groundwater mining in the south-eastern area of spain: consequences and evaluation
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Groundwater mining in the South-Eastern area of Spain: consequences and evaluation. Jose Luis García Aróstegui, Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME). International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013. Preparing for the 2013 International Year. Water Cooperation: Making it Happen! 8-10 January 2013TRANSCRIPT
http://www.researcherid.com/rid/K-3454-2012
GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Side event: The pros and cons of intensively developed aquifers: hydrological, economic, social, and ethical issues. Preparatory meeting for an international research project.
9 January 2013
José Luis García-Aróstegui ([email protected])
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
From:Wada et al. (2012). Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment. Water Resources Research
Estimated nonrenewable groundwater abstraction for irrigation for the year 2000 (x106 m3 yr-1).
Large amounts of groundwater are being abstracted over major irrigated regions such as India, northern China, United States, Pakistan, southern Mexico, northern Iran, central Saudi Arabia, and southern Europe
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
From:Wada et al. (2012). Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment. Water Resources Research
Estimated nonrenewable groundwater abstraction for irrigation for the year 2000 (106 m3 yr-1).
Large amounts of groundwater are being abstracted over major irrigated regions such as India, northern China, United States, Pakistan, southern Mexico, northern Iran, central Saudi Arabia, and
southern Europe (Italy, Bulgaria and SE Spain)
Spain:
7% of nonrenewable groundwaterabstraction contributing to gross irrigation water demand
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
464 hm3/year
0
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600
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800
900
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65
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95
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00
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05
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25
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35
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Res
ou
rces
an
d w
ith
dra
wal
s (h
m3/a
ño
)
-18000
-16000
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
Cu
mu
lati
ve b
alan
ce (
hm
3)
Total Withdrawals (hm3/year) Mean Resource (hm3/year) Cumulative balance (hm3/year)
Overexploitation rate in 2009:
354 hm3/year
FACING THE EUROPEAN WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE in Segura Basin: 2015, 2021, 2027= disproportionate costs ?
Current estimated groundwater deficit
> 350 MCM/year
Depletion since 1965 >12 km3
Until 1985 (Water Law date) > 3.5 km3
• Area: 18870 km2 (60% Murcia)• Population: 1.969.370 (year
2009). Summer: > 2.500.000
• Irrigated surface: 269.029 ha (data from CHS) (14% of the Basin; 2690 km2)
• Climatology: • Semi-arid climate• Average rainfall: 365 mm/y• PET: 827 mm/year• High climatic contrasts• Droughts / Floods
• Hydrogeology: • Complex geological
structures (Cordilleras Béticas)
• Large number of aquifers, small and partitioned
• > 10.000 wells and tubewells
Busines
s as
Usu
al
(for
ecas
ting)
Backcasting option 2027
Back
castin
g o
ptio
n 2
015
Be carefull: Forget myth that “recharge=sustainable yield”
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Shall we create
something new to
disregard the
intermediary ?
From natural regime to current status…From natural regime to current status…
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Groundwater-level evolution in some “overexploited” aquifers in Segura Basin
0
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600
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
Dep
th t
o g
rou
nd
wat
er l
evel
(m
etre
s)
Jumilla-Villena 263440005 Ascoy-Sopalmo 263470014
Serral-Salinas (Sector Centro-Occidental) 273420002 Alto Guadalentín 253920008
Bajo Guadalentín 253880015 Triásico de los Victorias (Campo Cartagena) 273810046/52
68% of the GWBs are in poor status and will not reach the objectives of the Water Framework
Directive even considering the two extensions provided
Por problemas cuantitativosPor problemas cuantitativos
Por problemas cualitativos (NO3 y C.E.)Por problemas cualitativos (NO3 y C.E.)
Quantitative problems: groundwater decline
Examples of fast rates of groundwater-level drawdown in some aquifers of Segura Basin
(40 years)
10.4 m/y
• Continuous decline of groundwater levels• Lowering of groundwater discharge (springs, wetlands, rivers…)• Modifications of the groundwater flow around withdrawal areas, springs or discharge areas • Mixings of water masses, damages or progressive deterioration of water quality, including marine intrusion • Subsidence of un-consolidated sediments, collapses in evaporitic and carbonate materials• POSITIVE-NEGATIVE BALANCE: social, mitigate poverty, economic, opportunity, developing, environment
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Total depletion of
1.8 km3
Ascoy-Sopalmo aquifer: continuous groundwater decline
Officially declared overexploited on 7 January 1987
Not scaled
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Developing a new method for the integrated water resources management of overexploited Developing a new method for the integrated water resources management of overexploited hydrogeological systems: hydrogeological systems: Object-Oriented Bayesian NerworksObject-Oriented Bayesian Nerworks
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
INPUT VARIABLES
OBJECTIVES SOCIOECONOMIC PART
HYDROLOGICAL PART
INTERFACE NODE 2
INTERFACE NODE 1
Example of Bayesian Network structure for every aquiferExample of Bayesian Network structure for every aquifer(*)(*): : links between variableslinks between variables
(*) “Stakeholder participation is the key to achieve the validation of this type of model, as well as strengthening collaboration and increasing confidence among stakeholders, managers and researchers”
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Examples of results achievedExamples of results achieved
1. BUSINESS AS USUAL (BAU): CURRENT CONDITIONS
2. INDIVIDUAL WATER MANAGEMENT ACTIONS (IWMA)
2.1 WATER DEMAND REDUCTION (WDR)
2.2 EXTERNAL IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCE INCOME (EIWRI)
2.3. PURCHASE OF WATER RIGHTS (PWR)
3. WATER BALANCE EQUILIBRIUM (WBE)
3.1 EXTERNAL IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCE INCOME (EIWRI)
3.2 PURCHASE OF WATER RIGHTS (PWR)
Scenarios
Agricultural Net Profit (Euro/ha) Number of Agricultural Employments (empl/ha)
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
COD SCENARIO DESCRIPTION
TOTAL COST (€/y)
BENEFIT (m3/y)
(amount of water saved from the
aquifer)
RATE (€/m3)
ECONOMIC EVALUATION METHOD
S.1BUSINESS AS USUAL (BAU) CURRENT CONDITIONS 0 0 0
------------------------------------------
S.2
INDIVIDUAL WATER
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS(IWMA)
WATER DEMAND REDUCTION (WDR)
47*106 45*106 1.05 “Lost profits"
EXTERNAL IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCE INCOME (EIWRI)
14*106 43*106 0.32Loss of Agricultural Net
Margin (FROM DESALINATED WATER)
1*106 20*106 0.05Loss of Agricultural Net
Margin (FROM JV TRANSFER)
PURCHASE OF WATER RIGHTS (PWR)
16*106 9*106 2.20 “Lost profits"
S.3
WATER BALANCE
EQUILIBRIUM (WBE)
As a water frame directive requirement
(quantitative good states of water
masses)
EXTERNAL IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCE INCOME (EIWRI)
35*106 111*106 0.32
Loss of Agricultural Net Margin (FROM
DESALINATED WATER)
PURCHASE OF WATER RIGHTS (PWR)
120*106 111*106 1.03 “Lost profits"
Examples of economic results achieved: Examples of economic results achieved: Cost-effectiveness analysisCost-effectiveness analysis
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Total depletion of
1.6 km3
Alto Guadalentín aquifer
Not scaled
Officially declared overexploited on 4 october 1988LORCA
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Authors suggest that the location and magnitude of the Authors suggest that the location and magnitude of the Lorca earthquake (11 May 2011) was influenced by anthropogenic groundwater extractionLorca earthquake (11 May 2011) was influenced by anthropogenic groundwater extraction
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
News headlines (Oct-2012): Social (and economics) impact. News headlines (Oct-2012): Social (and economics) impact. More knowledge is needed…More knowledge is needed…
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
average aquifer water level
UNPLANNEDMINING
rapid depletion with
uncertain trajectory
RATIONALIZATION SCENARIO OF GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT
With knowledge of temporary recharge rate and
availability of groundwater storage
Gradual Recovery
General Stabilization
Orderly Depletion
time
Evaluation of groundwater resources and management options
Managed Development
Balancing the positive and negative impacts, and then decide... Balancing the positive and negative impacts, and then decide... the long-term water management strategies: the long-term water management strategies: Making it Happen !Making it Happen !
Based on: Foster, S. S. D. & Loucks, D. P. (eds) Non-Renewable Groundwater Resources: A Guidebook on Socially-Sustainable Management for Water-Policy Makers (UNESCO, 2006)
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GROUNDWATER MINING IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF SPAIN: CONSEQUENCES AND EVALUATION
Many thanks for your attention
Euro-mediterranean Water Institute
Acknowledgments: