Introduction

Green roof technology has been expanding in recent years. Green roofs provide ecosystem services in urban areas, including improved storm-water management, better regulation of building temperatures, reduced urban heat-island effects, and increased urban wildlife habitat. In order to optimize the performance of such installations, it is necessary to monitor a green roof and analyze the effects it has to a given building. The two goals of this project are to: 1) create a site specific green roof optimized for storm water retention, roof top cooling during summer, and greatly improved roof R value for winter, 2) design and build an economical and easily transportable instrumentation package that will validate the above performance criteria for most green roof systems.

Background

Ordinary commercial building roof systems contribute to four specific municipal and/or building issues: 1) Building storm water run-off directly contributing to the load on municipal sewage treatment infrastructure, 2) Peak runoff events causing the combined storm water and sewer runoff to overflow into open urban bodies of water, 3) Dark colored commercial roof systems generally experience high rooftop temperatures which can negatively impact building energy consumption, 4) Dark roofing materials also contribute to the local urban heat island (UHI).

“Green roof” (GR) systems are promoted as an effective method for reducing storm water, building heat load, and UHI from buildings (Bureau of Environmental Services, 2008). Additionally green roofs are constructed of more durable/higher quality materials and can prolong roof longevity two to three times (Penn State, 2006). GR systems have been modeled and studied for UHI impact, thermal resistance, and water quality (Sailor 2006, Buccola 2008); all under laboratory conditions. Known disadvantages to a GR over a traditional roof are the high capital cost associated with installation, need for additional structural evaluation, and plant maintenance. Green roof systems will become more attractive to building owners if they can relate higher capital cost to long term savings, in terms of dollars and cents, over a specified period of time.

Rarely is there a green roof system designed for specific performance objectives, which makes this test bed unique. Additionally, instrumentation employed to measure GR performance is generally not installed during GR construction. It is difficult and expensive to instrument and obtain performance data on previously constructed green roof systems. Creating a relatively economic and portable instrument package, capable of individually collecting and normalizing data on a variety of installed green roof systems will allow designers of green roofs to optimize green roof construction parameters for specific performance criteria.

A test site has been offered at Sunnyside Environmental School on 3421 SW Salmon. A 96 sqft green roof system has been designed for storm water retention and thermal performance, see Appendix 4a. An economic and portable instrumentation module has

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been designed and installed in order to validate performance criteria and provide modeling/data optimization. Data collected has been used to develop a one-dimensional representation of heat transfer, R-value, evapo-transpiration, and the reduction in storm water run-off. In addition to the one-dimensional representation, collected data has provided an opportunity to model GR performance optimizations.

Mission Statement

The mission of the Green Roof Test Module (GRTM) team is to design and construct a scale green roof and instrumentation module. The green roof is optimized for the three project design criteria: 1) 60% reduction in storm water run-off, 2) GR surface temperature no greater than 10°F over ambient air temperature, 3) Average winter R-value of 13. The test module is designed for validation of green roof performance criteria, portability, and durability.

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Main Design Requirements

Considerations for the design of the green roof test bed and instrumentation module are based on several criteria, which may be divided into separate criteria for the green roof test bed and the instrumentation module.

Instrumentation Package – Primary goal of instrumentation is to obtain adequate measurements of the green roof to verify its design criteria. As a secondary goal the instrumentation package will be expandable to have the ability to include other measurements as needed.

Primary instrumentation design objectives:

1. Reduction in cost from current available monitoring solutions (current monitoring platforms cost in the range of ~$10k-$15k)

2. Be a mobile solution so a system can be setup within an hour and can be moved to test different locations of the same roof or a different roof altogether.

3. Contain precision components to measure temperature at many locations simultaneously, water in/out of a tray system, temperature gradient and heat flux through the system.

Green Roof Test Bed – Considerations for the test bed include water runoff, temperature difference between roofs (test bed vs. original roof), and insulation values the green roof may represent.

Primary green roof design objectives:

1. 60% reduction in annual water runoff vs. existing roof.

2. Temperature of the test bed does not reach more than 10°C greater than ambient temperature.

3. Winter insulation for the test bed of R13 or greater.

Additional design criteria may be referenced in Appendix 5.

Design Alternatives & Selection

The Green Roof Test Bed

To fulfill all three criteria, the green roof must contain a good combination of soil and plants while maintaining low overall weight. The green roof must contain plants with good evapo-transpiration and aesthetics. The plants must also be able to grow in a wet or dry climate. A 60% reduction in water runoff is needed; therefore, soil that is lighter, non-toxic and has good combination of water retention and drainage was used.

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CH2MHill has 20psf snow load and 25psf of snowdrift loading that must be accounted for depending on the section of roof. The certainty of available roof loading in some sections was unknown; therefore, the system must be light enough and still fulfill the design criteria.

Soil: Two local companies were contacted to get information on soil. An extensive soil with 20 to 30 percent organic material was suggested by Pro-Gro. Tremco, Inc. was contacted, and suggested use of 80 percent stalite and 20 percent organic soil. However, Pro-Gro was chosen because data were already collected on Pro-Gro and it was the right choice for our project

Plants: To gather information about plants in general, Portland Nursery on Stark Street was visited, and provided information on Yarrow, Sedum, Rye grass, Carex, Vinca and Heather. Portland Nursery advised against Vinca due to their invasive nature, while Sedum and Rye grass would work best in a broad range of wet and dry soil conditions, and provide an aesthetically pleasing mix.

Trays: To find out what trays are being used for the green roof, research was one on the internet. From the research, it was determined that both steel and plastic trays were being used depending on the roof load capacity. Don from Columbia Green was contacted to get more information on plastic trays. Plastic trays were chosen because they are light and there is no need for a drainage layer.

Drainage Layer: Typical green roof construction includes a drainage layer; however, Columbia Green plastic tray is designed to eliminate need of drainage layer.

Insulation: Formular® F150 2 inch foam that is commonly available and economical was suggested by Dr. Sailor. Two inches of insulation under the trays insures a winter R-value of 10.

Waterproof Membrane: For the waterproof membrane, Dave Myers from Snyder Roofing was contacted who provided a waterproof membrane.

Test Module

To validate that Green Roof provides 60% reduction in storm water run-off, water entering and leaving the system has be measured. Water entering and leaving the system can be measured by either using a combination of Lysimeter, Weather Station and Soil Moisture; combination of Flow Meter and Weather Station; or combination of Weather Station, Load Cells and Soil Moisture Sensors.

Weather Station: Four different weather stations were researched; Davis 6162, Davis 6152, ProWeather Station and the HOBO U30 weather station. All systems will meet our accuracy needs. Davis 6162 was selected based on accuracy and economics.

Soil Moisture Sensors: Many soil moisture sensors were researched online; however Decagon soil moisture was chosen due to its accuracy and our past experience with the sensor. One of the benefits of using Decagon Sensors is they can hook directly to the Davis weather station.

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Load Sensors: An online search revealed two load sensors, Futek and Loadstar, which could meet criteria for a lysimeter. Loadstar sensors are cheaper but Futek load sensors were chosen due to its accuracy.

To validate that Green Roof surface temperature is no greater than 10°F over ambient air temperature, the surface temperature of the soil and ambient air temperature has to be measured. The temperature at the surface of the soil can be measure by using a thermocouple or by using Infrared Camera. Data from a thermocouple or the Infrared Camera would then be compared to the ambient temperature readings obtained from the Weather Station.

Thermocouples: Three different options for thermocouples and thermocouple data loggers were researched. The Lascar 1-channel logger was chosen because of its integrated logger, high accuracy, and expandability.

To validate Green Roof provides winter R value of 13, thermocouples were placed at the soil surface, (beneath rye grass plant canopy), 2cm, 8cm (flux sensor depth) and 10cm (bottom of soil) below the soil surface. A heat flux sensor was placed at 8cm; see “Huskeflux Manual”, Appendix 4A. By using R=∆T /q, we could calculate the R-value. Furthermore, we had to calculate R-value of the GR because it was the only way to measure its cooling effect during summer months and its insulation properties in winter months.

Heat Flux Sensors: A heat flux sensor is needed to calculate an R-value. Multiple heat flux sensors were researched online. After looking at different heat flux sensors, the options were narrowed to Omega (HFS-4) and “Huskeflux” Thermal sensor (HPF01). Huskeflux sensor was chosen due to its accuracy.

Data Logger: Several options for data logging of load cells, moisture, and flux sensors were researched. HOBO system 4-channel data logger, Grant 6-channel logger, Campbell PR200 and Lascar 1-channel logger. Campbell data logger was chosen because it has sensor versatility, large number and variety of channel input options and has a well-understood interface.

Roof Loading: A structural engineer from WDY was contacted to come verify that the roof space will hold the approximate load calculated. All calculations were done assuming the load was 15 psf. However, due to miscommunication, load calculation was done on the wrong floor. Unfortunately, roof load calculation got delayed for two months delaying permit acquisition.

City Permit: The permit required to install a green roof on CH2MHill terrace, also requires a contractor to accept liability, a willing party was not available to accept liability; therefore, a green roof cannot be installed on CH2MHill terrace. Moreover permitting process takes more than a month to compete. Therefore, we decided to find an alternative sight to install a green roof.

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Selection

The package options that were developed are shown in Table 1.

Package # 1 Package # 2 Package # 3 Package # 4 Package # 5Weather

Station w/Data Logger

1 1 1 1 1

Thermocouples 5 5 4 4 4

Heat Flux Sensor

1 1 1 1 1

Soil Moisture Sensor

3 1 1 0 0

Load Sensors 4 4 4 4 4Data Logging Equipment

1 1 6 6 4

Summation Box 1 1 1 1 0

Table 1: Instrument configurations that will obtain the necessary information to verify the criteria set for the green roof.

Package # 5 was chosen for sensor accuracy, component integration and budget constraints. The instrument package consists of a Davis 6152 weather station with console data logger, a Campbell Scientific CR1000 data logger, two Lascar USB data loggers, a Decagon soil moisture sensor, a Hukseflux heat flux sensor, four Futek load cells, and four T-type thermocouples. These sensors and data loggers are placed in a Pelican case for mobility.

Davis 6152 weather station was chosen for its sensor parameters, accuracy and budget constraints. T-type thermocouples were chosen because they are suited for measurements in the −200 to 350 °C range; they are also inexpensive and durable. Decagon EC-5 soil moisture sensors were chosen because they are durable, have known performance characteristics and are economical. An additional decision factor Load, flux, temperature and moisture sensors was ease of integration into the Campbell data logging system. Hukseflux heat flux sensor was chosen because it’s accurate and has a temperature range of -30 - +70 °C. Futek load sensors were used to measure the water entering and leaving the system because it was the most precise way to measure water run-off.

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Final design

The Green Roof Test Bed

Two varieties of plants were chosen – rye grass and sedum. These plants posses many similar qualities and were chosen because they are inexpensive, non-invasive, fast growing, and durable with regard to wet and dry soil conditions. Rye grass and Sedum are ground cover plants that provide shade (cooling) for the soil and rooftop. Rye grass retains water well at retaining water in its root system and has a relatively high rate of evapo-transpiration as compared to the rates of other plants these two factors along with shading will be the primary additions to the cooling effect on the overall roof. Rye grass may have maintenance associated with it though selection of 4” depth of soil will limit Rye grass growth and possibly reduce maintenance-associated cost. The GRTM has a mix of sedum species that transpirate diurnally. Sedums have low maintenance and good water retention & runoff reduction qualities.

“ProGro” soil is an affordable soil that has laboratory R-value data which can be used to compare with the data collected by the test module.

“Columbia Green” green roof tray system was selected based on soil depth, ease of installation/removal (at end of 1 year test period), light weight, and water retention qualities.

A waterproof membrane has been donated to fulfill water protection requirements between the tray and insulation layers.

2” of Formular F150 insulation was chosen as a base for the green roof system, with a known R10 insulation value.

*Sub component selection for the primary green roof layers of inorganic and organic materials was completed, based on the design criteria & decision matrix.

The Test Module

The test module will validate storm water reduction, roof top surface temperature limits and green roof R-value target.

The Davis 6152 model weather station will provide rainfall and humidity data. Davis soil moisture sensors will establish the moisture contained within the soil.

The mass balance system (Appendix 4b) will use “Futek” load sensors to determine the water mass of a 2’x2’ area of green roof and can be extrapolated to the entire green roof system.

A Decagon soil moisture sensor in conjunction with the mass balance system will be used to monitor the stored mass of water.

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The above combination of instruments allows a comprehensible determination of the water entering and leaving the system, which evaluates the 60% storm water retention criteria.

The ambient air temperature will be found using the Davis weather station. Lascar data loggers coupled with T-type thermocouples will be placed at the bottom soil layer, soil surface and plant canopy. The Huskeflux heat flux sensor will be placed at the bottom of the soil layer. With the heat flux and temperature measurements the rooftop cooling effect can be determined and the insulation properties can also be found.

The Davis weather station has a data logger that will acquire rainfall, wind speed, humidity, and air temperature.

The temperature data from the thermocouples will be recorded using individual Lascar data loggers.

Futek load sensors will send data input to a third data logger (made by Campbell) and will be used to record load and heat flux sensor data.

The test module package has potential for sensor additions as well as further consolidations, see design improvements section.*

Test Module Operation

The internal chronometers of all of the data loggers used in the test module can be synchronized so the acquired data will have the same time stamp. Data files were imported into “showWeathertest.m” (MATLAB program, see “GRTM User’s Manual” Appendix 4) where data reduction and logic statements are applied to compile and evaluate the green roof performance characteristics.

60% reduction in storm water run-off :The water entering the system due to precipitation is measured with the use of the rain gauge on the Davis weather station. Data from the mass balance and moisture sensor provides the change in mass flow over time due to precipitation storage in and evapo-transpiration from the test plot.

Water mass flow through the systems is measured using the mass balance system (Futek load cells) and the moisture sensor (Decagon) determines volumetric saturation of the soil. Each soil type will have an upper saturation (field saturation) where all water coming into the system is leaving the system through drainage and a slightly lower saturation level below which water is stored and does not drain. Field saturation for our green roof (the combination of plants, soil and “Columbia Green” tray system) was 30%. For our green roof system, drainage stops at and below a saturation level of 29%.

GR surface temperature no greater than 10°C over ambient air temperature:

Temperature differential was determined by measuring ambient temperature (Davis weather station) and soil surface temperature.

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Average winter R value of 13:

Insulation R-value is a function of the heat flux which is driven by the boundary condition temperature differential entering or leaving the system and soil heat storage capacity (a function of soil mineral properties and moisture content). Soil moisture will vary over time and therefore R-value will vary over time as well.

The green roof surface has flux exchanges due to solar radiation, convection and evapo-transpiration on and from the plants and bare soil. For the purpose of measuring heat flux through the root/soil cross-section; temperature values for thermal mass storage were taken at 2cm, 8cm (Huxeflux sensor depth) and 10cm (bottom of plant/soil layer) below the surface of the soil. The 2cm temperature boundary condition depth will see radiation, convection, and evapo-transpiration effects that are conducted into the top layer of plants/soil. The temperature gradient between the boundaries (2, 8 and 10cm) was not linear but was taken at short time steps that resulted in small differentials (1 – 2 ˚C) and which we are considering steady state for the purpose of effective R-value calculation.

The R-value of the green roof can be added to the known R-value of the 2” of foam insulation to achieve the target R-value.

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Design Evaluation

Green Roof Performance and Test Module Evaluation

60% Stormwater reduction - The system was tested during a 2 week period of heavy rainfall (2.8” of total rain, 8% of annual rainfall). During this period the overall reduction of water flowing from the system was calculated to be 54%.

5/16 5/17 5/18 5/19 5/20 5/21 5/22 5/23 5/24 5/250

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Rainfall (in)Drainage (in)

Date

inch

es

Figure 1: Green roof stormwater reduction for May 16 – May 22, 2010.

The 16 – 26 May testing period had a high amount of rainfall (8% of Portland annual), this testing period was considered a worst case scenario.  The system was designed to provide a 60% reduction of annual rainfall.  The worst case scenario conditions provided a reduction of 54%.  We are confident that the system will provide at least 60% reduction over an annual period for Portland, OR. 

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Ambient/Green roof temperature difference - Figure 2 indicates peak temperature differences that meet our criteria of no more than on 4 of 10 days and as high as on 6 of 10 monitored days.

Figure 2: The temperature difference between green roof surface temperature and ambient air temperature for May 16 – May 26, 2010.

The goal of a maximum temperature difference of 10 C was not fully realized and the temperature difference instead was 15 C. A possible explanation would be that for a rooftop mounted system we would expect much higher temperatures on both the standard rooftop, green roof and the ambient air surrounding the system with rooftop conditions.  Further annual evaluation of temperature differential, at rooftop conditions, are necessary to understand annual temperature differential impact.    This system will be tested on a rooftop within the next year and this criterion will be reevaluated.

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Effective R-Value - For the 16-26 May test period, an average daily (effective R-value) insulation value for the soil and plant mass ranged between R 1.8 – 2.6, see Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Daily effective R-value of the green roof soil and plant mass for May 16 – May 25, 2010.

An R-Value of 3 for the green roof was the target; paired with the R10 foam insulation it would have created a total R-value of 13. Although no winter data was recorded, this is where the R-Value of 13 was the priority, the values recorded still fall short of the target. Reasons for this can be explained by the sparse rye grass, when it has grown thicker it may provide the extra insulation to reach this goal. Another solution could be an additional 2” of soil, although the drawback would be the additional weight of the system and a larger tray would be needed as well.

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Outside of the main criteria the PDS document outlined several other criteria by which to design for. These can be seen in Table 2 below.

Legal Targets Met (Yes/No)Building Codes Compliant Yes Aesthetics Targets Met (Yes/No)Weight Less than 15psf Yes* Marketing Increase N/ASafety No Leaks N/A Visual Appeal 10 Yes

DocumentationRecords for all

ProceduresYes

Instrumentation Targets Met (Yes/No)Performance Targets Met (Yes/No) Cost Within Budget YesWater Retention

60% Annual Reduction

Yes* InstallationLess than 1 Hour

to InstallYes

Water QualityMeets EPA

RequirementsN/A Compatibility 5 Yes

Temperature Reduction

10°C Above Ambient Peak CDD

No* ResolutionAdequate for

Meaningful DataYes

MaintenanceEqual to or Less

than past maintenance costs

No Durability

Within -20 to 120°F and able to withstand impact

loading on the order of 10lbs

Yes

MobilityCan be moved

without special equipment

Yes

Table 2: Evaluation matrix listing design specifications and overall conclusions on whether or not the target was reached. N/A, means the target could not be evaluated.

PDS Criteria Evaluation

Most of the criteria for this project have been met with few exceptions, those being Safety, Water Quality, Maintenance, and Marketing.

Safety regarding leaks is not a parameter that has been tested, it is however the job of the waterproof membrane to ensure there are no leaks. It has not and cannot be evaluated being that the green roof was placed on the ground, so this could be a potential change in the PDS, but seeing as how the green roof should be without leaks whether it be on the roof or on the ground it has been left in the PDS.

Water quality has not been measured or evaluated. It is assumed that the water coming in would meet EPA requirements and being that the green roof soil was free of volcanic rock and is free of heavy metals and other toxic materials that the water runoff would meet those standards as well.

Maintenance is an issue that was overlooked during the choice of plants, as rye grass does grow and will need to be cut from time to time. This can be a drawback of using it, depending on roof access and load characteristics, however the benefits in evapo-transpiration and its resiliency were felt to have outweighed the increased maintenance.

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Marketing was another area that proved to be difficult to measure; hence there will be a change in PDS regarding any increase in marketing as the goal.

Test Module Comparison

Looking at local green roofs and the ways in which they are monitored there are several monitoring methods which are most common.

Usually there is some sort of water metering done either via an expensive flow meter installed in the plumbing or at the top of the roof drain, or there is water collection done into some sort of container and the water is weighed. The weighing is the cheaper of the two options but requires considerable labor, while the installation and monitoring of a flow meter at the drain or in the plumbing can’t be done for less than thousands. Generally these water metering systems are accompanied by a weather station, or general weather data is used from the nearest weather station.

The water metering done on the Broadway building uses a $3000 flow meter for each drain, not including installation costs [Spolek, 6]. BES has water metering services where they install and monitor stormwater runoff for approx. $7,400/year per meter to rent equipment and have data taken [BES, 3].

The benefit of this test module is that it requires minimal labor, once properly setup; is relatively inexpensive in the long run, and is a mobile system and therefore can be moved to other test sites with ease. The total cost of the system is a onetime cost of $5100, and is much more than just a water monitoring system.

Test Module Future Considerations

The addition of a Campbell AM16/32 B Multiplexer would allow the inclusion of an anemometer, rain gauge, pyronometer, thermocouples, and options of expandability. The above option removes the need for the Davis weather station and Lascar dataloggers; simplifying the logging and data download. This also reduces the overall cost of the system. Such an approach was not foreseen during the development of the test module but would be a preferable option.

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Conclusion

Overall the project has been a resounding success. Based on the 10-day test period the green roof performance criterion have not been fully realized, although the results are very promising for an annual analysis. Instrumentation performance has met expectations, but can be improved by consolidating and expanding its capabilities for a price comparable to the current version.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to CH2MHill for providing an opportunity and budget to work on this project, Oregon Pacific Development Company for their donation as well, Pro-Gro for donating soil, Columbia Green for donating trays, and Snyder Roofing for donating waterproof membrane.

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References

1. Columbia Green Technologies, Inc. The New Standard in Eco-roof Technology. 2010. <http://www.columbiagreenroof.com/home>.

2. Penn State Center for Green Roof Research. "Penn State Green Roof Research: About Green Roofs." Department of Horticulture. Pennsylvania State University, 25 July 2006. Web. 06 June 2010. <http://horticulture.psu.edu/cms/greenroofcenter/history.html>.

3. Bureau of Environmental Services. 2008 Stormwater Management Facility Monitoring Report. City of Portland, OR. Dec 2008. 23 Jan 2010. pp. 1-2 <http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=36055&a=232644>.

4. David Sailor. “The Urban Heat Island Mitigation Impact Screening Tool (MIST). Environmental Modeling & Software, Vol 22, Issue 10, p. 1529-1541, October 2007.

5. Norman Buccola. “A laboratory Comparison of Green-Roof Runoff”. Environmental Engineering 6. Master’s Thesis, Portland State University, Portland OR. July 2008.

6. Spolek, Graig. "Broadway and Multnomah County Green Roof." Personal interview. 2 June 2010.

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Appendices

Appendix – 1A

Decision Matrix for Green Roof

Non-organic Plants Soil

Metal tray

w/aggregate

Metal tray w/

geocomp

Plastic

w/ absorb

Vincas

& Rye grass

Rye grass &

SedumPhillips Pro-Gro

Cost 4 2 3 3 3 2 4

Applicability 2 2 3 2 4 3 4

Aesthetics - - - 2 4 - -

Durability 3 3 2 4 5 - -

Weight 1 1 4 - - - -

TotalTotal 1010 1010 1212 1111 1616 55 88

Table 1a: To decide on the most appropriate option for Green Roof, we made a matrix which looked at cost,

applicability, aesthetics, durability and weight. On a scale from 1 to 5, 5 being the best, we compared all of the

criteria and selected the one with the highest total.

Appendix -1B

Decision Matrix for Test Module Sensors

  60% water reduction Temp > 10°C ambient R-Value >13

  Flow Meter &

Utility data

Precip, Soil

Moisture &

Mass

Lysimeter IR camera Ambient/

Surface temp

Temp &

GERTY

Temp &

Heat flux

Cost 5 3 2 1 4 5 3

Applicability 1 4 4 4 3 2 4

Ease of Use 2 3 3 2 4 2 4

Durability - - - 2 4 4 4

TotalTotal 88 1010 99 99 1515 1313 1515

Table 1b: To decide on the most appropriate test instrumentation using the design criteria we made a matrix

which looked at cost, applicability, ease of use, and durability. On a scale from 1 to 5, 5 being the best, we

compared all of the criteria and selected the one with the highest total.

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Appendix -1C

Decision Matrix for Test Module Package

Package #1 Package #2 Package #3 Package #4

Cost 5 1 4 5Precision 4 4 4 3 ?

Power requirements 1 4 4 4Sensor Integration 5 4 3 3

Durability 1 4 4 4Total 16 17 19 19 ?

indicates an unknown parameter which is currently being investigated.

Table 1c: To decide on the most appropriate test instrumentation package using the design criteria we made a

matrix which looked at cost, precision, power requirements, ease of use, and durability. On a scale from 1 to 5,

5 being the best, we compared all of the criteria and selected the one with the highest total.

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Appendix -2A

Green Roof Material Specification Sheets

Columbia Green tray specifications:

2.4             TRAYS

1. Performance / Design Criteria: Engineer to: 2. Retain, Detain and meter rain and drip irrigation water. 3. Allow hydration of plants and prevent root rot. 4. Allow phytoremediation (removal of contaminates) from soil and water at bottom of trays. 5. De-energize wind flow under trays reducing chance of wind uplift. 6. Eliminate need for additional drainage material, root barriers, and filter fabric. 7. Tray Size: 2 foot square 4-5/8 inch deep. 8. Material: 100 percent post-industrial recycled content, injection molded,100 mil polypropylene. 9. Water-Detention Ridges and Troughs: Eleven 3/4 inch wide by 5/8 inch high troughs and

corresponding troughs 10. Molded Drain Holes: 1/8 inch diameter. Nine holes located at tops of water-retention ridges and

one at each trough. 11. Interlocks: Two flat and two overlapping top edges designed to connect and hold adjacent trays

together fully encapsulating the roof. 12. Sides: Sloped at 5 degree angle from top to bottom allowing adequate airflow mitagaing the

posibility of mold. 13. Clearance: 5/8 inch above underlying roof membrane to allow water to flow freely under and

around trays. 14. Connection Holes and Fasteners: 15. Four 3/8 inch holes, aligned and centered in each vertical side panel. 16. Quick-lock fasteners. 17. Hook and quick-lock fastener for 8 p.s.i. xeriscaping drip irrigation system. 18. Weight: 19. Unloaded Tray Weight: 3.6 pounds. 20. Loaded With Mature Plants and Fully Saturated 23 to 26 pounds per square foot, 21. Moisture Content Weight: 18 to 20 pounds per square foot, fully saturated. 22. Color/Sheen: Black/semi-gloss.

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Insulation layer specifications:

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T-type thermocouple wire specifications:

Pro_gro extensive soil specifications:

Extensive – Also referred to as eco-roofs, and low-profile – They have thinner and less numbers of

layers, so therefore they are lighter, less expensive and very low maintenance. Extensive green roofs

are built when the primary desire is for an ecological roof cover with limited human access. The

minimum growing media or soil substrate starts at about 2 1/2” to 6” at most (although vegetative mats

can actually have even less than 1" of growth media); the engineered soil media contains 70 – 80%

inorganic or mineral material (or higher) to 20 – 30% organic (or less). Low growing, horizontally

spreading root ground covers with general maximum plant heights of 16 – 24” are ideal. Alpine-type

plants are successful because they are high drought, wind, frost, and heat tolerant, all necessary

attributes for green roofs. Plants include sedums and other succulents, flowering herbs, and certain

grasses and mosses. Fully saturated weights range from a low of about 10 – 50 lbs/sq. ft.

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Davis weather station data logger specifications:

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Lascar thermocouple data logger specifications:

Measurement Range K-Type Thermocouple: -200°C to 1300°CJ-Type Thermocouple: -130°C to 900°CT-Type Thermocouple: -200°C to 350°C

Thermocouple Probe(Included)

Type: 4" Stainless Steel K-TypeRange: 0°C to 400°C (32°F to 752°F)

Yellow Type K ConnectorPart #: EL-TC-K4-15

Resolution 1.0°C (2.0°F)

Accuracy ±1.0°C (±2.0°F) @ -10°C to 40°C (14°F to 104°F)

Data Storage Capacity

32,000 Samples

Sampling Rate 1 Second to 12 Hours

Operating Range Temperature: -10°C to 40°C (14°F to 104°F)(Note: Logger Should Not be Subjected to Temperatures Outside Operating

Range)

Battery User Replaceable 1/2AA 3.6V Lithium

Battery Life Typically 6 Months (Dependant on Sampling Rate and Environment)

Software Windows 2000, XP and Vista (32-bit) Compatible

LED Green: Recording and LoggingRed: Alarm Thresholds Met

Orange: Low Battery or Logger Data Capacity full

Alarm Visual - Blinking Red LED

Standards Compliance

RoHS

Dimensions 118mm Length x 27mm Width

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Appendix -3A

Water Mass Balance (WMB)

The WMB is a precision mass sensing device that will allow continuous monitoring of GR mass changes as a

result of water moving through a characteristic green roof element. For our project the characteristic element

that will be focus for mass balance monitoring will be a single 2’x2’x4” “Columbia Green” tray. The tray selected

for monitoring will be situated such that edge effects of the 96 ft2 GR will be negligible. A large part of our teams

approach to cooling the roof is through choice good soil evaporative and plant transpiration qualities (evapT).

Given: The design criteria for storm water retention and rooftop cooling require an understanding of the

relationship between mass flow of water in and out of the GR. Water mass inputs to the GR come from

precipitation and irrigation. The water mass outputs come from mass drained from the tray, mass

evaporated from the soil and the mass transpired from the plants. Additionally a portion of water mass is

stored within the soil/plant system.

Note:

1. Direct monitoring of roof top down spouts would seem to be the easiest method for collection of bulk

water mass outputs. At this time it is a great expense and time intensive to design construct and get city

approval for direct, continuous monitoring of roof top down spouts.

2. Soil compaction will change saturation level at which water mass drainage begins.

Find: a, b, and c are primary questions to answer. Secondarily d, e, f and g are of interest and will be

answerable with solutions from relationships in a, b and c, and data collected from the GRTM.

a. Mass drained from the WMB element?

b. Mass evapo-transpired from soil/plants in the WMB element?

c. Mass stored within the element is measured by the WMB or moisture sensors as percent volumetric

water content (θ) and must be converted to mstored.

d. At what level of saturation does soil begin to drain?

e. How does drainage occur as a function of saturation?

f. What does this curve look like?

g. Does the saturation vs. drainage curve reach a location where mass in = mass drained?

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Solution:

Assumptions:

1. Water mass drainage only occurs at a specific level of soil saturation.

2. When soil/plants are fully saturated and Relative Humidity is over (95% ?):

a. Mass out due to evapotranspiration will be at a negligible value, mevapT ≫0.

b. Mass out is due to mdrained≅m precip+mirrg ,mirrg @saturation should=0

c. ∴mdrained≅ mprecip

3. When soil/plants are not fully saturated m¿ will go to mstored until saturation is reached.

Where

Eq (1 ): m¿=mout Eq (2 ):m¿=m precip+mirrg

Eq (3 ) :mout=mevapT+mdrained

∴Eq (1¿3 ) g ivesEq (4 ) :=mprecip+mirrg=mevapT +mdrained−mstored

m precip=(∀¿¿ precip∗ρwater)=(Davis weather station Precip gaugeoutput∗ρwater)¿

mirrg=(∀ ¿¿ irrg∗ρwater)=(Manual Irrigation log∗ρwater)¿

At saturation Eq (4 ) becomesEq ( 4a )=mprecip¿(∀¿¿ irrg∗ρwater)=mdrained ¿

At less than full saturationEq (2 ) becomesEq (2a )m¿=¿mstored ¿.

Evapotranspiration comes from the water mass stored in the soil and is the change in elemental stored

water mass over time.

mevapT=ms (i+1)−ms(i)=∆mtray(WMB)

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Appendix -3B

R-Value

Given: R-value across the entire thickness of green roof, from surface plant mass to water proof membrane

layer, can be calculated using the equation Rtotal=T 1−T 5

qflux,

where Rtotal=R plants+R soil+Rtray /mem+Rinsulation. Rinsula tion=Known

Find:

h. In-situ q flux.

i. R-values for plants and soil. Values will change with changes to temperature and soil moisture boundary

conditions for each of these layers.

j. R-value for in-situ tray/membrane assembly

Solution:

a. Flux measured (fig 1) at the bottom of the soil layer q flux=q flux sensor .

b. Flux across the system will change only with a change in R and T. Knowing the flux from part (a) and

temperature values collected from T 1, T 2 , T 3∧T 4 (fig 1) will determine R-value across the plant and soil

layers through the following equations:

Rplants=T 2−T1

q flux sensor

R soil=T3−T2

q flux sensor

c. Our system will not have a drainage layer so knowing the flux from part (a) and temperature values

collected at T 3∧T 5 (fig 1) will determine R-value for the tray/membrane system.

Rtray /mem=T5−T3

q flux sensor

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Figure 1: Heat Transfer Diagram

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Appendix 4:

Green Roof Test module unit users’ manual

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Table of Contents:

Introduction to the system Purpose of system …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

What information you can get from the system ………………………………………………………………….…4

Components and hardware documentation

Davis weather station…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

Campbell data logger……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Futek load sensor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

Huskeflux heat flux sensor……………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Decagon moisture sensor……………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

Thermocouples……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

Assembly of the test module (preparation of the unit, cabling)

Assemble the weather station………………………………………………..……………………………………………..6

Assemble the Campbell measurement & control system……………………………….…………….………..9

Assemble the test tray……………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

Installation Instructions

Installation of the test tray into the green roof……………………………………………………………………..13

Install the weather station/ data logger.………………………………………………………………………………..16

Data collection and reduction

Collecting test data from the weather station unit……………………………………………………………....16

Collecting test data from the Campbell data logger………………………………………………………………16

Collecting data from the Lascar USB data loggers………………………………………………………………..17

Portability

Proper storage of the test module equipment……………………………………………………………………..17

Disassembly of the test tray………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

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Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Davis weather station………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….18

Campbell data logger…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…21

Futek load sensor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….21

Huskeflux heat flux sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…21

Decagon moisture sensor……………………………………………………………………………………………………....21

Thermocouples…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…21

Appendix

A. Additional equipment specifications……………………………………………………………………………………22

B. Additional equipment setup information (calibrations)……………………………………………………….29

C. Sample data…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31

D. Additional code……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33

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Introduction to the system

Purpose of the green roof test module:

The purpose the green roof test module is to measure the thermal resistance (R-value) of the green roof system, monitor the temperature difference throughout the system, and to track the water runoff from the system.

What information you can get from the system:

The system will give the ambient temperature, the amount of precipitation, humidity, wind speed and direction from the weather station. The load sensor platform keeps track of changes in the mass of the test tray, which will be primarily due to water run-off out of the system. As a secondary check, a moisture sensor is used to keep track of the quantity of water within the soil. The temperature, mass change and soil moisture are used to calculate the storm water run-off of the system. There are 3 additional temperature sensors in the system which will monitor the change in temperature throughout the soil. The thermocouple will be used to verify the difference in surface temperature to ambient. A heat flux sensor is placed in the test tray (buried in the soil) which will monitor the heat flux through the soil. The temperature difference through the soil and the measured flux will be used to calculate an estimated value of R-value for the system.

Components and hardware documentation

Davis weather station:

Wireless Vantage Pro2™ (Model 6152)

The console may be powered by batteries or by the included AC power adapter. The wireless ISS is solar ‐powered with a battery backup. Use WeatherLink™ for Vantage Pro to let your weather station interface with a computer, to log weather data, and to upload weather information to the internet. The 6152 relies on passive shielding to reduce solar radiation induced temperature errors in the outside ‐temperature sensor readings. The weather station has its own console and records data in internal memory until it is removed with the software. See page 16 for instructions to use the provided software.

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Campbell data logger:

CR1000 Measurement and control system

The module measures sensors, drives direct communications and telecommunications, reduces data, controls external devices, and stores data and programs in on-board, non-volatile storage. The electronics are RF shielded and glitch protected by the sealed, stainless steel canister. A battery-backed clock assures accurate timekeeping. The module can simultaneously provide measurement and communication functions. The CR1000 has 2 MB of flash memory for the Operating System, and 4 MB of battery-backed SRAM for CPU usage, program storage, and data storage. Data is stored in a table format. The storage capacity of the CR1000 can be increased by using a Compact Flash card. The CR1000 has 8 channels which are used with the load sensors, the heat flux sensor, and the moisture sensor.

Futek load sensors:

Model LLB350

The standard LLB350 Miniature Load Button model has a 1.0” outside diameter and a 10 feet long 29 AWG 4 conductor shielded Teflon cable. The Miniature Load Button offers high accuracy. It has Nonlinearity of ±0.5% and Deflection of 0.003” nominal. There are 4 load sensors which are set into a loading platform. The load sensors are connected to the CR1000 and monitored through the LoggerNet program. See Table 1 on page 10 for specific channel connections.

Huskeflux heat flux sensor:

Model HPF01

The HPF01 serves the measure the heat flux flow through the object in which it is incorporated or mounted upon. The sensor employs a passive thermopile detector (no power is required), which generates a millivolt output signal resulting from the differential temperature across the ceramic plastic body of the HPF01 and proportionate to the local heat flux. Determining heat flux with this sensor requires a connection to either a data logger or digital voltmeter with a measurement resolution of 25 µV or better. To find the heat flux in units of W /m2, simply divide the HPF01 millivolt output signal by the factory supplied calibration factor. The heat flux sensor is monitored through the LoggerNet program and connected to the CR1000 data logger. See Table 1 on page 10 for specific channel connections.

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Decagon moisture sensor:

Model EC-5

The EC-5 obtains volumetric water content by measuring the dielectric constant of the media through the utilization of capacitance/frequency domain technology. In addition, the EC-5 sensors incorporate a high frequency oscillation, which allows the sensor to accurately measure soil moisture in any soil or soilless media with minimal salinity and textural effects. Factory calibrations are included for mineral soils, potting soils, rock wool, and perlite. The moisture sensor is connected into the CR1000 data logger and placed in the soil approximately 2 inches from the bottom of the tray and centered in the tray. The monitoring for the moisture sensor is done with the LoggerNet program. See Table 1 on page 10 for specific channel connections.

Thermocouples:

The Type T thermocouples are suited for measurements in the −200 to 350 °C range. Since both conductors are non-magnetic, there is no abrupt change in characteristics. Type T thermocouples have a sensitivity of approximately 43 µV/°C. The thermocouples are wired into the Lascar USB data logger s and monitored with the program provided.

Assembly of the test module (preparation of the unit, cabling)

Assembly of the Davis weather station:

Step 1: Assemble the Anemometer

The anemometer measures wind direction and speed. The anemometer arm requires assembly before it can be attached to the rest of the ISS unit. Locate the following parts to complete this assembly.

Anemometer arm Anemometer base Drip ring Allen wrench (0.05”) #4 machine screw, #4 tooth-lock washer, #4 hex nut

Attaching the anemometer arm to the base: (See Figure 1 for part reference)

1. Insert the anemometer arm into the base, sliding the cable through the notch in the base.2. Line up the small hole in the arm with the holes in the base.3. Insert the machine screw through the holes in the base and arm.4. Slide the tooth-lock washer and nut onto the machine screw and secure the screw with a Philips

head screwdriver.

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5. Press the sensor cable firmly into the channel in the base, starting from the arm until the bottom of the base is reached.

Figure 1: Anemometer assembly. *See footnote1

Step 2: Attach the wind cups

1. Push the wind cups up onto the anemometer’s stainless steel shaft, sliding the cups up the shaft as far as possible. If the cups are not pushed up as far as possible, the anemometer will function improperly. See Figure 2.

2. Use the Allen wrench provided to tighten the set screw on the side of the wind cups. The wind cups should drop slightly when you let go. Ensure the set screw is very tight.

3. Spin the wind cups to verify they spin freely. If the wind cups don’t spin freely, take them off and repeat the installation process.

1 This picture is courtesy of Davis Instruments; www.davisnet.com

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Figure 2: Attaching the wind cups to the anemometer. *See footnote2*

Step 3: Orientation of the wind vane

The wind vane rotates 360° to display current and dominant wind directions on the compass rose of the console display. To obtain accurate readings, the vane must be correctly oriented when mounting the anemometer outside. By default, the wind vane reports the correct wind direction if the anemometer arm points true north. To ensure correct orientation of the wind vane, mount the anemometer so that the arm points true north. The wind vane will be ready for use immediately.

If your anemometer arm cannot be mounted aiming true north, you will need to calibrate the wind direction on your console to display accurate wind directions. See Appendix B for instructions on the calibration.

2 This picture is courtesy of Davis Instruments; www.davisnet.com

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Assembly of the Campbell data logger:

Step 1: Assemble the data logger

Figure 3: Campbell data logger CR1000. *See footnote3

1. There are 8 differential channels which measure voltage or temperature levels. Connect all of the sensors to the CR1000. Attach the moisture sensor to the first output terminal. Attach the heat flux sensor to the second output terminal. Attach the thermocouples to the third and fourth output terminals. Attach the four load sensors to the remaining terminals. See Table 1 for more details.

3 This picture is courtesy of Campbell Scientific; www.campbellsci.com

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Diff Channel

SE Channel Sensor Wire Color

Diff Channel

SE Channel Sensor Wire Color

1 1 Moisture Red 5 9 LC(1) Green1 2 5 10 LC(1) White ground ground Black/Shield2 3 Flux White 6 11 LC(2) Green2 4 Flux Green 6 12 LC(2) White ground Black/Shield ground Black/Shield3 5 TC(1) Blue 7 13 LC(3) Green3 6 TC(1) Red 7 14 LC(3) White ground ground Black/Shield4 7 TC(2) Blue 8 15 LC(4) Green4 8 TC(2) Red 8 16 LC(4) White ground ground Black/Shield VX1 Moisture White VX2 LC(1-4) Red

Table 1: CR1000 channel wiring connections.

2. Power should be connected to the CR1000 unit. Any 12 V dc source can power the CR1000; a PS100 or BPALK is typically used. The PS100 provides a 7- A hr sealed rechargeable battery that should be connected to a charging source (either a wall charger solar panel). The BPALK consists of eight non-rechargeable D-cell alkaline batteries with a 7.5-Ahr rating at 20°C. Also available are the BP12 and BP24 battery packs, which provide nominal ratings of 12 and 24 A hrs, respectively. These batteries should be connected to a regulated charging source (e.g., a CH100 connected to an unregulated solar panel or wall charger). The output data file will give a battery life update. The battery will need to be monitored to ensure it is above ~7V or the unit will stop functioning.

3. The RS-232 connection is used with a converter to USB and the USB is then connected to a laptop that can run the LoggerNet program. See Figure 4.

Figure 4: Converter for CR1000 from RS232 to USB to the computer.

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Assembly of the test tray:

1. Install heat flux sensor in the center of the tray. See Figure 5 for sample placement of sensor.

2. Install soil which was removed from the green roof until the tray is approximately half full. Add the moisture sensor. See Figure 6 for actual horizontal placement of sensors.

3. Install the additional soil to fill the tray. A thermocouple should be added to the tray to measure the soil temperature 2 cm below the surface of the soil. An additional thermocouple will be set on the surface of the soil. Figure 7 has a final assembly expanded view of the tray.

Figure 5: Sample placement for the heat flux sensor. *See footnote4

4 This picture is courtesy of Campbell Scientific; www.campbellsci.com

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Figure 6: Horizontal view of test tray with instrumentation.

Figure 7: Assembly of the test tray.

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Installation Instructions

Installation of the test tray:

1. Install the load sensor platform in the ground or surrounded by trays, depending on the setup. Lower the tray in to place on the platform. It is critical that the tray is set on the platform so that only the tray is being weighed. Figure 11 shows how the platforms are setup.

2. Connect all of the sensors to the weather station and the data logger through the side of the equipment case (Figure 12).

Figure 11: Load platform setup.

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Figure 12: Side entrance for wiring into the equipment case.

Davis weather station:

Install anemometer

1. While holding the mounting base against the pole, place a U-bolt around the pole and through the two holes in the base.2. Place a flat washer, a lock washer and a hex nut on each of the bolt ends.3. Swivel the anemometer until the arm is pointing north (See Figure 13).

Note: If your anemometer arm cannot be mounted aiming true north, you will need to calibrate the wind direction on your console to display accurate wind directions (See Appendix B).

Figure 13: Installation of the anemometer to the top of the pole.

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Install weather station

1. After connecting all of the pieces of pole, mount the pole to the side of the equipment case. Figure 14 shows the case.

Figure 14: Securing the pole to the equipment case.

2. Mount the weather station on the pole with a U-bolt low near the top of the equipment case. Make sure the weather station is high enough up the pole that the case can open freely. Shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Mounting of the weather station to the pole with a U-bolt.

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Install the Vantage Pro 2 terminal

The Vantage Pro 2 terminal will need to be kept out of direct sunlight and kept dry so it is best to leave the unit in the equipment case after the data is collected out of the memory.

Campbell data logger:

The CR1000 will need to remain in the equipment case during logging to protect it from moisture.

Data collection and reduction

Davis weather station:

The weather station program used for data logging collects data on assigned intervals (1 min recommended). Additional code (in Matlab) collects the data from each port and stores it so that a text or excel file can be used to analyze the data. The standard configuration will output a file similar to the table shown in Appendix C. Most of the data taken by the weather station is not used in the calculations done on the system, but may be useful for tracking additional parameters.

To collect data from the weather station:

1. Open the Davis weather station software. 2. Click on the “Get collected data” icon on the top toolbar (second icon from the right). A notice

will pop up saying the data is being downloaded.3. Once the data is downloaded, click on the “Browse” icon on the top toolbar (fifth icon from the

right).4. Select “Export data” from the Browse menu. 5. Once the data is transferred to the computer, the data logger memory is cleared.

Campbell data logger:

LoggerNet is Campbell Scientifics full-featured data logger support soft ware. It is referred to as “full-featured” because it provides a way to accomplish almost all the tasks you’ll need to complete when using a data logger. LoggerNet supports combined communication options (e.g., phone-to-RF) and scheduled data collection. Additional code (in Matlab) collects the data from each port and stores it so that a text or excel file can be used to analyze the data. The standard configuration will output a file similar to the table shown in Appendix C.

To collect data from the CR1000:1. Open the LoggerNet program.

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2. Select “Connect” from the toolbar that appears.3. In the box that appears, make sure the status on the bottom left of the box says “Disconnect”

(which shows that you are connected to the logger).4. Select “View data” and a file will open which shows all of the data collected. 5. Click on the “text format” icon on the top toolbar (second icon from the right). Another window

will open. The data from this window will need to be copied and pasted into a text file (using Notepad is suggested).

6. Once the data has been saved, close data window and click on the “Disconnect” button on the bottom left of the window. This will close the connection to the data logger and the software can then be closed.

Lascar USB thermal data logger:

To collect temperature data from the Lascar logger:1. Attach the USB end of the logger to the computer USB. 2. Open the Lascar USB data program program.3. Select “Get data”. The data will be saved in a text file.

Portability

Proper storage of the test module equipment:

The equipment will need to be placed into the black equipment case.

1. Remove the weather station from the post it is secured on. Remove the anemometer arm and wind cups.

2. Take down the anemometer and weather vane from the post. 3. Remove the U-bolts from the equipment case that hold the post in place and take the post

apart.4. Place the weather station in the equipment case after verifying the rain collector is empty and

folding the antenna down. The weather station should be put in the largest foam cutout on the upper left as you look in the case.

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5. The CR1000 will remain in the foam cutout in the lower right quadrant. The battery connection and DB 9 connector (RS232) should be disconnected from the CR1000.

6. The Davis terminal (Vantage Pro 2) should be turned off and the antenna lowered to the side of the unit. The terminal will fit into the foam cutout in the lower left side of the equipment case.

7. The cables leading out of the equipment case will need to be brought into the case by loosening the connector and pulling the wires back into the case.

Disassembly of the test tray:

1. The test tray will need to be lifted out of the ground so the load sensor platform can be removed.

2. Remove the plant layer from the test tray and remove the temperature, moisture and heat flux sensors from the tray of dirt. The dirt can be placed back in the hole the tray was occupying and the plant layer should be place back over the dirt.

Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Davis weather station:

If a Sensor Functions IntermittentlyCarefully check all connections from the sensor to the ISS. Loose connections account for a large portion of potential problems. Connections should be firmly seated in receptacles and plugged in straight. To check for a faulty connection, try jiggling the cable while looking at the display. If a reading displays intermittently on the console as the cable is jiggled, the connection is faulty. Try removing and then re-installing the cable to correct the faulty connection. If the sensor still functions intermittently, contact technical support at Davis Instruments.

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5

Most Common Rain Collector ProblemIf the rain collector seems to be under-reporting rainfall, remove the rain collector cone to clean the tipping bucket and clear out any debris. Make sure the cable tie around the tipping bucket has been cut and removed.

Most Common Anemometer Problems“The anemometer head is tilted when I mount the anemometer.”With the Allen wrench provided in the supplied hardware, loosen the screws holding the anemometer head on the arm. (The screws are on the bottom of the anemometer head, by the wind cups.) Turn the anemometer head so it is straight and then tighten the screws.

“The wind cups are spinning but my console displays 0 mph.”The signal from the wind cups may not be making it back to the display.Remove the cups from the anemometer (loosen the set screw). Put the cups back onto the shaft and make sure to slide them up the shaft as far as possible. Check your cables for visible nicks and cuts. Look for corrosion in the WIND connector on the SIM and on splices in the cable. If using an extension cable,

5 This picture is courtesy of Davis Instruments; www.davisnet.com

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remove it and test using only the anemometer cable. Contact Technical Support and ask for a wind test cable if the problem has not been resolved.Note: If the anemometer is sending no data, the wind display indicates 0 speed and a north direction.

“The wind direction is stuck on north, or displays dashes.”It is likely that there is a short somewhere between the wind vane and the display. Check the cables for visible nicks and cuts. Look for corrosion in the “WIND” jack on the SIM and on splices in the cable (if any). If possible, remove any extensions and try it with the anemometer cable only. If none of these steps get the wind direction working, contact Technical Support and ask for a wind test cable.

“The wind cups don’t spin or don’t spin as fast as they should.”The anemometer may be located where wind is blocked by something, or there may be friction interfering with the cups’ rotation. Remove the wind cups (loosen the set screw) and clear out any bugs or debris. Turn the shaft the cups rotate on. If it feels gritty or stiff, contact Davis Technical Support.Note: Do not lubricate the shaft or bearings in any way. When replacing the cups, make sure they are not rubbing against any part of the anemometer head.

“Readings aren’t what I expected them to be.”Comparing data from your ISS to measurements from TV, radio, newspapers, or a neighbor is NOT a valid method of verifying your readings. Readings can vary considerably over short distances. How you cite the ISS and anemometer can also make a big difference. If you have questions, contact Technical Support.

Troubleshooting Wireless ISS ReceptionIf the console isn’t displaying data from the ISS, perform the following steps:

1. Verify that the console is powered and is not in Setup Mode.2. Make sure that all ISS sensor cables are firmly connected to the SIM and the ISS battery is properly installed.3. Walk around the room with the console, standing for a few moments in various locations, to see if you are picking up signals from the ISS. Look on the screen’s lower right corner. An “X” toggles on and off when the console receives a transmission.4. If you do not see the “X” slowly blinking, no matter where you stand with the console, put your ISS in Test Mode.• The DIP switch #4 on the SIM is the Test Mode switch. Switch it to the ON position, using a ballpoint pen or paper clip.• An LED indicator light on the SIM flashes each time the ISS transmits, which is about once every2.5 seconds.

Note: If the LED is flashing rapidly, call technical support at Davis Instruments.

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5. If the LED remains dark, there is a problem with the ISS transmitter, call technical support at Davis Instruments.6. If the LED flashes repeatedly but your console isn’t picking up a signal anywhere in the room, it could be related to one of the following causes:• You changed the ISS Transmitter ID at the ISS or console, but not at both.• Reception is being disrupted by frequency interference from outside sources.Interference has to be strong to prevent the console from receiving a signal while in the same room as the ISS. In high-interference environments, it may be preferable to install the Cabled Vantage Pro2.• There is a problem with the console.7. If a problem with receiving the wireless transmission still exists, call technical support at Davis Instruments.8. When you are finished testing wireless transmission, set DIP switch # 4 to OFF to take the SIM out of Test Mode.

Campbell data logger:

If the data logger appears to be having problems, check the power source, the connections to the logger and the cable that runs from the logger to the laptop.

Futek load sensors:

If the load sensors appear to be having problems, check the connections to the data logger and the load

platform.

Huskeflux heat flux sensor:

If the heat flux sensor appears to be having problems, check the connections to the data logger.

Decagon moisture sensor:

If the moisture sensor appears to be having problems, check the connections to the data logger.

Type-T Thermocouples:

If the thermocouples appear to be having problems, check the connections to the data logger.

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Appendix A – Model Specifications

Davis weather station:

Wireless Vantage Pro2™ (Model 6152)Integrated Sensor Suite (ISS)Operating Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40° to +150°F (-40° to +65°C)Non-operating Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40° to +158°F (-40° to +70°C)Current Draw (ISS SIM only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14 mA (average), 30 mA (peak) at 4 to 6 VDCSolar Power Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 Watts (ISS SIM), plus 0.75 Watts (Fan-Aspirated)Battery (ISS SIM /Fan-Aspirated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CR-123 3-Volt Lithium cell / 2 - 1.2 Volt NiCad C-cellsBattery Life (3-Volt Lithium cell) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 months without sunlight - greater than 2 years depending on solar chargingBattery Life (NiCad C-cells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 yearFan Aspiration Rate (Fan-Aspirated Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 feet/min. (0.9 m/s) (full sun), 80 feet/min. (0.4 m/s) (battery only) (intake flow rate) 500 feet/min. (2.5 m/s) (full sun), 280 feet/min. (1.4 m/s) (battery only) (sensor chamber flow rate)Connectors, Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modular RJ-11Cable Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-conductor, 26 AWGCable Length, Anemometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40’ (12 m) (included) 540’ (165 m) (maximum recommended)Wind Speed Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wind cups with magnetic switchWind Direction Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wind vane with potentiometerRain Collector Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tipping bucket, 0.01" per tip (0.2 mm with metric rain adapter), 33.2 in2 (214 cm2) collection areaTemperature Sensor Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PN Junction Silicon DiodeRelative Humidity Sensor Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Film capacitor elementHousing Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UV-resistant ABS, ASA plastic

ISS Dimensions:Product # (Length x Width x Height) Package Weight6152 11.00" x 9.38" x 14.00"(279 mm x 238 mm x 355 mm)5.7 lbs. (2.6 kg)6162 6.1 lbs. (2.6 kg)6153 11.00" x 9.38" x 21.00"(279 mm x 238 mm x 533 mm)8.6 lbs. (3.9 kg)6163 9 lbs. (4.1 kg)

Vantage Pro2™ConsoleConsole Operating Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +32° to +140°F (0° to +60°C)Non-Operating (Storage) Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +14° to +158°F (-10° to +70°C)Current Draw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 mA average, 30 mA peak, (add 120 mA for display lamps, add 0.125 mA for each optional wireless transmitter received by the console) at 4 - 6 VDCAC Power Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 VDC, 300 mA, regulatedBatteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 C-cellsBattery Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . up to 9 monthsConnectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Modular RJ-11Housing Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .UV-resistant ABS plasticConsole Display Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LCD TransflectiveDisplay Backlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEDsDimensions (console: length x width x height, display length x height)Console with antenna down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.625" x 6.125" x 1.625" (270 mm x 156 mm x 41 mm)Console with antenna extended up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.625" x 9.625" x 1.625" (270 mm x 245 mm x 41 mm)Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.94" x 3.375" (151 mm x 86 mm)Weight (with batteries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.88 lbs. (.85 kg)

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Campbell data logger:

Model CR 1000PROGRAM EXECUTION RATE10 ms to 30 min. @ 10 ms incrementsANALOG INPUTS8 differential (DF) or 16 single-ended (SE) individually configured. Channel expansion provided by AM16/32B and AM25T multiplexers.RANGES and RESOLUTION: Basic resolution (Basic Res) is the A/D resolution of a single conversion. Resolution of DF measurements with input reversal is half the Basic Res.Input Referred Noise VoltageInput DF BasicRange (mV)1 Res (μV)2 Res (μV)±5000 667 1333±2500 333 667±250 33.3 66.7±25 3.33 6.7±7.5 1.0 2.0±2.5 0.33 0.671Range overhead of ~9% exists on all ranges to guarantee that full-scale values will not cause over-range. 2Resolution of DF measurements with input reversal.ACCURACY3:±(0.06% of reading + offset), 0° to 40°C±(0.12% of reading + offset), -25° to 50°C±(0.18% of reading + offset), -55° to 85°C (-XT only)3The sensor and measurement noise are not included and the offsets are the following:Offset for DF w/input reversal = 1.5·Basic Res + 1.0 μVOffset for DF w/o input reversal = 3·Basic Res + 2.0 μVOffset for SE = 3·Basic Res + 3.0 μVINPUT NOISE VOLTAGE: For DF measurements with input reversal on ±2.5 mV input range; digital resolution dominates for higher ranges.250 μs Integration: 0.34 μV RMS50/60 Hz Integration: 0.19 μV RMSMINIMUM TIME BETWEEN VOLTAGEMEASUREMENTS: Includes the measurement time and conversion to engineering units. For voltage measurements, the CR1000 integrates the input signal for 0.25 ms or a full 16.66 ms or 20 ms line cycle for 50/60 Hz noise rejection. DF measurements with input reversal incorporate two integrations with reversed input polarities to reduce thermal offset and common mode errors and therefore take twice as long.250 μs Analog Integration: ~1 ms SE1/60 Hz Analog Integration: ~20 ms SE1/50 Hz Analog Integration: ~25 ms SEINPUT LIMITS: ±5 VDC COMMON MODE REJECTION: >100 dBNORMAL MODE REJECTION: 70 dB @ 60 Hz when using 60 Hz rejectionSUSTAINED INPUT VOLTAGE W/O DAMAGE: ±16 Vdc max.INPUT CURRENT: ±1 nA typical, ±6 nA max. @ 50°C; ±90 nA @ 85°CINPUT RESISTANCE: 20 G ohms typicalACCURACY OF BUILT-IN REFERENCE JUNCTIONTHERMISTOR (for thermocouple measurements):±0.3°C, -25° to 50°C±0.8°C, -55° to 85°C (-XT only)ANALOG OUTPUTS3 switched voltage, active only during measurement, one at a time.RANGE AND RESOLUTION: Voltage outputs programmable between ±2.5 V with 0.67 mV resolution.ACCURACY: ±(0.06% of setting + 0.8 mV), 0° to 40°C±(0.12% of setting + 0.8 mV), -25° to 50°C±(0.18% of setting + 0.8 mV), -55° to 85°C (-XT only)CURRENT SOURCING/SINKING: ±25 mARESISTANCE MEASUREMENTSMEASUREMENT TYPES: The CR1000 provides radiometric measurements of 4- and 6-wire full bridges, and 2-, 3-, and 4-wire half bridges.Precise, dual polarity excitation using any of the 3 switched voltage excitations eliminates dc errors.RATIO ACCURACY4: Assuming excitation voltage of at least 1000 mV, not including bridge resistor error. ±(0.04% of voltage reading + offset)/Vx4The sensor and measurement noise are not included and the offsets are the following:Offset for DF w/input reversal = 1.5·Basic Res + 1.0 μVOffset for DF w/o input reversal = 3·Basic Res + 2.0 μVOffset for SE = 3·Basic Res + 3.0 μV

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Offset values are reduced by a factor of 2 when excitation reversal is used.PERIOD AVERAGING MEASUREMENTSThe average period for a single cycle is determined by measuring the average duration of a specified number of cycles. The period resolution is 192 ns divided by the specified number of cycles to be measured; the period accuracy is ±(0.01% of reading + resolution). Any of the 16 SE analog inputs can be used for period averaging. Signal limiting is typically required for the SE analog channel.INPUT FREQUENCY RANGE:Input Signal (peak to peak)5 Min. Max6Range Min Max Pulse W. Freq.±2500 mV 500 mV 10 V 2.5 μs 200 kHz±250 mV 10 mV 2 V 10 μs 50 kHz±25 mV 5 mV 2 V 62 μs 8 kHz±2.5 mV 2 mV 2 V 100 μs 5 kHz5The signal is centered at the data logger ground.6The maximum frequency = 1/(Twice Minimum Pulse Width) for 50% of duty cycle signals.PULSE COUNTERSTwo 24-bit inputs selectable for switch closure, high frequency pulse, or low-level AC.MAXIMUM COUNTS PER SCAN: 16.7x106SWITCH CLOSURE MODE:Minimum Switch Closed Time: 5 msMinimum Switch Open Time: 6 msMax. Bounce Time: 1 ms open w/o being countedHIGH-FREQUENCY PULSE MODE:Maximum Input Frequency: 250 kHzMaximum Input Voltage: ±20 VVoltage Thresholds: Count upon transition from below 0.9 V to above 2.2 V after input filter with 1.2 μs time constant.LOW-LEVEL AC MODE: Internal AC coupling removesAC offsets up to ±0.5 V.Input Hysteresis: 12 mV @ 1 HzMaximum ac Input Voltage: ±20 VMinimum ac Input Voltage:Sine wave (mV RMS) Range (Hz)20 1.0 to 20200 0.5 to 2002000 0.3 to 10,0005000 0.3 to 20,000DIGITAL I/O PORTS8 ports software selectable, as binary inputs or control outputs. C1-C8 also provide edge timing, subroutine interrupts/wake up, switch closure pulse counting, high frequency pulse counting, asynchronous communications (UART), SDI-12 communications, and SDM communications.HIGH-FREQUENCY PULSE MAX: 400 kHzSWITCH CLOSURE FREQUENCY MAX: 150 HzOUTPUT VOLTAGES (no load): high 5.0 V ±0.1 V; low <0.1OUTPUT RESISTANCE: 330 ohmsINPUT STATE: high 3.8 to 16 V; low -8.0 to 1.2 VINPUT HYSTERESIS: 1.4 VINPUT RESISTANCE: 100 k ohmsSERIAL DEVICE/RS-232 SUPPORT: 0 to 5 V UARTSWITCHED 12 VOne independent 12 V unregulated sources switched on and off under program control. Thermal fuse hold current = 900 mA @ 20°C, 650 mA @ 50°C, 360 mA @ 85°C.SDI-12 INTERFACE SUPPORTControl ports 1, 3, 5, and 7 may be configured for SDI-12 asynchronous communications. Up to ten SDI-12 sensors are supported per port. It meets SDI-12 Standard version 1.3 for data logger mode.CE COMPLIANCESTANDARD(S) TO WHICH CONFORMITY ISDECLARED: IEC61326:2002CPU AND INTERFACEPROCESSOR: Renesas H8S 2322 (16-bit CPU with 32-bit internal core)PROTOCOLS SUPPORTED: PakBus, Modbus, DNP3, FTP, HTTP, XML, POP3, SMTP, Telnet, NTCIP, NTP, SDI-12, SDMMEMORY: 2 MB of Flash for operating system; 4 MB of battery-backed SRAM for CPU usage, program storage and data storage.CLOCK ACCURACY: ±3 min. per yearPARALLEL INTERFACE: 40-pin interface for attachingCompactFlash or Ethernet peripheralsSERIAL INTERFACES: CS I/O port is used to interface with Campbell Scientific peripherals; RS-232

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DCE port is for battery-powered computer or non-CSI modem connection. Baud rates are selectable from 300 bps to 115.2 kbps. ASCII protocol is one start bit, one stop bit, eight data bits, and no parity.SYSTEM POWER REQUIREMENTSVOLTAGE: 9.6 to 16 Vdc (reverse polarity protected)TYPICAL CURRENT DRAIN:Sleep Mode: ~0.6 mA1 Hz Scan (8 diff. meas., 60 Hz rej., 2 pulse meas.) w/RS-232 communication: 19 mA w/o RS-232 communication: 4.2 mA1 Hz Scan (8 diff. meas., 250 μs integ., 2 pulse meas.) w/RS-232 communication: 16.7 mA w/o RS-232 communication: 1 mA100 Hz Scan (4 diff. meas., 250 μs integ.) w/RS-232 communication: 27.6 mA w/o RS-232 communication: 16.2 mACR1000KD CURRENT DRAIN:Inactive: negligibleActive w/o backlight: 7 mAActive w/backlight: 100 mAEXTERNAL BATTERIES: 12 Vdc nominalPHYSICALMEASUREMENT & CONTROL MODULE SIZE:8.5" x 3.9" x 0.85" (21.6 x 9.9 x 2.2 cm)CR1000WP WIRING PANEL SIZE: 9.4" x 4" x 2.4"(23.9 x 10.2 x 6.1 cm); additional clearance required for serial cable and sensor leads.WEIGHT: 2.1 lbs (1 kg)

Decagon moisture sensor:

Accuracy:

 

 

 

 

Mineral Soil:

±3% VWC, All mineral soils

±1-2% VWC soil specific calibration, up to 8 dS/m

Rockwool: ±3% VWC, 0.5 to 8 dS/m

Potting Soil: ±3% VWC, 3 to 14 dS/m

Resolution:

 

0.1% VWC (mineral soil)

0.25% VWC (rockwool)

Range: 0-100% VWC

Dimensions: 8.9 x 1.8 x 0.7 cm

Cable Length:      5 m, custom cable lengths available upon

request

Measurement Time: 10 ms

Power: 2.5 - 3.6 V @ 10 mA. Output proportional to input

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voltage. 2.5 V and 3 V excitations supported with

calibration equations

Output:

 

Voltage, correlated linearly (soil) or polynomially

(growing media) with VWC

Temperature: -40°C to +50°C

Connector Types:

 

3.5 mm "stereo" plug or stripped and tinned lead

wires (3)

Data logger Compatibility

(not exclusive):

 

 

 

 

 

 

Decagon: Em50, EM50R, ProCheck, ECH2O

Check, Em5b

Campbell Scientific: CR10X, 21X, 23X, CR1000,

CR3000, etc.

Other: Any data acquisition system capable of

switched 2 to 3.6 V excitation and single ended

voltage measurement at 12 bit or better

resolution.

Futek load sensors:

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Huskeflux heat flux sensor:

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Appendix B– Additional Information

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Davis weather station: Calibrating, Setting, and Clearing Variables

To fine-tune your station, you can calibrate most of the weather variables. For example, if your outside temperature seems consistently too high or too low, you can enter an offset to correct the deviation.

Calibrating Temperature and Humidity

You can calibrate inside & outside temperature, inside & outside humidity, as well as any extra temperature/humidity sensor readings you have transmitting to your Vantage Pro2.

1. Select a variable to be calibrated. See “Selecting Weather Variables” on page XXX.2. Press and release 2ND, then press and hold SET. After a moment, the variable you’ve selected begins to blink. Keep holding SET until the Calibration Offset message displays in the ticker. The ticker displays the current calibration offset.3. Press the + and - keys to add or subtract from the temperature offset value. Inside and outside temperature are calibrated in 0.1° F or 0.1° C increments, up to a maximum offset of +12.7 (°F or °C) and a minimum offset of -12.8 (°F or °C). The variable will change value and the ticker will show the offset you’ve entered.4. Press DONE to exit calibration.

Calibrate Wind Direction Reading

If the anemometer arm cannot be mounted pointing to true north, use this procedure to correct the wind direction console reading.

1. Check the current direction of the wind vane on the anemometer. Compare it to the wind direction reading on the console.2. Press WIND as necessary to display the wind direction in degrees.3. Press and release 2ND, then press and hold SET.4. The wind direction variable will begin to blink.5. Continue holding the key until the CAL message appears in the ticker. The ticker displays the current wind direction calibration value.6. Press the < and > keys to select digits in the anemometer’s current reading.7. Press the + and - keys to add/subtract from the anemometer reading.8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 until you have entered the offset value from Step 1.9. Press DONE to exit calibration.

Calibrating Barometric Pressure

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Before calibrating the barometric pressure, be sure the station is set to the correct elevation. See “Screen 10: Elevation” on page XXX for more information.1. Press BAR to select barometric pressure.2. Press and release 2ND, then press and hold SET.The pressure variable blinks.3. Continue holding the key until the ticker reads “set barometer . . . ”.4. Press the < and > keys to select digits in the variable.5. Press + and - keys to add to or subtract from the digit’s value.6. Press DONE to exit calibration.

Setting Weather Variables

You can set values for the following weather variables:• Daily Rain—Sets the daily rain total. Monthly and yearly rain totals are updated.• Monthly Rain—Sets the current month’s total rain. Does not affect yearly rain total.• Yearly Rain—Sets the current year’s rain total.• Daily ET (Evapotranspiration)—Sets the daily ET total. Monthly and yearlyET totals are updated.• Monthly ET—Sets the current month’s ET. Does not affect yearly total.• Yearly ET—Sets the current year’s total ET.

To set a weather variable’s value:

1. Select the variable you wish to change.2. Press and release 2ND, then press and hold SET. The variable blinks.3. Keep holding SET until all digits are lit and only one digit is blinking.4. Press the < or > keys to select digits in the value.5. Press the + and - keys to add to or subtract from the selected digit.6. When you are finished, press DONE to exit.

Clearing Weather Variables

The following weather variables can be cleared:

• Barometer—Clears any pressure offset used to calibrate the station, and the elevation entry.• Wind—Clears the wind direction calibration.• Daily rain—Clearing the daily rain value is reflected in the daily rain total, the last 15 minutes of rain, the last three hours of rain sent to the forecast algorithm, the umbrella icon, and the monthly and yearly rain totals. Clear the daily rain total if the station accidentally recorded rain when the ISS was installed.• Monthly rain—Clears the monthly rain total. Does not affect the yearly rain total.• Yearly rain—Clears the yearly rain total.• Daily ET—Clears daily ET and subtracts the old daily ET total from the monthly and yearly ET totals.

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• Monthly ET—Clears the current monthly ET total. Does not affect the yearly ET total.• Yearly ET—Clears the current yearly ET total.

To clear a single weather variable:1. Select the weather variable. See “Selecting Weather Variables” on page XXX.2. Press and release 2ND, then press and hold CLEAR.

The variable you’ve chosen blinks. Keep holding the key until the value changes to zero or, in the case of the barometer, the raw barometer value. Clearing the barometer value also clears the elevation setting.

Clear All Command

This command clears all stored high and low weather data including monthly and yearly highs and lows and clears alarm settings all at once.1. Press WIND on the console.2. Press 2ND then press and hold CLEAR for at least six seconds.3. Release CLEAR when “CLEARING NOW” displays at the bottom of the console’s screen.

Appendix C– Sample data

Sample of data collected from the Davis weather station.

Temp

Hi Low Out

Dew

Wind

Wind

Wind

Hi Hi Wind

Heat

THW

Date Time Out Temp

Temp

Hum

Pt. Speed

Dir Run

Speed

Dir Chill

Index

Index

Bar

5/11/2010

12:01 AM

10.3

10.3

10.2

77 6.4 0.9 ESE 0.05

1.3 E 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:02 AM

10.3

10.3

10.2

77 6.4 0.4 E 0.03

0.9 E 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:03 AM

10.3

10.3

10.2

78 6.6 0.4 E 0.03

0.9 E 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:04 AM

10.3

10.3

10.2

77 6.4 0 E 0 0.4 E 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:05 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:06 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

78 6.6 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:07 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:08 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0.4 ENE

0.03

1.3 ENE

10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2 12:09 10. 10. 10. 77 6.4 0 EN 0 0.9 EN 10. 10. 10. 760

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010 AM 3 3 3 E E 3 2 2 .85/11/2010

12:10 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0.4 ENE

0.03

0.9 ENE

10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:11 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

76 6.2 0.4 ENE

0.03

0.9 ENE

10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:12 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 E 0 0.4 E 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:13 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0.4 ENE

0.03

0.9 E 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:14 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

76 6.2 0.4 ESE 0.03

1.3 ESE

10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:15 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

76 6.2 0 ESE 0 0.4 ESE

10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:16 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

76 6.2 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.7

5/11/2010

12:17 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:18 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:19 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:20 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

5/11/2010

12:21 AM

10.3

10.3

10.3

77 6.4 0 --- 0 0 --- 10.3

10.2

10.2

760.8

Figure 5: Sample data set from the Davis weather station logger.

Sample of data collected from the CR1000.

TIMESTAMP

RECORD

Bat V

MoistureAvg Flux Load Cell 1

Load Cell 2

Load Cell 3

Load Cell 4

Temp_C(1)

Temp_C(2)

Temp_C(3)

TS RN Volts

Volumetric Water content

mV mV mV mV mV Deg C Deg C Deg C

Smp

Avg Smp Smp Smp Smp Smp Smp Smp Smp

5/10/2010 0:00

20343

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.17 15.49 16.49

5/10/2010 0:00

20344

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.17 15.49 16.48

5/10/2010 0:00

20345

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.17 15.49 16.5

5/10/2010 0:00

20346

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.17 15.5 16.5

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5/10/2010 0:00

20347

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.58 9.63 12.18 15.5 16.5

5/10/2010 0:00

20348

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.18 15.5 16.51

5/10/2010 0:01

20349

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.19 15.51 16.51

5/10/2010 0:01

20350

12.06

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.17 15.48 16.48

5/10/2010 0:01

20351

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.17 15.48 16.49

5/10/2010 0:01

20352

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.17 15.49 16.5

5/10/2010 0:01

20353

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.18 15.49 16.5

5/10/2010 0:01

20354

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.19 15.49 16.5

5/10/2010 0:02

20355

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.19 15.49 16.5

5/10/2010 0:02

20356

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.2 15.49 16.51

5/10/2010 0:02

20357

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.2 15.5 16.51

5/10/2010 0:02

20358

12.07

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.18 15.48 16.48

5/10/2010 0:02

20359

12.06

0.288 0 7.832 10.38 11.57 9.63 12.19 15.48 16.49

Figure 6: Sample data set from the CR1000 logger.

Appendix D– Additional code

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Davis weather station Matlab code:

function showWeathertest(fname)% showWeather Plot weather data from CSV file if nargin<1, fname='WS0516-0522.csv'; end [dstr,tstr,t,wind_dir,hi_dir,D,colheads] = readWeatherCSV(fname); % Open the Campbell logger fileg = fopen('CL0516-0522.csv','rt'); % Open surface temperature fileh = fopen('ST0516-0522.csv','rt'); % Open 2 cm depth temperature filek = fopen('d2T0516-0522.csv','rt'); % -- Build format string for scanning columns of strings and numbersfrmt_strng = ['%s%s',repmat('%f',1,10)]; % -- Read entire file into a cell arrayA = textscan(g,frmt_strng,'delimiter',',');fclose(g); % -- Initialize output arraysdst = A{1,1}; % date string in column 1tst = A{1,2}; % time string in column 2 q = size(dst,1); % number of rows of data % --- Convert date and time to datenum for plottingtvl = zeros(q,1); % column of times in datenum formatdC = regexp( dst, '/', 'split'); % split into three cell arrays for month/day/yeartC = regexp( tst, ':', 'split'); % split into two cell arrays for hh:mm% -- The only klutzy part is the scalar loop. I don't (yet) know how to% vectorize the time conversion. This is the slowest part of the entire functionfor i=1:q tvl(i) = datenum( str2double(dC{i}{3}), str2double(dC{i}{1}), str2double(dC{i}{2}), ... str2double(tC{i}{1}), str2double(tC{i}{2}), 0 );end % -- Build format string for scanning columns of strings and numbersformt_strng = ['%f%s%s%f']; % -- Read entire file into a cell arrayB = textscan(h,formt_strng,'delimiter',',');fclose(h); % -- Initialize output arraysdstrin = B{1,2}; % date string in column 1tstrin = B{1,3}; % time string in column 2

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r = size(dstrin,1); % number of rows of data % --- Convert date and time to datenum for plottingtevl = zeros(r,1); % column of times in datenum formatdS = regexp( dstrin, '/', 'split'); % split into three cell arrays for month/day/yeartS = regexp( tstrin, ':', 'split'); % split into two cell arrays for hh:mm% -- The only klutzy part is the scalar loop. I don't (yet) know how to% vectorize the time conversion. This is the slowest part of the entire functionfor i=1:r tevl(i) = datenum( str2double(dS{i}{3}), str2double(dS{i}{2}), str2double(dS{i}{1}), ... str2double(tS{i}{1}), str2double(tS{i}{2}), 0 );end % -- Read entire file into a cell arrayQ = textscan(k,formt_strng,'delimiter',',');fclose(k); % -- Initialize output arraysdstring = Q{1,2}; % date string in column 1tstring = Q{1,3}; % time string in column 2 u = size(dstring,1); % number of rows of data % --- Convert date and time to datenum for plottingteval = zeros(u,1); % column of times in datenum formatdd2 = regexp( dstring, '/', 'split'); % split into three cell arrays for month/day/yeartd2 = regexp( tstring, ':', 'split'); % split into two cell arrays for hh:mm% -- The only klutzy part is the scalar loop. I don't (yet) know how to% vectorize the time conversion. This is the slowest part of the entire functionfor i=1:u teval(i) = datenum( str2double(dd2{i}{3}), str2double(dd2{i}{2}), str2double(dd2{i}{1}), ... str2double(td2{i}{1}), str2double(td2{i}{2}), 0 );end % Convert remaining data from the Campbell cell array to the P matrix one column at a time.P = zeros(q,8); P(:,1) = A{:,5};P(:,2) = A{:,6};P(:,3) = A{:,7};P(:,4) = A{:,8};P(:,5) = A{:,9};P(:,6) = A{:,10};P(:,7) = A{:,11};P(:,8) = A{:,12}; % Convert remaining data from the Lascar cell arrays to the T and V matrices one column at a time.T = zeros(r,1);V = zeros(u,1);

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T(:,1) = B{:,4};V(:,1) = Q{:,4}; % Plot Surface temperature and Ambient air temperaturefigureplot(tevl,T(:,1),'.',t,D(:,1),'.')datetick('x');xlabel('Date');ylabel('Temperature (deg C)')legend('Surface Temperature','Ambient Air Temperature') ST = T(:,1);AT = D(:,1); while length(AT) > length(ST) AT(length(AT)) = [];end diff = ST-AT; % Plot temperature differencefigureplot(tevl,diff,'.')datetick('x');xlabel('Date');ylabel('Temperature Difference (deg C)') % Plot the temperatures of the trayfigureplot(tvl,P(:,8),'.',tvl,P(:,7),'.',teval,V(:,1),'.',tevl,T(:,1),'.')datetick('x');xlabel('Date');ylabel('Temperature (deg C)')legend('Bottom Tray Temperature','Middle Tray Temperature','2 cm Depth Temperature','Surface Temperature') % For R-value enter scalar vlauesrhow = 1000;rhob = 400;Cw = 4.1855;d = 0.0508; % Calculate the soil water content on a mass basis using soil moisturethetam = (rhow/rhob)*P(:,1); % Create a matrix for the constant specific heat of dry soilb = length(P(:,1));Csubd = ones(b,1);Cd = 1.53*Csubd; % Calculate the heat capacity of the moist soilCs = rhob*(Cd + Cw*thetam);

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Cs(1) = []; % Calculate the average temperature from the heat flux sensor to the bottom% of the tray. To find the temporal temperature difference create two% matrices. The "i+1" matrix is the avg. temp. matrix with the first value% removed. The "i" matrix is the avg. temp. matrix with the last value% removed.Tavg = (P(:,8) + P(:,7))/2;T2 = Tavg;T2(1) = [];T1 = Tavg;a = length(T1);T1(a) = []; % Calculate the stored flux in the soilS = ((T2 - T1).*Cs*d)/60;soilflux = P(:,2);soilflux(1) = []; % Calculate the effective heat flux G = length(soilflux);flux = zeros(G,1);for i = 1:length(soilflux) if soilflux(i) < 2 && soilflux(i) > -2 flux(i) = 1000; else flux(i) = soilflux(i)+S(i); endend % Assign variables to the bottom temperature and 2 cm depth temperatureTbot = P(:,8);Tbot(1) = [];Td2 = V(:,1); % Ensure that the size of the matrices are equalwhile length(Td2) > length(Tbot) Td2(1) = [];endwhile length(Td2) < length(Tbot) Tbot(1) = [];endwhile length(Td2) < length(flux) flux(1) = [];end % Calculate R-valueR = (Td2-Tbot)./flux;tR = tvl;while length(tR) > length(Td2) tR(1) = [];endRv = 5.678263*R;

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STemp = (9/5)*T(:,1)+32;Rval = 0;for i = 1:length(Rv) Rval = Rv(i)+Rval;endAverageRvalue = Rval/length(Rv)Surftemp = 0;for i = 1:length(STemp) Surftemp = STemp(i)+Surftemp;endAverageSurfacetemp = Surftemp/length(STemp) % Plot the R-value with soil water content on a volume basisfigureplot(tR,Rv,'.')datetick('x');xlabel('Date')ylabel('R-value (h*ft^2*deg F/Btu) vs. Surface Temperature (deg F)')legend('R-value') % For water run-off identify the dimensions of the traysidelength = 0.6096;depth = .1016; % Calculate the voume of the trayVtray = depth*sidelength^2; % Calculate the mass of water entering the systemmin = (D(:,13)/1000)*sidelength^2*rhow; % Find the total mass of the systemLoad = P(:,3) + P(:,4) + P(:,5) + P(:,6); % Find the mass of the soil in the test traydens = length(Load);densit = ones(dens,1);msoil = densit*rhob*Vtray; % Create a matrix for moisture valuesmstoremoist = P(:,1); moist = 0;for i = 1:length(mstoremoist) moist = mstoremoist(i)+moist;endAverageMoisture = moist/length(mstoremoist) % Create a matrix for water run-off based on whether the tray system is% fully saturated or notmoutmoist = zeros(b,1);for i = 1:length(min) if mstoremoist(i) >= 0.3 moutmoist(i) = min(i);

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else moutmoist(i) = 0; endend % Plot the rainfall and water run-offfigureplot(t,min,'.',tvl,moutmoist,'.')datetick('x');xlabel('Date');ylabel('Water Volume (m^3/m^3)')legend('Rainfall','Water Run-off by Soil Moisture') % For evapotranspiration find the mass of water in the system. To find the % temporal mass difference create two matrices. The "i+1" matrix is the % water mass matrix with the first value removed. The "i" matrix is the % water mass matrix with the last value removed.mstrld = Load-msoil;msl2 = mstrld;msl2(1) = [];msl1 = mstrld;msl1(dens) = []; % Ensure that the difference is only being caculated when the tray is below% the maximum saturation level. Negative values will also be removed as% well as unreasonable values (caused by chickens).for i = 1:length(msl1) if mstoremoist(i) <= 0.29 EvapT(i) = msl1(i) - msl2(i); else EvapT(i) = 0; endendfor i = 1:length(EvapT) if EvapT(i) < 0 EvapT(i) = 0; endendfor i = 1:length(EvapT) if EvapT(i) >= 0.25 EvapT(i) = 0; endendfor i = 1:length(EvapT) if min(i) > 0 EvapT(i) = 0; endend % Because of the matrix size change for the difference calculation, the% time matrix is modifiedtevap = tvl;tevap(1) = [];

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% In order for the temperature data to be meaningful in this graph it must% be changed to a different scalescltemp = D(:,1)/20; % Plot evapotranspiration with it scontributing factorsfigureplot(tevap,EvapT,'.',t,min,'.',tvl,P(:,1),'.',t,scltemp,'.')datetick('x');xlabel('Date');ylabel('Evapotranspiration vs. Contributing Factors')legend('Evapotranspiration','Rainfall','Soil Moisture','Ambient Air Temperature') kgin = (D(:,13)/1000)*39.37; kgout = (moutmoist/(sidelength^2*rhow))*39.37; % Find the total rainfallRf = 0;for i = 1:length(min) Rf = kgin(i)+Rf;endTotalRainfall = Rf % Find total drainageDrain = 0;for i = 1:length(moutmoist) Drain = kgout(i)+Drain;endTotalDrainage = Drain % Find total EvapotranspirationEvap = 0;for i = 1:length(EvapT) Evap = EvapT(i)+Evap;endTotalEvapotranspiration = Evap/1000

CR1000 data logger code:

'Declare Variables and Units

Public BattV

'Decagon ECHCO EC-5 Moisture sensor

Public Moisture

'Hukseflux Flux sensor

Public Flux

'Mass balance load cells

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Public LoadCell(4)

'Logger reference temp for Thermocouple measurements

Public RTemp

'Type T thermocouples positioned from top of

'plant mass to bottom of soil layer

Public Temp_C(2)

Units BattV=Volts

Units Moisture=Volumetric Water content

Units Flux=W/m^2

Units LoadCell=mV

Units RTemp=Deg C

Units Temp_C=Deg C

'Define Data Tables

DataTable(GRTM_CR1000,True,-1)

DataInterval(0,1,min,10)

Sample(1,BattV,FP2)

Sample(1,Moisture,FP2)

Sample(1,Flux,FP2)

Sample(1,LoadCell(1),FP2)

Sample(1,LoadCell(2),FP2)

Sample(1,LoadCell(3),FP2)

Sample(1,LoadCell(4),FP2)

Sample(1,Temp_C(1),FP2)

Sample(1,Temp_C(2),FP2)

'Sample(1,Temp_C(3),FP2)

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EndTable

'Main Program

BeginProg

Scan(1,min,1,0)

'Default Datalogger Battery Voltage measurement BattV

Battery(BattV)

'Reference Temperature from CR1000 Panel

PanelTemp(RTemp,250)

'ECHO Probe EC-5 measurement VW:

BrHalf(Moisture,1,mV2500,1,1,1,2500,False,10000,_60Hz,3.912,-0.446)

'Generic Single-Ended Voltage measurement for Flux sensor

'Full Bridge measurements FullBR() for all 4 LoadCell sensors

BrFull(LoadCell(1),1,mV25,5,2,1,2500,True,True,0,_60Hz,11.7951001,-1.66)

BrFull(LoadCell(2),1,mV25,6,2,1,2500,True,True,0,_60Hz,12.215673,-3.15)

BrFull(LoadCell(3),1,mV25,7,2,1,2500,True,True,0,_60Hz,11.2247555,-3.17)

BrFull(LoadCell(4),1,mV25,8,2,1,2500,True,True,0,_60Hz,11.8252351,-1.22)

Voltdiff(Flux,1,mV25C,2,True,200,250,16.36661,0)

'Type T (copper-constantan) Thermocouple measurements Temp_C()

TCDiff(Temp_C(),2,AutoRange,3,TypeT,RTemp,True,0,_60Hz,1,0)

'Call Data Tables and Store Data

CallTable(GRTM_CR1000)

NextScan

EndProg

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Appendix 5:

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Introduction:CH2M Hill Center, a 10 story commercial building located at 2020 SW 4th Ave in Portland

Oregon, has atraditional impermeable rock ballast roof system. The roof system is 25 years old and near the end of its working life. The traditional roof facilitates storm water runoff contribute to building operations cost and overflow of the Portland metro sewer/storm water infrastructure because of the large surface area the building covers. Additionally, the low reflectivity and high emissivity of the rock ballast roof directly contributes to temperatures up to 50°F greater than ambient air on the roof. Elevated temperatures and direct solar radiation combine to degrade roof performance, resulting in higher operating and maintenance costs. Green/Eco roofs are roof systems founded on a reinforced roof structure with the addition of awaterproof membrane, additionalinsulation, adrainage layer, aroot barrier, soil and plants. The teams’ goal is to design a green roof system and instrumentation module that will quantify the impact of design optimizations such as R-Value, evapotransporation, and water retention. Data collected will assist in making roof replacement recommendations to CH2M Hill management and provide input for CH2M Hill to produce aCFD model of the proposed replacement green roof.

Purpose of this Document:This report is a reference for the design and performance criteria set forth by the

customers. The PDS defines stakeholders, outlines a design project plan and the design team’s intention. Design requirements, engineering metrics, targets and evaluation methods are identified and prioritized.

Mission:The Green Roof team will design and construct a scale green roof and green roof

instrumentation system structurally, tailored for CH2M Hill Center’s 5th floor terrace to meet thermal and hydrological design criteria. The design will require a green roof test bed that meets terrace structural load limit and municipal code and a portable instrumentation package. The design will be documented by a report that contains details of targets, analysis methods, material selection, instrument selection, as well as drawings and economic analysis of theproposed replacement roof.

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Top Level Project Plan:The project plan describes the capstone team’s high priority items and project deadlines.

Item Start Date Due DateInitial Brainstorming 23-Nov 15-JanResearch Possible Solutions 30-Nov 5-JanInitial Design 6-Jan 29-JanPDS Report 6-Jan 8-FebPDS Presentation 6-Jan 8-FebDesign Evaluation 29-Jan 22-FebDesign Final 22-Feb 26-FebExternal/Internal Search Concept Evaluation Presentation 6-Jan 22-FebEnd of Term Progress Report 15-Jan 8-MarEnd of Term Progress Presentation 15-Jan 8-MarPrototype and Test 1-Mar 19-MarDesign Evaluation 15-Mar 17-MarRe-Prototype and Test 17-Mar 25-MarAssemble 22-Mar 5-AprInstall 5-Apr 26-Apr

Table 1: List of project milestones with start and due dates.

Identification of Customers:

The primary customers are CH2M Hill as well as Oregon Pacific Development Company (OPDC, current building owners) as we are designing the green roof test bed for use on their roof. Other customers include City of Portland and Portland State University (PSU).

Internal customers are PSU, CH2MHill, and OPDC; whereas all other customers would be considered external.

Customer Feedback:

CH2M Hill is interested in supporting the students at PSU in their project, as well as hopefully attaining a successful greenroof when the old ballast roof on the building is replaced.

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OPDC is mostly interested in dollars and cents and would like to choose the most cost-effective method for roof-replacement. They have specified desirables such as a cost of $5 per square foot of roof replaced and a 5 year payback if the cost is higher.

City of Portland is concerned with the usability of the instrumentation system and how it may be integrated with other existing green roofs for mobile monitoring, or how it may be used to track down possible savings for greenroof prospects.

PSU would like its students to create products that meet the needs of their customers based and follow the project design rubric. This should ensure product implementation in the real-world applications they were designed for and create a strong foundation for students to build on.

All customers would like to see the green roof test bed meet or exceed all current standards for water quality/retention, temperature reduction, etc. and have the instrumentation package be a mobile and effective way for tracking the effectiveness of green roof systems.

Project Design Specifications:

There are several categories of specifications: Performance, Legal, Aesthetics, and Instrumentation.

Legal will go over the requirements for the green roof to meet city structural and environmental laws.

Building Codes – Before installation the plans for the installation of a green roof test bed must meet applicable city, state, and federal codes and standards.

o Weight – Structural limits on existing roof will drive the weight of the new roof, would like to keep green roof weight under 15psf.

o Safety – Waterproof membrane must be free of leaks to prevent structure degradation.

Documentation – All calculations will be kept for the structural analysis, performance criteria, and project management aspects.

Performance covers aspects we would like the green roof to achieve so it has a payback timetable which meets customer needs, as well as provides more benefit to the environment.

Water Retention – Annual water runoff was reduced by 54% according to our calculations.

Temperature Reduction – Reduce rooftop temperature to no more than 10 degrees Fahrenheit above ambient during CDD (Cooling Degree Days).

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Maintenance – With the inclusion of Rye Grass there may be monthly maintenance need

Durability – The Green Roof test bed should last 20 years, be able to withstand heavy wind/rain, many hot/cold cycles, and be immune to solar degradation.

Portability – Must be able to be moved with no more than 2 people and fit through a standard doorway.

Aesthetics requirements for marketing and visual appeal were met as throughout the teams visits to the site visitors would comment on the design and its visual appeal of a positive nature. From a marketing standpoint the elementary school provided much better exposure for the sponsors because of public accessibility and the visual aide describing the project and its sponsors in front.

Marketing – Space must create a desirable location through an improved outdoor experience.

o Visual Appeal –Be a visually stimulating view to uplift workers and create a sense of appreciation for the workplace.

Instrumentation includes the requirements for the components we would like to use to monitor the performance of the green roof test bed and any future green roofs that may be monitored with this instrumentation package.

Cost – Budget was not exceeded and instrumentation quality has not been an issue. Installation – Setup may be completed within one hour and site-specific calibrations

are minimal. Compatibility – The system uses three different types of loggers which could have

been simplified to fewer loggers, but the data download is straightforward and can be completed in just a few minutes.

Resolution – Was not an issue. Durability – Test module has stood up to multiple hard rain cycles without wear

issues and data loggers are insulated and protected by foam on all sides when the case is closed.

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House of Quality:

Each section within the product design specification section (Performance, Legal, etc.) has a section within the House of Quality which outlines the main aspects of each section.

Legal Priority Customer Metric Targets Basis Verification

Building Codes 10 AllLocation,

Weight, Water-resistance, etc.

Compliant Govt. Codes and Standards

Structural Engineer Approval

Weight 10 All lbs/sqft Allowed Less than 15psf Roof Load

Characteristics

Structural Engineer Approval

Safety 8 All Roof Leakage No Leaks Customer Feedback

Roof Monitoring and

Customer Feedback

Documentation 10 All Records Required

Records for all Procedures

Requirements set by

City/StateCity Approval

Instrumentation Priority Customer Metric Targets Basis Verification

Cost 7PSU /

CH2MHill OPDC

Dollars and Cents Within Budget

Funds Promised by CH2MHill

and OPDC ($5000)

Balance Sheet

Installation 9 All Time Less than 1 Hour to Install

Customer Feedback on Need for a

Portable Test Module

Field Tests

Compatibility 8 All

Graded Scale 1-5, 1 being not compatible, 5

being fully compatible

5 Customer Needs

Lab and Field Tests

Resolution 10 AllDepends on Data to be Measured

Adequate for Meaningful

Data (Depends on Instrument)

Performance Requirements

Lab and Insitu Data Collection

Durability 7 All

Operating Temperature

Range and Impact

Resistance

Within -20 to 120°F and able to withstand

impact loading on the order of

10lbs

Measurement Conditions

Manufacturer Specifications

Performance Priority Customer Metric Targets Basis Verification

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Water Retention 9 AllAvg. Reduction of Runoff per Month/Year

60% Annual Reduction

City of Portland Averages for Green Roof

Water Retention

Data Collection

Temperature Reduction 9 All Temperature

on Peak CDD

10°C Above Ambient Peak

CDD

Performance Optimization

Modeling, Field/Experimental

Data Collection

Maintenance 6 All Cost of Annual Upkeep

Equal to or Less than past

maintenance costs

Customer Feedback

Historic Data Comparison

Durability 8 All

Solar Exposure and Rapid

Temperature Change

Immune within -20 to 120 °F

Construction Material

PropertiesData Collection

Mobility 9 All Ease of Transport

Can be moved without special

equipment

Customer Feedback Survey of Users

Aesthetics Priority Customer Metric Targets Basis Verification

Marketing 8 AllApprox. % Increase in

Publicity100% Increase Customer

Feedback Publications

Visual Appeal 6 All Graded Scale 1-10 10 Customer

FeedbackSurvey of Tenants

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Conclusion/Summary:

The Green Roof Project has been well defined by the above criteria to meet the needs of CH2M Hill, OPDC, City of Portland, and PSU. The selections of soil, plants, trays, and instruments will be chosen to meet these specifications. It is the hope of the team that this project will shine light on the benefits of a well-designed green roof system and instrumentation package, enough so CH2M Hill and OPDC decide to utilize these systems on their current building.

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