green revolution menace returns with a vengeance
DESCRIPTION
An IRRI Seminar delivered by K.L. Heong, senior scientist and insect ecologist, Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, IRRI, on 1 September 2011.TRANSCRIPT
K.L. Heong
IRRI Rice Seminar Series
Current position:
Insect ecologist, Senior Scientist, IRRI
Education and training:
PhD and DSc Imperial College, UK.
Fellow of Malaysian Academy of Science
Fellow of the Third World Academy of Science
Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science
Work experience:
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
Research highlights:
Arthropod community structure in rice ecosystems
Impact of insecticides on arthropod food web structures
Insect predator-prey relationship in rice ecosystems
Biodiversity and ecosystem services in rice ecosystems
Farmers’ pest management decision making
Use of mass media and education entertainment approaches to reach millions of rice farmers
Awards:
Charles Black Award (US Council for Agricultural Science)
Prize for Agriculture (Third World Academy of Science)
Gold medals – Agricultural Development (Government of Vietnam)
Excellence Prize (Malaysian Plant Protection Society)
Return of the Green Revolution Menace with New Vengeance
K.L. Heong
Summary of Seminar
• Current situations of problems with planthoppers and related virus diseases
• Broad look at the problems and why they occur.
– Ecological reasons for such situations
– Root causes beyond the rice ecosystems
• Ecological engineering initiatives to restore resilience
• Mitigation options to reform pesticide policies regulations and marketing
UNWELCOME HARVESTAfter Conway & Pretty 1991
• Green Revolution - undisputed successes
– HYVs enabled increase in rice production
– Contributed to poverty reduction, food security
• Limitations
– Environmental degradation
– Created new threats – the planthoppers
• Doubly GREEN Revolution Conway 1997
– Increase food at an even greater rate
– So it in a sustainable manner without damage to
environment and its services
– Ensure equity
Menace 1 –Brown Planthopper (BPH)
Short winged
form
Long winged
form
Cabauatan et al 2008
Virus diseases
New Menace 2 –White backed planthopper (WBPH)
Long winged form
Short winged form
New virus carried by WBPH
• Discovered in Guangdong in 2001.
• Transmitted by WBPH
• Southern Rice Black Streak Dwarf virus (SRBSDV) because of its similarity with the RBSDV carried by sBPH in temperate areas.
• Spreading in southern provinces of China, Northern Vietnam areas.
middle-season rice damaged
Spread of new virus disease
Found in maize inShandong province
First discovered in 2001
Zhou 2010
Found in Kyushu Japan in 2010
Planthoppers are r – strategists
Landscape biodiversity
High……………….Low
Low habitat stability
escape from natural
control
r strategists tend to develop exponentially when they “escape” from natural control
When the natural enemy ravine is in place
Populations low
When the natural enemy ravine is removed
Population develop exponentially
Summary from Synoptic Model
• In habitats with low stability, pest population growth rates tend to increase when “released” from biocontrol services resulting in outbreaks.
• Rice production systems that have low landscape biodiversity will need to conserve biocontrol services more to avoid “release of pests” or outbreaks.
• Pests that strive in habitats with low stability have typical life strategies
– r strategists with high adaptability.
r - pests
• Common characteristics:– High reproductive capacities
– Small size, short life cycles
– High migratory tendency - essential for movement
from the “dying habitat” to a new one.
– Exogenous invaders into a crop.
– Normally not pests in low densities but can
occasionally outbreak when released from natural
control.
– Because of the ephemeral nature of the crop
habitats it is necessary to consider managing their
population on a regional scale – Macro level
(Southwood 1977).
Population ModelContinuous model
Nt + 1 = Nt exp {r(1 – Nt /K)}
Finite rate of increase λ = exp rr is per capita rate of increase
r ≈ (ln Ro)/Tc
Nett reproduction rate and generation time
K is carrying capacity
r – K continuumbiological strategies
• Rice planthoppers are
– Monophagous – live only on rice
– r strategists
– Mobile and invasive
• Sustainable strategies need to focus on population management at the macro level and not just developing “killing” methods.
• Using insecticides to control such pests is like “throwing petrol into fire” – completely unsustainable
Pest storms
in
Thailand
China
Indonesia
Hopperburn occur in patches with Hopperburn occur in patches with
ecosystem services disruptedecosystem services disrupted
Philippines
Vietnam
Malaysia
China
Thailand Bangladesh
India
Indonesia
Started in July 2009, outbreaks still persist in June,
2010. Damaged area > 1 million ha.
Govt revised production forecast by 1.1 m tons
16%Govt paid US$60 m in compensation to farmers.
Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide distribution,
campaigns
Virus diseases spread and become endemic and very
wide spread
Outbreaks continue – June 2011 11% damaged. Loss
600 million baht.
Planthopper outbreaks in Asia in 2009/11
Predominantly WBPH on
hybrid rice
New virus disease spreading in
Northern Vietnam, and
southern provinces of China
300,000 ha estimated badly
infected
In Yunnan province WBPH
destroyed crops at young stages
400,000 ha seriously affected in 56
counties
Sukoharja-Solo-Klaten Wereng Triangle
BPH beginning to become problems
More than 10,000ha said to damaged
Reported loss US$ 1.4 million
Government and pesticide companies
launched “Operasi Mandi Pestisida”
Hopperburn along spray paths – Suphan Buri, Thailand
Why do planthopper outbreaks continue
to threaten rice production in Asia?
Vulnerability factors
• Low genetic biodiversity� Many rice areas grown with few or closely related varieties.
� In Central Thailand 72% of farmers grew 2 varieties, Chainat1 and Pathumtani1.
� In the Muda area 2005, 2 varieties MR219 and MR220 covered 75% of the area.
� Season 2008/09 the same 2 varieties grown in 95% of rice areas in Malaysia.
� Hybrid rice – narrow range of parental lines.
• Low habitat biodiversity� Large area rice monocrops with no other habitat. Low flora and
resources for natural enemies
� Double and triple cropping of rice and lack non rice habitats.
Why do planthopper outbreaks continue
to threaten rice production in Asia?
Vulnerability factors
• Low biodiversity in parasitoids and predators� Lack habitat and food resources for natural
enemies. Bunds sprayed with herbicides. � High insecticide pressure – farmers often apply 3
to 10 sprays.� High use of insecticides toxic to parasitoids and
predators.� Poor equipment used – low efficacy to pests, high
efficacy to non targets esp. aquatic fauna. � High use of cocktails that broaden the “kill”
spectrum. � Prophylactic spray (pre emptive strikes); mixed
with herbicide sprays.
Early season blanket spraying
Note
Spraying in early crop stages
Spraying on top of the canopy
Use equipment with poor delivery
12.3
45.6
28.2
12
1.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-15 16-40 41-60 61-70 > 70
Days after sowing
Pe
rce
nt
(%)
sp
ray
s
Early season
Tien Giang province 2011
Early season sprays increase farms’vulnerability to hopperburn
by >10 folds
8.1
91.4
73.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
No spray 1st spray 0-40 DAS 1st >40 DAS
Pro
ba
bii
lity
of
ho
pp
erb
urn
Leaf folder control increases vulnerability to hopperburn
by 10 folds
86.5
8.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Control for leaffolders Did not control leaf folders
Pro
bab
ilit
y o
f h
op
perb
urn
Food chain
Rice
Rice
Rice
Herbivores
HerbivoresPredators
Parasitoids
1
2
3
Vulnerable situation
Preferred situation
Outbreak
situation
Mean food chain lengths reduced
• Sprays reduced chain lengths significantly from 3 to about 2.
• Estimated time for food web to recover was 22 days after the last spray.
• Sprays bring about asynchrony in predator-prey relationships.
© KLH 2002
Early insecticide sprays create vulnerability
Vulnerable period
Effect of early season sprays on ecosystem services
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Weeks after transplanting
Ecossytem service
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Weeks after transplanting
Ecossytem services
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Weeks after transplanting
Hopper invasion
Early season
sprays increase
vulnerability to
invasions
Ecosyste
m s
erv
ices
Outbreak
More pesticide – more eggsResurgence
More pesticide – more BPH eggs
Resurgence – fipronil increase fecundity
2.3 X
Hopperburn in sprayed spots in Cantho province
Pictures by Pham van Quynh
No effect of insecticide sprays on plant hopper eggs in refuge
Small size and soft body make natural enemies more susceptible
BPH
Cyrtorhinus
Anagrus
Wolf spider
Sprayed rice fields are like mine fields to predators
and parasitoids in search of prey
Spider Biodiversity, Bund Biodiversity
and Pesticide Use
•High species richness
•High spider density
•Example Danzhou S=70
•Moderate species richness
•High spider density
•Example Lingshui S= 55
•Low species richness
•Low spider density
•Example Haikou S= 37
•Low species richness
•Low spider density
•Example Sanya S= 36
Bu
nd
Bio
div
ers
ity
Low
High
HighLow Insecticide Use
• After the sprays hopper eggs hatch into an enemy free environment and enjoy “exponential growth”.
Norowi
Insecticides cause BPH to produce
more long winged formsMore pesticide – more migration
The ecology of planthoppers well documented
• Impact of insecticides on herbivore-natural enemy communities in tropical rice ecosystems. Heong & Schoenly
• The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice – a review. Way and Heong
• Insect pest management in tropical Asian irrigated rice. Matteson
• Planthoppers – New threats to the sustainability of intensive rice production systems in Asia. Heong and Hardy
New reviews to follow
• New book on “Rice Planthoppers” from the ADB-IRRI Rice Planthopper Project.
• New paradigms in Rice hopper resistance
Horgan et al
• Asia’s planthopper problems: The re-emergence of an old enemy. Horgan and Heong
• Resurrecting the Ghost of the Green Revolutions Past: The Rice Brown Planthopper as a Recurring Threat to High Yielding Rice Production in Tropical Asia. Bottrell and Schoenly
Insecticide resistance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Philippines Thailand Vietnam China
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Philippines Thailand Vietnam China
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Philippines Thailand Vietnam China
X6
X32
X127
X2
X59
X33
X0.9
X19
X27
BPMC
Imidacloprid
Fipronil
Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services
BiodiversityNumber of species
Abundance
Composition
Interactions
Ecosystem
Functions
Ecosystem ServicesProvisioning services•Food, fuel, fiber
•Genetic resources
•Fresh water
Supporting services•Primary production
•Provision of habitats
•Nutrient and water cycling
•Soil formation and retention
Cultural services•Spiritual and religious values
•Education and inspiration
•Recreation and aesthetic values
Regulating services
•Invasion resistance
•Pollination
•Pest and disease regulation•Climate regulation
•Natural hazard protection
•Water purification
Regulating services
•Invasion resistance
•Pollination
•Pest and disease regulation
Pest regulation
– In many agricultural areas, pest control provided by natural enemies has been replaced by the use of pesticides
– And such pesticide use (and misuse) has itself degraded the capacity of agroecosystems to provide pest control
MA 2005
Regulating Services
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2008
2010
20092011
Light trap records in Chai Nat Thailand
100,000 fold increase !!
MISUSE
Local ES weakening
Promote BPH populations
Panicsprays
Increase in BPHload
Wide scale increase In insecticide use
MassiveOUTBREAKS
Use of resurgence insecticides
Prophylactic & early spraying
Spray mixtures
Landscape ES weakening
Vicious cycle of planthopper outbreaks
Local outbreaks
Social effects on farmers
Wichian
Anti histamine
Punjab's Malwa region feeds the nation
but farmers here fall prey to cancer far
too often. They take the 'Cancer Train'
to Bikaner for cheap treatment.
Times of India The lush fields hide a scary
tale. Farmers live in a
disturbing cesspool of
toxicity, a result of excessive
and unregulated use of
pesticides and chemical
fertilizers. For one, Punjab
farmers' use of pesticides is
923 g/ha, way above the
national average of 570
g/ha (grams per hectare).
Cancer train
Relationships between farmers’ yields
and pesticide spending in Jiaxing, China.
1st season
y = 3.641x + 5564.7
R2 = 0.0036
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0 20 40 60
Spray cost (CN yuan/(1/15ha))
Yielda(kg/ha)
2nd season
y = -23.008x + 6531.2
R2 = 0.2481
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 20 40 60
Spray cost (CN yuan/(1/15ha)
Yield (kg/ha)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8
Number of sprays
Yie
ld t
/ha
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of sprays
Yie
ld t/h
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 2 4 6 8
Number of sprays
Yie
ld t
/ha
Cai Lay, Vietnam Cai Be, Vietnam
Chainat, Thailand
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of sprays
Yie
ld t
/ha
Lingui, China
R2= 0.015 R2= 0.019
R2 <0.001 R2= 0.019
Tiengiang province
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
2004 N= 6352003 N= 584
Cantho province
2002 N= 790
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4
Vinh Long province
Number of insecticide sprays
Yie
ld in t
ons
2004 N= 904
2004 N= 286 2005 N= 604
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Yie
ld in t
ons
Number of insecticide sprays
y = 0.15x + 6.709
R2 = 0.022 F=13.59 p ,0.001y = 0.197x + 7.184
R2=0.04 F=24.05 p<0.001
y = -0.357x + 3.306
R2=0.127 F>260 p<0.001
Mekong wide 2006
Can Tho 2006 Can Tho 2007
Pest management today
Generalized Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain
CAPITAL
MAJOR RICE
BOWL/GRANARY
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
DOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OTHERS
PRIVATE SECTOR
BIG BOYS LOCAL
FARMERS
DEALER
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
DOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OTHERS
DEALER
RETAILER
“Mobile
Plant
Clinics”
Extension
Training/FFS
Media campaigns
Me
dia
ca
mp
aig
ns\
cell
ph
on
es
Tra
inin
g/F
FS
Ad
ve
rtis
ing
/sa
les
pro
mo
tio
ns
Credits
Advice
Samples
MAIN SOURCE FOR
INFORMATION, ADVICE,
GIFTS, CREDITLimited reach; limited resource to sustain
Hands up those who get their pest management advice from the local pesticide retailer
FMCGFast Moving Consumer Goods
FMCG or Fast-moving consumer goods (also known as Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are products that have quick turnover, require less thinking by
consumers and utilize advertising and promotional strategies to create
emotional buying.
Insecticide use based on IPM Insecticide use based on FMCG
Driven by rational decision making skills. Judicious use.
Driven by product packaging, brand names, attractiveness, recalls.
Need to use knowledge on pests, natural enemies, predation, insecticide actions
Less (or no) thinking needed. Eg. calendar applications mixing several ingredients together.
Maximize value of knowledge Maximize value of sales
Economic rationale based
Emotional based, viz status, desire, fear, perceptions, attitudes, sense of power, price.
Inefficient market /Market failureSigns and symptoms
• Information asymmetries
– Farmers buying insecticides thinking that they are
controlling planthoppers but instead they induce
hopper outbreaks. And seek to spray more.
• Externalities
– Pollution. Health. Wildlife. Fish supply
• Public goods
– Insecticides destroy ecosystem services
– Insecticides create more planthoppers that infest
other farmers’ fields.
Current system favor YIN
PositivesEcological researchResistant varietiesEcological engineering IPM trainingInsecticide reduction programs
PositivesEcological researchResistant varietiesEcological engineering IPM trainingInsecticide reduction programs
NegativesPesticide promotion by private and Public sectorsGovt subsidies, free distributionsLow costs of pesticidesPesticide misuses
NegativesPesticide promotion by private and Public sectorsGovt subsidies, free distributionsLow costs of pesticidesPesticide misuses
Structures/Policies favoring NegativesInadequate pesticides regulatory systemEcosystem services not factored into policiesIncentives for short term profit gainsLack incentives for sustainable practicesAccess to emergency pesticide allocations
Structures/Policies favoring NegativesInadequate pesticides regulatory systemEcosystem services not factored into policiesIncentives for short term profit gainsLack incentives for sustainable practicesAccess to emergency pesticide allocations
China’s Pesticide Production (metric tons a.i.) 2000 – 2009.
[source: ICAMA]
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2000000
1990199219
94199619982000200220
0420
062008
Mil
lio
n U
S$ Chn exp
Jpn exp
Kor exp
EU exp
Data from FAOSTAT updated June 2011
EU exports
China
exports
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008M
illi
on
US
$
Indonesia Thailand Viet Nam Philippines IndiaData from FAOSTAT updated June 2010
Insecticide imports
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Pesticides in rice (US$ M)
Year
Indonesia
Resistant varieties, IPM,Biological control, Biodiversity, Ecological
Engineering
Pesticide Tsunami
Unsustainable Response
Operation “Showering With Pesticides”
in Indonesia.
Root Causes of Planthopper problems
Inadequate regulationsFMCG
Retailers provide adviceUntrained retailers.
Unnecessary insecticide useMisuse / Overuse
Wrong insecticides
Increase in outbreak pestsIncrease in chemical pollution
Insecticide resistance
Farmers’ income lossNational loss in export earning
Health problem -Unstable production
Loss in chemical effectiveness
ROOT CAUSES
CAUSES
SITUATION
IMPACT
Banning resurgence
causing insecticides
Revise pesticide marketing regulations
Reclassify pesticides/ License retailers
RESPONSES
Immediate term
Medium/Long term
House with No Roof
Why do planthopper outbreaks continue
to threaten rice production in Asia?
• Planthoppers have unique traits for adaptation
� A macro problem and cant be managed using micro tools.
� Planthopper outbreaks have ecological, sociological, economic
and political dimensions
• Need ecological tools at landscape level – eco agriculture
� Pest control tools rely in chemicals, plant resistance, GMOs.
� Tools do not tackle the “root causes” of outbreaks which have
ecological, sociological and political dimensions.
• Need changes in policies, institutional structures and concepts
� Lack ecological understanding particularly at the macro or
landscape level.
� Plant protection policies and structures continue to favor pesticide
use – no change in > 50 years – Need reform.
� Plant protection regulatory system have stagnated and weakened
and need restructure.
Causal factors
Why do planthopper outbreaks continue to
threaten rice production in Asia?
• No change in paradigm
� Using micro tools to deal a macro problem.
� Planthoppers outbreaks macro - related ecological, sociological,
economic and political issues.
• No change in tools
� Pest control tools rely in “magic bullets” - chemicals, genes, GMOs.
� Tools do not tackle the “root causes” of outbreaks.
� Tools do not tackle ecological, sociological and political issues.
• No change in concepts/structure
� Lack ecological understanding perspectives particularly at the macro
or landscape level.
� Plant protection policies and structures continue to favor pesticide
use – status quo for 40 years.
� Plant protection regulatory system stagnant and weakened and need
reform.
Causal factors
Summary
1. Large proportion of insecticides used are unnecessary.
2. Planthopper problems are insecticide induced.
3. The mechanisms have been thoroughly researched, simulation models built, well understood and documented.
4. Planthoppers are r strategists and management strategies are ecologically based at the landscape level.
5. Insecticide misuse is caused by the failed market conditions, misguided policies, R and D biases toward favoring pesticide use.
6. Farmers are the victims of the failed market, the biases
and disconnected information supply chain.
7. It does NOT have to be like this, especially since we have the knowledge to help solve the problem.
Two Main Components of Ecological Engineering to restore Resilience to Pests
Ecological Engineering techniques
Genetic biodiversity
Habitat biodiversitySpecies
Space
Time
Species Biodiversity Parasitoids, Predators
Ecosystem ServicesPest invasion resistance,
Pest and disease regulation
Pollination
Rationalize
pesticide useReduction, pro environment products,
timing
Ecosystem functionsPollination, parasitism, predation
Ecological engineering in Jin Hua
Increase in parasitoids in rice field with sesame and no
insecticide useJin Hua, Zhejiang
Lu et al 2009
Frog densities increase in eco eng fields
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Booting Milky
Fro
g d
en
siti
es
in #
/mu
Ecological
Engineering
Farmers’
Fields
Ecological
Engineering
Farmers’
Fields
R. limnocharis
R. limnocharisR. nigromaculattaR. nigromaculatta
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Booting Milky
Fro
g d
en
siti
es
in #
/mu
Ecological
Engineering
Farmers’
Fields
Ecological
Engineering
Farmers’
Fields
R. limnocharis
R. limnocharisR. nigromaculattaR. nigromaculatta
Farmer’s Friend/Cobbler’s pegs
(Bidens pilosa)
Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus)
Butter daisy(Melampodium divaricatium)
Sesame
(Sesamum indicum)Chinese Wedelia
(Wedelia chinensis )
Mung bean (Vigna radiata)
Abundance of bees, syrphids and ladybirds
Parasitoid Species RichnessRarefaction curves
Egg parasitoids in ecological engineering fieldsIncrease
Egg parasitism in ecological engineering fields increase significantly - Vietnam
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Booting Ripening
% egg parasitism
Eco eng
Control
Multi media campaign in Vietnam to motivate rural communities to restore biodiversity, reduce pesticides and
increase their profits in several provinces
Heuristic cluster for biodiversity
Bees as enablers for change
n Flowers along bunds bring in bees and their
relatives
n The bee relatives attack eggs that
planthoppers lay
n Insecticides will kill bees and their relatives.
KLH
Landscape transformation
in many Vietnam provinces
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Thoai Son Chau Thanh Chau Phu
Na
tura
l e
ne
my
de
ns
ity
(#
/Sq
M)
Ecol Eng
Control
Natural enemies increase
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Thoai Son Chau Thanh Chau Phu
Mir
id p
red
ato
ry b
ug
s (
#/S
q M
)
Ecol Eng
Control
Egg predatory bug increase
Biodiversity can benefit rice farmers
• Adopt macro level thinking
� Use a macro framework for management.
� Incorporate ecological, sociological, economic and political dimensions.
• Develop ecological tools at landscape level – eco agriculture
� Develop ecological engineering tools and techniques to re store biodiversity to rice ecosystems.
� Develop and sustain educational and motivational programs to change farmers’ attitudes to become “ecosystem managers” not just producers.
� Explore PES schemes and create new incentive systems.
• Changes in policies, institutional structures and concepts
� Adjust R and D funding policies to factor in ecosystem services benefits at the macro or landscape level.
� Review and reform agricultural policies and structures that will favor sustainable agriculture.
� Reform and strengthen regulatory systems, particularly pesticidelegislations.
Challenges
Motivations
We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.
Knowing is NOT enough
We have to APPLY
Willing is NOT enough
We have to ACT
IRR
I
Pesticides destroy
ecosystem functions
and
threaten food
security