenophon: described famous men.
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Plays
• Drama: roots in Athens and developed playwriting from religious festivals.
• Explored basic questions about people. • They tell us all about Greek culture and beliefs. • Aeschylus • Sophocles: Oedipus • Euripides• They also created the comedy.
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Architecture and Art
• Built temples, theaters, and added fine works of art to enhance.
• Marble temples and bronze statues.
• Parthenon took 14 years to build.
• Sculpted the human form and were life like. And made sure all were of beautiful people without imperfections.
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Alexander
• Taught by Aristotle. • Warrior at 14• A general at 18• King at 20• Died at 32
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Hellenistic culture• Alexander believed in
cultures mixing.• He had the city of
Alexandria built.• When he died, his
generals split up his lands.
• Ptolemy (TAHL-uh-mee) took control of Egypt.
• He started a dynasty of Pharaohs in Egypt who were not really Egyptian.
• This line included Cleopatra and was in the control of Greece and eventually Rome.
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Hellenistic World
• Appointed people from various cultures to help rule.
• Government changes from democracy back to monarchies.
• Women now allowed some rights to women for education and property (but still not equal)
• Greek philosophy and ideas spread throughout the world.
• Art conveyed more emotion and used women more.
• Archimedes: one of the great science and technology achievements like compound pullies, mechanical screw for drawing water.
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Persian Wars.
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Peloponnesian War