greek students’ & teachers’ understanding of school bullying: results from a nationwide...
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![Page 1: Greek Students’ & Teachers’ Understanding of School Bullying: Results from a Nationwide Research Study Anastasia Psalti, Department of Early Childhood](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649cfe5503460f949cef9d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Greek Students’ & Teachers’ Understanding
of School Bullying: Results from a
Nationwide Research Study
Anastasia Psalti,Department of Early Childhood Care &
Education
Alexander Technological Educational
Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bullying1
• Not a recent phenomenon that emerged in the 20th century
• Not synonymous with violence or aggression, but a particular form of both
• Essential elements (Olweus, 1993):– The harmful act must be intentional, although it
may be physical, verbal, or psychological– The act must also be repetitive– The act must be directed from a more powerful
(physically, verbally or socially) individual towards one who is weaker
1 From: Bauman & Del Rio (2005)
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Bullying in Greek Schools• Bullying – a widespread phenomenon around
the world• Growing interest in Greece over the past
decade– A few localized studies– Participants: elementary-school students
• Project PYTHAGORAS: A large-scale research project co-funded by the European Union-Social Fund and National Resources (EPEAEK II)• Objectives:
– To study the phenomenon of school violence in Greek schools (Pre-school through High School) in relation to the formation of gender and cultural identity
– To look into the process of the social construction of both perpetrators and victims
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MethodologySTUDY 1
• 2027 elementary-school students from state schools all over Greece– Gender: 49.7% girls & 50.3% boys– Grade: 52.8% 5th grade (age:11) &
47.2% 6th grade (age: 12)
• 1830 secondary-school students from state schools all over Greece• Gender: 52.4% girls & 47.6% boys
• Grade: 58% 1st of Lyceum (age: 16) & 40% 3rd of Gymnasium (age: 15)
STUDY 2
• 135 preschoolers from kindergartens and pre-schools in the greater Metropolitan Area of Thessaloniki• Gender: 54.8% girls
& 45.2% boys
• Age: 4-6 years
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MethodologySTUDY 1• Elementary &
Secondary Education• Questionnaire 'Life at
School' (Elementary Form & Secondary Form)
• developed by the research team
• based on: The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (1996) & the Pro-Victim Scale (PVS) by Rigby & Slee (1991)
STUDY 2• Pre-School Education
• Individual Interview Protocol
• developed by the research team
• bullying scenarios and matching cartoon cards, modified from the cartoon cards of the intervention program “But is it Bullying?” by Margaret Collins (2004).
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STUDY 1 - Results
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Elementary School Students
• Victims:– 8-14% of students (boys, high achievers)– Victims of verbal (mockery) & social (rumour
spreading) bullying– Place: playground, corridors & classrooms
(minimal supervision)– Duration: >10% for years– Bullies: same age boys, of Greek decent, low
achievers, with behaviour problems• Bullies:
– 3-4% of students (mostly boys)– Verbal bullying
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Secondary School Students
• Victims:– 10-13% of students (boys, high achievers)– Victims of verbal (sexual harassment) &
social (rumour spreading) bullying– Place: places with minimal supervision
(playground)– Duration: >10% for years– Bullies: same age boys, of Greek decent, low
achievers, with behaviour problems
• Bullies:– 1 in 10 students (mostly boys)– Verbal bullying (sexual harassment &
teasing)
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Some more results…• Report of victimization
– All grades: friends– Elementary school: parents, teachers, siblings,
other person
• Report of Bullying– All grades: friends– Elementary school: parents, siblings, other
person
• Coping mechanisms– All grades: ignore– Elementary: retaliate, avoid, report to teachers,
protect oneself, ask help from friends, stop, run away
– Secondary: ignore
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Some more results…• Usual reaction to bullying
– All grades: help– Elementary: help– Secondary: negative or indifferent reactions
• Feelings toward victims– All grades: sympathy & help– Elementary: sympathy & help– Secondary: some sympathy, not much, s/he
deserved it
• Future bullying– All grades: probably not– Elementary: probably not
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Elementary School Teachers• Bullying incidents: 8% (physical)
to 68% (verbal-teasing)– Place: playground, corridors,
classrooms– Duration: short (1 week to 1 month)
• Victims:– High achievers, of non-Greek
decent, same age as bullies• Bullies:
– Boys with behaviour problems who act in groups
• Interventions from family & school
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Secondary School Teachers• Bullying incidents: 10% (physical) to
40% (verbal)– Place: playground, during breaks– Duration: short (1 week to 1 month)
• Victims:– Boys, high achievers, of non-Greek
decent, same age as bullies• Bullies:
– Boys, low achievers, of Greek decent who act in groups
• Interventions from family & school• A type of conflict among boys; a
personal matter for those involved
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STUDY 2 - Results
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Bullying at preschool –peer-reports
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bullying Verbal Social Physical Rumors
Victim
Bully
Bully/Victim
Non-participant
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Bullying at preschool –self-reports
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bullying Verbal Social Physical Rumors
Victim
Bully
Bully/Victim
Non-participant
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Some more results…
– Report of victimization• Teachers: 69.2% - 85%• Parents: 49% - 66.7%
– Coping strategies• Report to an adult• Ask help from a friend• Retaliate• Flee
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CONCLUSION
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Bullying in Greek Schools
• Peer reports:– High incidence rates at preschool, peak at
middle school & a small decrease at High School– Forms of bullying:
• Physical – peak at middle school• Verbal – main form at preschool, peak at middle school• Social – (a) social exclusion: gradual decrease with age,
(b) rumours: minimal at preschool, peak at middle school
– Participants’ roles:• Victims – highest rates at preschool, gradual decrease
with age• Bullies – lowest rates at preschool, increase with age• Bullies/Victims – peak at middle school
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Bullying in Greek Schools
• Victimization– Peak at middle school except for
mockery (gradual decrease with age)– Physical & Social Exclusion: high
rates at preschool– Rumours: lowest rates at preschool
• Bullying– Peak at middle school– Rumours: lowest rates at preschool
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Bullying in Greek Schools
• Report– Victimization: family & teachers at younger ages– Bullying: family at younger ages
• Coping mechanisms: more active at younger ages
• Attitudes– Gradual decrease of help with age– Gradual decrease of sympathy toward victims &
willingness to help them with age– Gradual decrease of opposition to the use of
violence at school with age– Gradual increase of probability to engage in
bullying behaviour with age
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Bullying in Greek Schools
• Teachers:– Identify most types of bullying, but not all of
them– Underestimate bullying incidents in their own
school– Interventions: only when an incident occurs– Doubt the efficacy of their own intervention– Dealing with bullying: personal responsibility– Need:
• Training• Support from colleagues, parents & specialised
personnel (e.g., school psychologists)
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Interventions at school• Prevention & intervention programs at preschool
– Information & sensitisation• Prevention & intervention programs at elementary
school– Focus on social skill development & conflict resolution– Involvement of parents, teachers & school community
• Prevention & intervention programs at middle school– Work at individual, class & school level– Focus on social skill development & conflict resolution– Peer networks
• Prevention & intervention programs at high school– Sensitisation– Skill development & conflict resolution– Peer networks
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Thank you!