groundwater in bayfield countygroundwater susceptibility map requires: collect, compile and analyze...
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![Page 1: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Madeline Gotkowitz Hydrogeologist April 23, 2015
Groundwater in Bayfield County
![Page 2: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Groundwater in Bayfield County
• Groundwater basics
• Hydrogeology across Wisconsin
• Hydrogeology in Bayfield County
• Mapping groundwater features
![Page 3: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Wisconsin’s Water Cycle
![Page 4: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Groundwater discharge to Honey Creek is “baseflow”
![Page 5: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hydrogeology: Groundwater flows through rock and sediment
Water under the ground, within an aquifer; porous sand, gravel and rock holds water
![Page 6: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Distribution of carbonate rock
Legend
Su
Os
Opc
Silurian dolomite
Sinnipee dolomite
Prairie du Chien dolomite
Groundwater in dolomite and limestone is vulnerable to contamination.
![Page 8: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bedrock within 50 feet of surface
![Page 9: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Distribution of carbonate rock within 50 feet of surface
![Page 10: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Calumet and Brown Counties
![Page 11: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The left jar contains “brown water” contaminated by manure. Both samples are from the same well.
Wisconsin’s groundwater contamination issues are significant…
![Page 12: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Karst features can be easy to see…
Sinnipee Dolomite:
Dane and Iowa Counties
![Page 13: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Hydrogeology in Bayfield County
![Page 14: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hydrogeologic cross-section
Courtesy of USGS
![Page 15: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Glacial geologic formations
sandy till
Courtesy of USGS
![Page 16: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Thickness of glacial deposits
Courtesy of USGS
![Page 17: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Glacial geology
![Page 18: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bedrock Geology
Chequamegon Sandstone
Freda Sandstone
volcanics
![Page 19: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Orienta Sandstone Amnicon Falls State Park
Photo: E. Stewart, WGNHS
![Page 20: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wisconsin Groundwater Susceptibility Map
Depth to bedrock, bedrock type, depth to water table, surficial geology, soil type
http://wi.water.usgs.gov/gwcomp/find/bayfield/susceptibility.html
![Page 21: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Wisconsin Groundwater Susceptibility Map
Depth to bedrock, bedrock type, depth to water table, surficial geology, soil type
http://wi.water.usgs.gov/gwcomp/find/bayfield/susceptibility.html
![Page 22: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Example groundwater study
Town of Byron
Fond du Lac
County
![Page 23: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Town of Byron - Example
Depth to bedrock
![Page 24: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Town of Byron - Example
Water table
elevation
![Page 25: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Town of Byron - Example
Groundwater
recharge
Estimate accounts for: - Historical climate data
- Soil moisture capacity
- Soil type
- land-use type
![Page 26: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Town of Byron - Example
Groundwater
contaminant
susceptibility
Combination of factors - Depth to bedrock
- Bedrock type
- Depth to water table
- Recharge rate
![Page 27: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Town of Byron - Example
Hydrogeologic
cross sections
![Page 28: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
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Nitrate, mg/L
NO3
k 0.0 - 2.0
# 2.1 - 10.0
! 10.1 - 33.5
Iowa County Groundwater: susceptibility versus contamination
Susceptibility
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Nitrate, mg/L
NO3
k 0.0 - 2.0
# 2.1 - 10.0
! 10.1 - 33.5
893 wells tested 14 % > 10 mg/L NO3 46 % > 2 mg/L NO3
Data from Central Wisconsin Groundwater Center and UW Extension.
![Page 29: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Groundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus clay till) Bedrock type (sandstone or basalt) Map of groundwater recharge rates Alternative: Develop hydrogeologic cross sections in ag-dominated areas to illustrate wells, groundwater and surface water in areas of interest Facilitate use of this information through educational and outreach efforts in Bayfield County
Next steps: questions and discussion
![Page 30: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Decorah-Platteville aquitard separates the shallow Galena aquifer from the deep aquifer.
Springs may develop along valley wall at times of high water table.
springs and streams
![Page 32: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
In upland areas, multi-aquifer wells can provide a pathway for groundwater to flow from the shallow to the deep aquifer.
potentiometric surface
Aquitard
water table
Deep aquifer
multi-aquifer well shallow well deep well
![Page 33: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Groundwater flows from high to low elevations.
One use of the water table map is to identify where groundwater comes from that flows to a well or stream.
![Page 34: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Groundwater recharge rates are high in Iowa County, due to permeable soil, and forest and agricultural land use.
Infiltration, in an average year
medium (6 - 9 inches/year)
high (9 - 11 inches/year)
very high (> 11 inches/year)
0 1 2 3 Miles
Ü
Infiltration, in an average year
medium (6 - 9 inches/year)
high (9 - 11 inches/year)
very high (> 11 inches/year)
0 1 2 3 Miles
Ü
not defined (wetland or water)
Does this mean that there is an unlimited supply of water?
![Page 35: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Source: R. Smail, Wisconsin DNR
Lots of wells near one stream are like… too many straws in the glass
![Page 36: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
2012 Wisconsin Withdrawls • Agricultural irrigation surpassed
municipal public water in 2012 due to the drought
• Groundwater pumping is about 760 million gallons per day
• Could cover the land area of Wisconsin with ¼ inch of water
• Enough water to fill Lambeau Field over 600 times
• Is that a lot of water? Is it too much?
Source: R. Smail, Wisconsin DNR
How do we use our groundwater?
![Page 37: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sinkhole in SE Wisconsin
![Page 38: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Perched groundwater in the Driftless Area, which has extensive aquitards.
Perched aquifer
Deep aquifer
aquitard
![Page 39: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
How much recharge do we get?
On average, about 8 to 10 inches per year in Dane County, WIsconsin Approximately 28,000 million gallons per day in Wisconsin We pump about 760 million gallons per day
Hart et al., 2012
![Page 40: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Where does well water come from?
![Page 41: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
from Alley, Reilly, and Franke, USGS Circular 1186, 1999
Pumping reduces discharge
Citizens Natural Resources Association of Wisconsin & Trout Unlimited at
the Mecan River
![Page 42: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Precambrian rock Fractured Low well yield
![Page 43: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
“Sandstone” aquifer
Sandstone and dolomite Extensive and thick Very porous- great storage! Yields prolific water to wells
![Page 44: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Dolomite aquifer:
Shallow bedrock Lots of fractures Vulnerable to contamination
![Page 45: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Dolomite and limestone are easily dissolved…
Caves, sinkholes and fractures are common in this rock. Contaminants reach groundwater quickly…
![Page 46: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Pine Lake, Waushara County
Photos courtesy of G. Kraft, UW Extension
Tributary of Tenmile Creek Adams County, WI 2013
![Page 47: Groundwater in Bayfield CountyGroundwater susceptibility map requires: Collect, compile and analyze data: Depth to the water table Depth to bedrock Glacial deposits (sandy till versus](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070912/5fb3a495eb3bf42a3a38320c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)