greek mythology, epic poetry, and the odyssey

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Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

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Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey. Greek Mythology. Mythology is the study of myths Myths are stories involving gods, goddesses, and heroes. Why did myths begin?. To entertain To explain natural phenomena To explain the relationship of god to man To teach lessons and morals. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry,

AndThe Odyssey

Page 2: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Greek Mythology• Mythology is the study of myths• Myths are stories involving

gods, goddesses, and heroes.

Why did myths begin?• To entertain• To explain natural

phenomena• To explain the relationship of

god to man• To teach lessons and morals

Page 3: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Homer’s The Odyssey

The Odyssey is an epic poem based on Greek mythology

What is an Epic Poem?

A long narrative poem about a national or legendary hero.

Page 4: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Characteristics of an Epic Poem:

• Incorporate myth, legend, folk tale, and history

• Have a grand tone• Heroes and their adventures

appear larger than life (Epic Hero)• Many were drawn from oral

tradition

Page 5: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Ancient Gods of Greek Mythology-

The Family Tree

Page 6: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

It All Started with It All Started with ChaosChaos

• The world was The world was formed from a great formed from a great mass called Chaos. mass called Chaos.

• Out from Chaos Out from Chaos came Gaea, the came Gaea, the earth Goddess. earth Goddess.

• She gave birth to a She gave birth to a son, Uranus, and son, Uranus, and together they had together they had six children. Three six children. Three 50 headed & 100-50 headed & 100-handed giants and handed giants and three one-eyed three one-eyed Cyclopes. Cyclopes.

• Uranus hated these Uranus hated these children and sent children and sent them to the them to the underworld. underworld.

• On their second try, On their second try, Uranus and Gaea Uranus and Gaea produced seven produced seven Titans: Titans: CLYMENE CLYMENE HYPERION HYPERION CRONUSCRONUS

PHALLA PHALLA PHOEBEPHOEBE

RHEA &RHEA &TETHYSTETHYS

Page 7: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Betrayals The Betrayals Continue . . .Continue . . .• Gaea, however, was still Gaea, however, was still

upset that Uranus upset that Uranus banished their other banished their other children.children.

• She told the Titans what She told the Titans what Uranus had done and Uranus had done and asked them to seek asked them to seek revenge. revenge.

• Cronus (their son) did Cronus (their son) did seek revenge by seek revenge by castrating Uranus, and castrating Uranus, and becoming the new ruler.becoming the new ruler.

• But, when he saw the But, when he saw the other children, he other children, he agreed they were too agreed they were too ugly to allow out of the ugly to allow out of the underworld. underworld.

• Cronus married Rhea.Cronus married Rhea.• They had five children, They had five children,

but since Gaea had but since Gaea had warned him that one of warned him that one of his kids would his kids would overthrow him, Cronus overthrow him, Cronus swallowed his own swallowed his own children.children.

• Rhea was tired of this, Rhea was tired of this, so she hid the sixth so she hid the sixth child, Zeus, in Crete. child, Zeus, in Crete.

• When Cronus asked for When Cronus asked for the child, Rhea the child, Rhea wrapped a rock in wrapped a rock in clothes and Cronus clothes and Cronus swallowed it. swallowed it.

Page 8: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Zeus Takes Vengeance

• Zeus grows up, Rhea tells him the story about his siblings, and he plots revenge against Cronus.

• He poisons Cronus, and his siblings pop out of Cronus’s belly (after the rock, of course).

• After this, Zeus tries to take over, but the other Titans wont recognize him, so they start a war.

• Gaea tells Zeus about her first six children, and with their help he wins against the Titans. Then he takes the whole family to Mt. Olympus (Thus the name Olympian Gods).

Page 9: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Zeus• After overthrowing his

father Cronus, Zeus drew straws with his brothers Poseidon and Hades. Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods.

• He is lord of the sky, the rain god.

• His symbol is a thunderbolt which he hurls at those who anger him.

• He is married to Hera, but is famous for his many affairs with goddesses and mortals.

• He is also known to punish those that lie or break oaths.

Page 10: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Zeus’s Wife, Lovers & Kids

Page 11: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Poseidon• Brother of Zeus and Hades• Lord of the sea. • To impress Demeter,

Poseidon created the first horse. In some accounts, his first attempts were unsuccessful and he created a variety of other animals in his quest.

• His symbol is a trident, which can shake the earth and shatter any object.

• He is second only to Zeus in power among the gods.

• He has a difficult, quarrelsome personality, is greedy, and has many disputes with other gods.

Page 12: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Hades• Brother of Zeus and Poseidon. • He had the worst draw and was

made lord of the underworld, ruling over the dead.

• He is a greedy god who is greatly concerned with increasing his subjects and doesn’t want any of them to leave.

• God of wealth, due to the precious metals mined from the earth.

• He has a helmet that makes him invisible.

• He rarely leaves the underworld. He has no pity and is mean.

• His symbol is a scepter—a two pronged staff.

Page 13: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Athena• Daughter of Zeus, she sprang from

his forehead—full grown and in armor.

• The goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, justice and skill.

• She is fierce and brave in battle.• She invented the bridle, which

permitted man to tame horses, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot.

• She represents wisdom, reason, and purity. She was Zeus's favorite child and was allowed to use his weapons, including his thunderbolt.

• Her symbols are the olive tree and the owl.

• She is a virgin goddess.

Page 14: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Hermes • Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia.

• He is the god of messengers, safe travel, good fortune, trickery, and truth.

• While Hermes can never tell a lie, he may not always tell the whole truth.

• He is the fastest of the gods. • He wears winged sandals, a

winged hat, and carries a magic wand.

• He guides the dead to the underworld.

• He invented the lyre, the pipes, the musical scale, astronomy , weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the care of olive trees.

Page 15: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Circe• Circe, daughter of

the sun god Helios, was a sorceress best known for her ability to turn men into animals with her magic wand.

• She was jealous of Scylla, a beautiful young woman, and turned Scylla into a sea monster.

Page 16: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Sirens

• The Sirens are creatures with the head of a female and the body of a bird.

• They lived on three small rocky islands, and with the irresistible charm of their song, they lured sailors to their death on the rocks surrounding the island.

Page 17: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Scylla• Circe, jealous of Scylla,

poisoned the water where Scylla bathed.

• Scylla became a monster with twelve feet and six heads, each with three rows of teeth. Below the waist her body was made up of hideous dog-like monsters.

• She threatened passing ships, and in the Odyssey she ate six of Odysseus’s companions.

Page 18: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Helios• The god of the sun.• His chariot rises in

the East and descends in the West (like the sun).

• Warm, friendly and compassionate, Helios respects truth and honesty.

• Helios was keeper of the sacred cattle.

• His symbol is the chariot.

Page 19: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Calypso• Calypso was a nymph, the

daughter of the Titan Atlas.

• She lived on the island of Ogygia.

• Calypso fell in love with Odysseus, taking him as her lover and promising him immortality if he would stay with her.

• In Greek mythology, nymphs are spirits of nature. They are minor female goddesses and the protectors of springs, mountains, and rivers.

Page 20: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Muses• These are the 9 daughters

of Mnemosyne and Zeus• Each is in charge of a

different art or science and inspires those who excel at these pursuits.

Clio = historyUrania = astronomyMelpomene = tragedyThalia = comedyTerpsichore = danceCalliope = epic poetryErato = love poetryPolyhymnia = songsEuterpe = lyric poetry

Page 21: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

HomerHomer• Author of Author of The IliadThe Iliad and and

The OdysseyThe Odyssey• The IliadThe Iliad tells the story tells the story

of the Trojan War.of the Trojan War.• The OdysseyThe Odyssey tells the tells the

story of Odysseus’s story of Odysseus’s long trip home after long trip home after the war.the war.

• Scholars think Homer Scholars think Homer lived between 1500 lived between 1500 B.C and 700 B.C.B.C and 700 B.C.

• Most scholars believe Most scholars believe he was blind, but there he was blind, but there is no evidence to is no evidence to verify this.verify this.

Page 22: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Homer Continued• Homer used the

legendary material of the Trojan war as the basis for his poems – adding original plot structure, realistic characters, dialogue and detail, and tales of fabulous monsters.

• The study of Homer’s epics became the basis of Greek education.

• Homer made his characters believable by giving them both good and bad traits.

Page 23: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Who Knew an Apple Who Knew an Apple Would Start it All?Would Start it All?

• According to Greek mythology, all the gods were According to Greek mythology, all the gods were invited to a wedding, except Eris, the goddess of invited to a wedding, except Eris, the goddess of strife or trouble. (Who wants trouble at a strife or trouble. (Who wants trouble at a wedding?) wedding?)

• She went anyway and brought a golden apple that She went anyway and brought a golden apple that had "For the fairest" (the most beautiful) written had "For the fairest" (the most beautiful) written on it.on it.

• Hera (Zeus's wife), Aphrodite (Zeus's daughter), Hera (Zeus's wife), Aphrodite (Zeus's daughter), and Athena (Zeus's daughter) all made a claim for and Athena (Zeus's daughter) all made a claim for the apple, and they appealed to Zeus for the apple, and they appealed to Zeus for judgment. judgment.

• He refused to decide a beauty contest between He refused to decide a beauty contest between his wife and two of his daughters, and the task of his wife and two of his daughters, and the task of choosing a winner fell to Paris, a male mortal. choosing a winner fell to Paris, a male mortal.

Page 24: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Judgment of Paris• The three great

goddesses offered Paris bribes.

• Hera promised him power. • Athena offered him

wisdom. • And Aphrodite offered him

the most beautiful mortal woman in the world (Helen) as his wife.

• In the famous Judgment of Paris, Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite. (He wanted Helen for himself!)

Page 25: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

They’re Fighting Over a Girl??

• Helen, a mortal daughter of Zeus, was the most beautiful girl in the world.

• Only there was a huge problem—she was already married to King Menelaus.

• Paris went to Sparta, met and fell in love with Helen, and they ran away together to Troy (Paris’s home).

• Menelaus demanded that his wife be returned, and when Paris refused The Trojan War began.

Page 26: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Trojan War• Due to a promise they

had made to King Menelaus to help him defend Helen’s honor, all the kings of Greece went to Troy to fight to get Helen back.

• The Greeks fought the Trojans for 10 years.

• Odysseus came to the rescue with a strategy to win the war that involved a huge wooden horse.

Page 27: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Trojan Horse• To gain entrance into Troy,

clever Odysseus ordered a large wooden horse to be built.

• Its insides were hollow so that soldiers could hide within it.

• All the Greek ships sailed away and left the Trojan horse behind. (To make it look like they had given up.)

• The Spartans thought they had won the war, brought the horse into the city, and had a drunken celebration.

• While the Spartans slept, Odysseus and his men climbed out of the horse’s belly, let their comrades into the city, and slaughtered the Spartans.

Page 28: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

The Odyssey

• It’s an 11,300 line epic poem divided into 24 books (chapters.)

• It was passed down orally between the generations.

Page 29: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

3 Parts to the Story1. Odysseus’s wanderings for 10

years after the Trojan War.2. What happens in Ithaca to his

wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, while he is gone.

3. What happens when Odysseus returns home to reclaim his throne and family.

So, how long has Odysseus been away

from home?

Page 30: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Themes of Themes of The The OdysseyOdyssey

• loyalty & loyalty & devotiondevotion

•wandering herowandering hero• triumph of good triumph of good

over evilover evil• obedience to the obedience to the

laws of the godslaws of the gods•Greek ideal of a Greek ideal of a

strong body & strong body & strong mindstrong mind

Page 31: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Odysseus• The son of Laertes and

the ruler of the island kingdom of Ithaca.

• He was one of the most prominent Greek leaders in the Trojan War, and is the epic hero of The Odyssey.

• He was known for his cleverness and cunning, and for his eloquence as a speaker.

• Favored by Athena

Page 32: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Fights in the Trojan

War(10 years)

Island of

Cicone

Land of the

Lotus Eaters

Land of the

Cyclopes

Island of Aeolus

Circe’s Island

(1 year)

Lured by Sirens, trouble at sea against Scylla and Charybdis

Island of Helios

(Stranded about 1

month-crew ate cattle)

HOME!

Calypso keeps O

for 7 years

O washes ashore at Phaeacia-

Land of the Laestrygonians

(cannibals)

Zeus destroys ship. O fights

Charybdis alone

Timeline of Odysseus’s Adventures

20 Years Missing!

Page 33: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Penelope

• Penelope was the daughter of Icarius and a first cousin of Helen of Troy.

• She was the wife of Odysseus.

• She was famous for her cleverness and for her faithfulness to her husband for 20 years.

Page 34: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

Telemachus• Odysseus and

Penelope’s son• Favored by Athena • She helped him

gain self-confidence and assertiveness when his father was gone for so many years. (He grew up without a father.)

Page 35: Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, And The Odyssey

THE ENDOf taking notes, anyway.