green radio: research advances overvie · new cross-layer protocols efficient scheduling algorithms...
TRANSCRIPT
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© 2012 Mobile VCE
Green Radio:
Research Advances
Overview
Prof. John S. Thompson and Dr Chadi Khirallah
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Presentation Overview
Traffic Growth Trends and Energy Challenge
Mobile VCE - Green Radio Project
Green Radio Techniques and Architectures
Green Radio Techniques Integration
Conclusions
Future Work
2
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13/09/10
Green Radio – (ww.mobilevce.com/green-radio)
3
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Green Radio
A global industrial perspective on achieving access
network efficiency for wireless communications
Research monitored and steered, and publications
reviewed by industrialists at quarterly progress meetings
4
Program driven by the INDUSTRIAL requirement
$3M – three years (1st June 2009 - )
Funded by 12 companies and government (EPSRC)
Research program defined by industry and academia
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Green Radio – Goal and Members
By 2012, deliver Energy-Efficient Architectures & Techniques
that achieve a10 to 100-fold reduction in power consumption.
Energy
(Joule/bit)
2009 2010 2011 2012
Target
State-of-the-art
10-100x drop
GR Project
Year
5
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Research Objectives
6 Architectures: Assess the most energy efficient base
station deployments
Heterogeneous Networks
Relays and Multi-hop
Traffic offload to femto cell or WiFi
Techniques: Develop Innovative Concepts for Energy
Savings in base stations
Improved Amplifier Designs
New Cross-layer protocols
Efficient Scheduling Algorithms
Integration of investigated approaches to provide a
holistic overall view of potential energy savings
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13/09/10
1. Conventional
Cellular
WLAN
Fixed
Relay
Femto
Cell
Node BContent
Server
Mobile
Relay
2. In-Building
Relay
3. Multi-hop
Relay
4. Heterogeneous
Relay
GR - Optimum Architectures
7
Find the most energy-efficient base station deployments
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GR Techniques: Power Efficient Hardware
PA & Cooling dominated
overall consumption
Integration PA & Antenna
reduce Feeder losses
Power Efficient
Signal Processing Appropriate
Backhaul
Hardware Integration & Advanced PA Techniques
8
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Base station – Operational Power Models 9
Need to consider energy-efficiency under: Low Traffic Load: Switch–OFF unused equipment (PA, transceivers, network
connections)
High Traffic Load: Improve energy-efficiency of equipment & advanced traffic
management
Linear BS
models are
good
approximation
but may not
match reality
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Embodied Energy – Need to Consider It
9kg CO2
4.3kg
CO2
2.6kg
CO2
8.1kg
CO2
Mobile
CO2 emissions per subscriber per year
Operation
Embodied
energy
Base station
Base station:
u Digital, RF hardware
u Feeders, antennas, tower
u Climate control, backhaul
u Installation, delivery, reclamation, packaging
Mobile:
u Semiconductors, PCB
u Plastic housing
u Charger
u Installation, delivery, reclamation, packaging
Embodied energy:
Zero
load RF loading
To
tal
po
we
r
0%
100%
Rated
RF
output
Base station operating power:
Depends on traffic and zero-load power
Operational electricity use
considers traffic-related power and
zero-load power
Embodied energy is a significant
part of total energy use, especially
at the mobile
10
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Status of Green Radio Project
11 Green Radio project has studied benefits of many
techniques and architectures
Results are measured using Energy Reduction Gains
(ERG) metric:
The percentage of energy saved by the test system,
when compared to a baseline system
ERG = 0% → no energy saving
ERG = 100% → no energy consumption!
Practical → 0%<ERG >100%
ERG = 90% → 10x times reduction
ERG = 99% → 100x times reduction
Green Radio individual techniques ERG = 25 - 60%
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Register of Technologies (Individual Tech.) 12
GR project :
Studied many
individual concepts
Promising energy
gains (RF and Op)
Methods to assess
techniques
integration 18
60
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Integration of Techniques
13 GR techniques and architectures and their Individual
Energy Reduction Gains (ERG)
Introduce some promising individual energy-efficient
techniques:
High Traffic load: Antenna, PA and CoMP
Discuss two Integration approaches in GR project
Register of Technology (RF/Operational Energy gains)
13
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Class J Power Amplifiers
Class J Amplifier relies on fundamental and 2nd
harmonic tuning to achieve high efficiency
Two Class - J prototypes are experimentally verified
Narrowband – Efficiency > 70%
Extended bandwidth – Efficiency > 50%
Energy gain ~ 33%
Key Advantages:
Simplified design process
Multiple channels/ standards
supported
Efficiency/linearity maintained
14
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Efficient Antenna 15
Dielectric power loss is a
dominant factor
Antenna Efficiency -
the ratio of the radiated power to the input power of the antenna
Pradiated
Pdissipated
Pinput
High efficiency - most of the
input power is radiated
Air-substrate
• 95% (narrow- band), 90% (250 MHz LTE),
• energy save 18%
(a) Duroid: high–cost
energy loss (40-50%)
(b) Arlon (c) FR4: low-cost
energy-loss (50-70%)
Dielectric – substrate
simplicity and direct integration with RF
circuits
3-D radiation patterns of co-polarisation measured at 2.4GHz.
Method to
determine
antenna
efficiency
vs.
dielectric
material
Energy
efficiency
depends on
material
and
frequency
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Coordinated Multi-Point Tx/Rx (CoMP) 16
LTE-A: Rel. 11
Distributed User-location aware MIMO
CoMP yields 60% energy gain (cell-edge)
Multi-cell JT- CoMP → ERG = 0- 80% (%) Baseline Single-cell energy consumption
(mJoule/bit)
• Joint base station transmission
improves cell-edge rates
• CoMP mitigates mutual interference
and uses cooperative diversity gain
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GR - Integration Approach (I): “Combining Matrix” 17
Simple approach to
analyse existing energy
saving results
Assess which
techniques can be
successfully combined
Yields an estimate of
the potential overall
energy savings
→ Now discuss structure of combining matrix in detail
GR
Techniques
Combining Matrix
Overall Energy
Reduction Gain
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Techniques Clustering – Combining Matrix High Traffic Load Techniques
Less than Cumulative Benefit
Full Cumulative Benefit
18
Identify techniques that combines
successfully (Cumulative benefit)
Ignore combinations with reduce benefit
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Techniques Clustering – Combining Matrix
Low Traffic Load Techniques
Techniques Interactions
The Integration of SM and BM or SB techniques yields less
than the cumulative ERGs
Increase in traffic load in active cells that have to handle any
remaining traffic from switch-off cells
In other words SM changes traffic condition from low to high
in active cells
19
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Estimated Combined ERG - High and Low Traffic Load
Combined ERG
translates to
power reduction
factor of 5-10
fold for high
traffic load and
only 4 fold for
low traffic load
20
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Macro-only Network Re-deployment - Heterogeneous Networks (LTE-A)
21
Base station (eNB) oHigh pathloss
oHigh Tx Power
(40 W/sector)
Relay Nodes (RN) o Lower pathloss
o Lower Tx Power
(0.2 - 7 W)
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Techniques Integration + HetNet
High Traffic Load - Combined ERG translates to power
reduction factor up to 12 fold
Low Traffic Load – two bounds • Pessimistic - no techniques Integration power reduction
only 3-4 fold
• Optimistic - with Integration power reduction up to 8-12
fold
22
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GR Integration Approach (II):
“VCEsim Simulation”
23
Simulation Model
(VCEsim)
GR Techniques
Analytical Model
Overall Energy
Reduction Gain
Simulator allows different concepts to be studied, varying
the cell type, traffic models, user distributions, etc.
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Results – VCESim Simulator
Re-deployment of macro
eNB energy saving 92%
Fixed deployment macro
eNBs energy saving 75% 24
Energy Gain =
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Integration Outcomes
25 Both combining matrix and VCEsim approaches
yield similar ERG results
Achieving further energy improvements is very
challenging!
Combined energy gain is very sensitive to
modelling and traffic load assumptions
Different approaches for high load vs. low load
traffic conditions
Energy efficiency gains of 5- 10x are feasible with
current and near future technologies
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Technology Platforms & Industrial Briefs
Tech Demos: Fibre2Air, PA, Antenna,
Videos: PA, scheduling, Fibre2Air, MechRelay
IBs: PA, Antenna, R-NC, Fibre2Air, WiFi/3G
Platforms: VCEsim, …
Available from: www.mobilevce.com
26 Industry Briefs
Strategic Industry Relevance & Key R&D Advances
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Conclusions
27
Green Radio project has studied techniques and
architecture concepts
Gains of individual approaches yield typically
25-60% energy reduction gain
Pressing demand for more energy efficient
networks in future
Presented integration solutions to assess overall
improvements – these suggest up to 90-95%
energy reduction gain by combining techniques
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Challenges and Future Work
Fragmented Not enough! Spectrum Allocation
HetNets Deployments
28
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29
Flexible Spectrum and High Performance RF
Multi-Radio/Multi-Band
– How many can we juggle?
Multi-Radio –
ONLY a matter of Co-existence!
5 band/ 2 standard 850, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100 MHz GSM /3G
Lots of new bands 33 bands in 3GPP LTE Spec.
GPS, WiFi, Bluetooth, …
Cross-band spectrum
aggregation
Significant RF design issue
Antenna: -Multi-band tuning
-Size (MIMO) at lower frequency
Power amplifier - Broadband power match
RF filter/duplexer - Adjacent channel rejection/
suppression in Tx and Rx
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Thank you
Further information contact:
Dr Chadi Khirallah
E-mail: [email protected]
WWW: www.mobilevce.com
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© 2012 Mobile VCE
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31
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