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----Towards Sustainable Networks

GREEN CELLULAR

Presented By: Yang Fan

Xiaofan Wang

A/P Chong Han Joo Peter

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OUTLINE

• Introduction of Green Cellular

• ‗Green‘ Wireless Techniques

• Energy Efficient Applications

• Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

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• Climate change

and the

environment

issues has

become the

greatest threat in

the Global Pulse

Survey of city

dwellers by

HSBC Bank USA.

http://www.carbonfund.org/blog/

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Global Threat of Energy Consumption

• In 2030, the world will use almost 35 percent more

energy than it does now.

―Outlook for Energy--A View to 2030‖, Exxon Mobil Corporation

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Where does the energy come from?

BP - Statistical Review 2008; IEA – WEO 2006

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Official proven reserves at constant production…

BP - Statistical Review 2008; Energy Watch Group – Paper 01/2006

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions

• In 2030, the global CO2 emissions are likely to be 25 percent

higher.

―Outlook for Energy--A View to 2030‖, Exxon Mobil Corporation

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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)• GHGs including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CO4)

absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared

frequency.

• GHGs keep the Earth‘s surface warm. Without GHGs, Earth‘s

surface can be around 33 degrees colder than now.

• But too much GHGs, it makes Earth‘s surface too warm.

• Since the Industrial revolution, we are burning fossil fuels to

increase the amount of CO2 in the air.

• GHGs caused global climate change is a pressing national

and international environmental problem.

• Meeting this challenge calls for immediate, proven, cost-

effective solutions to establish limits on overall emissions of

GHGs and remove the barriers that hinder investment in low-

cost energy efficiency and clean energy supply options.

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US - ENERGY STAR® and Other Climate Protection Partnerships 2008 Annual Report• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‘s (EPA‘s) climate

protection partnership programs have implemented a

comprehensive set of policies and programs for 16 years and more

than 18,000 organizations across the United States have partnered

with EPA in these programs and they have achieved significant

environmental and economic benefits:

• Preventing 86 million metric tons (in MMTCE1) of GHGs—

equivalent to the emissions from 57 million vehicles—and net

savings to consumers and businesses of more than $18 billion in

2008 alone.

• Preventing more than 1,200 MMTCE cumulatively and net savings

to consumers and businesses of more than $220 billion over the

lifetime of their investments.

• Investing $65 billion in energy-efficient, climate-friendly technologies.

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ENERGY STAR® and Other Climate Protection Partnerships 2008 Annual Report

Annual and Cumulative Benefits From Partner Actions Through 2008 (in Billions of 2008 Dollars and MMTCE)

GHG Emissions Reductions Exceed 85 MMTCE—Equivalent to Emissions From 57 Million Vehicles

Current Status of Cellular Systems

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• Rapid growth of the telecommunication industry over decades has resulted in

• Extensive Coverage: Cellular is now the dominant two-way mobile communications technology, with more than eighteen thousand cell sites covering over 97% of the U.S. population and serving over 63 million subscribers.

• High Data Traffic Increasing: Global data traffic in telecommunication annually grows with a rate higher than 50%.

• Application Diversifications: iPhone as a combination of smart phones and PDA's can be used for both voice communication and data access applications.

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• Number of mobile phones users is expected to grow from 3 billion today to over 5 billion by 2015;

• More than 90% of new subscribers will come from high-growth markets;

• 60% to 80% of new subscribers will be located in rural areas.

Unstrung Insider, Light Reading ,May 2008 shows

Edelman, good purpose study, 2007 illustrates

• 85 % of consumers are willing to change brands or consumption habits to make tomorrow‘s world a better place.

Current Status of Cellular Systems

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Energy Cost with ICT

• The Information & Communications Technology (ICT) industries

consume 3% of the world-wide energy;

• It causes about 2% of the CO2 emissions which is comparable to

the world-wide air traffic greenhouse gas emissions;

• It is increasing dramatically—in percentage and absolute terms—as

telecommunication networks expand.

1st International Workshop on Green Wireless 2008

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Facts in Cellular Networks

• Mobile operators are already today among the top

energy consumers

• - Telecom Italia (fixed & mobile) is the 2nd largest

energy consumer in Italy

• Energy consumption of Mobile Networks is growing

much faster than ICT as a whole

• Rapid traffic growth and build-up of broadband

coverage

• Mobile replacing fixed in many areas

• Enabling ICT services for energy saving in other sectors

(teleconferencing,...) further increases mobile networks

growth

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Facts in Cellular Networks

Energy costs account for as much as half of a mobile operator‘s operating

expenses. Wireless operators are facing the challenges to support the

exponential data growth worldwide…

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Energy Cost with Cellular Networks

Tremendously data volume increases corresponds to an increase of the associated

energy consumption. Most of the significant impact is due to high energy consumption in

cellular base stations.

Peter Grant, ―Green Radio – The Case for More Efficient Cellular Base

Stations,‖ University of Edinburgh, http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~pmg/.

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• 50Mt annual CO2 savings

are possible within the EU

with the support of ICT by

2010

• 50Mt CO2 are equivalent

to 100TWh of electrical

energy

• 100TWh electrical energy

require ~300TWh heat,

worth 3B€ of oil (1€/l)

• 100TWh are worth 7B€ of

electricityhttp://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-

t/oth/06/0F/T060F0060080024PDFE.pdf

Tomas Edler, Green Base Stations – How to Minimize

CO2 Emission in Operator Networks, Ericsson, Bath Base

Station Conference 2008

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Definition of Green Cellular

• Build high capacity novel network to fulfill the future

development needs.

• Decouple the economic growth and energy consumption

by increasing the energy efficiency to reduce operating

costs and carbon footprint.

“Green Cellular” stands for the energy and power

efficient cellular network with less greenhouse gas

emission and radio radiation.

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GREEN WIRELESS TECHNIQUESGREEN WIRELESS TECHNIQUES

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1 - Large V.S Small Cell Size Deployment

•Effective in providing area

coverage for voice and low-speed

data traffic

•Limited to provide high data rates

transmission service.

•The operating expenses are

relatively high.

Energy efficiency can be increased by reducing the distance between the base

station and mobile users.

•Largely reduce transmit power as the

distance between BS and MS reduced.

•Able to providing higher data rate as

energy requires for transmitting data

decreased.

•However small cell deployment

means more base station

implementation which may result in

an increase of additional energy

consumption.

Large Cell Deployment Small Cell Deployment

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WIRELESS TECHNIQUE ISSUES

2 2 -- SLEEP MODESLEEP MODE

Cells without active users are turned off to save energy during periods

of low traffic intensity to save energy.

Gilbert Micallef; Preben Mogensen; Hans-Otto Scheck, ―Cell Size

Breathing and Possibilities to Introduce Cell Sleep Mode‖

Combining Sleep Mode with Small Cell

• Providing high coverage features to minimize the number of sites

• Reducing overall network power consumption without degrading the

cell capacity.

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WIRELESS TECHNIQUE ISSUES

3 - Multi-hop Cellular Networks

Rrelay

R

Multi-hop cellular networks are the network in which a direct path between mobile

station (MS) and base station (BS) is divided into several shorter links to provide better

channel quality.

• Improving the service quality by

decreasing signal attenuation due to path

loss.

•Reducing transmission power because

of shorter distance between transmitter

and receiver and less interference.

• Increasing the capacity of system

results in supporting more users.

ADVANTAGE

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WIRELESS TECHNIQUE ISSUES

4 - Novel Solution in Mobile Station – Green Antenna

This flexible architecture can help to reduce the power consumption for MS as the uplink

distance from MS to BS is greatly reduced by Green Antenna and wired connection. Hence,

higher data rate can be realized without consuming more power.

Also the radiation is greatly reduced at the mobile stations, which makes the system suitable

for hospitals, schools, etc.

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WIRELESS TECHNIQUE ISSUES

5 - Cognitive Radio

Cognitive Radio is a radio frequency transmitter/receiver designed to intelligently

detect the radio and adjust to the environment rapidly without interfering other users.

FIXED SPECTRUM SYSTEMFIXED SPECTRUM SYSTEM

•The battery life in one

system is affected by the

transmit power in neighbor

systems.

•Battery life reduces when the

number of users increases

DYNAMIC SPECTRUM SYSTEMDYNAMIC SPECTRUM SYSTEM

•Highly reliable services to

primary users.

•No tradeoff between bandwidth

and power consumption

because dynamic spectrum

access.

•Less interference from other

neighbor system results in more

efficiency spectrum sharing and

reduces energy per bit.

•Optimizing the energy-

efficiency of mobile networks.

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WIRELESS TECHNIQUE ISSUES

6 - Cooperative Radio

In cooperative communication, two or more nodes share their information and transmit jointly

to obtain spatial diversity. Thus, Cooperative Radio which can largely increase the capacity of

the network is considered one potential method for improving energy efficiency in

communication networks.

•The total energy consumption can be greatly decreased if

• The optimal transmit power from the sender node is achieved and

•the transmitting energy level of every cooperative node is carefully

adjusted

•However, if the transmit power of the sender is below optimal level, there is

not enough nodes to receive the symbol. Therefore, the energy benefit from

cooperation is limited.

•On the other hand, if the sender uses the power above optimal level, too

many nodes receiving and relaying the signal may cause additional energy

consumption.

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WIRELESS TECHNIQUE ISSUES

7 - MIMO

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) wireless communication system much higher spectral

efficiency than the conventional single-input single-output (SISO) channel.

MIMO

Channel

N M

Multi-element TransmitterMulti-element Receiver

•Better reliability (diversity) through many independent propagation paths.

•Higher throughput (multiplexing) through parallel spatial modes.

•Larger channel capacity and better overall system energy efficiency.

•On the other hand, MIMO requires more transmission power.

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WIRELESS TECHNIQUE ISSUES

8 - OFDMA

OFDMA has emerged as one of the prime multiple access schemes for

next generation wireless networks.

By assigning subsets of

subcarriers to individual

users, OFDMA

provides frequency

diversity which allows

simultaneous high data

rate transmission from

several users and thus

provides higher

capacity.

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ENERGY EFIICIENT APPLICATIONS

ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLICATIONSENERGY EFFICIENT APPLICATIONS

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1 - Room Cooling System

• Natural Ventilating System

• Liquid Cooling Technology

• Geothermal Cooling System

Power-hungry air conditioning systems are traditionally the biggest energy drain on a wireless

site which accounts 13% of base station’s power consumptions. It is necessary to focus on

cooling technologies which will appropriately maintain atmosphere environment of the

communication equipment and attempt the energy saving.

Operators are all trying to find an efficient removing of the heat dissipated by high-speed

and high-capacity networking and storage equipment which provides smooth operation,

even in the most extreme conditions.

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Ventilation Cooling Technology

Non-applied vs. Applied Typical TBSMonthly Percentage of Air-conditional Running Time

Yi Chen; Ji Wu; Fei Wang; Yufeng Zhang; Qinglin Meng;

―Feasibility study of ventilation cooling technology for

telecommunication base stations in Guangzhou,‖

• Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means. Imported the fans to take away the inner heat directly, the air-conditioner running time is greatly shortened.

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LiquiCool Rear Door Heat Exchangers System @ Vette Corp

LiquiCool Rear Door Heat Exchangers provides reliability, flexibility and cooling performance

to reduce operating expenses. It can reduce total energy consumption by 90% when compared

to common units. This solution can lower total operation cost of data center as well as base

stations by as much as 50%.

Liquid Cooling, http://www.vettecorp.com/products.php

Liquid Cooling Technology

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Geothermal cooling systems

• The facility is cooled by a geothermal “bore field” – a system of vertical holes

drilled into the earth’s surface which house a closed-loop piping system filled with

water and/or coolant. The cool earth allows the underground piping system serves

as a heat exchanger.

• One of the first implementations is a new data center for American College Testing

in Iowa City, Iowa that has been awarded Platinum certification in the Leadership

in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program, a voluntary rating system

for energy efficient buildings overseen by the US Green Building Council.

http://www.wrightline.com/SplashPages/airflowmanagementsolutions.html

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2 - Power Supply System with Alternative

Energy

Systems for power supply to telecommunication infrastructure usually need to be highly

available and reliable. Finding reliable electricity sources to power the base stations has

been a substantial obstacle in developing these critical communications systems.

Must identify sufficient land, sites and locations

Must integrate into the existing electricity network as a backup

Must develop a complex infrastructure and more new efficient

production processes (biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel)

In order to ensure the power supply reliable…..

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Green Power Purchases and Avoided GHG Emissions

• ENERGY STAR® and Other Climate Protection Partnerships 2008 Annual Report

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Alcatel-Lucent has established a leading Alternative Energy program with primary goal to

provide the first truly industrial wireless base stations powered with alternative energies. It

delivers faster deployment times and a higher return on investment which can be achieved

with the fragmented, site-by-site solutions currently available on the market.

Up till now, Alcatel-Lucent has installed more than 300 such solar-powered

wireless base stations in sub-Saharan Africa.

“The Alternative Energy Program--Bridging Alternative Energies and Telecoms for Global Green

Connection,” Alcatel-Lucent – June 2009, www.alcatel-lucent.com

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Power Management Scheme

• Dynamic Power Management

• -A flexible and general design technology in order to control performance

and power levels of electronic systems by exploiting the idleness of each

component existing in the network.

• Radio Resource Management

• -Improve energy efficiency from the perspective of optimized downlink

communications, with a direct objective of reducing energy consumption at

the base station.

In Green Cellular, power management technologies are especially interested by

service providers who are hoping to reduce the operating power consumption of large

numbers of telecommunication equipments.

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Call Pattern Recognition Based Dynamic Power Management

Call Patten of subscribers in Different Areas in One City

“Alcatel-Lucent Eco-sustainable Wireless Solutions,” Alcatel-

Lucent, www.alcatel-lucent.com

• As the dynamic power management scheme can switch on or off the power amplifiers of

each BS transceiver, the power savings can occur at any time, with no impact on quality

of service.

•lcatel has installed dynamic power save (DPS) technology in their GSM transceivers.

Even switching off the transceivers a very short period of time, it can significantly reduce

the power consumption.

•In Feb 2009, Alcatel reported that DPS can save BS power consumption up to 27%

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An auctioning based pricing system has been proposed by suggesting that cooperation

between end users and network operators may result in significant overall energy savings.

Radio Resource Management

•The network operator rewards cooperative

behavior of mobile terminals by paying the winner

an effective gain for the BS.

•It ensures that both BS operators and terminals

experience utility gains and prove that under the

individual utility gains result in real overall energy

savings and are not merely a shift of energy

consumption from the base station to the mobiles.

Some basic concepts of Auction Scheme:Some basic concepts of Auction Scheme:

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ENERGY EFIICIENT APPLICATIONS

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

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Future Green Cellular Networks

• Reducing energy used per data bit carried and also operating power per cell to minimize the operational cost of future networks;

• Using alternative energies to extend operations to areas beyond the reach of electricity grids to serve millions of new subscribers;

• Green cellular with energy efficient communication network architectures and devices are essential to reduce the negative effects of global warming.

Green Cellular is seen as the enable towards a high-bandwidth, low

carbon future and creating sufficient economic and social opportunities.

CONCLUSION

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What can we do for Green Cellular!

• An efficient network architecture to reduce the BS and mobile power consumption such as distributed antennas, multihop cellular and sleep mode.

• New wireless technologies such as MIMO, cooperative communications and OFDMA to increase the spectrum efficiency to reduce the energy per bit.

• New alternative energy such as solar energy to reduce the CO2 emissions.

• Energy efficient cooling techniques, such as fan cooling, for BS and data center.

• Efficient power management techniques such as DPS to reduce the power consumption of the electronics systems in BS.

• Changing the mobile users‘ behaviors such as ‗Just complete the job and Don‘t talk too much‘.

CONCLUSION

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ENERGY EFIICIENT APPLICATIONS

Thank you!Thank you!