grey water management as part of water demand management in jordan
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THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN
MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION
Grey water management as part of waterdemand management in Jordan
Eng. NISREEN HADDADIN
Director of Water Demand Management Unit
Stockholm 21 August, 2011
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General Information about Jordan.
Water Situation in Jordan.
Water Demand Management Policy.
Grey water Reuse.
Content of the Presentation
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The Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan covers a land area of
90,000 km.
Population 6.1 million in 2010
(Growth rate=2.2%). Average household size (person)
5.4
97% of the Jordanian population
is connected to water supply
systems, while 60% is connectedto central sewage systems.
General Information about Jordan
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General Information about Jordan
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Surface water Basins in Jordan
General Information about Jordan
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Water sector challenges
Jordan is considered to be one of the four poorest countries
worldwide in water resources, available water resources per
capita is very low at a level of 145 m3/capita/year compared to
international standards of 1000 m3/capita/year.
Competition between demands on limited fresh water quantitiesis ever increasing.
High Population Growth which will continue to grow from
about 6 million in 2010 to around 8.5 million by 2025.
The problem severity will increase in parallel with the increase
of population, living standards, economic development and
potential impact of Global Warming.
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Water sector challenges
Almost all fresh water recourses have been tapped and the deficit
in water budget is substituted by over pumping from the aquifers,
causing negative impact on the environment and sustainability in
the medium and long term.
By 2025, demand for water will increase to 1,680 MCM
A shortfall of 450 MCM representing 30 percent of total demandwill remain and will have to be managed through appropriatedemand-reduction programs.
Limited Financial Capacities.
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Spatial Distribution of Rainfall in Jordan
Seasonal rainfall is the mainsource of water in the kingdom and
It is highly variable.
Annual rainfall ranges from 100
mm in the desert regions to about400-600 mm in the western
mountains.
More than 80% of the area of
Jordan is indicated as desert withrainfall < 100 mm/a
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Wet Year: 11 Billion Cubic Meters
Average Year: 8.3 Billion Cubic Meters
Dry Years: 5.8 Billion Cubic Meters
Total Rainfall Amounts
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92% Evaporates
Only 8% is available in the form of flood flow & groundwater
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The average annual renewable fresh water resources
Other sources of water are Nonconventional water
resources:
275 MCM is GW
505 MCM is usable SW
Treated WW = 110 MCM in 2009
207 MCM in 2020Almost 100% will be reused
Nonrenewable water = 140 MCM
Desalinated water = 10 MCM
Available water resources
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
MCM
Irrigation Municipal Industrial Livestock
%Water uses per sector (2009)
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Demand exceeds Supply
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Water for Life 2008-2022
Jordan's vision for a water strategy is one whereby 2022, wehave:
Adequate, safe and secure drinking water supply ;
Greater understanding and more effective management ofgroundwater and surface water;
Healthy aquatic ecosystems;
A sustainable use of water resources, and implementedfair, affordable and cost - reflective water charges;
Adaptation to increased population growth and economicdevelopment across the water sector and water users.
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Water for Life 2008-2022
The following are the main pillars of the strategy:
Water Demand Management.
Water Supply.
Institutional Reform
Wastewater
Irrigation Water
Non Conventional water resources.
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Maximum utilization and minimum waste of water, and promotionof effective water use efficiency and water conservation, for socialand economic development and environmental protection.
Sustained implementation of water demand management policywill generate water savings that will be an important source ofadditional water to help bridge the gap between supply and demandand advance economic growth and social development.
The resultant water savings will provide monetary savings byreducing or delaying the necessary investments in water supply andwastewater disposal and saving energy.
Water Demand Management Policy
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Energy savings in pumping and treatment.
Energy savings in heating water.
Foregone costs of treatment and distribution system capacity.
Deferred, downsized, or eliminated water supply projects. Improved reliability of supplies
Environmental benefits (of more water) for protecting streams,wetlands, and estuaries
Multiple Benefits of Water Demand
Management
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Water Demand Management Policy ispresented in two components:
Urban Sector.
Irrigation sector.
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On Instituting Water Demand Management
On Codes and Equipment Certification
On Reduction of Non-Revenue Water
On Water Pricing
On Reuse of Treated Wastewater
On Prohibition on Wasting Water
Water Demand Management Policy
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On Comprehensive Water-Use and Water Demand Management
Information Program
On Education and Public Awareness
On Water Demand Management Programs
On Industrial Water Demands
On Tourism Water Demands
On Water-wise Landscaping
On Water Efficiency Assistance for Low Income Consumers
Water Demand Management Policy
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On Training and Capacity Building
On Water Demand Management Research and Development
On Best Management Practices
On Financial Mechanisms for Improving Water Efficiency
On Key Performance Indicators
On Water Supply Augmentation using Rainwater Harvesting, Gray
water and On-site Treated Wastewater
Water Demand Management Policy
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On Water Supply Augmentation using Rainwater Harvesting, Graywater and On-site Treated Wastewater
Rainwater harvesting systems should be required for new construction (residential,
commercial, industrial, tourism, etc). Rainwater harvesting can provide a non-
potable water source that can augment existing water supplies. Plumbing designs for new residences and buildings should be changed to
accommodate rainwater harvesting systems and safe storage for all structures; and
graywater use for rural structures, not connected to a central sewer system .
Rural residences not connected to a central sewer system shall consider use of
graywater for home gardens. Regulations need to be adopted to address any health
and environmental issues that may be associated with graywater use. Graywater use
could be supplemental source of water taking into account the impact on centralized
sewer systems.
Gray water reuse in Jordan
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On Water Supply Augmentation using Rainwater Harvesting, Graywater and On-site Treated Wastewater
On-site wastewater, graywater treatment and reuse shall be required for
certain new commercial and residential developments. There are significant
opportunities for treating and re-using wastewater on-site for high-rise and
high-density buildings.
Financial or tax incentives to encourage rainwater harvesting, graywater use
and on-site treated wastewater use shall be implemented.
Gray water reuse in Jordan
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The idea of gray water reuse is not new to Jordan because inthis region of low rainfall the people have historically had to
survive by minimizing their water usage.
Nabateans used greywater for toilet flushing 500 B.C. (UmmAl-Bijara palace).
Gray water reuse in Jordan
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Rural systemslow-cost but efficient - for irrigation
Urban systemslow-cost/ state-of-the-artirrigation and toilet flushing
Large-volume consumersstate-of-the-artirrigation, cleaning, toilet flushing
Gray water reuse in Jordan
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Gray water reuse in Jordan
How much drinking water do we really need?
Only 50% of our daily consumption need
to be drinking water.
Contribution to ecological sustainability
with Greywater Systems
Reduction of water usage by up to
50l /person/day
1st use: shower, hygiene, kitchen
2nd use for toilet flushing,cleaning and irrigation
3rd usereclaimed water -
irrigation only
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Separate pipes for greywater and blackwater (from toilets)
Separate pipes for drinking water and service water (treated greywater to toilets)
Dual PipingA MUST for in-house reuse
In-house reuse greywater systems need to be considered from the planning stage
of a project
Gray water reuse in Jordan
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Schools, Student DormitoryRural home Mosque
Gray water reuse in Jordan
Typical reuse options in rural areas
Gray water reuse in Jordan
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Typical reuse options in rural areas
Tree and crop irrigation
Garden Irrigation
Greenhouse irrigation
Gray water reuse in Jordan
.
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Gray water reuse in Jordan
all GW systems for in-house reuse require a minimum of maintenance andfinancial input to be effective and safe for the users.
rural low-tech systems : grease traps and pump maintenance.
owners / households are responsible for that, It depends on the technical
skills and dedication
more sophisticated systems:pumps, filters and devices for disinfection.
require trained and skilled personnel to be operated sustainably. In hotels,
the maintenance staff can take over such task after a training or it can be
outsourced to a reliable service company.
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Gray water reuse in Jordan
It is a challenge If systems are installed in large housing or multi-purposecomplexes. a maintenance structure has to be ensured BEFORE such
systems are installed, such service structures will also add to the running
cost of a building and financing has to be ensured. (normally paid by the
residents/ users).
Jordan has a few companies which can provide reliable maintenance
services for in-house reuse and existing unit are well maintained. But some
users are often not willing to pay for such services. Therefore, it also
requires a change in attitude towards sustainability of buildings in
general.
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Thank you for your attention