group 3-allophone

8/12/2019 GROUP 3-allophone

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GROUP 3

Adeliana

Febe Batubara

Kristiana YulianiSilvia Chusnul Chotimah

Ririn Maftukhatul Jannah

Minimal Pairs, Features, and Allophones


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MINIMAL PAIRS

Minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in

a particular language, which differ in only one

phonological and have distinct meanings.

They are used to demonstrate that two

phonesconstitute two separate phonemes in

the language.


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When there is a difference between two

otherwise identical strings of sound and this

difference results in a change of meaning, this

two strings are said to constitute a minimal

pairs.

One can safely say that the phonemes of a

given language form a system in which they

are all opposed to one another. Take English

/p/ :


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/p/ is opposed to /b/ as in /pg/ : /bg/ pig : big

/p/ is opposed to /t/ as in /pi:/ : /ti:/ pea : tea

/p/ is opposed to /d/ as in /pg/ : /dg/ pig : dig

/p/ is opposed to /k/ as in /pt/ : /kt/ pat : cat

/p/ is opposed to /n/ as in /pt/ : /nt/ pit : knit


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FEATURESFeature is phonetic property that can be used toclasssify sounds.

Some of the features required for classifying Englishsegments.


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Allophones is one set of multiple possible

spoken soundsor phones used to pronounce

a single phonemes (Wikipedia)

[p

h

] as in pin and [p] as in spin are allophonesfor the phoneme /p/ in English Language.


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EXAMPLE

[lil][litl]

[lil]

little SOUND
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/Phones%20Allophones%20and%20Phonemesv2_x264.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/Phones%20Allophones%20and%20Phonemesv2_x264.mp4


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There are two types of allophones:

Complementary

DistributionFree variation


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Free variation

free variation = allophonic variation

independent of the phonetic environment thephoneme occurs in random interchangeability.


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Another example is from old song in 1930s

You say either (ir) and I say (aIr)

You say neither (nir) and I say (naIr)

(ir) (aIr) (nir) (naIr)

Letscall the whole thing off


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Complementary Distribution

Complementary distribution = allophonic variation

dependent on the phonetic environment the phoneme

occurs in.

The using of [p] and [ph] in word pool[pul] inccorect; [phul] correct

Top [thap]at the beggining of stressed

Stop [stap]after [s]Butter[brr]before unstressed

Button[bn]before [n]

SOUND

SOUND

SOUND

SOUND

SOUND
http://g/phonology/Know%20your%20allophones%20in%20English_x264_001.mp4http://g/phonology/button2.wmahttp://g/phonology/butter2.wmahttp://g/phonology/stop.wmahttp://g/phonology/top.wmahttp://g/phonology/top.wmahttp://g/phonology/stop.wmahttp://g/phonology/butter2.wmahttp://g/phonology/button2.wmahttp://g/phonology/Know%20your%20allophones%20in%20English_x264_001.mp4


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References

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_pair[Accessed April 5th, 2014]

Ladefoget,P.(1982).A Course in Phonetics. New York: Harcourt BraceJovanovich, 2nd edition.

Ladefoged, P. & K. Johnson (2011).A course in Phonetics. Wadsworth 6thedition. Available: http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/allophonetrm.htm[Accessed March 31st, 2014]

Gramley, Vivian (2009). Phonemes and Allophones. Available: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.html[Accessed March 31st, 2014]

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone[Accessed March 31st, 2014]

http;//faculty.washington.edu/lauramcg/courses/ling451/notes/w2_2_rules.p

df [Accessed April 1st

, 2014]www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.html[Accessed April 1st, 2014]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi6YHxesKkI&feature=youtube_gdata_player[Accessed April 4th, 2014]
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_pairhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/allophonetrm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/allophonetrm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/allophonetrm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/allophonetrm.htmhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophonehttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi6YHxesKkI&feature=youtube_gdata_playerhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi6YHxesKkI&feature=youtube_gdata_playerhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi6YHxesKkI&feature=youtube_gdata_playerhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi6YHxesKkI&feature=youtube_gdata_playerhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophonehttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/phonemes.htmlhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/allophonetrm.htmhttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_pair


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Thank You

group 3-allophone

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