group 2 fatin, aishah, zafirah, laila, masyitah, amalina, aimi
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GROUP 2Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi
![Page 2: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BONES OF THE SKULL
![Page 3: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SKULL
Facial14 bones
Cranial8 Bones
1 Mandible1 Vomer2 Inferior nasal conchae2 Lacrimal bones2 Maxillae2 Nasal bones2 Palatine bones2 Zygomatic bones
1 Ethmoid bone1 Frontal bone1 Occipital bone2 Parietal bones3 Sphenoid bone4 Temporal bones
![Page 4: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
FACIAL BONES
![Page 5: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CRANIAL BONES
![Page 6: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ADDITIONAL SKULL FEATURES
Major sutures Paranasal sinuses Hyoid bone
![Page 7: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Major Sutures
![Page 8: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Functions TYPE OF
BONEFUNCTIONS
FACIAL
• Form the mechanical framework of the face
• Protect and support entry points of both the digestive and respiratory systems
• Provide attachment for some muscles of facial expression
• Protect and support organs for the senses of vivion, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium/balance
CRANIAL
• Protection of the brain• Inner-surfaces :attach to membranes
that stabilise the positions of the brain, blood vessels and nerves
• Outer surface : act as areas of attachment for muscles that move the head in various ways
• Protect and support organs for the senses of vivion, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium/balance
![Page 9: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
MAXILLA & MANDIBLE
![Page 10: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Maxilla
Forms the majority of the skeleton of the face and the upper jaw
Contains the maxillary sinus Articulates with the opposite maxilla and
the frontal, sphenoid, nasal, vomer, and ethmoid bones; inferior nasal concha, palatine, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones; and septal and nasal cartilages
![Page 11: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mandible
Forms the lower jaw Described as horseshoe shaped All muscles of mastication attach to the
mandible Consists of body of mandible, ramus,
coronoid process, condylar process, alveolar process
![Page 13: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LACRIMAL & NASAL CAVITY
![Page 15: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Lacrimal Bone
Small and rectangular in shape Very thin and fragile Forms a small portion of medial wall of the orbit Articulates with frontal process of the maxilla,
orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, frontal bone and inferior nasal concha
The region that articulates with the frontal process of the maxilla forms the lacrimal fossa → the location of the lacrimal sac
The inferior part of the lacrimal forms a small portion of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
![Page 16: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nasal Bone
![Page 19: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
FORAMENS OF THE BASE OF THE SKULL
![Page 20: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What is foramen?- A foramen (pl. foramina) is an opening.- Foramina allow muscles, nerves, arteries,
veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another.
![Page 21: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Superior view of
the cranial base
![Page 22: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Inferior view of
the cranial base
![Page 23: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Foramen Located in or
Formed by
Structures Passing through
Incisive foramen
Maxilla (palatine process)
Nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine a.
Greater palatine foramen
Palatine
Greater palatine n. and vessels
Lesser palatine foramina
Lesser palatine n. and vessels
![Page 24: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Foramen ovale
Sphenoid
Mandibular division of thetrigeminal n., accessory meningeala., lesser petrosal n., emissary v.
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal vessels andmeningeal branch of themandibular division of thetrigeminal n.
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary division of thetrigeminal n.
Sphenoid foramen
Emissary v.Foramen lacerumArticulation of the sphenoid (greater wing
and body), temporal
(petrous portion), and occipital
(basilar portion) bones
Nothing passes through itsphenoid Filled with fibrocartilage duringbody), temporal (petrous life (although the anterior wall of the foramen has an opening for the pterygoid canal and the posteriorwall has an opening for the carotid canal)
![Page 25: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mastoid foramenTemporal (mastoid
portion)
Emissary v. (sometimes branches of the occipital a.)
Opening for auditory tube
Temporal and sphenoid
Cartilaginous portion of theauditory tube
Tympanic canaliculus Temporal
Tympanic branch of theglossopharyngeal n.
Jugular foramenTemporal (petrous
portion) and occipital
Glossopharyngeal n., vagus n., spinal accessory n., inferiorpetrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus,posterior meningeal a.
Mastoid canaliculus
Temporal (within the jugular fossa)
Auricular branch of the vagus n.
![Page 26: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Petrotympanic fissure
Temporal
Chorda tympani n., anterior tympanic a.
Stylomastoid foramen
Facial n., stylomastoid a.
Tympanomastoid fissure
Auricular branch of the vagus n.
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital
Hypoglossal n.
Condylar canal Emissary v., meningeal branches ofascending pharyngeal a.
Foramen magnum
Medulla oblongata, vertebralarteries, spinal roots of the spinalaccessory n.
![Page 27: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Foramen cecum Between the frontal and ethmoid bones
Emissary v. from nasal cavity tothe superior sagittal sinus
Anterior ethmoid foramen
Anterior ethmoid n. and vessels
Posterior ethmoid foramen
Posterior ethmoid n. and vessels
Carotid canal Temporal (petrous portion)
Internal carotid a., internal carotidn. plexus (sympathetics)
Hiatus for the lesser petrosal n.
Lesser petrosal n.
Hiatus for the greater petrosal n.
Greater petrosal n.
Internal acoustic meatus
Facial n., vestibulocochlear n.,labyrinthine a.
Opening of the vestibular aqueduct
Endolymphatic duct
![Page 28: GROUP 2 Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649f275503460f94c3ea62/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
THANK YOU