gridwise appliance load management initiative...north america (incl canada & mexico):...
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GridWise™ Appliance LoadGridWise™ Appliance LoadManagement InitiativeManagement Initiative
GridWise™ Appliance LoadGridWise™ Appliance LoadManagement InitiativeManagement Initiative
Donald Hammerstrom, PNNL
2:00 - 2:30 pm, Thursday 25-October-2007
Donald Hammerstrom, PNNL
Gale Horst, Whirlpool Corporation
Colorado Utility Efficiency Exchange
Aspen, CO
October 24 – 26, 2007
PNNL-SA-XXXX
OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline
Pacific Northwest GridWise™ Testbed Demonstration Olympic Peninsula Project
Grid Friendly™ Appliance Project
Demand responses at the appliance level Persistent vs. process appliances
Pleasing the customer while performing grid responses
What will customers want and accept?
2
What will customers want and accept?
Universal DR Appliance Interface Business case
Characteristics
Moving forward
Grid-responsive appliance opportunities Regulation / damping
Voltage stability
Augmented CVR
Pacific Northwest GridWise TestbedPacific Northwest GridWise TestbedPacific Northwest GridWise TestbedPacific Northwest GridWise Testbed
Olympic Peninsula Project Grid Friendly Appliance Project
50 dryers
Office Buildingsand DG (~170
kW)
Real-time Market
Underfrequency Event
GFA Controller
3
50 dryers(~10 kW)
Municipal Pumps(~200 kW)
ResidentialWater Heaters
and Thermostats(~75 kW)
BPA, Clallam PUD, IBM, Invensys Controls,Port Angeles, PGE, PNNL, Whirlpool
BPA, Clallam PUD, InvensysControls, PacifiCorp, Port Angeles,
PGE, PNNL, Whirlpool
Fast Appliance Load Shed
150 dryers(~30 kW)
50 WaterHeaters (~40 kW)
TransactiveTransactive Thermostat ControlThermostat ControlTransactiveTransactive Thermostat ControlThermostat Controlp
rice
bid price
max
imu
mte
mp
erat
ure
lim
it
bid curve
average price
Paverage+ kT_Hσ
Pbid
Paverage
(cooling mode example)
4
pri
ce
temperaturesetT min max
curr
ent
zon
ete
mp
erat
uremarket price
des
ired
tem
per
atu
re
max
imu
mte
mp
erat
ure
lim
it
min
.te
mp
.li
mit
currentset,a T TTT
adju
sted
set
po
int
Paverage- kT_Lσ
Paverage
Pclear
A 5A 5--minute Energy Marketminute Energy MarketA 5A 5--minute Energy Marketminute Energy Market
5
RTP Market ResponsesRTP Market ResponsesRTP Market ResponsesRTP Market Responses
Residential thermostats under real-timecontracts shifted their space conditioningload to early morning, cheaper hours.
1000
12002
4
aver
age
spac
eco
nd
itio
nin
gd
eman
d(k
W)
(500-kW feeder constraint period)
3
6
load
(kW
)
System load was effectively deferredonly when the distribution feeder line
was truly constrained.
10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1000
200
400
600
800
fraction of hours
actual
baseline
feeder constraint @ 500 kW
0hour of dayav
erag
esp
ace
con
dit
ion
ing
dem
and
(kW
)
actual (56.8 kWh/day, 3.6 peak kW)
baseline (48.8 kWh/day, 3.2 peak kW)
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Grid Friendly ControllerGrid Friendly ControllerGrid Friendly ControllerGrid Friendly ControllerGFA chip used in project:
• Responds in 400 ms to 90% of a step frequencychange
• Frequency set at 59.95 Hz to achieve daily orweekly under-frequency “events.”
• Senses from 24-VAC sensing transformer
• Assignable output pins. The “relay” output
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• Assignable output pins. The “relay” outputsignals the desired curtailment
• Cost ~$44 each in quantity of 300
Next generation GFA chip:
• Much smaller
• Both voltage and frequency responses
• Communications enabled
Grid Friendly Appliance CollaborationGrid Friendly Appliance Collaboration
Invensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNLInvensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNL
Grid Friendly Appliance CollaborationGrid Friendly Appliance Collaboration
Invensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNLInvensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNL
GFA controllersensing transformer
240-VAC
supply
Load Control Module
88
dryer receptacle
load control module
WIDE box
dryer comm.cable
Pacific NW GridwisePacific NW GridwiseTMTM
DemonstrationDemonstrationPacific NW GridwisePacific NW GridwiseTMTM
DemonstrationDemonstration
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A load control module handlesboth communications and load
reduction measurements forproject verification.
1501 Dryer 4/13/06 Expanded
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Field Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseD
ryer
load
(Watt
s)
GFA event
1010
0
1000
2000
3000
Read Tme
GFA Start at 6:01:38GFA Stop at6:04:38
Time (total duration shown = ~20 minutes)
* Underfrequency event detected in a demonstration home on April 14, 2006
Dry
erlo
ad
(Watt
s)
Unit trips, frequency decreases, sensor reduces loadSystem operators take actionWater Heater and Dryer resume several minutes laterNo consumer impact
Grid instabilitytrigger points
Gri
dF
req
uen
cy
14minutes
11
~ 5 Minutes
Dryers & Water Heatersrespond immediately
Gri
dF
req
uen
cy#
Ap
pli
an
ceR
esp
on
din
g
It WORKS!
Whirlpool CorporationWhirlpool CorporationWhirlpool CorporationWhirlpool Corporation
World’s leading manufacturer and marketer of majorhome appliances
Annual sales of more than $18 billion
73,000 employees
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73,000 employees
70 manufacturing and technology centers worldwide
Conducting business in more than 170 countries
Brands:North America (Incl Canada & Mexico): KitchenAid, Whirlpool, Maytag, Amana, Jenn-Air, Roper,
Estate, Gladiator, Acros, Supermatic, Crolls (Whirlpool Corporation is also a significantsupplier to Sears Holdings Corp., which owns and controls the Kenmore brand name.)
Europe: Whirlpool, Bauknecht, KitchenAid, Maytag, Amana, Ignis, Polar, Laden (in France), KIC (inSouth Africa)
Latin America: Whirlpool, KitchenAid, Maytag,Brastemp, Consul, Embraco, Eslabon de LujoAsia: Whirlpool, Maytag, KitchenAid
Residential DevicesResidential Devices
Primary Product Categories:
Air PurifiersAutomatic Washers &
DryersOvens & Ranges
FreezersWater HeatersIce Makers,Microwave Ovens,
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Ovens & RangesCountertop AppliancesDehumidifiersDishwashersFabric Fresheners
Microwave Ovens,RefrigeratorsRoom AirConditionersTrash CompactorsWater Dispensers
Two Appliance CategoriesTwo Appliance CategoriesTwo Appliance CategoriesTwo Appliance Categories
Persistent vs. Process-Oriented
Start-to-finish process involving multiplesteps, sensors, temperatures andconsumables often performing the taskupon other consumer products such asfood, clothing, and dishes.
Single persistent task such as:• Maintaining room temperature• Keeping water warm
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--- Forced power interruption ---
may be acceptable Limited Options
also Refrigerators also Stoves & Ovens
Automated Low CustomerImpact:
When PNNL grid sensor triggers an event,
the 150 dryers reduced their power from
5,700 watts to ~280 watts . . . a 95%
reduction in 40 milliseconds!
Phase IPhase I ProcessProcess--Oriented Appliance ResponseOriented Appliance ResponseProcessProcess--Oriented Appliance ResponseOriented Appliance Response
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Impact:
• turn off the heating element
• continue drum rotation
• reduce the heat/temperature
• residual heat and tumblingcontinue to dry clothes
• drying time automaticallyextended as required
1501 Dryer 4/13/06 Expanded
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Field Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseD
ryer
load
(Watt
s)
GFA event
1616
0
1000
2000
3000
Read Tme
GFA Start at 6:01:38GFA Stop at6:04:38
Time (total duration shown = ~20 minutes)
* Under frequency event detected in one demonstration home on April 14, 2006
Dry
erlo
ad
(Watt
s)
from Post Pilot Survey: “How acceptable was it to haveyour clothes dryer cycle run a few minutes longer,occasionally, in response to power grid needs?”
[Check one]
Consumer Interaction
3 %
0%
S o m e w h a t u n a c c e p ta b le
U n a c c e p ta b le
97% Consumer Acceptance ofGridWise appliance response
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79%
11%
7%
0 % 1 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 % 4 0 % 5 0 % 6 0 % 7 0 % 8 0 % 9 0 %
V e ry a c c e p ta b le
S o m e w h a t a c c e p ta b le
A c c e p ta b le
GridWise appliance response
Consumers receive peak price notification on theirappliance console and thermostat.
Consumers react to changing price signals sent totheir homes. If power consumption is reduced,customers earned a cash rebate. (CPR)
Transmitted Price SignalsPhase IIPhase II
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Pr ice – The dryer has received
a critical peak pricing indicator.
Energy price indicator
Consumer notified of atemporary energy
price increase.
The right information when and where the consumer needs it.
Simple Indicators Work Best!
Consumer Interaction
Two methods and automated responses tested:
Example 1 (Woodridge):
Consumer notifiedthat a peak price
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Example 2 (GridWise): • “Pr” notified the consumer of atemporary energy price increase.
• Most did not consider this asinconvenient
that a peak priceperiod is in effect
Energy management signals will be received inreal-time via utility-owned infrastructure
Signal . . .
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NOTE: UL and corporate safety standards may necessitate applianceintervention in some cases.
Successful shift of theSuccessful shift of theDryer Load ShapeDryer Load Shape
Successful shift of theSuccessful shift of theDryer Load ShapeDryer Load Shape
Standard load shape. . . compared withStandard load shape. . . compared with WoodridgeWoodridgepilot Red/Green LED with auto delay button (TOU tariff)pilot Red/Green LED with auto delay button (TOU tariff)
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[from Post Pilot Survey]Consumer Interaction
C o n su m er V alu es
7%O ther
“Which of the following would most stronglyinfluence your decision to purchase a Grid Friendlyclothes dryer instead of a standard model?
[Check all that apply]
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58%
89%
50%
46%
0% 10% 20 % 30% 40% 50 % 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
E nviro nm ent
R ed uce co sts
H e lp g rid
P rice
How did pilot participants suggestHow did pilot participants suggestconsumers obtain this technology?consumers obtain this technology?How did pilot participants suggestHow did pilot participants suggest
consumers obtain this technology?consumers obtain this technology?
58% thought GFA should beenabled as a standard on all
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enabled as a standard on allappliances
32% would prefer GFA as apurchase option
HowHow Do Customers Want DRDo Customers Want DRHowHow Do Customers Want DRDo Customers Want DR
1% Would select 10% flat rate increase to be ableto use electricity at the same price any time
15% Prefer to manage their own TOU/CPP
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15% Prefer to manage their own TOU/CPPelectricity use based on a transmitted price signal
17% Prefer utility dispatched direct load control
67% Prefer set and forget appliances that react toutility price signals (with consumer overridepossible)
Demand Response LearningDemand Response LearningDemand Response LearningDemand Response Learning
Customers understand DR Enabled Appliances
Appliance OEM better at Customer Interface
A lot of control can be achieved with 3 BooleanCommunication Signals
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System Instability
High Price
Load Control
A more advanced communications interfacecould be considered as optional
Utility or Energy Provider may choose any communication path
Universal Demand Response Interfacetranslates any communication signal to
standardized appliance commands
Any Communication MethodAny Communication MethodAny Communication MethodAny Communication Method
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Dryer
Appliance Control
DryerDryer
Appliance ControlAppliance Control
Enables open or proprietarycommunication protocol
Any ExternalCommunicationProtocol
A “Socket” onthe appliance,
connected to itscontrols
OR
Simplify Appliance ControlExpectations
Gridwise Pilot
• Grid Friendly (GFA) - brief instantaneous load shedding• Load Control (DR) – load reduction request• High or Critical Price Period - a temporary price change• Load / Peak Leveling - coordinated power reduction
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Key Concepts:
• Each appliance type may have a different responsedepending on hardware, electronics, real-timestatus, design issues and the nature of the request.
• Reduced cost for both appliance production & utilityprogram installation
Commercialization StrategyCommercialization StrategyCommercialization StrategyCommercialization Strategy
Appliance Socket with Open Protocol Adds only several dollars per appliance
Mass production of grid ready appliances
Supports:Post production / post sale enablement
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Post production / post sale enablement
Adaptation for any communication protocol
GFA Sensor with Comm. Device
Could enables customer install of a $20communication device w/electronic verification
DR resource at a fraction of previous cost
Appliance Regulation and DampingAppliance Regulation and DampingServicesServices
Appliance Regulation and DampingAppliance Regulation and DampingServicesServices
All appliances “see” thegrid’s frequency.
“Persistent” applianceshave lots of time to helpmaintain grid frequency.
D
f
One-dimensional Control
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maintain grid frequency.
With communication,these appliances canperform traditionalregulation.
This approach neededfor micro-grids.
TD
f
One-dimensional Control
Two-dimensional Control
Promote Voltage Stability at LoadsPromote Voltage Stability at LoadsPromote Voltage Stability at LoadsPromote Voltage Stability at Loads
System faults cause momentary voltage sags.
Induction machines may stall and slow voltagerecovery.
The Grid Friendly controller was shown torecognize voltage sags consistently within 2
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recognize voltage sags consistently within 2cycles.
Cold load pickup is had for free.
This control should be standard for appliances withinduction motors.
Augmented Conservation Voltage ReductionAugmented Conservation Voltage Reduction–– As it Could be PracticedAs it Could be Practiced
Augmented Conservation Voltage ReductionAugmented Conservation Voltage Reduction–– As it Could be PracticedAs it Could be Practiced
Feeder voltage is reducedby the utility during peaks
Loads recognize thevoltage signal and activelyshed load
A 2% voltage reduction
Fractional Loadvs
Fractional Voltage
0.60
0.80
1.00
Fra
cti
on
alN
om
inal
Lo
ad
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A 2% voltage reductioncould result in up to 100%load shed by targeted loads
NormalVoltage
Normalload
Voltagesignal
Curtailedload
Perhaps … a “poor man’s BPL”!
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
1 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96
Fraction Nominal Voltage
Fra
cti
on
alN
om
inal
Lo
ad
For More Information:For More Information:For More Information:For More Information:
Donald Hammerstrom Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
509-372-4087
32
Gale Horst Whirlpool Corporation
269-923-2770