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Part I - p. 1
Green Logistics Method
Ecological assessment
of logistics services
Status: version 1.0, 31.03.2015
Part I - p. 2
The Green Logistics method for the ecological assessment of logistics services is the collaboration
result of the project consortium »Green Logistics« as well as the specialist departments in the
respective companies and has been discussed with the stakeholder group of the Green Logistics
project.
The project is part of the EffizienzCluster LogistikRuhr, sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research (BMBF) (Funding code 01IC10L06, http://www.green-logistics-network.de/).
In the following, the Green Logistics method’s procedure, formulas, assumptions and restrictions are
summarized.
An additional »Supplement« covers relevant parameters, emission and conversion factors,
classifications etc., to facilitate the application of the method.
Contact:
Kerstin Dobers
Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics (project manager Green Logistics)
[email protected], tel. office: +49 231 9743 360
Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 2-4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, www.iml.fraunhofer.de
Introduction
Part I - p. 3
Content
Calculation of emissions
Validation of scope
Allocation of emissions
General framework
Declaration
Procedure
Screening phase (step 1)
Annex
Supplement: Parameters of Green Logistics method
Part I - p. 4
CH4 - Methane
CL - Client
CO - Carbon monoxide
CO2 - Carbon dioxide
CO2e - Carbon dioxide equivalent
EI99 - eco-indicator 99
EU - European Union
ETS - Emissions Trading System
GCD - Great circle distance
Geo - Geographical unit
GHG - Greenhouse gas
GWP - Global warming potential
HC - Hydro carbons
HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
ISO - International organization for standardization
LC - Life cycle
LOLO - Lift-on Lift-off
Abbreviations
LS - Logistics service
LSP - Logistics service provider
MEP - Mechanical Electrical Plumbing
NF3 - Nitrogen Trifluoride
N2O - Nitrous oxide
NOx - Nitrogen oxides
OU - Organizational unit
PFCs - Perfluorocarbons
RFS - Road Feeder Service
RORO - Roll-on Roll-of
SF6 - Sulfur Hexafluoride
SO2 - Sulfur dioxide
TEU - Twenty-foot equivalent unit
TTW - Tank-to-wheel
ULD - Unit load device
UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
WTW - Well-to-wheel
Part I - p. 5
Symbols
Symbol Unit Explanation Erklärung
𝐴 [m²] Floor area Grundfläche
𝑐 [-] Correction factor Korrekturfaktor
𝑑 [km] Transport distance Transportentfernung
𝑒 [kg/…],
[MJ/…]
Specific emissions or
energy consumption
spezifische Emissionen
oder Energieverbrauch
𝐸 [kg, MJ] Emission or energy
consumption
Emission oder
Energieverbrauch
𝐸𝐹𝐴 [kg CO2e/...] Emission factor Emissionsfaktor
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 [-] Service item Leistungsobjekt
𝑚 [kg] Mass of goods Warenbruttogewicht
𝑝𝑘𝑚 [pkm] Passenger kilometer Personenkilometer
𝑄 [kg], [l], [m²],
[m³], [kWh], ... Quantity Menge, Anzahl
𝑞 [kg/km],
[l/km],… Specific quantity spez. Menge
𝑅 [1/d] Inventory turnover
ratio Umschlaghäufigkeit
𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 [-] Stock Bestand
𝑠𝑡𝑝 [-] Average number of
stop overs
Durchschnittliche Anzahl
an Zwischenlandungen
Symbol Unit Explanation Erklärung
𝑡𝑘𝑚 [tkm] Transport
performance Transportleistung
𝑇 [d] Time Dauer
𝑤𝑑 [-] Working days Arbeitstage
𝑣 [km/h] Speed Geschwindigkeit
𝑉 [m3] Volume Volumen
% [-] Ratio Anteil
𝛼 [-]
Allocation factor
refrigerated
(storage)
Allokationsfaktor gekühlter
Lager
𝛽 [-]
Allocation factor
order-picking
(storage)
Allokationsfaktor
Kommissionierung
𝛾 [-]
Allocation factor
refrigerated
transport
Allokationsfaktor gekühlter
Transport
Part I - p. 6
Indices (1)
Index Explanation Erklärung
𝑎𝑜 Allocation objective Allokationsziel
𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 Administration Verwaltung
𝑎𝑚𝑏 Ambient ungekühlt, trocken
𝑎𝑖𝑟 Air transport Lufttransport
𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜 Level of automation Automatisierungsgrad
𝑎𝑢𝑥 Auxiliary Zusatz-
𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 Barge, inland water transport Binnenschifffahrt
𝑐 Container Ladeeinheit
𝑐𝑎𝑟 Travel by car Autoreise
𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 Cardboard Papier, Pappe, Kartonage
𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Client level Kundenebene
𝐶𝑂2𝑒 CO2 equivalents CO2-Äquivalente
𝑑𝑐 Distribution center incl.
order-picking
Distributionsstandort inkl.
Kommissionieren
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 Default value Vorgabewert
𝑒 Empty leer
𝑒𝑐 Energy carrier Energieträger
𝑒𝑐 (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) Energy carriers for heating Heizenergieträger
𝑒𝑐 (𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟) Energy carriers for others than
heating
Energieträger für
Nichtheizzwecke
𝑒𝑖 Environmental indicator Umweltindikator
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 Electricity Strom
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 − 𝑚𝑖𝑥 Electricity-mix Strommix
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒 Employee Mitarbeiter
𝑒𝑥𝑡 External process (Scope 3) externer Prozess (Scope 3)
Index Explanation Erklärung
𝑔 Goods, cargo Ware, Transportgut
𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 General Übergeordnet
𝑔&𝑝 Goods and passenger Fracht und Passagier
ℎ Hour Stunde
𝑖 Variable i Variable i
𝑖𝑛𝑓 Infrastructure Infrastruktur
𝑖𝑛𝑡 Internal process (Scope 1&2) interner Prozess (Scope 1&2)
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 Service item Leistungsobjekt
𝑗 Variable j Variable j
𝑘 Variable k Variable k
𝑘𝑚 Distance Entfernung
𝑙𝑠 Logistics service Logistikdienstleistung
𝑚 Material Material
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 Main Haupt-
𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 Mixed Gemischt
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 Transport mode Verkehrsträger
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖-𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 Multi-modal Multi-modal
𝑚𝑤 Material and waste Material und Abfall
𝑚² Floor area Grundfläche
𝑚³ Volume Volumen
𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 National national
𝑜𝑢𝑡 Outgoing goods/freight Warenausgang
Part I - p. 7
Indices (2)
Index Explanation Erklärung
𝑝 or
𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
Person/passengers
(employees)
Person/Passagier
(Mitarbeiter)
𝑝𝑘𝑚 Passenger kilometer Personenkilometer
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 Travel by plane Flugreise
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 Plastics Kunststoff
𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙 Rail transport Schienentransport
refr Refrigerant, refrigerated Kältemittel, gekühlt
𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 Road transport Straßentransport
𝑠 Storage Lagerung
𝑠𝑒𝑎 Sea, maritime transport Hochsee-, Nearshore-
Schifffahrt
𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 Shunting Rangieren
𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 Logistics site
(transshipment/storage)
Logistikstandort
(Umschlag/Lager)
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 Company-specific Unternehmensspezifisch
𝑡 Transport Transport
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 Total, sum Gesamt, Summe
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 Travel by train Zugreise
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 Travel Reise
𝑡𝑠 Transshipment Umschlag
𝑣 Vehicle type, transport means Transportmittel
𝑤 Waste Abfall
Index Explanation Erklärung
(𝐴) Calculation approach A Berechnungsansatz A
(𝐵) Calculation approach B Berechnungsansatz B
(𝐶) Calculation approach C Berechnungsansatz C
𝛼 Allocation factor refrigerated
storage
Allokationsfaktor gekühltes
Lager
∗ Extended by the allocated
general emissions
Um die allokierten
übergeordneten Emissionen
erhöht
Ø Average durchschnittlich
% Ratio anteilig
3.1 Allocation step 3.1 Allokationsschritt 3.1
40 𝑡 Truck class 40 t LKW-Klasse 40 t
100% 100% full 100% gefüllt
Part I - p. 8
Content
Calculation of emissions
Validation of scope
Allocation of emissions
General framework
Declaration
Procedure
Screening phase (step 1)
Annex
Supplement: Parameters of Green Logistics method
Part I - p. 9
The overall objective is the realization of a method that
- Allows the ecological comparison between logistics
service providers and, if necessary, among modes of
transport
- Is pragmatic and substantiated at the same time (effort vs.
significance)
- Considers the demands of the market, users, society and
policy
- Provides information on optimization opportunities to
companies
- Covers all relevant emissions of logistics services
Field of application (users)
- Logistics service providers (LSP) for goods
- Organizers of logistics services
Objective of
Green Logistics method
Part I - p. 10
Transparency
Accuracy
Consistency
Completeness
Relevancy
Basic principles of the
ecological assessment
Appropriate reflection of environmental indicators(1), such as emissions of
the considered logistics services
Coverage of all sub-aspects relevant for logistics services
Sub-aspects which are not included shall be disclosed and reasons shall be
stated for their exclusion
Consistent assessment allows meaningful performance tracking of
emissions over time
Changes in assessment scope, input data and other methodological issues
are likewise transparently documented
All relevant issues are addressed to ensure a subsequent inspection
Relevant assumption procedures for data collection and data sources are
disclosed
Quantification of emissions is neither systematically above nor below reality
and uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable
Balancing on different level of detail is possible:
Main drivers of emissions are calculated as exact as possible
Processes with minor share are considered at a simplified balancing
level
(1) The Green Logistics method offers an assessment framework for the
following environmental indicators: energy consumption; GHG, SO2, NOx,
CO, HC emissions.
Part I - p. 11
Emissions type Scope Definition Examples
Direct emissions Scope 1 Emissions from operations that are owned
or controlled by the reporting company
Emissions from
combustion in owned or
controlled vehicles,
assets, boilers etc.;
emissions from loss of
refrigerant
Indirect emissions
Scope 2
Emissions from the generation of
purchased or acquired electricity, steam,
heating or cooling consumed by the
reporting company
Use of purchased
electricity, steam,
heating or cooling
Scope 3
All indirect emissions (not included in
scope 2) that occur in the value chain of
the reporting company, including both
upstream(2) and downstream(3) emissions
Sub-contracted
transportation,
production and
transportation of
purchased products
Overview of the scopes (GHG Protocol)(1)
(1) [Scope 3 Standard, Table 5.1]
(2) Related to purchased or acquired goods and services
(3) Related to sold goods and services
Part I - p. 12
Greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions
Activity Data
Emission factor
In accordance with UNFCCC/ Kyoto Protocol/ GHG Protocol:
CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs(2)
Expressed by carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e); aggregated
and converted by using global warming potential (GWP) values
(100 years) as published by IPCC see »Supplement«
No additional radiative forcing is covered in case of air transport
Quantitative measurement on the level of activity that results in
GHG emissions; e.g., liters of fuel consumed or kilograms of
material purchased
Factor that converts activity data into GHG emissions data;
e.g., kg CO2e emitted per liter of fuel consumed
Use of life cycle emission factors, which include emissions that
occur in the life cycle of the material / product / fuel
(well-to-wheel (WTW) emission factors)
Definition of GHG emissions and data(1) (1)
(1) [Technical Guidance Scope 3, p. 14ff]
(2) SF6 and NF3 are irrelevant for logistics services
Part I - p. 13
Primary data
Secondary data
Data from specific activities within a company’s value chain
Including data provided by suppliers or others
Collected by e.g. meter readings, purchase records, utility bills,
direct monitoring, mass balance, or others including sampling
Data other than primary data including
Industry-average-data (e.g., from published databases,
statistics, literature studies and industry associations)
Financial data
Proxy data(2)
Definition of GHG emissions and data(1) (2)
(1) [Technical Guidance Scope 3, p. 14ff]
(2) In certain cases, companies may use specific data from one activity in the
value chain to estimate emissions for another activity in the value chain.
This type of data is considered proxy data (secondary data).
Part I - p. 14
Demarcation of assessment aspects
in logistics services (1)
Source Sub-aspect Characteristics/alternatives
(examples)
Road
transport
Transport carried out on roads (own vehicle fleet, sub-
contractors); consideration of drive, additives, provisioning
of transportation means(1); upstream activities(2) for means
of transport, infrastructure, operating power
Tours between locations,
collection/distribution tours,
pre-/on-carriage of intermodal
transport (e.g., road feeder
service), (un-)refrigerated
Rail
transport Transport carried out by rail (own trains, sub-contractors);
consideration of drive, additives, provisioning of
transportation means(1); upstream activities(2) for means of
transport, infrastructure, operating power
Short/long-distance traffic,
combined traffic (e.g. rolling
road), (un-)refrigerated
Inland
navigation Transport carried out on inland water ways, (own ships, sub-
contractors); consideration of drive, additives, provisioning of
transportation means(1); upstream activities(2) for means of
transport, infrastructure, operating power
Ferries, RORO or LOLO
ships, (un-)refrigerated,
containers, piece goods (e.g.,
wind turbines)
Maritime
navigation Maritime freight transport (own ships, sub-contractors);
consideration of drive, additives, provisioning of
transportation means(1); upstream activities(2) for means of
transport, infrastructure, operating power
High seas and short sea
shipping, RORO or LOLO
ships, (un-)refrigerated,
containers, bulk goods
(1) E.g. balance traffic
(2) E.g. manufacturing of transportation means, supply of energy carriers
Part I - p. 15
Demarcation of assessment aspects
in logistics services (2)
Source Sub-aspect Characteristics/alternatives
(examples)
Air transport
Air freight transport (own aircrafts, sub-contractors);
consideration of drive, additives, provisioning of
transportation means(1); upstream activities(2) for means
of transport, infrastructure, operating power
Freight only, belly freight, mail
transportation in passenger
aircrafts
Logistics
sites
Transport at a logistics site (e.g. yard logistics, tug drives
in the port, shunting); conveying, sorting, warehousing;
consideration of drive, energy, transport safety
measures, waste; upstream activities for operating
power, materials (own and external sites)
With/without building shell,
(un-)refrigerated; warehouse,
distribution/trans-shipment
hub/center, mail/parcel center,
(intermodal) terminal, port
Administration
Energy demand for e.g. lighting, IT, heating/cooling
De-/centralized administration
Employee
commuting
Transport of employees between home and work by
company-owned and employee-owned transportation
means, by public passenger transport
Company car, private car,
public (train, bus, subway,
tramway), pedestrian, bike
Business trips Passenger transport carried out via road, rail, air, water
ways (company-owned, sub-contracted)
Flight, company/rental car,
private car, public (train, bus,
subway, tramway), pedestrian,
bike
(1) E.g. balance traffic
(2) E.g. manufacturing of transportation means, supply of energy carriers
Part I - p. 16
Exclusion of sub-aspects
with no relevant
environmental impact for
logistics services(1)
Production of refrigerants, as well as, provision of dry ice
Cleaning processes of transportation means
Manufacturing and demolition of the building shell at logistics
sites or administration sites
Manufacturing processes of intralogistics systems
(e.g., conveyor technology)
Transport of airplanes by tow tractors
Sewage treatment at logistics sites
Home office activities of employees
Hotel accommodations on business trips
Further to be specified (optional)
Demarcation of assessment aspects
in logistics services (3)
(1) [Green Logistics system definition 2012]
Part I - p. 17
Approach A
Consumption
based approach
Company-specific consumption data (e.g., fuel in liter, packing foil in kg,
electricity in kWh) is used for the calculation of emissions.
This is a detailed approach that requires the highest degree of data
collection and data analysis (primary data).
Approach A is to be used by all company processes (scope 1/2),
external transportation and processes at external logistics sites
(scope 3) in the long-term.
Approach B
Distance based
approach
Complementary approach for the area of transportation:
Use of company-specific data (e.g., composition of the fleet in use and
degrees of utilization) for the description of transport performance in
combination with database values.
This approach is allowed for processes relating to scope 3.
Approach C
Key figure based
approach
Company-specific key figures are used for process description, e.g.,
transport performance on the road. These key figures are converted by
means of average emission factors, whereas industry averages for the
logistics services (e.g., used technology, average effectiveness of the
process) are taken as a basis.
Approach C is used in the first step of Green Logistics method to
estimate the relevance of the emission sources.
Approach C may only be applied in the actual assessment (step 2)
for less relevant sub-processes, scope 3 business trips and
employee commuting.
Basic calculation approaches and their
level of detail
Part I - p. 18
Green Logistics method defines a minimum standard, higher levels of detail are optional.
Reasons for a more detailed approach (i.e. more company-specific) e.g.,
- Detailed objectives of assessment results, allocation of emissions and reporting
(e.g., customer-specific)
- Expected impact of sub-aspects on overall results
- Options of influencing emissions of specific sub-aspects, monitoring of improvements
- Change in sub-contracted services/processes
- Requirements of stakeholders or shareholders
- Expected general business risks
Background of selected level of detail of
ecological assessment
Step 2
Step 1 Screening phase
Approach A
Approach B
Approach C
Transport: Is
data on fleet
composition(1)
on-hand?
Is it a
scope 1/2 or a
relevant scope 3
process?
Is activity
data
on-hand? no yes
yes
Company-specific
Industry average
no
yes
no
(1) E.g. vehicle classes, load factors