Green pen

Review the questions from last week. Green pen any changes to the: Command word Key words

Review your summary sheet for aggression

A2 Physical Education Sport Psychology

Week 3 Revision

AGGRESSION AND CONFIDENCE

Aggression“Any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical

or verbal means.” (BULL)

“Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another human being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.” (BARON)

HOSTILE AGGRESSIONMain aim is to harm and

inflict injury.Aggressive actions are outside the rules of the

game‘Hostile destructiveness’

(PARENS)Hostile aggression involves

anger.This type of aggression

needs to be eliminated from sport!

ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOURNo intention to harm.

Strictly within the rules and spirit of the game.Robust, but functional

play.Primarily focused on completing the skill

successfully.‘Non-hostile self-

protective mastery behaviour’ (PARENS,

1987)

Aggression

INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION

Intends to harm as a means to another goal.

For example if you rugby tackle an opponent with force the intent to wind

them

CHANNELED AGRESSION

Positive form of aggression, divert

feelings into positive actions. For example

working harder

Antecedents of Aggression

AGGRESSION

NATURE OF THE GAME

WIDE DIVISION BETWEEN SCORES

PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED GRUDGES OR SCORES TO SETTLE

HOSTILE CROWDS

VENUE…AWAY TEAM

FRUSTRATION CAUSED BY POOR PERFORMANCE, OPPOSITION OR

REFS DECISIONS.

HIGH AROUSAL LEVELS

EXTRINSIC REWARDS

Theories of AggressionINSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE)

- Proposed by FRUED but developed but LORENZ in 1966.

- ‘Aggression is genetically inheritedand that trait of violence lies within everyone

due to a basic instinct to dominate.’- ‘Death instinct’ (FREUD)

- ‘Aggressive energy is constantly buildingup and needs to be released’ (LORENZ)

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY- Proposed by BANDURA, 1966 but

developed by LEAKEY.- Aggression is not biologically based

but is nurtured through environmental forces.- Learned by watching and copying

role models and it becomes an excepted mode of behaviour if reinforced.

FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS – INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

- Proposed by DOLLARD.- ‘Frustration develops when goal-directed

behaviour or NACH is blocked.’-It is instinctive to fulfil the need

to release frustration.- Instinct theory – aggression is the goal.

- Aggression = successful = catharsis- Aggression = unsuccessful = more frustration

AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS (BERKOWITZ, 1969)

– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE- Builds upon DOLLARD’S work.

-Frustration leads to an increase in arousal which,in some situations will result in aggression.

-Cues = baseball bats, violent acts being witnessed,nature of the game will trigger aggression if

arousal is high. -Best players have the ability/temperament

to control frustration and arousal.

Do they have limitations?

INSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE) SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS – INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS (BERKOWITZ, 1969)

– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

Reducing and controllingaggression

Punish aggressive play. Withdraw violent players from the situation. Stress performance rather than the outcome. Emphasise non-aggressive role models. Make use of cognitive strategies to prevent

aggressive play. Positively reinforce non-aggressive behaviour

and negatively reinforce aggressive behaviour. Change athletes perceptions of the situation. Implement stress management techniques. Lower arousal levels

Review the syllabus

Devise two aggression questions (3 and 4 marks)

Devise an aggression essay question (14 marks)

Aggression – traffic light sheetAnything new that I’ve learnt

Confidence

Self confidence and self efficacy. What is the difference?

Review your summary sheets

Development of self efficacy

What did Bandura suggest were the four key factors that contribute to the development of self efficacy?

What’s the difference between self efficacy and self confidence?

Bandura’s model

Task

You are the coach of Michael Jordan. He is going through a rough patch and is showing signs of low levels of self efficacy. Using Bandura’s model how could you turn this around.

Discuss in pairs and then write four paragraphs.

This could be part of a 14 mark question. How? Why not the full 14 marks?

Social Facilitation/InhibitionSOCIAL FACILITATION: The presence of an audience positively

increases arousal levels and performance is enhanced.

SOCIAL INHIBITION: A negative effect on performance is experienced due to the attendance of an audience.

ZAJONC

- The ‘mere’ presence of others is sufficient to increase

the arousal level of the performer.

-This uses ‘drive theory’ to predict the effect of others on

performance.

- As arousal increases (as would happen when

spectators are present), there is a greater likelihood of the

dominant response occurring.

COTTRELL’S EVALUATION

APPREHENSION

- In some circumstances the

audience can have a calming effect.

- Increases in arousal were only present

when the performer perceived that the

audience was assessing

performance.

Distraction/ Conflict Theory (Barron,

1986)

-Individuals can only attend to a limited

amount of environmental cues.

- Spectators demand the same attention as

other players, resulting in more competition for

attentional space.

- Complex actions would therefore be impaired in front of

large crowds.

Simplified diagram

Social Facilitation/Inhibition

Homefield Advantage:

-Large supportive home crowds

have a positive effect on

performance.

- Most evident in indoor sports

such as basketball.

- Crowd gets close to the

action, increasing audience

influence. This is called the

‘proximity effect.’

Strategies to Combat Social Inhibition:

- Practice selective attention.

- Use imagery, mental rehearsal to block out audience effects.

- Ensure essential skills are over-learned and grooved.

- introduce evaluative others into practice.

- Raise athletes’ awareness of the zone of optimal functioning.

- Incorporate stress management into training.

- Appropriate use of attribution

Home and awayAdvantages Disadvantages

Strategies to eliminate effects

Review the syllabus

Devise two confidence questions (3 and 4 marks)

Devise one confidence essay question (14 marks)

Confidence– traffic light sheetAnything new that I’ve learnt

Next week

Week 1 Aspects of personalityArousal

Week 2 Controlling anxietyAttitudes

Week 3 AggressionConfidence

Week 4 Attribution theoryGroup success

Week 5 Leadership and any questions