ground-water resources of motley and northeastern floyed ...€¦ · united states geological...
TRANSCRIPT
(
TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD
REPORT 165
GROUND·WATER RESOURCES OF MOTLEY AND
NORTHEASTERN FLOYD COUNTIES, TEXAS
By
James T. SmithUnited States Geological Survey
This report WilS Pfepared by the U.S. GeologIcal Surveyunder cooperative agreemenl with lhe
Tum Water DewloprMnl Board
Mar(;1'! 1913
TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD•
John H. McCoy. ChairmanRobert B. GilmoreMilton T. PotU
Marvin SIlurbet. Vice ChairmanW. E. TinsleyCarl Illig
•
Harry P. Burleigh, EXeaJtive Director
Aurhorization for use or reproduction of any origmal material contained inthis publication, i.e., nor obtained from other sources, is freefy granted. The Boardwould appreciate acknowledgement.
Published and distributedby the
Texas Water Development BoardPost Office Box 13087Austin, Texas 78711
(
I
(
(
,
(
(
"T f :;'CC,..
WiDoo,712 ;}.Qg
~o· Ibe;
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Location and Extent of the Area
Purpose and Scope of the Investigation ..
Related Investigations .
Economic Development
Physiography and Drainage .
Climate
Well-Numbering System
Acknowledgments.
HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GEOLOGIC UNITS .
Artesia Group
Ochoa Series
Dockum Group ..
Ogallala Formation
Quaternary Alluvium
GROUND·WATER HYDROLOGY
Occurrence of Ground Water
Recharge, Movement, and Discharge
Hydraulic Properties of the Aquifers.
Fluctuations of Water Levels .
Well Construction
Use of Ground Water
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUND WATER
Relationship of Water Duality to Use
Permian Rocks
iii
p,,.
3
3
3
3
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
11
11
11
12
12
15
17
18
18
20
TABLE OF CONTENTS {Cont'd.l
p,,.
Dockum Group and Ogallala Formation
Alluvium ...
BRINE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL ..................•..••.••.••.••.••.••..•..•......
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL STUDIES ................................••.••.••
REFERENCES .............................................•.........................
TABLES
1. Lithologic Characteristics and Water-Bearing Properties of the Geologic Units
2. Water· Level Changes in Selected Wells Tapping the Permian Rocks
20
24
24
25
27
4
15
3.
4.
5.
Water· Level Changes In Selected Wells in the Alluvium .
Water· Level Changes In Selected Wells Tapping theDockum Group or the Ogallala Formation .
Use of Ground Water. 1958-68 .............................................•..•..•.••
17
18
19
6. Source and Significance of Dissolved·Mineral Constituents and Properties of Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 23
7
8.
Reported Bnne Production and Disposal in 1961. Motley County, Texas ..................•....
Records of Wells and Springs
25
29
9. Water levels in Wells.
10, Chemical Analyses of Water From Wells and Springs .
FIGURES
1. Map Showing location of Motley and Northeastern Floyd Counties
55
59
3
2.
3.
4.
Diagram Showing Well· Numbering System
Geologic Map ....................................................•...............
Map Showing Approximate Altitude of Ground·Water levels, 1968-69 .
7
9
13
5. Hydrographof AoaringSpringsand Precipitation at Floydada. Texas, 1937-69.................. 16
6. Map Showing Chemical Quality of Water From Selected Wells and Springs . 21 (
7. Diagram Showing Classification of Irrigation Waters........... 24
8. Map Showing locations of Wells and Springs .• . • • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . 67
- (
(
I
GROUND·WATER RESOURCES OF MOTLEY AND
NORTHEASTERN FLOYD COUNTIES, TEXAS
By
James T. SmithUnited States Geological Survey
ABSTRACT
The principal sourCf!S of ground ......ater in MotleyCounty and northeastern Floyd County are the alluvialdeposits of Quaternary age, the Ogallala Formation ofTertiary age, and the upper part of the Dockum GrouplTrujillo Formation) of Triassic age. Rocks of Permianage supply small amounts of slitjltly saline to very salinewater.
The alluvial deposits and the upper part of theDockum Group are the most prolific aquifers. Theaverage yield of irrigation wells tapping these units isabout 400 gpm (gallons per minute!. The Permian rocksusually yield less than 100 gpm to wells that range indepth from about 50 to over 300 feet. The alluvialdeposits cover only about 25 percent of the area, butsupply a large part of the water needs. The Permianrocks are used almost entirely as a source of water fordomestic and stock supplies.
tn 1968. about 11,200 acre·feet of groond waterwas pumped for municipal supply, industrial use, andirrigation; of the 11.200 acre-feet pumped. about 9,400acre·feet was used to irrigate 6.823 acres.
Generally. the water from the Ogallala Formationand the Dockum Group is the least mineralized. Thewater from the Permian rocks is more highly mineralizedand in some parts of the area. it is unfit for domesticuse. The quality of the water in the alluvium dependsupon the source of recharge.
The potential of the aquifers for furtherdevelopment could not be determined, but it seemshighly probable that additional supplies of water couldbe developed from the alluvial deposits, the OgallalaFormation, and the Trujillo Formation.
•
(
(
(
(
I
,
(
GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MOTLEY AND
NORTHEASTERN FLOYD COUNTIES, TEXAS
INTRODUCTION occurrence, location, and quality of the ground-waterresources. Principal emphasis was placed upon thoseaquifers supplying water for municipal supply. industrial
Location and Extent of the Area use, and irrigation.
Motley County comprises an area ofapproximately 1,000 square miles along the southeasternmargin of the Texas panhandle (Figure 1). Floyd Countyis adjacent to Motley County on the VoIest. Thenortheastern part of Floyd County. an area ofapproximately 100 square miles, is included in thereport area. Matador, the county seat of Motley County,is about 70 miles northeast of Lubbock and about 150miles west of Wichita Faits, Texas.
The scope of the investigation includeddetermination of the location and extent of thewater·bearing formations, the chemical quality of thewater they contain, the quantity of water beingwithdrawn and effects of the withdrawal on water levels,and the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers.
The following items were included in theinvestigation:
1. A field inventory was macle of 603 water wellsand springs, including all public supply, irrigation, andindustrial wells, and a representative number of domesticand livestock welts (Table 8). Locations of the wells andsprings are shown on Figure 8.
\
2. Drillers' logs of approximately 100 wells wereused in conjunction with other data to map the geologicunits and to determine the thickness of thewater· bearing units (Figure 3 and Table 1).
3. Analyses of samples from 371 wells and springswere used to determine the chemical quality of thewater (Figure 6 and Table 10). Analyses of water fromfour wells were macle to determine possiblecontamination from herbicides and pesticides.
4. A map showing the altitude of water levels inwells and springs (Figure 4 and Table 9) was constructedfrom water-level measurements. The altitude of wellsand springs were determined from topographic mapsprepared by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Figure 1.- Location of Motley lind Nonh_nern Floyd Counties
Purpose and Scope of the Investigation
The investigation of the ground·water resources ofMotley and northeastern Floyd Counties began in June1968 as a cooperative project of the U.S. GeologicalSurvey and the Texas Water Development Board. Theobjectives of the study were to obtain basic data on the
·3·
5. The quantities of water used for municipalsupply, industry, and irrigation were inventoried.
Related Investigations
No detailed investigation of the water resources ofthis area had been made prior to this study. Broadhurst,Lang, and Shafer (1938) compiled records of wells andsprings, drillers' logs, and water analyses. and prepared a
(
(
I
(
(
(
(
(
•
g•
Io1,
o•
\,o
g
<11,•••~
zo
~"o•"oil"c
>g"o
"o
••"••
• •, ,, < ,'li i ;· .• •
•,••
,i,i,,
,E,i,,
!.;,~
,I
•w••>•>•!6 (
- 4-
(
map showing the location of their data in Floyd County.Follett and Dante (19461 compiled similar data forFloyd County. Baker and others (1963) published ther~ults of a ground·water reconnaissance investigationthat included data in this area and surrounding counties.Miscellaneous inventories of wells, measurements ofsprings. and chemical analyses made by personnel of theU.S. Geological Survey are updated in this report.
A special effort was made during this investigationto check previously inventoried and sampled wells andsprings to determine changes in the chemical quality ofthe ground water, the flow of springs, and water levelssince 1937. Quality of surface water and streamflowdata are published in numerous reports listed in theReferences.
Water-level inventories have been conductedannually by the High Plains Underground WaterConservation District No. 1 and the Texas WaterDevelopment Board in the part of Floyd County whichis above the caprock escarpment that delineates thewestern boundary of the report area.
Economic Development
Approximately two·thirds of the area is sparselyIX>pulated ranch land. In 1960, Motley County had apopulation of 2,870. The 1970 county population was2,092, of which 1,051 resided in Matador in the centralpart of the county. Roaring Springs, in the south·centralpart of the county, had a population of 299; andFlomot, in the northwestern corner of the county, hadan estimated population of 100.
The economy of this area is basically agricultural,with most of the income being derived from theproduction of beef and breeding cattle, cotton, peanuts,and g-ain sorghum. Ground water is basic to thiseconomy because much of the farmland and improvedpastureland is irrigated.
Industrial development includes the production ofoil and gas in the Roaring Springs oilfield and numerous
gravel pits operated for the production of constructionmaterials. Flomot and Roaring Springs are cottonginning and shipping centers.
Physiography and Drainage
The principal topographic feature of Floyd andMotley Counties is the rugged northeastward·facingescarpment formed by the "caprock" of the OgallalaFormation. The "Breaks of the Plains", an extremelydissected erosional area, separates the Texas High Plainssection of the Great Plain province from the Osage PlainsSectiOfl of the Central lowlands province.
Erosional remnants of caprock, sandstone, andconglomerate form ridges and flat· topped buttes that areunderlain by siltstQrle, shale, and dolomite. Altitudesvary from about 3,130 feet above mean sea level on theedge of the High Plains caprock to about 2,600 feet inthe canyons.
The topography in the central part of MotleyCounty is characterized by a broad, gently rolling.eastward·sloping, weathered plain broken by three majordrainagll'Nays. Much of central Motley County is coveredby alluvial sand and gravel interspersed with dunes and aveneer of windblown silt. The alluvial plain generallyslopes from an altitude of 2,550 to 2,200 feet eastwardat about 20 feet per mile. The eastern part of MotleyCounty is characterized by moderately dissected "redbeds" with "stairstep" weathering formed by the moreresistant interlayers of dolomite and gypsum.
Tile report area is drained by the North Pease,Middle Pease, and the South Pease Rivers and theirtributaries. The streams originate on the High Plains andflow east and northeast.
Much of the surface runoff is absorbed by alluvialchannel, and terrace deposits; however, part of the flowpasses downstream into the Pease and Red Rivers.low·flow (base-flow) is measured at the following U.S.Geological Survey streamilaging stations in the area:
STATION NO. LOCATION
NORMAL BASE·FLOW(CUBIC FEET PER
SECONDl
Miscallanaoussite
Miscellaneoussite
Quitaque Creek near Quitaque(w. F. S""ls Rar>(:h)
Roaring Springs near RoaringSprings (below swimmi ng pooll
North Pease Aivar at U.S. Hwv.83 bridge. 18 mil'" north ofPaducah
Middle Pease River at U.S. HwV.83 bridge. 13.5 miles north ofPaducah
- 5-
3.05
>'38
0.0
0.0
Climate
The average annual precipitation in Motley Countyis about 21 inches. About two-thirds of this amountresults from thunderstorms that occur during the6·month period, April through September. Averageannual mean temperature was 61°F (16°C) for theperiod of record 1931·60, Average temperatures forJanuary and July were 26°F I-3°C) and 96°F (36°CIrespectively; however, during any given year, thetemperature may range from O°F (·lSoC) to about105°F (41°C). Highest and lowest temperaturesrecorded at Matador are 112°F (44°C) and ·4°F (·20°C)respectively.
The growing season is approximately 218 days,with the first killing frost occurring about November 7.The average annual gross lake·surface evaporation isabout 75 inches (Kane, 19671. which is approximately3% times the average annual precipitation.
Well-Numbering System
Numbers assigned to wells and springs in thisreport conform to the Statewide wen-numbering systemadopted by the Texas Water Development Board. Thissystem is based on division of the State into quadranglesformed by degrees of latitude and longitude (Figure 2).Each l·degree quadrangle is given a number consisting oftwo digits, which are the first two digits of the wellnumber. Each 1-degree quadrangle is divided into7Y2·minute quadrangles which are given t'M:l<ligitnumbers from 01 to 64. These are the third and fourthdigits of the well number. Each 7'h·minute quadrangle isdivided into 2Yz·minute quadrangles which are given asingle digit number from 1 to 9. This is the fifth digit ofthe ......ell number. Finally, each well within a 2Y:r·minutequadrangle is given a two-digit number in the order inwhich it was inventoried, starting with 01. These are thelast two digits of the......ell number.
In addition to the seven·digit ......ell number, atwo·letter prefix is used to identify the county. Theprefix for Motley County is TW; the prefix for FloydCounty is JW.
On the map showing the locations of wells andsprings (Figure 81. only the last three digits of the wellnumber are shown at each location. The second twodigits are shown in the northwest corner of each7Y:r·minute quadrangle, and the first two digits are shownby the large block numerals 11, 12, 22, and 23.
Acknowledgments
The author gratefully acknowledges thecooperation of the many lando\voers, water-well drillers,and city and county officials who permitted access totheir properties and aided in the collection of data for
·6·
this report. Mr, William C. Pallmeyer, Motley CountyAgent, was especially helpful.
HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OFTHE GEOLOGIC UNITS
The areal distribution of the geologic unitsexposed in Floyd and Motley Counties is shown on thegeologic map (Figure 3); the thickness, lithology, andhydrologic properties of the units are given in Table 1.
The most significant water-bearing units innortheastern Floyd County and Motley County are thealluvium of Quaternary age, the Ogallala Formation ofTertiary age, and the Dockum Group of Triassic age.Rocks of Permian age yield small amounts of slightlysaline to very saline water which is usually undesirablefor drinking. However, in most of eastern MotleyCounty, the Permian rocks are the only source of groundwater.
Artesia Group
The oldest rocks of Permian age that are pertinentto the ground·water resources of Floyd and MotleyCounties are in the Artesia Group. In general, theserocks are roughly equivalent to those frequently referredto as the Cloud Chief Formation and the WhitehorseGroup. The latter designation generally is applied toequivalent rocks north of the Amarillo Uplift, which isnorth of the report area.
Rocks of the Artesia Group consist of interbeddedfine sand, silty to sandy shale, fine to coarse sandstone,gypsum, and dolomite. The group thickens to about 450feet and dips about 25 feet per mile ......estward.
Small to moderate quantities of water, usually lessthan 100 gpm (gallons per minute) are obtained fromwells tapping the Artesia Group. In and near the outcroparea of the group, the water is suitable for domestic use.Downdip and in localized areas of the outcrop, the watermay be too mineralized for drinking but suitable forstock watering and irrigation.
Ochoa Series
Rocks in the report area commonly referred to asthe Quartermaster Formation are designated simply asthe Ochoa Series, undifferentiated, in this report. Theserocks consist of "red bed" shale, siltstone, and sandstonewith numerous interbeds and veins of satinspar (fibrousgypsum). A few 6·inch to 3·foot beds of gypsum anddolomite occur near the base. The contact between theOchoa Series and the Artesia Group is difficult todetermine, but in this report, the base of the Ochoa isconsidered to be a massive dolomitic gypsum bed about25 feet thick, which some geologists call the"Claytonville Dolomite".
(
(
(
(
(
~' ." - '" '"I I" w ~ I iii I
" I I ~ • ~ ~ , I \I Locallon of well 12-42-601
I . .~ • r , • ,I " I· ..... -
"
" " u , m ~o...r' -f- ., 1112-1I'Ir'lI!1I -~ • 2112 .........1' o.oorarogI•
" n • n » • • " " " • .,..11 nurrc. -u!-. ,",.......rt. ~CII'4'
\; .. ~ • .. .. 4' I" ~ " " "»\ • .. • .. " .. " • " •, ii
"< f'-.,," - .. " .. "f--":,L' '
• y' ,. • Iy, i I '; . ," ".
J I I I -\" ..I ."->, I j,
I_,*," O\Iod'a,q.s
::'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ., • •
~ • • , • I'---40
,• .. ,
" ..I"
,,• , •
~ ," n .. • n .. • •
" ,. • ",.
I" " "
" " ., .. • I~ " ~ , • •
"' , • • .. • .. •
fv--. 1M
,• " • " " ..
, I1112-mnn. .....- 2 V2 '......lle O'-r.....1eI
figure 2
Well-Numbering System
,7·
The Ochoa rocks yield small Quantities of water,generally less than 50 gpm, to wells for domestic supply,livestock use, and irrigation.
Dockum Group
In the report area, the Dockum Group of LateTriassic age lies unconformably on the eroded surface ofthe Ochoa rocks. The thickness of the Dockum rangesfrom atxJut 760 feet in western Floyd County (beyondthe report area) to 120 feet near its outcrop in easternFloyd and western Motley Counties (Figure 31.
The general dip of the Dockum Group issoutheastward at atxJut 10 feet per mile, in contrast tothe southwesterly dip of the underlying Permian rocks.Locally, an eastward dip of about 100 feet per mile wasobserved along a fault in Pole Canyon atxJutthree·fourths of a mile northwest of well JW·l1·47·601.
The lower part of the Dockum Group (the TecovasFormation) consists of varicolored shale, with maroon,buff yellow, and whitish gray predominating and thinbeds of sandstone. Inclusions of limonized lignite arecommon. The Tecovas is for all practical purposes not asource of good Quality water, although in places, thinbeds of sandstone yield small Quantities of fresh toslightly saline water principally for domestic and stock
"...The upper part of the Dockum (the Trujillo
Formationl consists of several massive, crossbeddedsandstone and conglomerate beds interlayered with thinbeds of red and gray shale. Irrigation wells t.ilPping theTrujillo Fonnation yield 300 to 700 gpm. Where theseporous sedirrents are exposed in bluffs, springs flowingas much as 50 gpm are common. Roaring Springs(lW·22·10·104, FigJres 5 and 8, and Table 8), whoseflow has ranged from 374 to 1,540 gpm, issues from athick section of conglomerate, which locally is referredto as the "Camp Springs Conglomerate". Numerousother springs, which flow lesser Quantities of water, issuefrom the contact between the sandstone orconglomerate and the underlying Tecovas Formation.
In the table of well records (Table 8), the DockumGroup has not been differentiated because most drillers'logs lack sufficient lithologic detail to determine thesource of the water being pumped. As a general rule,however, most wells that produce more than 30 gpm arecompleted in the Trujillo Formation. Also, wells tappingthe Trujillo Formation usually yield water that is lessmineralized than water in the Tecovas Formation.
Ogallala Formation
The Ogallala Formation of Tertiary ageunconformably overlies beds of the Dockum Group. TheOgallala Formation consists of clay, silt, sand, gravel,
. B·
and caliche. Pebbles and cobbles of Quartz, quartzite,chert, granite, limestone, and petrified wood composethe fluviatile gravels and a basal conglomerate. The"caprock", in the upper part of the formation,consisting of several beds of hard resistant, cemented,caliche and marl forms the Hi!#l Plains Escarpment thatdelineates the western limits of the study area (Figure 3).A wind·blown cover of fine silt, sand, and soiloverlies the caprock. The thickness of the Ogallala alongthe escarpment is about 100 feet; however, only thebasal 30 feet is saturated.
In the area adjacent to the escarpment, theOgallala yields moderate Quantities of fresh waterprincipally fOf irrigation. Larger yields, more than 500gpm, are obtained from some wells in the area that tapthe Ogallala and the Trujillo Formation.
Quaternary Alluvium
The Quaternary alluvium in Motley and easternFloyd Counties includes channel, terrace, andalluvial·plain deposits. The alllNial·plain deposits are theonly large source of fresh water available for irrigation inthe study area. In most places, the alluvial·plain depositsshown on Figure 3 are covered by a veneer of eolian siltysand with local dunes or dune ridges. These eoliandeposits are non·water·bearing, but are hydrologicallysignificant because they aid in local recharge of theunderlying alluvial.plain deposits.
The channel and terrace deposits, which have amaximum thickness of atxJut 50 feet, consist ofdiscontinuous, poorly sorted, interlavered mixtures ofsilt, sand, and gravel. Nonnally, wells tapping thesedeposits yield from 15 to 120 gpm; however, a few wellsrepOftedly yield more than 400 gpm. Where thewater·bearing part of the deposits are thin and water isneeded for irrigation, several low·yielding wells may beconnected by a manifold system.
Alluvial·plain deposits, which are derived in partfrom the Ogallala Formation, e)(tend from theescarpment eastward through the three major rivervalleys (Figure 3). The deposits cover about 25 perCf!f'ltof the report area, yet supply 70 percent of all waterused. They grade downward from silt, fine sand, andvolcanic ash to coarser sand and gravels interspersed withlenses of clay.
Maximum thicknesses generally occur near thewestern and central parts of the plain deposits, althoughburied hills and valleys in the underlying PermianfOfmations cause many variations in thickness. Thinningnormally occurs near the periphery of the sand·coveredareas and stream valleys.
North of the North Pease River. the averagethickness of the alluvium is about 110 feet. Themaximum known thickness is 195 feet in well
(
(
(
(
(
(
I
I
(
TW·12-42-602. The average saturated thickness is about70 feet. Between the North Pease RiVt'f and Tom 8allCreek, the average thickness of alluvial-plain deposits isabout 140 feet. The maximum reported thickness is 254feet in \WI! TW·12-49·503. The saturated thicknessaverages about 80 feet.
In the large alluvial plain south of the Middle PeaseRiver. the maximum reported thickness of 130 feetoccurs in the cIty of Matador wells; hov.ever. only about40 feet is saturated. Eastward from Matador, thealluvium thins to less than 50 feet. Adjacent to theSouth Pease River and Dutchman Creek areas, thealluvial·plain deposits have an average thickness of aoout50 feet and a maximum thickness of 196 feet. Thesaturated thickness ranges from about 40 to 70 feet inthe Roaring Springs area.
GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY
The general principles of ground-water hydrologyas they apply to the Floyd·Motley County area arediscussed in the following sections. For additionaltechnical information relating to hydrologic principles,the reader is referred to: Meinzer (1923a, 1923b);Meinzer and others t 1942); Todd (1959); Tolman(19371; and Wisler and Brater (19591. For non· technicaldiscussions, refer to· leopold and lar9>ein (1960) andBaldwin and McGuinness (19631.
Occurrence of Ground Water
Generally, ground water in the study area is underwater·table conditions, althou!tl locally, artesianpressure exists where the water is confined beneathlenticular beds of shale and clay of limited extent. Underwater-table conditions, ground water is unconfined anddoes not rise in a well above the level (water table) atwhich it is encountered.
Artesian conditions occur downdip from theoutcrop of an aquifer which is overlain by animpermeable stratum. A weH penetrating an aquiferunder artesian conditions becomes filled with water to alevel that is proportionate to the hydrostatic pressurewithin the aquifer. If the hydrostatic pressure is greatenou!tl, water in a well may rise above the land surfacecausing the well to flow. No flowing wells were found inthis study area; hOllll'eYer, drillers' logs indicate that waterlevels in some wells in the Permian rocks are under localartesian head. Normally, the confining impermeable bedsconsist of shale and clay that directly overlie awater-bearing bed of gypsum, sandstone, dolomite, orsilt. In some places, the water may be perched. Thissituation oet:urs when shallow water is separated fromthe main water-table body by unsaturated strata that arerelatively impermeable.
Porosity, permeability, and transmissibility of thesediments may vary greatly even within the same
. 11 .
geologic unit in a small local area. Usually, fine-grainedmaterials such as fine sand, silt, clay, shale, and tuffstransmit less water per equal cross-sectional area underthe same hydraulic conditions than coarser-grained sandsand gravels. Other factors, such as cementation, solutioncavities, and geologic stnJctures (fractures and faults)affect permeability and transmissibility.
Recharge, Movement, and Discharge
Ground water in the study area originates from theinfiltration of precipitation on the outcrops of theaquifers in the area or on the High Plains to the west andby seepage from streams and lakes. Most of theprecipitation in the report area occurs in small amountsduring the summer months when evaporation andtranspiration losses are greatest. Consequently, directinfiltration of rainfall is limited to those periods whenstorms provide more than enough water to restore thesoil·moisture content to field capacity.
The configuration of the water table (Figure 4)shows that part of the ground water in the area isderived from the Hi~ Plains west of the escarpment.Doubtlessly, some recharge occurs through infiltrationof local rainfall, but because of the large contour intervalused in construction of the map. such localcontributions to the ground-water reservoir are notclearly shown The east-trending nose in the water tablein the vicinity of Roaring Springs indicates somerecharge from rainfall on the permeable alluvial·plaindeposits.
Occurrence of fresh water in areas that for themost part are underlain by sediments containing sli!tltlyto moderately saline water also indicates recharge fromlocal precipitation. All of these local recharge areascoincide with the large alluvial plains shown in Figure 3.
The rate at which the aquifers are recharged couldnot be determined from the available data, but it variesdepending upon soil conditions at the outcrop: on theduration, intensity, and amount of precipitatioo; on thedegree of topographic slope; on the type andconcentration of vegetation; and on the depth to thewater table.
Initially, water percolates downward from the landsurface to the zone of saturation (water tablel.Thereafter. ground water moves slowly through theaquifers from areas of recharge toward areas ofdischarge. FilPJre 4 shows that in a broad sense, thewater moves eastward and toward the maindrainaqeways.
The rate of movement is rarely uniform and isproportional to the hydraulic gradient and to thepermeability of the material through which the watermoves. Variable spacing of the water-table contours inFigure 4 indicates differential rates of movement andalso defines the hydraulic gradients. The hydraulic
gradients range from a maximum of 200 feet per mile inthe northeastern part of Floyd County along theescarpment, to as little as 10 feet per mile in the HighPlains immediately west of the escarpment and in theeastern part of Motley County. The steeper gradientsoccur in the vicinity of the escarpment where thetransmissibility is less because of a thinner section ofaquifer. Gradients are also steeper where there is achange in the permeability of the sediments. Forexample, where water moves from the Ogallala orTrujillo Formations into the less permeable TecovasFormation or Permian rocks, the hydraulic gradientsincrease abruptly.
Ground water is discharged naturally from springsand seeps wherever the water table intersects the landsurface and by evapotranspiration where the water tableis within a few feet of the land surface. Most of thesprings issue from the Ogallala Formation where it is incontact with the Dockum Group or from the beds ofsandstone or conglomerate in the Trujillo Formation.
Ground water is discharged artificially throughwells. In 1968, approximately 11,200 acre·feet of water,mostly for irrigation, was pumped from the aquifersunderlying the report area.
Hydraulic Properties of the Aquifers
Aquifer tests are made to determine thecoefficients of permeability, transmissibility, andstorage, which reflect the capacity of an aquifer totransmit, yield, or store water.
Only a few aquifer tests were made during thisinvestigation because of lack of suitable wells andbecause the tests would have interfered with pumpingschedules.
One aquifer test was made in well TW·12·49·504,which penetrates 83 feet of saturated, unsorted, siltygravel in the alluvial-plain deposits. The coefficient oftransmIssibility, which is the rate of flow of water ingallons per day through a vertical strip of the aquifer 1foot wide and extending the full saturated thicknessunder a unit hydraulic gradient, was 5,100 gpd (gallonsper day) per foot. The field coefficient of permeability,which is the flow of water in gallons per day through across section of one square foot of the aquifer underunit hydraulic gradient, was 60 gpd per square foot. Thespecific capacity was 2.8 gpm per foot of drawdownafter 9 hours of pumping at 130 gpm.
Another test was made in well TW·22·01·201,which penetrated 146 feet of saturated sandstone andconglomerate in the Dockum Group. The coefficients ofthe transmissibility and permeability were 11,700 gpdper foot and SO gpd per square foot, respectively. Thespecific capacity was 7.1 gpm per foot of drawdownafter 25 hours of pumping at 321 gpm.
- 12·
The coefficients determined from these testsshould be used with caution because the results definethe properties only of that part of the aquifer near thesewells. However, these tests are compatible with otherspreviously made in Floyd County (Myers, 1969, p.22·25).
Yields of wells also provide a general index of theability of the aquifer to transmit water. Numerousmeasurements of yields and drawdowns made in wells inthe various geologic, units in the study area are given inTable 8. However, some wells, principally stock anddomestic wells, are not pumped at their maximumcapacity; therefore the yield shown in the table is notindicative of the potential of the aquifer at that well site.
In general, the largest yields (as much as 750 gpmlwere obtained from wells in the alluvial.plain deposits inthe vicinity of Flomot and Roaring Springs. The averageyield of irrigation wells tapping the alluvial· plaindeposits or the Trujillo Formation was about 400 gpm.The Permian rocks and the alluvium in the terraces andflood plains yield considerably less water, usually notmore than 100 gpm. Where yields are small (generallyless than 50 gpm) wells are drilled in groups to providesufficient water for irrigation.
The specific capacity of a well, which is the ratioof the yield in gallons per minute to the drawdown ofthe water level in feet, is useful in estimating the abilityof the aquifer to transmit water. Other factors, such asthe amount of saturated material open to the well, themanner in which the welt is developed and maintained,and the length of time that the well has been pumped,affect the specific capacity.
Specific capacities ranged from less than 1 to asmuch as 350 gpm per foot of drawdown. Generally,specific capacities of wells in the Permian red beds andin the Tecovas Formation ranged between"1 and 4 gpmper foot of drawdown; those in the alluvium rangedfrom 3 to 25 gpm per foot of drawdown; and those inthe Trujillo and the Ogallala Formations ranged from 6to 15 gpm per foot of drawdown. The highest specificcapacity, 350 gpm per foot of drawdown, was obtainedfrom well TW·12·49·503, which taps a highly permeablegravel zone in the alluvial'plain deposit south of theNorth Pease River. Large specific capacities wereobtained also for wells TW·12-49·703, TW·12-49·902,and TW·12·49·903, all of which penetrate cavernousdolomite or gypsum.
Fluctuations of Water Levels
Periodic water· level measurements have been madein a number of wells in the report area since 1937(Tables 2, 3, 4, and 9). Few of the records arecomparable because of the generally poor arealdistribution and varying periods of record.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
I
Table 2.-Water·level Changes in Selected WellsTapping the Permian Rocks
WELL CHANGE IN WATER PERIOD OFNUMBER LEVEL IFEETl RECORD
JW·"-48·401 12.7 1937·68
JW-11-48-101 12.5 1937-68
JW·l'·56·2Ql ,., 1937·68
JW·l1·56·209 • 10.5 1937-68
TW·12·44·501 ,., 1959·60
TW·12·50·901 ,.. 1959·68
TW 12·51·401 9.' 1961·68
TW·12·51·702 18.3 1959-68
TW·12·58·801 ., 1959-68
TW·12·58·802 • ,., 195968
TW·12·59·801 • 48.5 196068
TW·12·59·901 '.8 1959·68
TW·22·03·10' ,., 1959-69
TW·22·03·501 • ·47.3 1966·69
• Based on reponed wale, le~els_
In spite of the large decline of the water table inthe heavily irrigated part of the High Plains west of thereport area, the flow of the larger springs that emergefrom the Ogallala Formation, such as Roaring SpringsIlW-22·1O·104I. has shown little apparent net change(Figure 5). The fluctuations in the flow of this springreflect both the shorHerm effects from localprecipitation and the long-term decline from regionalpumping.
Records of measurements made during the 1930'sand again during this investigation indicate an averagedecrease of about 25 percent in the flow of a number ofsmaller springs along the foot of the escarpment. Someof these measurements were made in the channels ofcreeks at varying distances below the mouth of thesprings; therefore it seems likely that aggradation inthese channels in recent years has resulted in an increasein the underflow rather than a decrease in the flow ofthe springs.
The most note'M:>rthy example of the apparentdecrease in springflow and decline in the water table wasobserved at Blue Hole Springs (JW-11·55·2051 inQuitaque Creek channel. During the 1930's Blue Holewas a large deep flowing pool used for recreation. Sincethen, the depression has become an intermittentwet·weather puddle, clogged with sand, gravel, anddebris. Springflow now emerges about one· fourth of amile downstream in the channel.
·15·
Well Construction
Construction of a well depends upon its intendeduse. In recent years, many of the wells used to supplydomestic and stock needs have been drilled and casedwith 5· to 6·inch steel or plastic casing that extends fromabove the land surface to the bottom of the hole. Insome wells, the lowest 10 to 20 feet of the casing istorch or mill slotted; in others, the water-bearing part ofthe formation is uncased if the formation is firm enoughto prevent caving.
Domestic and stock wells generally are of smallcapacity (1 to 12 gpm) and are equipped with windmills,pump jacks, jet pumps, or submergible pumps. Despitethe small yield of these wells, they still are vulnerable tosand troubles, and some may require periodic cleaning.
Most of the large'capacity wells constructed formunicipal supply, industrial use, or irrigation, weredrilled as straight·walled wells (not underreamed) 20inches in diameter. Steel casing, 12 to 16 inches indiameter, was set to the bottom of the hole, and usuallytorch slotted for a 20· to 5O·foot interval opposite thewater-bearing sands. In many wells, however, the casingwas slotted above the water table. Space between thecasing and the wall of the hole was packed with gravel,but in most of the wells, little effort was made to relatethe diameter of the gravel and sand grains to either thesize or width of the slots or perforations.
The purpose of a well·sorted gravel is to reduce theamount of sand that enters the well by increasing theeffective diameter of the well, thereby reducing theentrance velocity of the water. Wells are usuallydeveloped by pumping for 6 to 48 hours at a rate thatlowers the water level to or near the intakes of thepump. In some parts of the study area, anirrigation·supply system consists of severalsmall·diameter shallow wells connected by a manifoldsystem to a centrifugal pump. However, water cannot belifted more than about 25 feet by this method becauseof the limit of atmospheric pressure.
A problem common to wells in the Permian rocksis the pumping of large quantities of fine sand and silt,which frequently results in the loss of the well bycollapse of the casing. According to the owner, wellTW·12·44·703 yields about 400 gpm, which is more thanwhen the well was drilled. The well pumped largequantities of sand until it developed a cavity thatrequired more than 250 cubic yards of gravel forsupport. The development of a cavity results in anapparent increase in yield. In reality, the cavity serves asa collection or storage basin. When it has been drainedby pumping at a high rate (generally one that exceedsthe ability of the aquifer to transmit water) pumpingmust be stopped or reduced until the cavity refills.
Most irrigation, municipal, and industrial wells inthe alluvium penetrate the full saturated thickness of the
(
(
(
(
(
.H-+---.j:;;\
1'-
l~
II
~;
1-+-+---1.
I--+---+! -+---+_+-+----+ll-l-------jI
f---+--+I ---t--f---+--+--H--+---i
- iH-+-, .. -J ' ~ ~;;f~r-l 0· , -,'---j.-.1 .. :Ii• •• •
•
<
~~~~§~§~§lU'''," ... ,.." ...,., .....,,,
• (
- 16 - (
(
Table 3.-Water-level Changes in Selected Wells in the Alluvium
WELL CHANGE IN WATER PERIOD OF wELL CHANGE IN WATER PERIOD OFNUMBER LEVEL (FEET) RECORD NUMBER LEVEL IFEETI RECORD
TW·ll·48·6Ql ·18.3 1954-68 TW1250-101 La 1959-68
TW·\1·48·602 ., 1960·68 TW·12·50·201 .., 1959-68
TW·"·48·603 U 1959·68 TW-,2·50203 ,., 1960·68
TW·l1·48·604 ., 1950-68 TW·12-51-502 ·10.9 1959-68
TW·"·48·60S , 1959-68 TW-12·57·6Ql " 1959-68
TW-l1·48·608 >.0 1959·68 TW-12·58-803 ·14.2 1928·68
TW·' '·48·901 ,., 1959·68 TW-12·58·80S " 1947·68
TW·l1 -56·304 .. , 1959-68 TW-22'()1·906 " 1960-69
TW-11-56-J09 , 1959-68 TW·22·Ql·901 >.8 1959-69
TW'12-41-401 ,a 1959·68 TW·22 02·501 .a 1959·69
TW·12-41-402 " 1959·68 TW·22.Q2701 " 1959·69
TW·12-41 -404 6 1959·68 TW 22 02 702 '.6 1959·69
TW 12-41·405 '.a 1959-68 TW·22-02-704 .. ,., 1956·69
TW·12·41·407 " 195968 TW·21-01-705 .a 1947.fi9
TW-12·41·409 ,., 1959·68 TW·22.Q1-706 6.0 1959-69
TW·11·41410 La 1959·68 TW·22.Q2·801 L' 1959-69
TW·11·41·414 " 1959·68 TW·22·02-802 .. ., 1959·69
TW-11-41_50J 6.' 1959·68 TW-22·01·803 ., 1959·69
TW·12·41·801 ,., 1964·68 TW·22·02-804 LO 1957-69
TW·11·41-806 .. .6 1967·68 TW-22-o1-806 '.6 1960·69
TW·12·42·602 + 13.5 1959·68 TW·22·02·902 .. ,., 1959.fi9
TW·11·49·101 " 1959·68 TW·22-o2·903 >.J 1959·69
TW·12-49·201 6.' 1959-68 TW·22·03·701 + 17.8 1959·69
TW·12·49·202 " 1959-68 TW-21·03·702 .. >.0 1957·69
TW-1249·301 ,.0 1959·68 TW·22·04·701 , >.J 1959.fi9
TW·1249·302 .0 1959-68 TW·11·10·101 L6 1959·69
TW·11·49·303 .. ., 1959·68 TW-11·10·103 " 1959·69
TW-12·49·402 ,., 1959·68 TW-21-10·105 .. ., 1959·69
TW-11-49·40J 9.' 1959-68 TW·22-11·201 L6 1959-69
TW·12·49·501 '.9 1959·68
• eased on ,eportad ...aler 1..~ ..ls.
aquifer; therefore water yields can be increased only byimproving well completion and development methods,or by drilling deeper into the red beds. Usually thechemical quality of the water will deteriorate with anincrease in yield obtained from the red beds.
The effects of well interference and water-leveldeclines can best be modified by adequate spacing,optimum completion techniques, and by alternating thepumping periods of adjacent wells.
·17-
Use of Ground Water
Nearly all the water used in Motley County and inthe northeastern part of Floyd County is ground water.less than 10 irrigation pumps are supplied from thesurface·water reservoirs. During the 11·year period.1958·68, the use of ground water for municipal supply,industrial use, and irrigalion increased nearly four· foldfrom 2,980 acre·feet to 11,238 acre-feet (Table 5l.
Table 4.-Water·leveJ Changes in Selected Wells Tapping the Dockum Group or the Ogallala Formation
WELL NUMBER
JW 11·47 801
JW 1155-90\
JW1156503
JW 11 -56701
JW 1 156-805
JW 11-64101
JW1164502
TW22.()1 904
TW·22.()1905
TW 22.()9 301
TW22.Q9302
JW23.08 201
To, T.r1'.Y OaeU." Form.llOnTrd, Tr .. l8ic Dockum Group
WATER-BEARINGFORMATION
To. Trd.
TO. Trd.
T,d.
To.
To.
Ttd,
Trd,
To, Trd.
CHANGE IN WATER PERIODOFLEVEL IFEETI RECORD
. " 1937-68
·22.3 1962-68
. .. 1938-68
,,, 1938-68
" 1938-68
,., 1962-68
" 1963·68
•• 1959-69
" 1959-69
,.. 1959-69
" 1959-69
•• 1959-69
••• 1962-67
r
(
(
Use of ground water for municipal supply began in1913 when the town of Roaring Springs dug a well(TW·22-Q2·705) In the alluvium of Dutchman Creek.Prior to that time, water was hauled from RoaringSprings ITW·22·10-1041. The dug well is timber lined, 17by 19 feet in cross section and 22 feet deep, with gallerypipes radiating into the alluvium. The well yields 285gpm of good-quality water and is still the ma;or sourceof water supply for the town. Two other wellsITW·22·02-711 and TW-22·02-712) have been drilled,but they are used only during emergencies.
The city of Matador is supplied water from fivewells, all of which obtain good·quality water from thealluvium and the Ochoa rocks. These wells, which canyield a total of 565 gpm, produced 100,458,000 gallonsof water in 1968. Two other wells that were drilled in1928 have been abandoned because of low yields.
Flomot obtains its water supply from wellTW·12-49-104 which taps the alluvial·plain depositsimmediately north of Alamosa Creek. The well, 141 feetdeep, yields about 70 gpm of very hard water that ishig, in fluoride content.
Water needs for industry in the report area aresupplied by local mun icipal systems except for theprocessing of sand and gravel. The amount of groundwater pumped during 1968 for these operations was1,500 acre-feet, an increase of about 1,200 acre-feetsince 1958.
The principal use of ground water is for irrigation,which began ;n the early 1950's. During 1958, 75
·18-
Irrigation wells were used to pump 2,400 acre·feet ofwater. By 1968, the number of wells had increased to190 and pumpage had increased to 9,400 acre-feet.Nearly all the irrigation development in the study area isin the 'NeStern half of Motley County. principally in thevicinity of Flomot, Roaring Springs, and to a lesserextent, $O(Jth of Whiteflat. Of the water pumped forirrigation, about 80 percent is from the alluvial deposits.Most of the remaining water used for irrigation is fromthe upper part of the Dockum Group (TrujilloFormation) and the Ogallala Formation just east of theescarpment; only a small amount of water is pumped forirrigation from the Permian rocks,
No reliable figures are available on the quantity ofwater used for domestic and stock purposes, but itprobably is about 10 percent of the amount used for allother purposes. Generally, such supplies of water can beobtained in small to moderate quantities in all parts ofthe report area; however, in the outcrop area of thePermian rocks, the water commonly is too highlymineralized for use other than for irrigation and forlivestock.
CHEMICAL QUALITY OFGROUND WATER
Relationship of Water Quality to Use
The major factor that determines the suitability ofa water supply is the limitation imposed by the intendeduse of the water. Among the various criteria established
(
(
(
,
(
(
I
o'.• !.
•o •
f,•
,1,,
~.•-•
,
!
,,
•
I.•'."'.
·,•
l,
,-.,
,
,,
~,".•,
,"
,"
~.'.,
"•~
. 19·
for water quality are: Bacterial content; chemicalconstituents; and physical characteristics such astemperature. odor. color. and turbidity.
In some pans of the report area. the need forlarger yields than can be supplied by a single aquiferoften necessitates the tapping of two or more aquifers.The quality of the water from such a well commonly is ablend of the different chemical characters of thesewater·bearing units. The chemical quality of the pumpedwater is generally peculiar to one or another of thepermeable ZQrles tapped. depending in part on thepositIon of the pump intake. the physical characteristicsof the water·bearing sediments, and the difference inpressure heads. Examples of variation in the chemicalcharacter of water from wells tapping the variousaquifers are shown in Figure 6.
The chemical quality of the ground water is shownby 371 analyses of water samples from wells and springs(Table 10). The sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and sodiumconcentrations and the dissolved·solids content ofsamples of water from the various aquifers are shown onFigure 6.
A general classification of water based ondissolved·solids content, an indication of the chemicalquality of water. is given in Table 6. Table 6 also givesthe source, significance, and properties of thedissolved·mineral constituents.
The U.S. Public Health Service (1962) hasestablished and periodically revises the standards fordrinking water used on common carriers engaged ininterstate commerce. The standards, which are designedto protect the traveling public, may be used to evaluatedomestic and public water supplies. According to thesestandards, chemical constituents in a public water supplyshould not exceed the concentrations shown in thefollowing table, except where more suitable supplies arenot available.
CONCENTRATIONSUBSTANCE IMG/LI
Chlorid.ICII ,'"Fluaflde (FI '.0
l,on (F.' 0.'
Nltr.'. (N031 45
5uU••• (so., ,'"D.ssolv.d ... ltd. "'"
" 8_ on ..... .nn...1 .".._ ot mpimum deily .i,, per.'u•• of 73"F •• M••edo.. T.".... Th. minimumd I. ~onc.....etion i. 0.7 moll.
According to the U.S. Salinity Laooratory staff(1954), some of the principal factors that determine thesuitability of water for irrigation are the concentrations
·20·
of dissolved salts, sodium, and boron. Sodium is asignificant factor because a high SAR (sodiumadsorptiQrl ratio) may cause the soil structure to breakdown. According to Wilcox (1955), water containingmore than 2.5 mell (millieQuivalents per liter) RSC(residual sodium carbonate) is not suitable for irrigation;1.25 to 2.5 mell is marginal; and less than 1.25 mellprobably is safe.
Boron is essential to plant growth. although anexcess is injurious to some plants. ConcentlCltions ofboron (Table 10) in water from all sources within thestudy area appear to be acceptable for irrigationaa:ording to the limitations given in Table 6.
Several factors other than the chemical quality areinvolved in determining the suitability of water forirrigation. The type of soil, adequacy of drainage, cropsgrown, climatic conditions, and the quantity of waterused all have an important bearing on the continuedproductivity of irrigated land.
Permian Rocks
Water from the Permian rocks generally is toohighly mineralized for use other than for livestock orirrigatiQrl. The sulfate content ranges from 11 to 4,330mgll (milligrams per liter) and averages about 2,000mgt!. Chloride content ranges from 5.2 to 17,000 mgll,although usually it is less than 1,500 mg/l. Whereconditions are favorable for recharge from the alluviumor dune sand, the water in the Permian rocks is lessmineralized and may be suitable for domestic supplies.
Aa:ording to the diagram (Figure 71 for thec1assificatiQrl of irrigation water (U.S. SalinityLaboratory staff, 1954), water from the Permian rocksgenerally is medium to very high in sodium hazard andvery high in salinity hazard. Only nine wells thatobtained water solely from Permian rocks were used forirrigation; the rest were used mainly for livestock,although a few were used for domestic needs when waterof a better quality was unavailable.
Dockum Group and Ogallala Formation
The least mineralized water is obtained from theOgallala Formation and the upper part of the DockumGroup (Trujillo Formation). Except for water from onewell (TW·22-Q1·10JI, water from these units wassuitable for drinking. Characteristically. the water is hardto very hard, has a dissolved·soIids content of less than500 mg/I, and is a calcium bicarbonate type. Thechloride and sulfate content are usually less than 50 mg/Ieach. This water meets the chemical standard establishedby the U.S. Public Health Service for drinking wateralthough the fluoride in many samples exceeded thelimit of 1.0 mg/l.
•
. (
(
•f ." g• > z!!! 0 '"o "o:!~ ;:11 t
" .< Z
"
~
w
" ,'.'.!i.,~o
"•;
.-j;l-»&.:aij:
g ".'=i!,H:t . ~ 'i";;" ".a'll-"";;-0'S !l t .. ~~ .. lTii: ..li:o.~
~.i ~ f~." ~:
~".~;:;
ii'~i'".. ~" ..H;t~
;F3":"»~~Q.!::O"
"";jUl:~3"~3"~9.~'" '" ~ ...~"O" .. 0. J::> ~-
. ,. i5: ~ 3":IO~;;~" ". s ..H"li_<:too?.~.. - z.i:;;:~
~ =.. !~~.9.~~~~HF.. ~.:I:~;"0 c~~ 2.o~·
H "J ~l ~· ><::.:r!.
i~~'~S.. ;; ~.:-,::I'
~ i< ~~.... 0"..o'.. I n~
P';~i:::r •• 3
.."h"n.,.'.,8~
•l•,,!,1I.i
HHllH:-~".i:<0"Zoo ~ll
;f;~;: I .. I-"'"T2_3~< i; 9.0:, =..-~i~, "..:>i<ll."..,J"'"'~ n ~.
:g",.,.,.ol!.c~; ;~i~:>~;o.0." .
f,~g•
l:n ;;'.0
1:0.
1.".. ":1 .... _..... ,~;~ ;0 I~ ~ ~;.. )0 .. ~",,= ..., .~Loilg. 19.t .. - .... ::I' 2-
"B;..;<"!. ...~Hi
08HU'~; Hil;:>0" Cl. • c!3 ;gpiiIi!. " :> ~ ~ ...._ gng,q:1:r~!!::> il!!:!!: Q.g~ i! ... "... !t"OO I"'~&~:r.!l.~~ li;a~ii...,.... t:a .0·"j;:::::j":> - .. :;; Ci" ~o Ii ~o_~<;·l, " •• i"_
0;7"._=
~3~a:;~~ta9.j'"!l:'-::r .. gi".. 31:_"':: 0'8.~,;. Ia!t:l::.!~..... ,,:> i ..i:/"• "'I
'
3 0 ::~ ... C!' .. "
ii"' .. g!t 2.. :>' " ~_ .. ;riO ...~En&g
c
I~
~2.9
i&~.~,.-",;~i..".'.~:~~ ~ i~ .. ~!.!? ..=;;-.
" :l1! ~ !=~ia:f"i;; 3 ."hl!~~·~"'''n~!.. ;.~ ~l" ~!~.. f-
i ~~~:~·!H! ;;-~ll'HL~ljiii2' •tsU~3;;.0.~&;;-,",-
, '6i8~.. 3 ~
~'1...!:-.••-..,
z
~z~
iWH.! oil.,", ,;:r;"'I""~lj
" • =~ .,." ..~HHg~~l;l~~ c,; '.~ f~.. - .~ ~."'1-" ~Q.0~• "~I·="?;~ .. ~ .. ~~l! ~;,,&_o·,!=o,f~~;:'" !"~.;~';-~J! 3&0 ::~ .. ~;;&.:a:!.~~-2:"0.0. __ '0 iii'!::",!o.~- •I' ~ -_-:r~~~~!&g.!~a.i"l~ ~~0= _o"'=l~iz~<:r'""'~i ;:;S"·3·~~!l;:~'l!.~l~l!:i~l'-~'Il !!:=~,," R~~:: ••• ::!..... ~,,~ '"302"a.ltOl~.. -; ......!g~l2.o-;~=;; -!!-1• •••_~7;-~'! ;6 ....'.i! ~ •• 7j""8.1~OS-3~·c",..°1 0 :;'fi" a ~;:.• .=.ii9; __
•%f..
o ~lio. 0"''' -" ;;-~ F~o~»~7,..,..~ ::. ::-;.. '_03~
3 p!.,,~~, < •!f R
o1; "'3,"-c;~S~"" 0..
[iH~~~,,~ ~~ ~, ;:0." -.- ...-oi ::,:1" •--og·'"~!!-~·to..5"~:I:;:'.~~io~~
'''1 ."," 0 .oil91 ~.It 8!ii~;;~~". 'og,33ii,~~:&~. 'i::i: ~,0. -" ~ ~
·.Pjl~H;ic~;1·a:
~ i~i ~, ; • g;:':_0 - -
;;':;2. 0"" =. 2o •• :r-'" ~ ~ ~.". -"lP:.;i:
n•,~g
.. -"'0:H!~.;:7., ,.~p
~ ~ .. ::0.;:1 0
5" _.3a. ~1 ~
~~.~.'-& ..;; ~-~;:'O"~o.i ~ ~ ..I' ;-0. 0.' ;-~
:,;:e- f "oo.:~·~3 .. ~ ,..it~~ cil
~ "'~!3 .". ".".~ ~
&2:-=_ ii':;-l:J:~"~ • Cl ~
,~;~ .,.=,,5"
""'~:HH~ij'.h
~ =i;'o '" ~ ..;:"'1&~ ~i \--,os- ~.;;"o~·-
" !!:" Iiii ~, ,~H;;-~"",,• it • -E::H&? 2. 0
g'-
19182_3 ;: ,"~ 3 !.Ii 0 2 ~~3~=~0.."" it Cl
5" '.i! ~::-
~~H~:: _" 3 ~~5"~. Rf 3" ~=If _0 ~
ili"i. ! ~ ~~~O:"
~~" ~
"-a Cl .,.",g iii~ <!!.£.; fJ~' H~_n"'l'.
;'!!-!:~5"3'o;·5"~.t!:O,.. _~.
0.;-;.;1_~"i' ... "~ f .,. - ~ 8." ~ o.s ~:::ii;q,! -'--=oil ii'" ~... ;,,' coil~~"g>;::i:
Hi~!~~ ~. :: ~ 3
Rc:;;-o.0(nC-3~3, .,. 33,,3-,_a.H::.:oJigal" x· ~,~-r-·S!.-;:;"0·1 =g ~ 5'~~{~~it orHB
"~;;'"it&"g,, .••,.. 'nn00~~
ilH~ '" ~,','..,&&" 0", .•••.-,i;g-, '~ ,. 0.. : ~
~~:: 3"j~~~
;~~H7_~,,0"it ~ _ 3 00. ft k ~
H~iiI'!!:i •
'",•••0" _~::~ 0 , ~
dc&";: ~ 3 l::h- i
-" ""hH3 ~"""!.; ::., .3 1 S"i'.z~ .. ;~ ~ ;?U.;?«3·.,.ClI... ~ g,~"a,~~ 0 .. 0"
" ..,"o.~.itOo.;g•• '::>ht
~&icE',-.~,-.,•
q·~o
i"~R;;---,.. ..0" ... 0~ ~ i"
f;P',3" .. ::-~. B1I~.ifn, ; &~
" .3"~i•, -L., .
~'go~""
i·i~l·g.;i;: :?~::i~
0. 0 0. 0." " "=.J .;:.a' 0 ;:."=i:; -", : ~~"'7"" 0 ~ 33 !!-. !!:
83"l~=;.g.
~:;~~ ~ ~ s:-< .. " "=:" ~ :0-3!~O:.la:, "0:"B5: ftH:! 3":;. ..t:~f.1. t113H
I~
l~-,'.'ni!.~l
i"l!"-()=:-Oi3"g!.3ho~~g.L~, -,'";~~ i::.1S-li".'".·.. ::ni~!?O"~5"C o ~!;.'.i!
!~.U·;Hf .. ?:~ .. ll[~~,'~i"='/ l" .. =",. 3" 3""!.
" 1"5"B.3 h
iH n,,-.iT'1~q~~ 3" .., .:"8 0,,'~.c ~'c _;-&H" 3"i 7
'i-~. ,, .'~it:".~l'oil :- II:
~~t, ..3"::' ~!"~j'.::~'.i!-, I6-'..'-.';•_.~ 0
".
j..•
2!!-HR~7 .. ~o _,.oOti~~2&"ti ·, .,
... t·~~o.3 00.P~~f:lig'
li'a} i;;o3l3"~~o;c"!o.!!-~"""llH;-~~""~~. ~ ."" .. ~.'11 ~i1 1l ;';'3!!<I::Hi~
r2~'!!=~ll"O
;Bi:H :!'::'ii.iF~,'j, ... ,~'!! 51
,,:: .. til"~;;i!!-·"iiI .':;';:;~
;. O"ir: o" • .,,~ ~!,,,i:-~d;c·~.~".z~o-;g:J:~~iign:n!l.;'~g=.~~;,,- =3 -" ~io.",,,ga~
.. ~ H..iS ~&:n:h
::::=~!!~i'!"'. ~, mug-',!::!=,,~j H:o .... o.-'!;-~!33-~R::'!7'1!!:.!~Oo' ~&~&:~1 o~ .. ~"i:;';·~~~H~&~
" ~ - - 0=o71l;.... ~ ~ ,..,!' .. <
lilsl!ln" .~ ~ 3 •
7!,1i "3"S'?i3~~in";: &7 3R<" 3" 3 ::.,....-i:~=
,~""""i"li.~ ~oO =
-,.' ..:!::o--g:,,~oO;;:=~H"";:'''ll!!O"!....H;-'-,'a,,;;:; .!
'"" ,;30--..' ..i~i'f ~;:
;:~, "Ii ~ i;:!!:o., 'I~!~..,
C'=, ,"~'a
•oc>n•o>n
~••
•";•"•~•
~..'"t~
['"~,~~
'l.o
i[~~•~"•~
!•'l.~!l
~
,~
~.... 30
<-.<
•.-
......~
•••
41'0'_.....-o '-~-l'-
•••••.',..... ,p
•o.,~ "611, .
• .'•"t..",
1• • ••
"•• ••• •....
contamination from the disposal of oilfield brine. In theheavily irrigated alluvial.plain deposits north of QuitaqueCreek, where the alluvium is recharged at least in partfrom the direct infiltration of rainfall, the water is fairlylow in mineralization and generally of the bicarbonatetype.
Analyses of water from wells TW-1241-406TW.12·50-401, TW-12-57-604, and TW·22.Q2-704 sho~very linle evidence that pesticides have contaminatedthe aquifers in Motley County. One well, TW.12·50-401,showed a trace of an insecticide, lindane, of 0.01 pg/I(micrograms per liter) which is well below thereoommended 56 pg/I permissible concentration. Studiesmade in other parts of the country reveal that most ofthe pesticides are adsorbed on colloidal particles in thesoil. In fact, Scalf and others (1968) report that a majorproportion of DOT (a chlorinated hydrocarbon)injected into the Ogallala aquifer near Amarillo, Texas(about 100 miles northwest of the study area) duringrecharge remained adsorbed to the material in theaquifer after pumping.
(},. l'O T~ rt50.... lII~al2:$·C.. , .
row ....... Ill'" "O"J "''''Soh"'l, ~o.o'o
11d1' I,hollM S_ lelWl, U"""""y Stm, '"", .. 101
Figure 7 shows that the water from either theOgallala or Trujillo Formatioos is suitable for irrigation,being low in sodium hazard, and medium to high insalinity hazard.
Although little of the water in the Ogallala orTrujillo Formations is used for cooling, temperature ofthe water is an important property in considering itspotential use. The temperature of the water in theseaquifers generally was low, ranging between 14°C (57°FIand 17°C (620 Ft.
Alluvium
The chemical quality of the water in the alluvialdeposits varies widely depending on the source ofredlarge. Where the alluvium overlies or adjoins Permianrocks or is recharged at least in pan by streamflow, thewater probably will be high in sulfate and chloride, withsulfate as the predominant anion. However, a watersample from one well (TW·12·58-301) in an alluvialterrace bounded by Permian rocks, contained 2,720 mg/lof chloride and 1,100 mg/I of sulfate. In a few placesnear the Ro..-ing Springs oilfield IFig.He 61. thechlorides also exceeded sulfate, which indicates possible
BRINE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL
The practice of disposing of oilfield bl"ine throughunlined surface pits is a potential hazard to the chemicalquality of both surface and ground waters. EffectiveJanuary 1, 1969, a Statewide "no-pit" order for brinedisposal was issued by the Texas Railroad Commission.As a result of this order, most of the brine is nowdisposed of through injection wells.
Records of the Texas Water Commission andTexas Watl!f Pollution Control Board (1963, p. 519 and520) show that 174,684 barrels (7,336,728 gallons oralx>ut 22.5 acre·feet) of brine reportedly was producedin Motley County in 1961 (Table 7). Of this amount,169,B10 barrels (7,132,020 gallons or 21.9 acre· feet) orabout 97.2 percent of the total, was disposed of throughinjection wells. The remaining 4,874 barrels of brine wasdisposed of in open pi ts.
Brine is produced and disposecl of in the RoaringSprings oilfield immediately east of the town of RoaringSprings and in the Birnie field about 10 miles nonhwestof Matador. There is no production in northeasternFloyd County below the caprock.
Reports of brine oontamination in the RoaringSprings West oilfield were not fully investigated.However, water analyses from a few irrigation wells inthis area (Fi~re 6 and Table 10) indicate an unusuallyhigh chloride content in water from the alluvium.Analyses of water from well TW·22'{)2·001 show anincrease in chloride from 349 to 586 mg/I (68 percent)for the period 1958 to 1968. Well TW·22.Q2·903 had achlodde content of 305 mg/l in 1955. Samples could notbe obtained from well TW-22.{)2-806. which is within
·24·
(
I
I
200 feet of a tank battery leaking brine; however, thewater was reported to be "salty".
Earthen tanks formerly used in these oilfields fordisposal of brine have recently been replaced byinjection wells. Although these pits no longer are used,the brine represents a potential source of contamination.Because of the slow rate of ground-water movement, anycontamination resulting from brine infiltration may notbe detected for many years.
(
Inadequately or improperlypotential sources of contamination
cased wells areof ground-water
supplies. These welts, either production or injection,may leak brine into usable water zones. In abandonedwells, the casing may have been removed, leaving anuncemented or leaky drill hole as a conduit forcootamination.
Abandoned "salty" irrigation wells and test holesare also a source of contamination. Seldom is a test holeor irrigation 'Nell that contains saline water plugged andcemented when abandoned or the casing removed.Surface cementing around all types of water 'Neils helpsto prevent chemical and bacterial contaminants fromreaching the water.
Table 7.-Reported Brine Production and Disposal in 1961. Mottey County, Texas
FIELD
Roari"ll SpringsEast
Roaring Sp"ngsWest
8irni,
DISPOSAL DISPOSAL IN INJECTION TOTALIN SURFACE INJECTION ZONE BELOW BRINE
PITS WEllS lAND SURFACE PRESSURE PRODUCTIONIBBLl leBLl (FT) (PSI I [BBll
'". 6.360 2.454 600-800 6,660
4.574 163.450 4.191-4,204 gra~;1Y 168.024
4,874 169,810 174,684
RECOMMENDATIONS FORADDITIONAL STUDIES
Data collected during the present study wereinadequate for a detailed evaluation of the potential ofthe aquifers. It seems highty probable that additionalsupplies of water could be developed, particularly fromthe alluviat.plain deposits, Ogallala Formation, and theTrujillo Formation, Whether this additional developmentwould be adequate to meet the expected demands forwater for irrigation would require studies related to:(') The hydrologic properties of the aquifers; (2) thesources and particularly the rate of natural recharge anddischarge; (3) the hydrologic relation between aquifers;(4) the Quantity of water in storage; (5) the relation ofchemical Quality of the water to the geology; and (6) the
- 25·
effects of pumping on the Southern High Plains on thearea east of the escarpment.
The periodic collection of basic data, such aschanges in water levels, the Quantity of water pumped,and the collection of water samples for chemicalanalyses are necessary to a detailed evaluation of theground-water potential of the area. Mapping of the baseof the alluvial deposits is needed to determine therelation between geology and the occurrence andmovement of not only the fresh but also the slightly andmoderately saline water. A realistic evaluation of theground-water supply requires an adequate description ofthe hydrologic system and the geologic frameworkthroughout the region_ In effect, further studies shouldencompass hydrologic units considerably larger thanthose within the political boundaries of Motley Countyand the northeastern part of Floyd County,
•
(
(
(
REFERENCES
Baker, E. T., Jr., Long, A. T., Jr., Reeves, R. D., andWood, leonard A.. 1963, Reconnaissanceinvestigation of the ground·water resources of theRed River, Sulphur River, and Cypress Creek Basins,Texas: Texas Water Camm. Bull. 6306, 137 p.
Baldwin, H. L., and McGuinness. C. l.. 1963, A primeron ground water: Washington, U.S. Govt. PrintingOffice, 26 p.
Broadhurst, W. L.. Lang, Joe W., Shafer. G. H., 1938.Records of .....ells and springs, drillers' logs. and wateranalyses, and map showing location of wells andsprings, Floyd County. Texas: Works Progress Adm.Proj. No. 5072, Texas Board of Water Engin.. 49 p.
Cronin. J. G.• 1969. Ground water in the OgallalaFormation in the Southern High Plains of Texas andNew Mexico: U.S. Gool. Survey Hydrol. Atlas 330, 9p.,4 pis.
Doll, W. l.. and othef5, 1963, Water resources of WestVirginia: West Virginia Dept. Nal. Resources, Div.Water Resources, 134 p.
Follett, C. R., and Dante, John H., 1946, Records ofwells, drillers' logs, water analyses, and map showinglocations of wells, Floyd County, Texas: Texas Boardof Water Engin., 101 p.
Hastings, W. W. and Ireland, Burdge, July 1947,Chemical composition of Texas surface waters, 1946:Texas Board of Water Engin., p. 19.
Hastings, W. W. and Rowley, J. H., Sept. 1946, Chemicalcomposition 01 Texas surface waters, 1938·45: TexasBoard of Water Engin., p. 18.
Hughes, L. S. and Blakey, J. F., Jan. 1965, Chemicalcomposition of Texas surface waters, 1962: TexasWater Comm. Bull. 6501, p. 37.
Hughes, L. S. and Jones, Wanda, Apr. 1961, Chemicalcomposition of Texas surface waters, 1958: TexasBoard of Water Engin. Bull. 6104, p. 25.
__ Apr. 1962, Chemical composition of Texas surfacewaters, 1959: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6205, p. 30.
Ireland, Burdge and Averett, James R., Sept. 1948,Chemical composition of Texas surface waters, 1947:Texas Board of Water Engin., p. 8.
Kane, J. W., 1967, Monthly reservoir evaporation ratesfor Texas, 1940 through 1965: Texas Water Devel.Board Rept. 64, 111 p.
King, P. B., 1934,Permian stratigraphy of Trans-Pecos,Texas: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Y. 45, p. 697·798.
Leopold, L B., and Langbein, W. B., 1960, A primer onwater: Washington, U.S. GOyt. Printing Office, 50 p.
Maier. F. J., 1950. Fluoridation of public water supplies:Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42 no. 1, pt. 1, p.1120·1130.
Maxcy, K. F., 1950, Report on the relation of nitrateconcentratIons in well waters to the occurrence ofmethemoglobinemia: NatL Research Council Bull.Sanitary Engin., p. 265·271.
Meinzer, O. E., 1923a, Occurrence of ground water inthe United States, with a discussion of principles:U.S. Geol Survey Water·Supply Paper 489, 231 p.
__1923b, Outline of ground·water hydrology. withdefinitions: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper494,71 p.
Meinzer, O. E., and others, 1942. Physics of the earth.Y. 9, Hydrology: New York, McGraw-Hili Book Co.•Inc., 712 p.
Myers, B. N., 1969, Compilation of results of aquifertests in Texas: Texas Water Devet. Board Rept.98,532 p.
Sellards, E. H., Adkins, W. S. and Plummer, F. B., 1932,The geology of Texas, Vol. I, Stratigraphy: Universityof Texas, Bur. Econ. Geol. Bull. 3232, lfifth printing,1966) 1007 p.
Scalf, Marion R., Hauser, Victor L., McMillion, Leslie G.•Dunlap, William J. and Keeley, Jack W., Apr. 1968,Fate of DDT and nitrate in ground water: FederalWater Pollution Control Adm., Robert S. KerrResearch Center, Ada, Okla., 46 p.
Texas Board of Water Engin., Mar. 1952, Chemicalcomposition of Texas surface waters, 1950, p. 15.
__ Dec. 1954, Chemical composition of Texas surfacewaters, 1951, p. 10.
__ Feb. 1956, Chemical composition of Texas surfacewaters, 1952, p. 6.
__._July 1956, Chemical composition of Texas surfacewaters, 1953, p. 12.
__ Dec. 1956, Chemical composition of Texas surface\vaters, 1954, p. 12.
__July 1957, Chemical composi~ion of Texas surfacewaters. 1955, p. 10.
__Jan. 1959a, Chemical composItIOn of Texassurface waters, 1956, Bull. 5905, p. 18.
Texas Board of Waler Engin., Feb. 1959b, Summary ofpeak flood flow measuremenlsand other measurementsof stream dsicharge in Texas at points other thangaging stations, Bull. 5807·C, 255 p.
__ Feb. 1960, Surface runoff from Texas watershedsand subbasins: lockwood, Andrews, and Newman,Consulting Engin., Bull. 6001, 29 p., 5 app.
Texas Water Comm. and Texas Water Pollution ControlBoard, 1963, A statistical analysis of data on oilfieldbrine production and disposal in Texas for the year1961, from an inventory conducted by the TexasRailrOad Commission: Railroad Comm. of Texas,Dist. B, p. 519·520.
Todd, D. K., 1959, Ground-water hydrology: New York,John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 336 p.
Tolman, C. F., 1937, Ground water: New York,McGraw·Hill Book Co., Inc., 593 p.
Touen, R. B., 1956, General geology and historicaldevelopment, Texas and Oklahoma panhandles: Am.Assoc. Petroleum Geologist Bult., v. 40, no. B, p.1945-1967.
UniversitY of Texas, Bur. of Econ. Goo!. 1968, Goo!.Atlas of Texas, Plainview sheet.
UniversllY of Texas, Bur. 01 Econ. Goo!. 1967, Gool.Atlas of Texas, lubbock sheet.
U.S. Goo!. Survey, 1955, Compilation of records ofsurface water of the United States through Sept.1950, part 7, lower Mississippi River Basin: U.S.Gool. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1311, 606 p.
__ 1964a, Compilation of records of surface waters ofthe Umted States, Oct. 1950 to Sept. 1960, part 7,lower Mississippi RIver Basin: U.S. Goo!. SurveyWater-Supply Paper 1731,552 p.
U.S. Public Health $ePlice, 1962, Public Health Servicedrinking-water standards: U.S. Public Health SeNicePub. 956, 61 p.
U.S. Salinity laboratory Staff, 1954, Dia!Plosis andimprovement of saline and alkali soils: U.S. Dept. ofAgr. Handb. 60, 160 p.
Wilcox, l. V., 1955, Classification and use of irrigationwaters: U.S. Dept. Ag:. Circ. 969,19 p.
Winslow, A. G., and Kister, L. R., 1956, Saline-waterresources of Texas: U.S. Goo!. Survey Water·SupplyPaper 1365, 105 p.
Wisler, C. 0., and Brater, E. F., 1959, Hydrology: NewYork, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 408 p.
•
(
(
(
(
I
(
;~.'H
i
;•
,,
!
i
,
,"
; ;
, ,i i
".. ,;Ii ..-
, ,
"••
;
,
1
,i
,
,
>,
,
, ,
i
,
•
•;,
"
;•
,
,,
;1
I I •
! !
•
I ;
•
I•
i,>,
,
!
, I;
S!.. .,
I
I,
I ,ii''"~ -Ii
j , ")';",.i
!,
i
I;
•
!1
,
i
/i
,i
I )!i; 1i 5 I i i
]1I I i i i
j,ji!i
1,
JI
•
•:
!!i
!
•:i~ ~
•
!i11IIjl
,,!II
,i
",
. ,,; oj,
!
, .,; oj
,,
,
,,•
.oi .;,
,
•,,,,,,,,,,,.,,
iU!"11 '~,n _
c
c
:•,
,
i i
• •
I !
, ..,
.,
::::
:i
II
,
•
h.'
I !
! !
l. t :.
Ii; :; ;;; - -
!
;,
!
•
•,
:
I
•
I,
!
:
!
;
, I'..~ r !
I •
! !;
i
,•
•,
•
,
·•
•
!•
,!, I.' ,
•
!
!,
,
,
I~
ii
•
•
•
!
Ii ii
::: :::
!! H
•
~~ ;~
" _" .i
H i~
: :1
" ,I i
•i
il
i
!
ill€jil-,-+------------.,---------------~e;::l ::::::::::::::: :!:
j i,• i'
:1I 'j
I hi .
J
!
i
I!!•
,!
i
i,;
1,j
1 1,,i••
• ii ~ l
I,ii,i
i E•,i
it i
j !,:i
I i
!,ji
·30- ,
(
> •u u
ii!i!.I!llill2 ~ ;: :: ;::! ! T ! !~ J j ! !: : i : :I I tit;: ;: ;: ;: ;:
.. ..; -"
1
! I ,
!"
1
! i.: ..
" ,
!
,1
!
,
I
!j;j1·•,I•
,;
I ,II I Ii iIii' ": ~!l
i,l€,-if--t--------------------------1j!~
r ! !i .: of
!• r ! ~.' _.'.' i .t ~
! !
,1
jI
.~ 4
i!
,j
j,jI
i
i j, ,.. ij ~
,j,,
·31 .
,,
I
,
: :
•:~ : :: :
:f: : .. :R
-•
,•
"
... :
,•
•
!
·••,•
: :
-•
! :,
•
•
·,•I•
•
i,
!
•
•
"
~
·!·;-•
•••
,
•
•
•
•;i ~~..
d
~iI'II'J11;tli
:. - I'"J'.- 1-'".".B .:. ~ll~ oiI::1
!
1
;-,•
Ii
1
: : " ~
,
:: '".,; u ...,
: :
i i
I
EII~I g.
(
~
i
";
I
•
, .
... : .. :
ii 1 Ji i
£! ~ !! !
: : * : .t.
:: :.. .. ::!:
iii i
,•
,
, .. :
m~
iii i
-..::i::i5i ;:
I
•
,
j
•
•
,
,
•
,
ii
il
,
•
..i:i•
•
,
~
1
,
~•
"•
I
•
·;
I
j
";
•: : : : :
";
J
•
•,
-: : ,. :;
I I ii
i ; i i,; .:,; ,;
i i: i
~ ~ 1~.. ,; ~ .. .;
: ; ;; ;
!: : ::i: : :
: :
~..: .;
i
i :i
I!I<! I' ,J -i
illg'f--+------------------------j3
j!~
•,!
I
'il' ,J. !
I
!
j j jiIi,
,-1 E
j
i
j j i,•j
j ,,! 1
II
I
. I
- 32,
(
i j', L.l .'.' .'.~ . . J • • •~ ~ ~ ~~ I:!i -. .' .,: I,': .hi .. .. j,'
" ~ ~ ,-~~ ..• •r ~ ~ I I".!i!:·or=! ' . ,'-0; -'j1 .. : i -~
9 ~ 1 ~ ~ !~~ !! ! ! ~ ~ : t!i 1~j ! ! j ~ .i •• M
• !i:"~ =,', ,::::11" .,
J~t. _1'1,• " " ,t M~II 31'i;;t=~t
•,,,
! !
i
•
I b
!
I I
:!
,. ! !
I I
;
,~•
I I
•, I
I. I.' .~j!: -
,
,,
,,!
,
I
!
i
I;
,
I;
,
, I ~,,, .,,
E"f, .-
j I'", .,
!
i
,,!
"
I
!
j;
,,!,
i~
iI II ii
i,IiI i
i>.j
i
·33·
1
,~,
J1
• _.i
"
;•
,
!,,
1
, 3 I,; ,; ;::,: u
,
1,,iI'j,-j:iojh
i,
.•I,I
(
(
•
i •
! !,, !i i.
1i i
l ! I
1 1
! ' !! '
1
I
! ,
;1 1
!;
!
! !
!
!;!ii' ,, -i
1j "ii =i § Ii H i i Ii J} i i J: ~I-!""t--l----------,~;'-,-~;-.--------'~'---,-;-',",!'-,~§-,:',-_.!.,---'.-'.--1
W "',1
1
~:~; ~,,!j- _!j:~---+-----------------=---------=----i
iIiE.'f, ,- ! !
i i •~ !i !•
•- j
;'1,!- .
I ! (
i
Ij1
I i !
j ;
i••
i I
, "j .,
] ij i!,
,j,!,j1
I
. \
, 34·
(
j ,I ~ ~
"I.· ""1; l::'i.- ,'J 1-,. .,. .ll~ Hd"H!~i,=~." Hil~ "
, ,.; .;,; ,;
,,"
, ,
,,"
,,"
~ ~ ~ i 2 S ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
!!,,"
",~. !
: :
: :
:::: ::::
':. .3 ~
ii
.. " ~
•ii
m §! §! !
• iii
" ! "
!j
!!
!!
,i
'._ i2:"
!
,.•j I' '", .,
:!~ <Ii ~ i ii J i !~ i~ ~ !~ ii i~ i~i H !l i ii i~!I-l~l-t-',--=--':':""":,-'-~----_"":_~"~"~.-.=-.~.=-.~.-'."":.~.-~.~.~"-.~"-'.~."":_~=--,-.~.=--1
~gg ~ ~ ~ ~i ~ ~ ! ~i ~: ~ ~~ ;i : ~~ ~~i ~4 ~~ ~ i1' ~~
'I
!
•I
,,
!,;j
. !• !i .:
i j
i
1iJ
i
j
I
j
i
j
I
j Ij,•
i I
j
;
.,,j !
i i !
I,,•i ! i !
1ti
j
JIJ,
.: r
I,~,!
jJ
- 35·
•j'.J,
11'1,.
J1
!
II
,,
jI1
j,,
J,IJ
,,
,,!
1i i ~. i -J • 1. i1 I .
!jI1! !!!
,J,,i~
i
J1
i
1I,
I1
I
:: !
•,•
, •!,~
!,~
•
!
,,,!,~
•
,•,
• •
•,.; ,;
•
•
,~
: SI =
.. E E
•,•
.,
,•,.; .. ·,
511I .•! :I!: : I .. : : :! : : 15 : : :! :! I 15 I•
i ,
(
i
•
,
I•
1
: :
i i
,i
-: .. : : : : : " " ,.; : :
iii iii iii ~ i ii
,. :
i
!
iii
.i
i
,. :
i
i•
i
I.- ~
:: :
i i
i 5._•
ii' ", -,
:1 ::: i ;; 1: 1:: ~~ ~ :::; ~ L i ;~ ~~ ; ~: ~; L. 'I~ Ii iii; i ii i ii i i Ai i ! i Ii Ii i i l Ii i iil-I~!-I-.~.--=--.--.~.c..:--=----=---,_,----~.~.--=--_=--_~_:....:.~.---'-=---.-.-.~.=----=--.~.~.---'---=--=------'-j
!~~ ~~: i ~i: i si ~ :i i ~ =i • ~ ~ s ~ i~ :: ~ s ~ =~ ; ~
'I
; IC "',!' ,,' ',! ", , •!i~ e : ~ ~ ::: ~ i :: : ::! : ~ g : : i : 3: ~ 2:
lif-j-!-~-+-,-~_--,-,-~.--,---,--,---,--,--,-,-,'---,-,-,-,-_--,-.-,-,--,--,-,-.-1
I h, .
i
Ji;i1
,1.!
I,','0 ! , , , ! • , , ,(
1
f '•
iIi
I,J
,,
i
··I
.,C
i;
•,,;
i
i
j
I ; I
!! Ii'.. (l u !,; ~ ..i ~ ;;;
j
i
ill. I,, .iii
·,,•I;
,,; I
I•,;
j
1,
JI
\
(
,36 -l
(
·•
i,,L0'I-
n1~e;>,.0-
o.o
o•
i
° !•
~: ..!;:i~~;.. ;;iil
;
,,,
,
io,
!
•
;,; ,;.. ,:
•
,,.,,,,
!
I,
•
,
•
:
• •
, ,
•
i _! !
, ,
I,
!
,,;
i i
! !
!
•
!;
,
!
! !
: =:
!
,
.: :
, "iii
,i
!
! ! !
.:,;
,
i i
, i
• •-
! :
,,,
,
!•
: = •.
!: !!: !;
!! !! !! !
i
!
•
•
;•
!!
~~iI";;lI-ii
:1~ 'i iJ ~! ii ~! ~ Ii i if iii ii iii iii ~ ~ ~ i i~J-!~l-_-+-'-'--~.~.....:._.:..c....:.-'-'--=.~._"--:...:.__.~.--,---,--.-::..:---,-.~.~•....:..--,---.:..c.:..c-.--'--."":'."":'-.-._4
~~; a:i u ll<i "si 'I i:!'" ~:: i; u ~!!~; _ ~::i = i,;;
"
i h• 0
i,i€,jf---+---------------------------j
j!;
1~1!1
•,
i i ! •
i ;rt i,1. :
I ii,•
j,•
;~ i, i,j :
.,,i,•
j
1,iii i § i i i i I iii iii i j
jI
·37·
I
1
,j
J
,,II
j
I1
!•"1
"j!
,!f•
•
·.; .,;
·• •• ". ·• . .,; ,; "• • .,
·••••
". ".. .·•• •.,; ,;•
•• •• •,
••.. ,.; ·•
(
•
•
1
,
·:;·:
,i
i i., '•
• • •
1 1i .; _
I
,
! .
• •
! !
1 1
!
•
;
•
1
•
•
,
,
•
!
1
,,
.,
! -
• ••
•" ....
si ~i _
•
11 j1 1Ii:: i'" _ .;
•
• j
! I
•,. !
:1 I
• j
11 1
•
•
•,
,
-.
I•
1 1
! •
! .:
•••
I
I
1
I
••
1
,!
•
1
~::: I'; 51 ".;11' ' I,I; e §::; II: ~.' .JIi" i;jf---j----------------------'-'--------j
jE~
j
•,I
,
~!lill,., j ! ·, ! !
i i!i
i i
(
(
ji
,1,,
,;
,I j i
•~ !•
i,i!,•
I i 2 ~ iii i •
I,Ii, !i &
i
!!I,
•,~ i II
i,•
,,
i
•I,•
i
,38,
(
,
Ii i1 1
•••!
,
!
,••
,
,
1
l
1
,••
,
,
,•
!•
, , ,.. oi
,: ,: ,;
i :ci _
;,
11 1 1 1
: :; "
: ::: :::
o••
!,1-j'::.,,."II
, ,i i
,
".•
!
!•
,
,
1
o••
!
l
1
o
•,
, ,
,
!
l
;
,
1
.. §::
...... ~ ..ii :i:i~
,
... ..'
::: :
!
,
l. :. &.
11m
III'• 8
i ,.,.• '8
j
Jj •• 5i ~
i ~.·f-';-I-+-,~,--,-~--""~,,i_---,i.::1--,',,·:"i_---'J'------'J'---__--'J'-------",,"1.::1--"il'-----"i:,-'.::l--"J-.:J:...._---'1'---,'-'_.::~--,i'-----j~t§~~'I
•,!
1
!•
,,.-
i,
•
•
'.i
,,
,,
,
,i
1
;
!
, ,
.,
;
,
1
.,,
: ~
: :
~ :
•,; ,;,
• i
· !
· ,
m 1 11
,
",
•i
;
m
•i
,
: :
! I
1 1
! ,,
.. :: ~
!
;
",
1
,
: :
: §
i :
: :
! .
a !,
i i
!
,
,",
,. :~
!
i i
,
,",
11 11
•
II.'
ii" •~ - i
:1l 'j g g i~ , i I iii iii i ii Iiill--!~l-_-+~.~.'--"'::.~.-_~.-'-------'----.-~'--~~.~o~_-~.~.o-'---.-'---.~_=--~~o---'----.-,---'=--~~---1
§g~ i::i ~;: H" _: ,.; • ~ ~ 2:;S iii;! o1i :i ; ~ Ii :
·1
!
J!j•
i!.,;
(
j
,
,
,;
,,
!
,
: E
· ,,,::: ::::::
,
a :
•§ j
:: :~ :::
B=~~: :: :: : :: ~ :::: ~ 8.7,. .jf-+----------=--=---------=----------1
i!?
I !j,i
, i I i
Jj•I
;
i
E.'i i,; .:
i II I
i
I i
,r !i, .
I II i
I,Ii
i1ii
i.,5I
!,I
;
I
,!,jI
(
. (
·40· (
(
'! "
.. ,~
.. .,U I ..
: , I::
•
i1
;
•
,11' !
'1, .'~:l.~
;lj~ ,!l r ~iu:I i
••
i
!
•
!,
,
;
;
•
,
,,
!•,
it:;
il
••
,. :
.. ,
: : .,•,
!! !
..:i~ ;
;
'.•
·i
t,
!•,
I
!
,
j
I,i!1
: : :
: : :: :
~ ! , ,
. . I !
~ ~ i ~
iii
!•,
;
1
,
,!
•,ji
: : :
! I ,..: .;
j f
! !
,
: : ::: :
••
,
II'I ,h~
i h. ,
!
i·
!~1•
·,! ii' ,., -i
1, !,
·~ :::...,,",i_!_I_g-+_~__~__:__,_'_'__,_~__,_,_,_~;: ~~,-_: ,-'~~.-'~'--~~--_:__:_~~'--'---1jr
i·;..-: ! ! !
! • • ! !
i !,I
;
I
;
I
! s! I.i i,; J., .~ ! j ~
~ !! , Ii ,i" ": 111iii;
;
i
•1i
,iI•1i
I•!•iI ,
;
;
•
11L"•··
;j,,,
iij
,,!,
J1
- 41 -
I
•,~. ~ ,. ,. '" '"" .; .; ,; .; ,;
I
.,
1I
!1.
,!
1
•
I,,
•,•,.•• •
1
•
••
I !• 1•
(
1
,
1
,, ,
,
,,, ,
11
!
,,!•,i :.
I 1 11 1 1 1: M i :::::
" 'j .~ l i l j i j ~ ! ~ ii~ ~ ~ !j\-;!1:-_+'--'------'----'---"---"---'------"-'-------=-="--'=----'-----'---1
., .. .. ~... .. ~ "! "': ~... .. ......" .. 0 .-;t ~ i!!; ~ ~ ~.. !!::i';''' ::: ~ ~;!i i ;~~! i ~ ~ ... .j:: ..
I hi ., if, i-
i
,!
I!ii1
,
(!; E,,•
•
iil~,-jl-+------------------------1j.,.,-
Ci!:C ll'"'
\
. (
!,jI
,J
ii i
1I~~ -.!.,~f i,;~ i
iiii . , ,, I! ;: ..,; <l,;
!!
j,!!
i
i
·42·
(
i~Ii••..a,..,
! !
t 1! !1 1~ ~· ,• •· ,
!,J
•,ji
!•;lI
!1
!iI1
f,
•;1!1
~,
i
II
!1~i
",..-·•
,o · ,.; ,;
., • •,; u '. •,
,
!• iii.; .; " q. , !
1
;
i..a
I hI .
ii" •~ - i , :. :. i
·;
, , . • t:. :.
.;
, , , :. :. :. :.
. ,
:. l. i
, ,!
•,)=~; i ~jf---+=---=-----------------------j
lEi
,•!
jl
j j'I ~ _
i
JJ•~ ~ ,: ~i
1 1
•iI!
JJ;i1
•
i 1,= iJ
"..; "i J•
JJ
1
,,;. i1,; !,; ;:;
;•!,
I!
·43·
-1;,
,,,•
". ,"
;,,"
,,
,•,>,s,,
1.
!1,
,,
j!'" .. '" ~
;j,,i•
•
i
!
.,
~
1I
11jl
!
(
(
•
;
•
!
•
,
,
: ::
,
;•
i
!:: ::
•
,
-,"
,
i "
, ,
, ,
! !i
,
,
,
•,
.,"
•
!
,
,,•
~ ::t
;
::: :;
I
,
!
•
i
I
!
,•
!i
,•
!
!
,
,
! !
,l. &i
!
,
I
,l. i l. l. l. l. l. l. i
!
!
I
,EI' ,.!il - i
. ~ ~".1'. 'Ii !! l::,- -jf----j-----"------------------------1j!;
•,1!.,;
e!itll,.,
\
. (
!
j
,!,jI
i ;II
i ii
,.i
; I
i
I
i
;ii
!,iI
Ij,,; ,i
1
,44 .
•
>
·•>•>•
11
,j
,
>•>.•
>,> >,; ,;
>•
!
1I
,i
ii1I
i,
iI,II!
!
>,
j,
,I!
,
>,
j•,
,1I
!1
(
•
,
,
, ,
:~
,ii
i
I!
,i
.,
,i
,
-!
,i
•,
•
!-,-
•" ::;-
,i '
: :
"
! ..-
•
,i
, ,i l. l. i
i
•
§ i § § ~ ~ !~ ~ ~ 4 i
··
ii' '"~ -Ii
, IE• •
I hI .
,,1
i,
!i~•!
1
•i , , •1 •I!~tll,., ! ~i•• 11 !
! i
,j1!
j1
;1i
j,,,
>
!1
!I1
i
1•I
! i
,J 5, '.~,
Hdf..: ,; ":? I'.:.. ;:
f 2 iii ~; 2 ~ i;
IJ·•
·45 -
•
•
o 0
: :. :. i
.i
,i
,
i
••3
I•
1
,!,
,
!
,
·,
!•
!
1
,
,i
;,,
, i
!
1
...,; .;
1
,
!
·•
·,
,; ~.
• 0
i
:: ::::
i 'i
! il
•,
,
1
,
1
,,
•
ii
1
.,
!
1
•,
1
,i
•,
,,
:~ :~
.:: 0";,-
,•,
ii
i
,•,
,,,
o
3
... : Ii
: :.. "
•o
· .! .. ! IIU .. U .. .,.,
..... - .... ~ ~
;J~:;: iii ::<1;
,
II"o'
j
!
i!.~
(
o ,
,
, ,
!;
,,
i,gg,-jil----+---------------------------j
i!;
h _I,-_E,' • !.1- E
i I
(
•,1
,1
~ !! § ~ j1
i
I1f
; ..Ii
I
I i
j1
;
i
;;;
Ii
,,,i
i
I,·
I1,
i
·46-
(
1~ii!
i.
I I • I I i i i J; i ,- .I I !, .. :J
~· ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ • ~ H.. :::~ • ~; ;
,~ ~: ; ~ 1..
; 11 1 " ,
1 ; '. • 1 i~a 1 1 1I ~~ ! , , ,
i •i H i i :::r 5 I 0- I 1 I
I I I j j II I I I 'Ii I jji~ I,, j , j! ! 1; ! ! ! H~ I ! ,I,I,- .. !!:l a~1
! 1 1 1 Ii ! 1 17 Fl,
1 1EIl 1 1 !;; ~i ! ! " ! ! .. ,
~5 ""' ~5 ~j !,it' ~ ]! ! I! r'';•• •• .. , j:' • • " " .l~:::'; •• •• ,"·, 1, " • ~! • • I, HJ i " I:: tl I, ' 0 i ' ,•• .. •• , • • • .- ·.- • •• /OJ ... .. ;;.!l ••
j 2i1 lh , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,_i:l!j _
h~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·H " · • • • • "
0 · -. '. · " · • • ; "" · • I • • • • '., , , , , , , • • , , , , , , , , , , •·II ! 5 ! ! ~ i ! ,
~, i I I ! ,,, ~ i , , :~ ~ ! I i i i ! ~h " • " • " • • · ,
",
" "
I h · - - · · - · · - · · - - -- , · - · · , · - · · ·,. , ,, ,,• ,,
Igj - · • • · · · • · ·, • ", , , · , , , , · ,,, , , , ,,, , • , · · , ,
:1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! m ! ! m ! ! !; ; ; , · ; · ; ; , , ; ; ; ::i"":~ · ; , :;i":i ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, 'I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 j il I I · ·1 ~ 1 1, II.
! •,!' • · · · - · • · · • • · -.- · · ... • · • · · •jIg 5 ; ~ i ; 0 E , , · • ; ~~:: - ; , i";'; , ; , ,
~, ; ,
'Il!l' ! · · ~ 5 ~ ! ! i i ! ! E ~ ! ~ • , 5 i ! ~ !. 3,~& .. - - , , · , ,
eill~ i ; ,i, ., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
i, i , , , ,
illf,
~, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 6 , , , , , , , , ,,.i
i!. · · · · · 0 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · , · ·..EIl:lE i~ 1 1 ! I , , , ! , , • E , 5 ! , 5 1 · ! , , ,, .. · , ·h~1I , , , , ! !, , , ! ! , , , ! h , ! ! h , , ! , , , , !•• ,. .-
j
i · ii ; ; ; i I j ; i ] i ; I ; ; I j ; ; } j· 1 , i j i , ,, l ; , i , , 1 , , , , , , •
i , ! i , · i j , j j , i j i j j j, • , , -, i i ; ; i i i I ; ; , , i ; i I ; i i I ! ! ! , i
/ i
· · · · · · · · ·
·47·
i1•j1
•
I
!,~·jf1
j•,
I I.-.' !
i,;
; ; ; •
• • •,; .; ,;
: : : : : : : : : : :
. ,• • • u oi
•,• •,
: :
• •oi .; •, •,
: : ::=: :
I hI .·: :
I I I
: : ~
I;
•
.;
I I:i ,;
. .::~ :
,
: : : !! : I
~ :: = .. :~
: : : : :i
:~
,- s
,-. -: :
--!
·.-~:
,j I' ,, -i :. :. :. :. l. .t. ,
- I '.~ .
l. .t. ii
!•,i
, ,i
;• I•
•. . ... .... .......I', !5I ~,!, i~ g ::: ::: : ::: : :::! i~ : :!! ~ : : !
!if--+----------------"-'-------'----'---------"--------13j!~
•
!
j1
1,
!
;
Ii
i iii II:
,J 3- !, .,
•
I
-s Ij' -
.i
ii
!
.;',,
•!
II,j I
,j•1I·I
!
i
,,
: : i=: :!_j~
,i .; :0
iii iii iii
: : : !:: :
.f
I
·48·
(
,,1j
i
·I!jJ•i·•
!!
!!
.• ·• !,·,•• • •u ,;
!
,
•,
!
•, •,,
•
,, ••,!
,
, ,,,; ..
! !
! !!
!
••
,
I,
!
.;
l,
.;
: :
..si::i
,.::ii
!
!,
!
..:;:;
~:~:
~!
I,
....... ~'\ "!-- ; ;~ ~:;
!! ! !! !!
!
I,!i
;,;,
!!
~! §!:£ i -i
ii" ", 'i
i
!
1~
j!.,!
!!!
••!
,
•,•
,
i•
E~Rg: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~jf--+---------------''---------------1
j.;.t.
i ,,!I;
;i
,j
!i I
;• jI,i
i
I,,i
I
j,,i I I I
I·J
!
I
- 49-
•
•
. !; ..,,,
,
,, .•.
,
·,,·•
, !,
,,,,
• •
,•·
·••
I
.••,
I
,
•,
l,ii
,,
•,.;
!,
,
,
i i
• •
I
,
: !
i
,
!,
.-:is
i
I,
,;
•:: :
i
• •i:ll
·,.· .
,;
·,
,;
.. ! ~ ..
::: 0._ ~ :;:_';
.,
i !
• •i !
• •
·;•;
I,i,
;
ii" •, - i
ili~ :.J! ,:f--+--------'-----------",---------------1
~Ge ~ :l :: 2 :: :::: :,
i.I.,!
, i , , , , • . ,! !
,!
I
1
;
j
1•!
,,·~
ii i
!i
.!
; I
;irj,·,
ji
·,I
;
1; I
!J
;irj,,
l,: !
j !,I,ij1 •
,50,
/
•·•!
,,•
,,.!
• •<i ,;.,
!
,•
,!,.,•,I
!,,,
,!
,!
,
•
: :
•
: :
•
, '
i:! l! • &,.; .. .; ...
!
,
,
•
'" !
, , ...: ;'"
••
·,
•
... ::
::::: :::.
: : §
0,
"
••i,
·,, '
•,,i,
•ii" •, . i
I hI .
I ~;~;;; ! ~H! E~~;; ;! ! ;~! ! !!!!!: ...,,;.;.;.... i .;.;.; _ ~--.;.; ... .,,; .; ~..::::.; i ~ i:£ i
~ ~i H H H ~ iii: iii i! i! ~ ii~ Iii! Ii ii ii1;1--!~I~+-'_~.'-~.~.-~..=--~.~.~.~.~.'-'-~.~.~.-.~.=--~.~.'--~.--_~.~.=-.-~.'--'-'.'-'--=---=-.=----'''---'-'.--
§g~ .;.; :: =~ ~ ~:: ~ ::::::~ i~ ;~ ~ ~~::: g ; ~::: ~ ~~ ~! ~:
'!
•.~
!j;i1
i,1
,,
!
•,•,,
,
!
,
•
,, ~,
,
•
,
i'.I; :... Ii Ii! ~ ~!; =: :::,:': ~ ~11- ~ * ~ ! ~:: ::: Sjl----+-------------------'--------j
jl~
I!!i t ll.., 1 ! I
,j
,1
j1
,iI
;
j,],,;
;;
!j;
Iii
•,ij i
jI
i I
j
Ii
!•I
,.i
i,i
i
. 51 -
•
•i
i,,
i",I
!,,1;
f,
I
!.,
!,
•
"
•
,, >,
•
!
•i
'.
1~: ~:
! !
!
!.;!;
'I
•
";
•i i
:!
i
1
1!
,
.,,1
•,•,,j
,::: ;:: j.
, ,,
!
~dg ;.,"-+---------------------------1jr
W'
i ,i
~ ~ij•
,,,ji
. ,I .• I
,,i ,
,1,
j!1
iii i 2 E ~ j 2i
! I ~!i l
- 52·
(
,
IL
J··iij;
'" ,~ i ..H £ j,
!
•
,,
!
• •u ,;
, .
!
• •,; u
, .
!
!
,
I,
,,,
! !
!
!,
•
!
·i
!
·,
!•
... I,
: : ~ ~:
•,,
!, .
,
!
,
,
,
,i :: S
1,
!
,
,
i,
, ,
s,,
,
.•
,
•
!
!
, ,
, .
·,·•
1,
•,,
'I
,,
,i
i,,
,,
,
s s: ll:
.I ',
:1",' 'I ',. .... :. ',.i i~ i~ ii ~ i i. :: iii i~ 1 1 ~1'f---1~1-.-+'::"'~.2.--'-.2.-----'.~.'----~._.2.--.-.--'.'------'---'.--'-.=---.-~.'---~=--~. --'=---.--~.-~.-.-.---1~H i:;:: oj"; g::i ~:: ~::: .. ::i i:::::: .. ~ ; §
'!
i,i[!.,J---j-----------------------------I
i!;
I
II~•
1,
jI
Ii;
,I!ij!
i ~I ,
•Iii
!
i,,;;
i
·53·
I!!;,1j
ij•
d'~ !I i .~; ;~ .... E , -I"I e_
i~g ~.· , j :B 1=':;::1:: ,-~ I .t:h
~ul ",
~ E: 1~~
~I';
i'~ i= i~j,-T II ~HI :t.i .1-:
I,., i
1" !; Ha "3·1 ft " .-li~ I!t •. .Ij :!;
'~1,It' .- I' • r0
;l.i h. l' •• H~ 1:: i1'1 ~= il · -. ~;;j I· J !~ ,1 .. - ,-- , ~~~i ,--illi ~::." ,--
j" . .. h;!; iil':;
'-a 'ei~ hi , , , , ,_.1~~__
h~ · , • - - - -- - ·•H • ! I > > > > > > >
• • • • • • • • •,
II , , 1 :! : ! I , :! :! !of
; iF I • .. . - · . •• ·! I, , ,
I"',r
11" I,
" ... ,, ,- - , I, • ,! ~! ! ;~! E! ~! ! ,.. ,- !:1 !;;! !:!i , i":::: i::: - ; iii ; ·
Il'j
i H I Iii .1 iI I ~.; ~ ii ~.Il~
I ~~ · ... -. - · -.- . ·\;1 ; !! , ~~! -- ; a~i !; ~-j
I!- ! I ~ ~ · ~j , i ,
~ :.'~ 5 • "~IJ!£, , , ,
i i" ! ,! ! ! !
, , ,.-, • i i i i i
i,l[ , , • 1:,! i
,!
, , , ,!! "iIi · , • · ~S§ • • • · •.. ..1'/1 , , , ! , , - · , !
idll ! 1 ! ~ II , , ! ! !•i
i i i i i; i ;
!,
!, -I, ; j
, ,
i • • • •• · ! · , j~
;~ I
,~, j i i
! ! ; i I i I i
:I~/ i ••• , · · · ·
- 54-
•
(
(
. (
(
Table 9.-Water levels in Wells
DATEWATERLEVEl DATE
WATERLEVEL DATE
WATERLEVEL
Well: TW·l1·48-602 Well: TW-l1·48-901-Cont'd. Well: JW-11-64-502
Ok. 5,1960 17.1
17.1959 35.3 Nov, 7,1968 24.5 Jun. 16, 1963 263.7
3,1960
S. 1960
35.0
32.5
Well: TW·ll·55-901 25, 1964
17,1965
263.8
26.4.0
Ju.... 21,1968
Oct 31, 1968
38.0
3" Jan.
17,1962
28. 1963
265.0
267,2
1,1966
9,1967 26.4.3
W": TW-ll·48-60J
Ow'" I.. V'<I'\On Catl"
Jan. 21,1964
17.1965 269.1
5.1968
".. 272,4
26.4.5
N~. 17.1959 40.5 1. 1966 211 3 Well: TW-12-41-401
3, 1960
Dec. 5, 1960
Jun. 21,1968
3B
42.8
J .... 10.19&7
S. 1968
" ..284,0
2873
276.3
Nov. 18, 1959
3,1960
...,47.7
Ow.... : 110m F. R..:!
Well: TW-1l·56-304
Own." T.u;. 0 Man;n
0-.::. 5. 1960
Oct. 29, 1968 51.9
~. 1950
No.... 17,1959
'0
39.'
Nov. 19. 1959
Feb. 3, 1960
46,0
450
Well: TW·12·41-402
Owne.: Von O. Tiffin
2,1960
5. 1960
39.'
37.0
Dec. 5. 1960
Ju.... 24, 1968
43.4
45.4
Nov. 17,1959
3,1960
47.5
46,8
Jun. 21,1968
0<:1. 31,1968
41.0
40.5
Well: TW·ll·56·309
Own." Thomu W. T lPl)'411
Dec. 5. 1960
Jun. 10, 1968
45.0
".3
Well: TW·l1·48·605 17, 1959 '" Oct, 24, 1968 49.4
Own.r: 110m F. R.ed 3.1960 63.8 Well: TW·12·41·404
NO' 17,1959 43.5 5,1960 63.6 Owner: von O. nffin
3.1960 42.7 Nov. 7.1968 64.3 Nov. 17, 1959 44.6
0 ..
5,1960
31,1968 ".,3.1960
5, 1960
42.2
40.4
Well: TW·ll·4S-6OS 30, 1957 "0 June 10, 1968 48.2
Own.. , 110m F. R'"
Well: TW-12-41-405NO' 11,1959 '" Jan.
18, 1962
28, 1963
210.2
210 :I
oCI. 24,1968 45.2
Own.. : W. E. H.lms3. 1960
o.c. 5, 1960
Ju.... 21.1968
OCI 31.1968
41.0
39.'
44.S
43.6
Jan. 21,1964
17,196S
1,1966
9.1967
217.5
221.4
2230
'30 ,
Nov. 18,1959
3,1960
5,1960
".3
43.6
41.5
Wfil: TW-11-48-901
0........ James E Monte
Jan.
Jan.
S,1968
1969
2".9
2347
Ju.... 10, 1968
Del. 25, 1968
47.0...,Nov. 17,1959
3,1960
196
19.6
·55·
•Table 9.-Water Levels in Wells-Continued
DATEWATERLEVEL DATE
WATERLEVEL DATE
WATERLEVEL
Well: TW·12·5().201-Com'd,Well: TW-12-41-407 Well: TW-12·49-202
,,. 3.1960 101.5
18. 1959
3.1960 320
Nov.
,,..19.1959
3. 1960
62.2.... Dec, 6. 1960
Ju... 27, 1968
101.3
100.4
Dec,S. 1960 29.6 Dec. 6, 1960 516 W.Il: TW·12·57·S02
Well: TW·1249-301
JUfW 11.1968
25. 1968
",,. , Ju... 25.1968 71.6
Nov, 20, 1959 21.3
Well: TW.12-41·409 Ow..... : MOlly 8u.leson
5 ..............
28.5
382
,,,..1961
6. 1960
26. 1960
20, 1968
'"
....61.1
61.4
6GB
6.1960
3.1960
18, 1959
,,..NOV.
39 •
,u3. 1960
17.1959
,~
5.1960 ,6> July 24. 1968 63.' Wei: TW-12-58-8OJ
10.1968 41.3 Wei: TW-12-49-302 Ow...: C'IY of M.t.-tQ.
Ju_ 12,1928 "
,~
17. 1959
3,1960"'.'02
N~.
,,..18,1959
3, 1960
6.1960
32.4
32.6
30.•
Ju'" 15. 1937
M.y 1947
Ju.. 1" 1968
82.5
"86.2
5.1960 ,>6 JulV 24. 1968 ,'"' Well: TW_22·01·901
11,1968 42.4 Well: TW·12·49-303 Ow .... Cheri.. L. LOn;
Well: TW·12·41-414 Ow..." M..-v E Benon 1956 .0
Own.. : E J. B.own1nv
Nov. IB, 1959 31.8
NoV', lB. 1959
Feb. 3, 1960"20.4 ,,.
2. t959
1.1960
30.0
28.0
'ob 3,1960 31.4 Dec. 6. 1960 19.3 OK. 1.1960 51.4
Dec. 2,1960 35.3 July 24, t968 21.0 Jen. 28.1969 61.4
J,.ne 10, 1968 44.1 Well: TW·12·49-501 W.II: TW·22·01·902
Oct. 23, 1968 38.9 Owne.: Johnny aenon Ow.." Ch.rles L. Long
Well: TWo12·4'·503
Own.. M.,y E Clay
Dec. 6. 1960
Sept. 13,1968
(
40,7
43.6
41.0
"'B1,1960
2,1959
1,1960
28. 1969
Nov.
OK.
,,.89.5......,.,.
3.1960
19.1959
OK.
Nov.
41.4
41.9
3,1960
19, 1959Nov.
'ob.
Dec. 6, 1960 46.4 Well: TW-12-5Q.l01 W.Il: TWo22-o1·903
June 12,1968 1S4.3 Ow.... : J. w. p.itehell Ow..... : Cherie L. Long
Well: TW·12-49-102
Oct. 21,1968
,,..20, 1959
3.1960
95.3
93.4 ,,.2.1959
1.1960 36.3
Ow.... Mrs M C Washington OK. 6.1960 94.0 1.1960 35.6
Wett: TWoI2·50-201
39.0
'ob
17,1959
3, 1960
.u
.02
Ju"," 27.1968 935 Jen. 29, 1969
Well: TW·22-o1-904
(
O~ 5, 1960 881 Ow..... C. M. e.,ton. Jr. Ow.... 8,11'1' 8. Hend
Ju_ 24, 1968 ••• NoV'. 20.1959 102.3 NOV', 3.1959
·56·
(
Table g.-Water Levels in Wells-Continued
DATEWATERLEVEL DATE
WATERLEVEL DATE
WATERLEVEL
Well: TW·22·01·904-Conl'd. Well: TW-22·02·704-Cont'd.
Feb. 1,1960 67.8 Nov. 3,1959 10.4 Owner: Avery Payne
D~. 1,1960
23,1969
66.5
68.6
1,1960
1,1960
'8
,.Nov.
Feb.
4.1959
1,1960
76.9
76.8
Well: TW·22·01·905 4,1969 " D~. 1.1960 75.9
O ....net: H. caldwell Smith Wen: TW-22·02·706 Feb. 6,1969 73.4
Nov. 3, 1959 86.6 Owner: W. H. Maflhell Well: TW·22-02-903
1,1960 87.0 Nov. 2, 1959 37.9 Owner: Avery Payne
D~.
Jan,
1,1960
23, 1969
86.4
87.9 D~. 1.1960
37.6
37.0
N~.
Feb.
4,1959
I, 1960
81.3
81.2
Wen; TW·22·01·907
Owner: H. Caldwell Smith
Jan. 23, 1969 D~. 1.1960
6.1969
80.5
82.6
Nov. 3, 1959 30.9 Own.." J. A. Hamilton Estele Well: TW·22·0J·701
Feb. 1,1960 29.6 Nov. 3,1959 Owner: James M. Jameson
Well: m·22·02·501
Jan,
1,1960
23, 1969
29.7
33.4 D~.
1,1960
" 1960
5.1969
47.9
"".,49.1
Nov. 4, 1959
1,1960
1,1960
158.5
156.0
155.8
Owner: J. A. AnSlel1d Well: TW-22·02·802 26, 1969 140.1
NOv. 5, 1959
1,1960 ,., Nov.
Owner: Polk M. Coope,
3.1959
Well: TW·22.(l4·701
Owner: Gus 8ird
Jan.
1,1960
29.1969
Well: TW·22·02·701
3.'
'.0
1,1960
1,1960
6, 1969
•••..,••
Nov.
D~.
11,1959
'.1960
1,1960
12.2
10.8
11.3
Owne<: L. F. Nipp Estate Well: TW·22-02-803 27.1969 10.9
Own..... : Dean Mclnroe Well: TW·22·09-302
Owner: Billy B. Hand
Nov.
,..,Dec.
Jan.
2, 1959
1,1960
6.1960
29. 1969
9.'
,.,10.6
Nov.
D~.
3.1959
" 1960
1,1960
43.9
43.0
42.3
Nov. 3,1959
1,1960
88.8
58.5
Well: TW·22·02,702 5.1969 43.1 Dec. 1,1960 80.8
Owner: Mellon S. Thacke< Well: TW-22-02·804 Jen. 23, 1969 62.4
Nov. 2.1959 14.8 Owner: M... G. C. Sender, Well: TW·22·09-J03
Feb. 1,1960 14.2 Sept. 2, 1957 12.0 Owner: Billy B. Hand
Dec.
Jan.
1.1960
30. 1969
12.6
20.4
Nov.
D~.
3.1959
1.1960
13.1
12.4
Nov.
Feb.
3. 1959
1,1960
47.6
47.5
Well: TW·22·02·704
Owne<: Claudi" Matney
Dec.
,..,1.1960
6,1969
12.5
13.0
Dec. 1, 1960
Jan. 23. 1969
47.7
"'"Jan. 5, 1956 19.0
·57·
•Table g,-Water Levels in Wells-Continued
Well: TW-22·1G-103-Cont'd.
F-=:'. 1,1960 9.4
Oec 1,1960 94
Jen. 31.1969 10.0
••
WATERDATE LEVEL
Wefl: JW·:z3.08-201
Own••: J. c. MI"'n
Jun. 1954 ,,,Jan. 17,1962 260.7
J.n, 29. 1963 264,9
J.n. 25, 1964 263.6
,~. 17.1965 264.0
J.n. 31.1966 262.0
,~. 9.1967 ,,0>
47.2
42.2
WATERLEVEl
1,1960
DATE
23, 1969
Well: TW·22·10·105
Owne<: Sillv 1... PNcock
Ok.
Nov. 16, 1959 10.2
WATERDATE LEVEL
Well: TW.22-1G-l02
Own.... w. H, M••o.NlI
Nov, 2,1959 45.2
F.b, 1,1960 44.6
Ok. 1, 1960 43.6
Jan, 23, 1969 46.8
Well: TW-22-1G-l03
Own." W. H. M........
Nov. 2,1959 '3B
,~. 1,1960 43.2
(
•
(
\
(
·58·
•" ,;
,(
,, , ,
.
,
·, !
•
,
,
,
!•
•
,•
•
,,
,.•I
,
,
I
•
,"
,,
,
•
,
,
• ·•
••
•
•
! ••,
~!l;i!~£•
•,
, ,
,
•••
,
•, ,
• •
,,
,,
.',",,-'.; II ::
•
,,
,
• • ".
,•,
!
, ,•
,,
,.•,
, .,,
!
, .•
I·,-", ,
,,.•,
! ,
:: ::•, ,• •i i ~• • •
,-,,.gf
.,I!
I ~-,-+,iC.!i..!.i~l~·~i..!.i~l~·~i..!.i~iC.!i_~iC.!i_~iC.!i_~I~·~i..!.i~l~·~i..!.i~'~·~i..!.i~l~·~i..!.i~l~·~i,-,-i~;~·~i,-,-i_.~·~i,-,-l_,~·~i,-,-i_r~·
"B~ !".~,E~,E~l+~'...;.'C'CC',"",'..;'-,-'_;'~,,:-;-,.~,--o'-,-' C'CC';-:',"",'--o'-,-'C'CC';-:'--o'...;.·...;.·~.:-;.~i..;'...;.'...;.' ~'~'..;'...;.'-,-' ~'~iC;!--o'-,-' C!,..:··,,~ "; i ! 1 iii ill iii i 3
~ ; iii iii I i ~ ! j ; ! ! iii i I Ii! £ ! ! ~ ; I ! ! ! ! ! i ! ~ ~ R l i I ;! ' !! * * ~ ~ .14 ~ ~ ~ ~
L_.L_~._.~.'-'.'-'.'-'._c.'-__--'.~..~.~.~.'--'.__c.'--'.'-_.'-c.".'-'.'--__.,--,.,-,.,-_"""-c.,-,."",,,-~._·,._I
j':••j,,•I,
. 59·
i
, ·•,
I•I
· ,
l!l' -_, I•
Ii
,•
,
• ·•
, ,
, .•
..; ..;
It It ::
• •
•
•
,
•
,
•••
,
•• •
.. ,~ £ ! ! I ! ~ i i! ~
'" .;
•!
•
,
:; , E :: :: ! J :: i ! ! ! : ! :: :: 1 J.: .;
.,
'"!:;I!.·.=, ::; ~ ~ ! = :; :; ~ i • :; 1 :: a , ~ ~ ~ • ; :; :: R R ~ : ; 1 :; , ; ; , 1 , :; i ! 1 ; :: i ~
,
!!,j!11I
II,
· ,.. ..: .:: ! : : ! if; ! ! E!! !
,.•
! ,
!1!!i::E
•!•
,
·•, .
•
",-,.
I,,
•
I, 'i'lI •
I(
•,,i •"i ~ t (
,E i f I
I•.....~-, I I
~~~~~::l~~~
I , ! i !
.,i i
.. ...
~~~~~ ~~l~~~~~~l!!!!!!!!4 ~ i : t • iii : _ ~ • i .; = .; _ i =: i _ : i
! ! sI
J I J !I I I
~ ; _ lit i If; ! ! . • ~ ~
~ ~•
! J ! ! ! ! ::Iii i
•
i: i £ iii
••
! ! • ItIi;
i I ~ !t i..........I
.!
IIiiilli; iiiiii iiii jiril iiiiiiliiiiiiiiJii·I---+-=-=-=--=-=-=--=--=--=-=-=--'-'--=-=-=--=--=--=-=-=--=--=--=-=-=--=-=-=--=-=-=--=-=-=--=-'--=-'-I ;...
in l
(
-60· \
(
, , , , ,, ·~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ i ; ~ ~..: ..: .:
88.8.S:8.~S:881lS:8• • • • • • • • ••, , •, -
hIi
, , ; j
,
, ,- ,
, ,
,~!~l!;d!:'!
•: R ~ _ ! ~ ~ ! 2 ~ !
~ l ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ J 3 ~ ~ I.: ..
,~ = ~ = ~ ~ = , 1 ~
•
,
,
,
•
,
,j
•; l! ~ _ ! ~ f f ;
,
,
,~li!:;!~
, '
,
~ ;; ~, -
,
•
,
•
,,
.~ ~ ~ ~ = i 1 : I J 8 ~ ; ~ 3 ! • ~ 1 i ~ _ _ : ! ~ ~ ! ~
,
;.iI:;!
'"e:;lt
;!
,;
•1
!!j!1
i
,,,
,
;j
I
• , , , , , ,
.,il
1
l i .. J :
JJ
- 61 .
I
•
,::: ;
,
1': I !! l~. ;( .;
.
;a~§~~.::
;
I I II I ~•••
•,
~ . . .
•
•
,
,
••
,
,,
,
•
<"!;l~
hli'i l
]!j!1!i
•
,
1!11!!.: . .: .;..:
!JIJ~!!..:,; .;.;..:
!I I
: t s :: :l,•
• ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ! :: ! = ~ i ! ! :, ,
,.,-"
,",
j,1
,
i
1
I•
(
,
(
'~iit!iiii,, :i :i i !l i Ii i i i ! i .; i
1
(
- 62- l
(
,, , ,
~ 5 ~ ! ; I ! ! i ! ! i ! ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~
,
I. '. ". I " ~. '. 'I' I '-. - :: ~ '" :, .; :
:I~!E:;I!!J!.; .; .; .; .;
•~ : ~ : , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : :, ,o
... "!
~ ~ ; ~ i ~ ~ _ ~ ! ! a, , ,
,
~ , ~ E 5 ~ ~ : ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ! : 1 _ • 3 ! ~ ~ _ _.; ~ .;
'.
o~
,
l'l~0'
"0!;l:'
!~
i!1
I1
iii i
~:: ~! ~!
,,
I,"""
... ...t : : : : ~ = = ~ ~ .; : : : : : : !
, , ,
1,·'1" ~ i ~ t lit t tit iii ~ I , t t tt, t I I iIi iii iii iii I ~ I ~ Ittiii i t iiiiii iii iii iii i i &iii iii
1 ,- " '-, ,', I _', ! ! " " " " , , " " , I " 1 " " , 1 ,- I- - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - = - - -
jJ
,
• •
" j j ~ i! i R it , i II § i t i! i! i 2 !! 2 i Ii 3' i Ii g i! iii iii iii " i I t i G i i! ~ i
i
-63-
,..
• •••••••••• II! •••
! I ~ ! I I J : ! = ~.. ..: ~. •!
,•
••.•'" ..:···
••.. ~
••, , ,
•hi,'jl
,
, ,,•~. ..:
i I f ~ ~ ~ ~ • : ! & & I ~ ~ ~
..: ..:
•••
Ill!!!!!:!:.. ..: ..: ..:....:..:
.
I
•·
·
· ,! J ! !.. .;
,
••·
•J 1 ::
."
i! ii :; I i ~
'",,,
!!!j!1,I,
c•
•: =
, .,
••: !
I
:::; :: ! :
,
!!!i!i
l
,
; it :I :I
I
!
•
,
:I ! •
!
!
••
,
i
!.~!!I!!;!!;l.. ..:..: ..: ..:
:II ! 5 ::
•
,
i ! ;••i , ::l •
:1::!:::;!_!_~1•
,
, ,•
iii' ., I !
",.
jI1
i!I
~ ! L L L Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 'iii iii iii iii l
! £ Iii i i ! , i i ! i
(
,
JI
1
•••
i i Ii iI i
1
••II
-64·
,,,,,,,
(
1 i ! ~ ~ !!.. ,; ..., , , • , • • •
• .•; , •, ,
!i
:: ;:
•• •
! ; 51~i;~;" .. ~~!:;~=~!.. ..; .. .. I I
.,
! !
i
;
•= ~ ~ N ! ; ~ ~ I : = ~ ~ ! ~ 5 ~ ~ 1
•:: ~ ; ; ~ ; :: :: ~ ~ :: :: = :: :: a :: ~ :: ; :: ~ :: :: :: ; E ! ::
.~::~=il!;=
•5~Sa~::::,
;.I;!
ii f--:-+---------'--------------I
•
1
,
,!
,,
, , •
jI
1
•
i ! i ;;
.;;!!li~!i!~~eee~£!!== __ iiii~ilil!i~ii t
•
-65-
•,
,•
IJ
I!~
1,
,j1
i!
!1
,
I
I
!!,i
•
·•
,: ,:
:: ::
,
:: ~ :: ;:
!
,
,
• i
• •S .: ..
,..: ..: .:
,
.: ..:
.. .:
, "!
,
... .:.
.: ..I ,
'.
,
,
•, ,
,
,
,
,
." ,: .: ,: ,:
·•
~ ! ~ ~ ~· .: .. ,: "
,
h-~~~
I"",
1!j!11i
(
l
•
•
I•,
,
:: :: :: :;
~ ~ ,
: ! !
a :: ;
, , I
,
,
:: :; ::
, ,,,.,,.. "
";
·66·l