greece world history summer 2012 collins. world history-greece2 greece

GreeceWorld HistorySummer 2012

Collins

World History-Greece 2

Greece


Greece


Greece

• The Greeks were

the first to glorify the

AVERAGE person—not

just the gods, not just

important people, not

just the rich…AVERAGE,

EVERYDAY PEOPLE!


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• A child… pulling

a thorn from his

foot.


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• ZeusNotice that despite the

fact that he is a god,

he is depicted as a

HUMAN MAN.

No more and no less.


Remember the work of the Egyptians?


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How does the work of the Egyptians differ from the work of the Greeks?


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• Parthenon

http://aku-aku.com/greece/big/parthenon-athens.jpg


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• AmphoraDepicts the story

of Ajax


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• Geography shaped Greek civilization– In a sense, Greeks did not live on land but

around a sea.– Water

• A source of food, trade, simple transportation…a link with other societies.

• (Remember, Greece is short on resources. The Greeks had to gather them from others.


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• The mountains, which served as natural barriers and boundaries, dictated the political character of Greece.

• From early times the Greeks lived in independent communities isolated from one another by the landscape. Later these communities were organized into poleis or city-states


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• About 3/4th of Greece is covered with mountains—mountains which divide Greece into a number of different regions.– Makes it difficult to unite as one people under

one government.– Only things that will grow: olives, grains, and

grapes.


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• The climate– The Greek way of life—especially for men—

was an outdoor life. Temperatures moderate year-round. Remember: the Olympics began there 10s of thousands of years ago.


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• Church located in Greek agora.


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• Remember the theme of Geography when you think of the Greeks. We are, to a large extent, shaped by the environment that we live in.


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• What about home life?


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• Greek city houses of the 6th and 5th century b.c. were usually modest in scale and built of relatively inexpensive materials. They varied from two or three rooms clustered around a small court to a dozen or so rooms.


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• City house exteriors presented a plain facade to the street, broken only by the door and a few small windows set high. In larger houses the main rooms included a kitchen, a small room for bathing, several bedrooms which usually occupied a second floor, the men's andron for dining, and perhaps a separate suite of rooms known as the gynaikonitis for the use of women.


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• The evening meal might be followed on special occasions by a symposium, a drinking party organized by the host for his male guests. The participants reclined on couches arranged around the sides of the room.


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• So, Greece is really a collection of islands. The largest?– Crete


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• Ruins of Ancient Cretan palace @ Festos


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• Civilization that flourished there is referred to as Minoan after the famous King Minos, one of their first and most legendary of Kings


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• Life for the Minoans was good. Paintings covered the walls of buildings throughout the city and show us a lively people with a zest for athletic contests, festivals, and stylish dress.– Women enjoyed a level of equality that was

rare in the ancient world.


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• At Knossos, pipes carried water for bathing, and even for a flush toilet.– But, Cretan life ended abruptly. Some believe

that there was a natural disaster (think stories of Atlantis). Others believe that there might have been invaders.


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• Groups of people began to move onto mainland Greece around 2000 B.C.– During this period, the people were often

referred to as Mycenaeans after their most important city: Mycenae.


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• What qualities made Mycenae an excellent and safe city in which to live?


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• It was a sort of palace fort—able to withstand almost any invader.

• Similar palace-forts dotted the Southernmost part of Greece.– In each lived a warrior King.– What was life like for nobility in these palace-

forts?


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• War was the business of warrior-Kings and the greatest of these wars was known as the Trojan War in which Athens and Troy went to war with each other.– Why?– Schliemann. Who was he?


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• Around 1200 B.C., palace after palace was attacked. It is believed that the very same mysterious people known as “the people of the sea” were responsible—the very same people who had taken down the Egyptians.


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• The Dorians (migrations)

• Homer…..– Tell me a little


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• Greek Myth– A way to teach the young not just a collection

of fun stories. (Think: Odysseus)


GreeceYour job:

– Read a myth of your choosing. (Points will be lost for repeats so try to be original)

– The myth must be Greek.– Please know that there are two kinds of

myths:• Hero/Heroine and monster-based myths (Perseus,

Medusa, Achilles, Ajax, Theseus, Pandora, and Jason and the Argonauts to name a few)

• God-based myths. These are, largely, stories that center around a variety of the gods—there are 12 major gods according to the Greeks.


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• I would prefer that you read a hero-based myth as opposed to a god-based one.

• See me if you would like to do a the latter.


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– Write-up (extended—8-10 facts, longer paragraph and two (2) images):

• Think:– Who?.......Who are the main characters? Who is the

Hero? Why do you think of him as a hero? What makes a hero in your opinion?

– What?......What is the lesson to be learned? What is a myth?

– Where?...Is there a journey involved?– How?......How does the tale end?– Why?.....Why did you choose this particular myth?


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• The Greek (or heroic) ideal– Arete

– Glory in battle vs. glory in the athletic arena.• The Pentathlon

– Broad jump, discus, javelin, sprint, and wrestling.


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• The gods:– Greeks imagined their gods to be very much

like humans in most ways.• The Greek gods struggled with human passions

and weaknesses-love, hate, anger, jealousy.• They quarreled constantly with one another• The 12 most powerful of these gods were said to

live atop a snow-capped peaked in Northern Greece: Mount Olympus.


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• Unlike the Egyptians in many ways…how?

• Unlike the Egyptians, as well, the Greeks never developed a powerful priest class. Instead, priests in Greece were rather ordinary bureaucrats. Not a lifetime job but, rather, one of the many civic duties for a Greek citizen.– Religion closely linked to government and civic pride.


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• And so, the Greeks managed to create a society where there was both the time (remember the importance of free time to a civilization) and the urge to look for beauty and meaning in life.


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• The created….with a capitol letter C.

• Buildings

• Paintings

• Sculpture

• …………..All in the classical tradition.

• Look up the word “Classical”

………………………………………discuss.


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• And, for the first time, really we see a group a group of people who begin to look inward at what it meant to be human—Greek tragedy comedy, poetry, and more explored the craziness of this thing we call life.


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• Socrates

• Plato

• Aristotle

• …….. ………………………choose one and do a write up on that person.


Greece and Rome

• Despite how incredible these people were, despite creating Democracy as we know it today, despite reaching greater heights than anyone before them, eventually Greek civilization would wane and give way to an even greater group: the Romans.


Greece and Rome

• Yet, the Romans would owe everything they were and would become to the Greeks. Indeed, their gods would be those of the Greeks—only with new names.

• Their architecture, sculpture—all would be basically Greek. The Romans would appropriate all of it and make it better.


Rome

• So, Romans extended Greek culture.

• They were proud of their ability to rule—their sense of Gravitas—dignity, seriousness, duty. (Think of it in terms of the Greek philosophy of Arete)


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• Legend has it that two brothers—Romulus and Remus—in a fit of anger, would argue over the 7 hills that would eventually make up Rome. Romulus would win and would name his city after himself: Rome.


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• Eventually, Rome and the Italian peninsula would turn to the leadership of Kings.

• In 509 BC, however, in a great revolt, those Kings would be driven out and a group of people known as Patricians would control the government. These people—Aristocrats—would claim that they and their families had been placed in power by the hands of Romulus himself.


Rome

• For 500 years, the Romans would govern their city and the surrounding farmland as a republic

• The history of this 5 centuries may be divided into 2 periods:– In the first (509-265 BC), Roman troops

battled for mastery over the peninsula, and the plebeians would begin to seek more power, more voice in their government.


Rome

– In the second (265-44 BC), there would be civil war, the power of army leaders would increase and Julius Caesar would see himself triumph over all others. During this period, Rome would extend their power around the Mediterranean.


Rome

• Let’s look at the first period:– It would be during this period that the Plebes

of Rome would see the creation of a written code known as the 12 tables.

• Laws would be written down and placed in the city center. Plebes would thus gain access to political offices and gain the voice that had sought for so long.

• (Prior to this, Plebes were barred from holding office, commanding armies, serving as high priests, etc.)


Rome

• At their height, the Romans managed to combine a Monarchy, an Aristocracy, and a Democracy all into one very unique, very Roman government:

• What do each of these three words mean?

• ………………………………..discuss.


Rome

• Monarchy—what is it?– Well, the office of Consul would take the place

of a king. There would, actually, be two of them

– Like Kings, these two men controlled and commanded the army and directed the government. They had power of life and death over the citizens during wartime and great power during times of peace, as well.

– They could only hold office for a year..


Rome

• What, in your opinion, are some of the pros and cons of only one year in office?


Rome

• Pro: Power could not remain in the hands of one person for too long

• Con: Could not accumulate experience.


Rome

• The concept of an Aristocracy would be replaced by the Senate.– Tradition said that Romulus himself had

picked out 100 patricians to advise him, thus creating the first senate. Later, the number increased and would include Plebes, as well.

– The Senate provided stability and continuity.– The Senate had great power over both

domestic and foreign policy.


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• The Democratic side of the Roman government was the Assembly. All citizen-soldiers were members of this branch of government.


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• At its height, the Roman empire would stretch over 10,000 square mile and reach up and into Great Britain, south and across the waters of the Mediterranean to Egypt and as far to the east and west as people of that time could imagine.

• Indeed, the Romans welcomed additions to their empire.


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• Pay taxes to Rome and she would give you the protection of the most powerful army on the planet, an economy, a strong government, and allow you to speak your own language, dress as was your custom and pray to your gods.


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• This is not to imply that things were always easy for the Romans. Battle and war were a regular part of their lives. Creating and keeping an empire required constant vigilance. And LOTS OF MONEY.– How do you get money? Raise taxes (often)


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• Indeed, Rome would struggle would with both the Jews and the continuing spread of Christianity—as monotheistic religions, both of these posed serious problems for the Romans. (See map)

• For the most part, however, they were tolerated. The Jews for their part were fiercely opposed to Roman rule.


Rome

• In AD 66, a group of Jewish revolutionaries called Zealots tried to throw off Roman rule to no avail.– It would take 7 years and half a million Jews

would die.– It would be uprisings like this one, however,

and the constancy of them, that would begin to crack the seemingly impenetrable armor of the Romans.


Rome

• In AD 130, the Emperor Hadrian ordered that Jerusalem be rebuilt as a Roman colony and that a shrine to Jupiter be built in place of a famous Jewish temple. The Jews rose up in rebellion.– Another half million Jews would die in that war

and this would effectively end the Jewish political state for 2000 years—yet, the religion remained. Remember the word Diaspora?


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• In AD 313, the Emperor Constantine, convinced that he had won a key battle thanks to the help of Christ, would accept Christianity. After doing so, he would give all men the “freedom to follow the religion of their choice”. – This was known as the Edict of Milan.– In AD 395 the Emperor Theodosius would

make Christianity the Empire’s official religion.


Rome

• In AD 330 Constantine would move the Capital of the Roman empire from Rome to Byzantium. He would rename the city Constantinople (after himself)– See map.

• Locate Byzantium. Why might this city be a good choice in terms of a new capital city?


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• 1. It stood at a crossroads for trade.• 2. The city would be easy to defend

against attack as it was almost completely surrounded by water.

• 3. Rome was a pagan city dedicated to pagan gods and Byzantium (Constantinople) was highly Christian.

• 4. Located in the more prosperous half of the Empire.


Rome

• Have you ever heard the phrase: “Divide and conquer”?– Well, it is a Roman philosophy and, often, it

was in just this way that the Roman army was able to successfully defeat those who got in their way.

– YET….isn’t that exactly what Constantine did to the Empire? Divide it in half and leave it to be conquered by the rebellious, the greedy, the unhappy?


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• Eventual decline and fall of the Roman Empire.– It would take several stages for Rome to fall:

– 1. AD 200-300• Economic decay. Trade would be disrupted for a

variety of reasons including rebellions and wars.


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• It seemed that no one was interested in the rather plain goods that the Romans had to trade: wine, cheese, glass. The Chinese, Arabs, and Indians, however had luxuries such as silks, spices, and jewels.

• INFLATION. The Romans, bottom line, were importing more than they were exporting and that is expensive. The Romans loved luxury and were not the sort to go without.


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• 2. Military decay.– AD 260.– Major military losses.– The military came to depend on Mercenaries

—people who fought not from a sense of patriotism but, rather, simply for the money.

• Remember, too, that it is entirely possible that someone else might come along, pay them more money and turn them on you!!


Rome

• 3. Political decay– No more loyalty

• Perhaps one of Rome’s most serious problems. At one time, the Romans cared so deeply for their Republic that they would gladly have sacrificed their lives for her—now, all anyone could think about was money and personal gain. APATHY.


Rome

• By the 200s it cost money and a lot of it to run for office and no one was interested in paying other than military figures. In one 50 year period, provincial armies and the Praetorian guard proclaimed 50 generals to be Emperor.

– Of these, 27 briefly won the support of the Senate, 17 were murdered, and 2 were forced to commit suicide.


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• II. Time of revival:– The Empire was divided into two parts—the

East and the West. During this period, the Greek-speaking East was strengthened but the Latin-speaking West weakened.


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• III. Western half of the Empire eventually falls to invaders: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandallls, Huns.


Rome

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