groundwater water cycle, water budget, water table, wells, formations and characteristics of...
TRANSCRIPT
GROUNDWATER
Water cycle, water budget, water table, wells, formations and
characteristics of groundwater
Where is the world’s water?
• 97% of Earth’s water is ocean
• Less than 3% is freshwater (1/2 % is usable)– more than 2/3 is locked in ice– a small percent of it flows on land– 100 times that much in lakes and swamps as in
rivers– 50 times as much in groundwater as in lakes
and rivers combined
Water Cycle
• Hydrosphere: the water of Earth’s surface
• Water cycle: movement of water around the hydrosphere– E from sunlight causes
evaporation (and transpiration) vapor rises, cools and causes condensation when water falls to surface it is precipitation
– excess precipitation = Runoff- the movement of water across the surface
Runoff
• affected by the: – amount of rain– the shape of the land (steep = more flatter = less)– surface material (harder, well-cemented rocks = more,
looser, softer, porous rocks = less) – vegetation (reduces runoff)
• Increases during short, heavy rains, in deserts and in urban areas
• long periods of steady rain- may cause flooding and runoff– Runoff creates gullies and streams in deserts
Water Budget
• The balance of water received (precipitation) and used or lost (use, runoff, and evapotranspiration) in an area
Water budget factors
• Recharge: water that is stored and not needed by plants
• a time when plants need little moisture
• may cause water table to rise or become runoff
• Surplus: precipitation is more than need for moisture and soil water storage is filled
Water budget factors
• Usage: if moisture need is more than rainfall plants can draw water from surplus
• Deficit: when moisture need > precipitation and storage water is gone
Calculating a Water Budget• Start by labeling Usage (U)
– Usage is the first negative number of the year• U continues until a positive number or -100 is
reached• -100 equals Deficit (D)
– Deficit might not be reached
• D or U continues until you reach a positive number– This equals Recharge (R)
• R continues until +100 is reached– This equals Surplus (S)
• Surplus might not be reached• S or R continues until a negative number (U) is
reached– The budget ends here if it is a one year- budget
Journal Entry (Porosity)• Porosity depends on particle shape (size), sorting, and space filling
– round (pebbles) vs. flat (clay)• Draw four circles and four boxes (2x2 setup and equal sized)• Which have more space between? How would angular vary?
– well sorted vs. poorly sorted• Draw four more circles (2x2 and same size) and put dots (sand) in
empty space between circles• Were the first or second set of circles better sorted? Which have
more pore space? Why?– compaction and cement
• Draw four ovals (same size as above and 2x2) on top of each other• Why do they have less pore space than the circles?• Shade in the space above and below where they to touch to show
cement… What is the impact of cement?• Write a one sentence summary and then list the ideal conditions for
porosity
Water in the ground• Porosity- open spaces
between sediment grains (vol. water added/vol. dry material) x 100 = % porosity
A has best porosity; B less to to mixed sorting; C less because compacted; D less from cement
• Depends on particle shape and sorting– rounded particles more
space than angular or flat– well sorted more pore
space than poorly sorted- because smaller grains fill pore space b/t larger grains
– compaction and cement reduce porosity
• Higher porosity sediments make better aquifers: (rocks underground that are reservoirs for water storage )
Water in ground 2• Permeability- the
connectedness of pore space• Impermeable: fine-grained
material that water cannot pass through- clay and shale– also pumice- porous but not
permeable• capillary water- the film of
water that sticks to particles– Capillary action: the ability
of a substance to draw a liquid upward against gravity due to adhesive and intermolecular attractive forces
– Groundwater Flow Tutorial
• Increases with larger grain sizes
• Cracks mean permeable but not necessarily porous
Groundwater Levels• water table levels are replenished in
recharge zones – water filters through dry section of
soil/rock to the level of groundwater in your area OR
– it enters into the ground and flows down slope for miles to become part of your groundwater system
Water Table Location
• zone of aeration (unsaturated zone)- sediment above the water table that is not saturated- 3 parts– soil water just below surface
– a dry section except during rainy season
– capillary fringe- just above the water table
– water table
Water Table
• the surface of the water is called the water table – a zone of saturation exists beneath the
water table • forms from the infiltration and storage of
rainwater • all pore space is filled with water
Depth of Water Table• depends on rainfall (high↑, low ↓) • season • (slope ↓, flat ↑) • soil thickness (thin ↑, thick ↓) • climate• time between rainfall
• seepage keeps streams flowing, maintains lake and swamp levels, supplies drinking water to springs and wells
Water System
Water Table Depth Change• Journal Activity: Use an up-arrow or down-arrow to show if the water
table comes closer to the surface or gets deeper with the following conditions
• rainfall (high, low) • • season (rainy, dry)• • (slope, flat)• • soil thickness (thin, thick) • • climate (tropical, desert)• • time between rainfall (a few days, many days)•
Ordinary Wells and Springs• Ordinary well-
contains water up to level of water table
• Hillside spring – water table intersects hill slope
Aquifer Characteristics
• Aquifers: water-containing rock layer– Must be permeable- easily conducts water-
and porous (sand or gravel)– usually confined above and below by
confining beds (impermeable layers) of clay or hard or well-cemented rock)
– have recharge zones- water usually travels a few cm/day- may travel up to 100’s of km form aquifer-
• Dakota Sandstone: Rockies to Great Plains
Types of aquifers and formation• Confined aquifer: sandwiched by impermeable rock
from above and below– cap rock: impermeable rock below unconfined aquifer
or atop of an artesian aquifer• Artesian aquifer: (naturally “pumping” and confined
from above and below by confining beds (artesian wells might form)
– confining bed: impermeable beds above and below an artesian aquifer (a confined aquifer)
– Bedrock: rock that soil is formed from (might be a confining bed)
• (cap rock + artesian aquifer + confining beds) = artesian formation
• Unconfined aquifer: not topped by an impermeable rock from above (rock above is permeable)
Artesian Aquifer System
Artesian Wells and Springs
• flow from confining pressure of overlying sediment and water plus the effect of gravity– (as distance from source increases, depth increases)
• wells hundreds of km from mountains may go down more than 1000 m to reach water table
• fissure springs: artesian formations broken by cracks in cap rock- allow water to come through (e.g. desert oasis)
Groundwater Temperature
• Groundwater temperature- Usu. cool… at depths up to 20 meters soil and rock are
protected from weather change Ground temp. is same as average annual temp. at that location-
about 5-15 degrees Centigrade as is groundwater
• Cool in summer, no-freeze in winter except in polar regions where water in ground is always frozen- permafrost Below 20 meters depth, internal heat raises the ground
temperature about 1 C/40 meters of crust
Hot Springs Hot springs- (must be at least 37 C (body temp.))
water heated from recent volcanic activity or from its proximity to pockets of molten rock… or heat source could be from 1000’s of meters depth Water may boil
if gases bubbles through the thick clay slurry (volcanic gas induced chemical weathering of nearby rock)
the feature is called a mud pot… if it is highly colored by mineral and organic matter it
is called a paint pot
Hot Spring photo
Fumaroles and Geysers
Fumaroles- fissures from which water vapor and other hot gases emanate Fumarole fields
“grow” in some places- Might provide energy
for geysers
• Geysers:– boiling hot springs
that periodically erupt as gushes of hot water steam- shoot up sheets of water
Geyser formation cartoon and Old Faithful
Geyser Formation
• Crooked geyser chambers and tubes• Water is superheated by hot rock• immense pressure- causes higher boiling point
however, water above the bottom is under less pressure so it boils and forces out water above- superheated water changes to steam and
explodes at surface due to sudden lessening of pressure
most of chamber is emptied process often occurs at regular intervals as groundwater re-collects causing process to repeat
Karst Topography• Occurs in subsurface due to chemical weathering in well-drained landscapes by groundwater or by over- pumping wells
TYPES: • Above ground karst towers as shown
– Formed by groundwater dissolving the rock between the towers
• Caverns: a large cave often with smaller connecting chambers formed by underground erosion of limestone by carbonic acid– Slightly acidic rainwater soaks into the ground, gets
in to cracks and cavities that are easily attacked by chemical weathering
Cave foto/formation image
Cave features• Stalactites vs. Stalagmites
– Cone-shaped deposits of calcite that form from dissolved minerals precipitating (turning solid) out of solution when water drips from a cave roof
• StalaCtites: hang from cave ceilings
• StalaGmites: build upward from ground of cave floor
– Column: a stalactite and stalagmite connect
• Other mineral deposits by groundwater– travertine, dripstone, geyserite (dissolved silica),
petrified wood- silica replaces organic matter, and natural cement
Sinkhole photo/formation image
• Sinkholes– A circular
depression that forms when part of a cave roof collapses beneath the ground
Groundwater minerals As rainwater passes through the ground, it
dissolves minerals which may remain in groundwater Content depends on kind of rock water passes through
(limestone = more) distance water has traveled underground
(farther = more) water temperature
(higher = more)
Hard water contains more ions in solution than soft water- (usu. Ca, Mg, and Fe ions)– Hardness of artesian water > ordinary water > river
water
Mineral Springs
Mineral content is too high to be used for ordinary drinking and washing WHY do they exist?
Water passes through very soluble rock such as limestone
water contains large quantities of gases that form acids when mixed with water
– CO2 (g) + H2O(l) – carbonic acid, also hydrogen sulfide
– Also because water is hot and capable of dissolving more minerals
Mineral Spring Benefits and Cautions
Benefit: can be used as a “health resort”- similar to mineral bath salt some people buy
Caution: in desert regions, alkali (bitter) mineral springs may be poisonous (borax, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfate solutions)
Groundwater Problems and Conservation
Over-pumping can cause a drop (cone of depression) in the water table level drops the level of water in
wells/springs (Recharge < Use)
inland, wells may go dry seaside, there may be
saltwater intrusion Natural recharge (from
rainwater and snow melt) is slow may take > 1000
years to completely replenish some aquifers
Communities monitor the level of local water table- may need to regulate their water use
recycle used water after drainage into water treatment plants- its purified and pumped back into ground.
Groundwater Pollution Sources of pollution:
toxic chemicals and hazardous materials from waste dumpsites
accidental spills corrosion of underground storage containers highway salt agricultural fertilizers and pesticides salt water
all seep into the ground and may mix with groundwater
• A difficult problem- no simple or inexpensive way to purify polluted water is known
Pollution Reduction
restrict and/or reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers)
find safer ways to dispose of harmful wastes (i.e. more durable/less corrosive storage containers)
harvest bacteria that breakdown wastes