green walls of paris: an ecological analysis of …an ecological analysis of birds’ use of two...

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“The association of biodiversity and urban ecosystems has usually concerned the impact of urbanization on biodiversity. However, biodiversity concepts can easily be applied to the urban ecosystem itself. As more and more people live in cities, restoration, preservation and enhancement of biodiversity in urban areas become important.” (Savard et al 2000) GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS

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Page 1: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

“The association of biodiversity and urban ecosystems has usually concerned the impact of urbanization on biodiversity. However, biodiversity concepts can easily be applied to the urban ecosystem itself. As more and more people live in cities, restoration, preservation and enhancement of biodiversity in urban areas become important.”

(Savard et al 2000)

GREEN WALLS OF PARIS:AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS

Page 2: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural HistoryDepartment of Ecology and Biodiversity Management

Patrick BlancBotanist and Green Wall Designer

GREEN WALLS OF PARIS:BACKGROUND

Page 3: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISCOMPARISON: MUR EMLEMATIQUE ET MUR VIGNE

Page 4: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMATERIALS AND METHODS

Page 5: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts

47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes

5 Rue des Barres

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy

11 Rue du Fauconnier

17 Rue d’Ankara

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin

21 Rue d’Alsace

37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly

36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme

49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel

Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense

100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club

261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

Page 6: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History
Page 7: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts

47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes

5 Rue des Barres

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy

11 Rue du Fauconnier

17 Rue d’Ankara

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin

21 Rue d’Alsace

37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly

36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme

49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel

Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense

100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club

261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

Page 8: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History
Page 9: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

- conducted during the breeding season (begins in April and ends in July)

- point count method (standing 40 to 50 feet from the wall surface)

- 20 minute timed bird counts

- between 7:30am and10am

- on mornings with no precipitation

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMATERIALS AND METHODS

METHODS

Page 10: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

BREEDING BIRDS OF PARISPUBLICATION BY FREDERIC MALHER

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

Page 11: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 21 Rue d’Alsace

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

80ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

10 0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

21 Rue d'Alsace

Emblematique

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

21 Rue d'Alsace

Emblematique

210ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

210ft

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 21 Rue d’Alsace

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

80ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

10 0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

21 Rue d'Alsace

Emblematique

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

21 Rue d'Alsace

Emblematique

210ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

210ft

Page 12: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

80ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

37 Quai Branly

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

37 Quai Branly

Emblematique

145ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

145ft

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

80ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

37 Quai Branly

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

37 Quai Branly

Emblematique

145ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

145ft

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

Page 13: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

40ft3.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

36 Rue de la Verrerie

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

36 Rue de la Verrerie

Emblematique

40ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

40ft

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

40ft3.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

36 Rue de la Verrerie

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

36 Rue de la Verrerie

Emblematique

40ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

40ft

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

Page 14: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 49 Rue Pierre Charron, Pershing Hotel

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

50ft4.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

49 Rue Pierre Charron

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

49 Rue Pierre Charron

Emblematique

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

30ft

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 49 Rue Pierre Charron, Pershing Hotel

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

50ft4.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

49 Rue Pierre Charron

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

49 Rue Pierre Charron

Emblematique

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

30ft

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

Page 15: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

50ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Porte du Parvis

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

Porte du Parvis

Emblematique

25ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

25ft

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

50ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Porte du Parvis

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

Porte du Parvis

Emblematique

25ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

25ft

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

Page 16: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

20ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

100 Avenue du President Kennedy

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

100 Avenue du President Kennedy

Emblematique

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

20ft3ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

100 Avenue du President Kennedy

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

100 Avenue du President Kennedy

Emblematique

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

Page 17: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

25ft6ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

261 Boulevard Raspail

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

261 Boulevard Raspail

Emblematique

25ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

20ft

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

EMBLEMATIQUE: 261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

25ft6ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

261 Boulevard Raspail

Emblematique

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

261 Boulevard Raspail

Emblematique

25ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

20ft

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR EMLEMATIQUE

Page 18: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts

47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes

5 Rue des Barres

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy

11 Rue du Fauconnier

17 Rue d’Ankara

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin

21 Rue d’Alsace

37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly

36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme

49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel

Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense

100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club

261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

Page 19: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

60ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5 0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville

Vigne

140ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

140ft

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

60ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5 0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

18 Rue de L'hotel De Ville

Vigne

140ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

140ft

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Page 20: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

50ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

47 Rue Cuvier

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

47 Rue Cuvier

Vigne

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

30ft

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

50ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

47 Rue Cuvier

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

47 Rue Cuvier

Vigne

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

30ft

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Page 21: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 5 Rue des Barres

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

70ft

20ft1.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

5 Rue des Barres

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

5 Rue des Barres

Vigne

35ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

35ft

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 5 Rue des Barres

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

70ft

20ft1.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

5 Rue des Barres

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

5 Rue des Barres

Vigne

35ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

35ft

Page 22: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

50ft

25ft1.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt

Vigne

50ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

50ft

25ft1.5ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt

Vigne

50ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Page 23: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 11 Rue du Fauconnier

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

60ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

11 Rue du Fauconnier

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

11 Rue du Fauconnier

Vigne

20ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

20ft

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 11 Rue du Fauconnier

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

60ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

11 Rue du Fauconnier

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

11 Rue du Fauconnier

Vigne

20ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

20ft

Boston Ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Page 24: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 17 Rue d’Ankara

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

15ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

17 Rue d'Ankara

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

17 Rue d'Ankara

Vigne

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 17 Rue d’Ankara

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

30ft

15ft1ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

17 Rue d'Ankara

Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

17 Rue d'Ankara

Vigne

30ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Page 25: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISMUR VIGNE

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

20ft

20ft4ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix

Vigne

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix

Vigne

20ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Coral Vine, Polygonaceae Family

SOURCE: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide

GreenfinchCarduelis chloris

House SparrowPasser domesticus

Wood PigeonColumba palumbus

BlackbirdTurdus merula

Common PigeonColumba livia

VIGNE: 49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Equinox

20ft

20ft4ft

SOLAR ORIENTATION

MAXIMUM VEGETATION DEPTH & WALL DIMENSIONS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BIRDS COUNTED AT THIS WALL RELATIVE TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WALL TYPE

OBSERVED SPECIES

SITE CONTEXT

URBAN CONTEXT

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix

Vigne

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix

Vigne

20ft

SOURCE: Google Earth

SOURCE: Google Earth

Coral Vine, Polygonaceae Family

Page 26: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

The Null Hypothesis Claim:

There are no differences between the two types of vegetal walls.

Birds use green emblematique walls the same way that they use vine walls.

Result of Null Hypothesis Testing:

The results were not statistically significant. Thus, I cannot claim there are no differences between wall types. (I cannot say that they are the same).

I found no statistical evidence that use of the walls by birds varies by wall type. However, looking at he data offers certain clues.

Page 27: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARISON 1:Average Bird Counts (number of birds observed at each wall)

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Average Bird Count Emblematique

Average Bird Count Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

0

Average Bird Count Emblematique

Average Bird Count Vigne

Page 28: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARISON 2:Bird Population Density (number of birds observed per square foot of wall surface)

0 015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

0.045

0.050

Average Density Emblematique

Average Density Vigne

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

0.045

0.050

0

Average Density Emblematique

Average Density Vigne

Page 29: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARISON 3:Bird Population Diversity(number of bird species observed)

0 6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Average Diversity Emblematique

Average Diversity Vigne

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0

Average Diversity Emblematique

Average Diversity Vigne

Page 30: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARISON 4:Average Bird Counts, By Species(number of birds observed at each wall, by species)

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Average Bird Counts Emblematique

Average Bird Counts Vigne

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Blackbird Greenfinch Common Pigeon

Wood Pigeon House Sparrow

Average Bird Counts Emblematique

Average Bird Counts Vigne

Page 31: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARISON 5:Average Columba sp. (generalist species) Counts(number of Columba sp. observed at each wall)

25

30

20

25

30

Average Columba sp Count

10

15

20

25

30

Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Count Vigne

5

10

15

20

25

30

Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Count Vigne

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1

Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Count Vigne

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1

Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Count Vigne

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1

Average Columba sp. Count Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Count Vigne

Page 32: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARISON 6:Average Columba sp. (generalist species) Density(number of Columba sp. observed per square foot of wall surface)

0.003

0.004

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

Average Columba sp Density

0 001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Density Vigne

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Density Vigne

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

1

Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Density Vigne

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

1

Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Density Vigne

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

1

Average Columba sp. Density Emblematique

Average Columba sp. Density Vigne

Page 33: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts

47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes

5 Rue des Barres

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy

11 Rue du Fauconnier

17 Rue d’Ankara

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin

21 Rue d’Alsace

37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly

36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme

49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel

Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense

100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club

261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARING AREA DEPENDENCY

Emblematique

Vigne

18 Rue de L’hotel De Ville, Cite des Arts

47 Rue Cuvier, Le Jardin des Plantes

5 Rue des Barres

13 Avenue Franklin D Roosevelt, German Embassy

11 Rue du Fauconnier

17 Rue d’Ankara

49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, Jardin Villemin

21 Rue d’Alsace

37 Quai Branly, Musee Quai Branly

36 Rue de la Verrerie, BHV Homme

49 Rue Pierre Charron, Perhsing Hotel

Porte du Parvis, Quatre Temps, La Defense

100 Avenue du President Kennedy, Spa Ken Club

261 Boulevard Raspail, Cartier Foundation

Page 34: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

COMPARISON 7:Columba sp. Counts and Area Dependency (similar trends observed when all species are included)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Vigne)

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique

Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Columba sp. Count/Area Relationship Emblematique)

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

Page 35: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

COMPARISON 8:Density and Area Dependency

0 005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne)

‐0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Vigne)

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

0.004

0.004

0.005

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

0 002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.005

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area 

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.005

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.005

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.005

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.005

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Columba sp. Density/Area Relationship Emblematique)

Page 36: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

COMPARISON 9:Diversity and Area Dependency

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

2.0

2.5

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Diversity/Area

0 0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Vigne)

0

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

3.0

3.5

4.0

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Diversity/Area

0 0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique

Linear (Diversity/Area Relationship Emblematique)

GREEN WALLS OF PARISRESULTS

Page 37: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISDISCUSSION

What could have contributed to variability in data?

The city is not a uniform place. Some wall sites were located near parks or water bodies, others on busy streets.One of the largest outliers, 49 Rue Lucien Sampaix, was located near both an urban park and the Canal St. Martin. Thus, these site factors could have constributed to larger counts.

What could have contributed to error?

Sampling:Extremely large walls were impossible to count evenly, thus area related comparisons may be skewed towards undercounting of birds

Wall Construction:In the case of both wall types, the architectural construction beneath the vegetation also played a role in hosting certain bird species (House Sparrows prefering cracks and crevices, and Pigeons prefering ledges and chimneys).

Social Behavior of Birds:Bird counts may have also been affected by bird behavior (House Sparrows tend to prefer living in large groups, while other species are more solitary).

Page 38: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

GREEN WALLS OF PARISDISCUSSION

Other considerations

Financial and environmental costs of the two types of wall construction:

The walls designed by Patrick Blanc cost up to 600 Euros per square meter to construct. They require artificial irrigation and fertilizer.Additionally, they must be maintained at least twice a year (vegetation and irrigation sys-tems).

Vine walls cost less to install and maintain. They rely more so on natural precipitation and nutrients from ground soil. Maintenance consists of plant trimming.

For future studies:

To obtain statistically significant results, more observations and less variability of data are necessary.

It would also be interesting to observe a greater number of species in future studies (only five were included here during the breeding season). Including migratory species and other breeding birds would help to enrich the understanding of avian biodiversity in the urban envi-ronment.

Page 39: GREEN WALLS OF PARIS: AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF …AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIRDS’ USE OF TWO TYPES OF VEGETAL WALLS . Philippe Clergeau Professor of the Museum of Natural History

Thanks and Acknowledgements to:

Frederic MalherJean-Luc Le GouallecKatherine ParsonsPhilippe ClergeauRichard Forman

GREEN WALLS OF PARIS