group 10 - america, american, and war

7/31/2019 Group 10 - America, American, And War

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Alfian F. Pratama

Bayu Trisna Hidayat

Dodhik Yuwono


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The income of America plunged. For two years afterthe First World War, consumer spending drove pricesup.

Unemployment, which had hovered around 2 percentin 1919, passed 12 percent in 1921.


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Recovery began in 1922 and continued unevenlyuntil 1929. During this period, industrial outputnearly doubled.

By 1929 electricity powered 70 percent of Americaindustry.

The new technique of manufacture by assemblyline also contributed, adding countless newconsumer products to the market


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The new consumerism was fueled by refined methodsof credit, especially the installment or time-paymentplan.

New management techniques were made to maximizeprofits and minimize market uncertainties.

Retailers and small manufactures formed tradeassociations to pool information and coordinateplanning.


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In the 1930s the effect of economics was particularlyapparent as the Great Depression.

World trade, heavily dependent on an easy and safeexchange of the currencies, also faltered: from 1929 tomid-1933, it declined in value by 40 percent.


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American exports alone slumped from $5.4 billion to$2.2 billion over roughly the same period.

In 1934, Cordell Hull sponsored the creation of theExport-Import Bank, a government agency thatprovided loans to foreigners for the purchase ofAmerican goods.


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As depression-induced authoritarianism, racial hatred,

and military expansion descended upon Europe andAsia, Americans reasserted their isolationist beliefs.


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For American, first world war largely in terms: theshelving of reform; civil liberties abuses; unusual

federal and presidential power; race riots; inflation,windfalls for business; government propaganda; andpost war labor strikes.


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Although isolationist thoughts was strongest inthe Midwest and among anti-British ethnic group,

especially German-and Irish-Americans, it was atruly national phenomenon that cut acrosssocioeconomic, ethnic, party, and sectional linesand attracted a majority of the American people.


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Conservative isolationist feared higher taxes and

increased federal power if the nation went to waragain.

Isolationists were correct to suspect American

business ties with Nazi Germany and fascist Italy.


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We are in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not forvengeance, but for a world in which this Nation, and

all that this Nation represents, will be safe for ourchildren. (President Roosevelt)


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Americans believed with Roosevelt that they weredefending their homes and families against satanicNazis and Japanese.

Americans also seemed wary of lofty rhetoricabout the future, remembering how Woodrow

Wilson had promised so much and delivered too

little during the era of the First World War.


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In the battle for Stalingrad (September 1942 to January1943), probably the running point of the war, the Red

Army defeated the German in bloody block-by-blockfighting, forcing Hitlers divisions to retreat.


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The second front opened in the dark morning hours ofJune 6, 1944; D-Day.

Two hundred thousand Allied troops scrambledashore in Normandy, France.

They were entangled in sharp obstacles and triggered

mines, and airborne troops dropped behind Germanlines.


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Allied forces were reaching Paris in August. The samemonth another force invaded southern France andthrew the stunned Germans back.

Allied troops soon spread across the countryside,liberating France and Belgium and entering Germanyitself in September


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In bomb-ravaged Berlin, defended largely by teenageboys and old men, Adolf Hitler killed himself in hisbunker.

On May 8 Germany surrendered.


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Allied strategies had devised a Europe first formula:knock out Germany first and then concentrate on anisolated Japan.

For American people, they regarded Japan as theUnited States chief enemy.


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In April 1942, America bombed Tokyo.

In May, in the momentous Battle of the Coral Sea,

carrier-based US planes halted a Japanese advancetoward Australia. The next month they succeededsinking four of the enemys valuable aircraft carriers.


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This success was caused of using Operation Magic the work of American experts who deciphered thesecret code used by the Japanese to transmit messages.

Thus, American Naval officers know ahead of time theapproximate date and direction of the Japaneseassault.


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To revenge the losses, Japanese pilot in desperationbegan suicide (kamikaze) attacks, f lying their planesdirectly into American ship.

In on staggering attack on Tokyo on May 23, 1945,American dropped napalm-filled bombs that engulfedthe city in firestorm. Eighty-three thousand people

died.


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Impatient for victory, American leaders began to plana fall invasion of the Japanese islands. The secretatomic program, known as the Manhattan project,began in August 1942.

On August 6 the Japanese city of Hiroshima wasdestroyed by an atomic blast, and on August 9, it

attacked Nagasaki.

Five days later Japanese surrendered.


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Formal ceremonies of surrendering were heldSeptember 2 abroad the battleship Missouri.

The Second World War was over.

Most Americans agreed that the atomic bombing oftwo Japanese cities had been necessary, to end the war

as quickly as possible and to save American lives.


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The Cold War (1945-91) was one of perceptionwhere neither side fully understood the intentionsand ambitions of the other. This led to mistrustand military build-ups.

United States U.S. thought that Soviet expansion would continue and

spread throughout the world. They saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their way of life;

especially after the Soviet Union gained control ofEastern Europe.


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Soviet Union They felt that they had won World War II. They

had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000total dead) and deserved the spoils of war.They had lost land after WWI because they leftthe winning side; now they wanted to gain landbecause they had won.


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They wanted to economically raid EasternEurope to recoup their expenses during the war.

They saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life;especially after the U.S. development of atomic

weapons.


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President Truman participated in the rapiddeterioration of Soviet-American (Cold War)

Cold War includes ideologies, propaganda,reconstruction program, military alliances, atomic armdevelopment etc.

Conflict was inevitable because internationalenvironment was so unsettled (after W.W.II )


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Finally conflict seemed inevitable because of theshrinkage of the globe.

This is the national policies of the U.S and Sovietconduct of diplomacy exacerbated rather thanresolved postwar issues.

New strategic theory also propelled the U.S toward anactivist, expansionist, globalist diplomacy.


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President Truman , Who shared these assumptions,had a personality that tended to increase internationaltension.

For soviets, they were not easy to get along with either.

American officials nonetheless exaggerated the soviet

threat.


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As a diplomat, Kennedy was eager to prove histoughness.

Khrushchev matched Kennedys rhetoric with anendorsement of wars of national liberation in thethird world. In 1961, Soviet Union did nuclear test by

exploding a giant 50 megaton bomb.


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Cuba became an obsession of American policymakers.

From the start Castro determined to break the

influence of American business.

American business 3 million acres of cuban land

Controlled 40% of sugar production 90% of telephone and electric service

Sold 70% imports of Cuba


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Cuba soon became the site of one of the scariest crisesof the cold war

Elsewhere in the third world, Kennedy called forpeaceful revolution based on the concept of nationbuilding.

Nation building and its methods did not work.Americans assumed, as they had for much of thetwentieth century in the Carribean.

group 10 - america, american, and war

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