group behavior & effectiveness · mengidentifikasi perbedaan kelompok formal dan informal 3....

Group Behavior & Effectiveness

Robbins and Judge

Organization Behavior

15 Edition

The material used in producing this presentation

derived from the book. Several examples added

to enrich the student’s understanding

Please acknowledge the Authors

2/18/2017 Partono - TELKOM University

Session Goals

1. Memahami definisi kelompok

2. Mengidentifikasi perbedaan kelompok formal dan informal

3. Mengetahui latar belakang individu bergabung dalam

kelompok

4. Mengidentifikasi tahapan pembentukan kelompok

5. Faktor utama dalam perilaku kelompok

6. Mempelajari model pengambilan keputusan dalam

kelompok


Goals One - Definition


Defining and Classifying Groups

Group Two or more individuals interacting and

interdependent, come together to achieve particular objectives

Group ...................................................

Dapat bersifat formal dan informal


Goals Two – Type of groups


Defining and Classifying Groups

• Memiliki struktur organisasi

• Memiliki tugas & pekerjaan yang jelas untuk setiap bagiannya

• Perilakunya diarahkan untuk mencapai sasaran organisasi

• Ex: Telkom, IndoMU, Team Yamaha, Nissan Club

Formal Group:

• Tidak memiliki struktur formal, tidak terorganisir secara resmi

• Muncul karena adanya kebutuhan interaksi sosial

• Dapat mempengaruhi perilaku individu dan kinerja

• Ex: WA Group Mecel, Forum diskusi

Informal Group:


Subclassifications of Groups

Formal Groups

Command Group

A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given supervisor/leader

Task Group

Individual working together to complete a job or task in an organization but not limited by hierarchical boundaries

Informal Groups

Interest Group

Anggota bergabung untuk

mencapai sasaran yang

sama

Friendship Group

Anggota bergabung

dengan latar belakang

beberapa karakteristik

yang sama


Goals Three – Reason to Join


Example of Formal Groups


Reasons Why People Join Groups


• persamaan cenderung memunculkan rasa persatuan Similarity,

• orang senang dengan sesuatu yang membedakan dari yang lain Distinctiveness,

• individu senang & bangga mengidentifikasi diri dengan kelompok yang dinilai memiliki prestasi/membanggakan

Status,

• keanggotaan dalam kelompok memudahkan individu utk memahami diri mereka & posisi mereka di lingkungannya

Uncertainty Reduction,

Social Identify Theory

People have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their

group

Tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments

of a group

Think of when your group does well, compare with the mood when goes

wrong

Help people reduce uncertainty about who they are and what

they should do.

Orang senang mengasosiasikan diri dengan tempat kerja, kota lahir, agama,

profesi, kesenangan, tim favorit, etnis, negara

Identitas sosial membantu individu untuk menentukan posisi

mereka dalam kelompok What are the negative side when attach to a certain group as well.

What is Ingroup Favouritism????


Goals Four – Group Development


The Five Stages of Group Development

• Members feel much uncertainty Pembentukan - Forming

• Lots of conflict between members of the group Pertentangan - Storming

• Members have developed close relationships and cohesiveness

Persatuan - Norming

• The group is finally fully functional Kinerja - Performing

• In temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than performance

Pengakhiran/pembubaran - Adjourning


Critique of the Five-Stage Model

The assumption used in the 5 stage model is that on every

stage, the groups will become more effective

Tidak selalu demikian – group behavior is more complex

Certain levels of conflict sometimes needed and might be

conducive to achieve higher performance

Prosesnya tidak selalu linier atau satu jalur

Beberapa tahap dapat berlangsung bersamaan

Groups may regress and back to their initial forming model


New model - Punctuated Equilibrium


A set of phases that temporary groups go through which

involves transitions between inertia (static) and activity.

Sequence of Actions:

Menentukan arah & kerangka kelompok

First phase of inertia standstill/locked for sometime

Halfway transition, realize the deadline & make necessary

changes to perform

Major changes, revised or alter direction

Second phase of inertia, execute the new plan

Accelerated activity

Punctuated Equilibrium Model


Goals Four – Faktor utama


Group Characteristics


Kelompok

Peran

Norma

Status

Ukuran

Kedekatan

Keragaman

Characteristic 1: Roles


Peran Pola perilaku yang diharapkan dari seseorang yang memegang suatu posisi

Individu memiliki berbagai peran yang berbeda, some compatible, other create conflict

Identitas Peran

Sikap dan perilaku tertentu yang konsisten dengan peran yang dijalankan

Suami, ayah, jemaat, anggota tim tennis, anggota Club BMW, ketua RT, Ketua alumni

Berapa identitas peran yang bisa dimiliki oleh individu?

Persepsi Peran

Cara pandang individu terhadap peran yang dimiliki pada situasi tertentu, dipengaruhi oleh rangsangan eksternal

Film, buku, pengalaman pribadi, lingkungan

Politikus – Rohaniwan – Orangtua – Selebritis – Pengajar - ?????

Characteristic 1: Roles


Pengharapan Peran

• Harapan dari orang lain terhadap individu yang memegang peran pada situasi tertentu

Psychological Contract:

• An unwritten agreement that sets out mutual expectations of management and employeess’ role

Konflik Peran

• Situasi dimana individu dihadapkan pada peran yang berbeda dan saling bertentangan

Characteristic 2: Norms

Standar perilaku yang ditetapkan dalam satu kelompok dan

dipatuhi oleh anggotanya

Jenis-jenis norma

Performance norms - level of acceptable work

Appearance norms - what to wear, how to act

Social arrangement norms – friendships, group relations

Allocation of resources norms - distribution and assignments

of jobs and material

Examples; korupsi, nepotisme, terbuka, kerahasiaan, tepat

waktu, .................


Group Property 2: Norms

Conformity

Gaining acceptance by adjusting one’s behavior to align with

the norms of the group

Reference Groups

Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to

belong and with whose individuals norms are likely to

conform

Asch Studies

Group norms press us toward conformity because our desire to

be member of one group, therefore avoid being visibly

different (agree with other and affraid to stand out differently)


Deviant Workplace Behavior

Antisocial behavior, workplace incivility Definisi

Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational

norms and, in doing so, threatens the well-being of the

organization or its members

Ilustrasi kondisi nyata

Parto merasa tidak nyaman karena Ike menyebarkan berita

tidak benar dan gosip negatif tentang dirinya.

Bunga kesal karena Lena karyawan satu departemen sering

melampiaskan amarah dengan cara berteriak

Sassy akhirnya keluar dari pekerjaan karena mengalami

pelecehan dari atasannya


Deviant Workplace Behavior


Group Property 3: Status

Definisi Tingkatan/posisi tertentu yang dipahami

bersama dalam suatu kelompok

Group will develop roles, rights, and rituals to differentiate

its members.

Faktor penting yang bisa memotivasi

Ketika individu merasakan perbedaan antara apa yang

mereka yakini terkait status mereka dengan kenyataan atau

anggapan orang lain, maka akibatnya yang bersangkutan

berpotensi mengalami tekanan

Status Characteristics Theory states that differences in

status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.


Group Property 3: Status

Faktor Penentu Status

• The power a person wields over others. They likely control the group’s resources, people who control the outcomes tend to be perceived as high status.

• Person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals. People whose contributions are critical to the group’s success tend to have high status.

• An individual’s personal characteristics. Someone whose personal characteristics are positively valued by the group (good looks, intelligence, money, or a friendly personality) typically has higher status than someone with fewer valued attributes.


Group Property 3: Status Effect

On Norms and Conformity

High-status members are less restrained by norms and

pressure to conform

Some level of deviance is allowed to higher-status members so

long as it doesn’t affect group goal achievement

On Group Interaction

High-status members are more active

Status differences limit diversity of ideas and creativity

On Equity

If status is perceived to be inequitable, it will result in various

forms of corrective behavior.

Ex: Felt negative treatment, individual will leave


Group Property 4: Size

Social Loafing , the tendency for individuals

to expend less effort when working

collectively than alone.

In 1920s, German psychologist Max

Ringelmann compared the results of individual and group performance on a rope-pulling task.

• Productivity of a group is not equal with the sum of the productivity of the individuals in it.

• Does team spirit drive individual effort and enhance the group’s overall productivity?

• Individual effort exerted an average of 63 kilograms of force.

• Group of 5 drop per-person exert to 53 kilograms

• Group of 8 drop to only 31 kilograms per person.



Factor affecting Social Loafing

Belief that others in the group are not carrying their fair share.

Dpemerataan tanggung jawab. Individuals may then be

tempted to become free riders and coast on the group’s efforts.

The implications for OB

When using collective work situations, manager should also

be able to identify individual efforts.



Preventing Social Loafing

Set group goals, so the group has a common

purpose to strive toward;

Increase intergroup

competition, which again

focuses on the shared

outcome;

Engage in peer

evaluation so each person

evaluates each other person’s contribution;

Select members who

have high motivation

and prefer to work in groups,

Base group rewards in

part on each member’s

unique contributions.




Kriteria Kel Kecil Kel Besar

Kecepatan

Kinerja individu

Penyelesaian masalah

Keragaman input

Pencarian fakta

Kinerja keseluruhan

Group Property 5: Cohesiveness

Suatu tingkatan yang menggambarkan bagaimana atau sekuat apa interaksi antar anggota dalam suatu kelompok dan sejauh mana mereka tetap ingin berada dalam kelompok tersebut

Faktor yang mempengaruhi;

A great deal of time together,

Small size

High interaction,

External threats have brought members close together.

Cohesiveness affects productivity.

Try explain what happen when:

Cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low,

Cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high


Group Property 5: Cohesiveness

How to encourage the Cohesiveness

• Make the group smaller

• Encourage agreement with group goals

• Increase the time members spend together

• Increase the group’s status and the perceived difficulty of attaining membership

• Stimulate competition with other groups

• Give rewards to the group rather than to individual members

• Physically isolate the group.


Group Property 6: Diversity

The degree to which members of the group are similar to,

or different from, one another.

What type of diversity influences group performance?

Diversity appears to increase group conflict, especially in

the early stages of a group’s development

Surface-level diversity - observable characteristics such as

national origin, race, and gender

Deep-level diversity - underlying attitudes, values, and

opinions.


Goals Five – Pengambilan keputusan


Group Decision Making

Group Strengths:

• Complete & comprehensive information and knowledge

• Diversity of views and greater creativity

• Increased acceptance of decisions

• Accuracy

Group Weaknesses:

• Time-consuming

• Conformity pressures in the group

• Few members domination

• Ambiguous responsibility


Factor Affecting Group Performance

Groupthink, relates to norms.

Situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. Groupthink is a disease that attacks many groups and can dramatically hinder their performance.

Groupshift,

Tend to exaggerate the initial positions they hold when discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution. In some situations, caution dominates and there is a conservative shift, while in other situations groups tend toward a risky shift.

What can a manager do to minize groupthink & grupshift???


Group Decision Making Technique

Interacting groups .

• Meet face to face and rely on both verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate.

Brainstorming

• An idea-generating process designed to overcome pressure for conformity

Nominal Group Technique (NGT)

• Works by restricting discussion during the decision-making process

• Members are physically present but operate independently

Electronic Meeting

• Uses computers to hold large meetings of up to 50 people


Group Dec Making Technique


End of Chapter

Group assignment on the student behavior when working

together as a team

Conduct the survey, analyze the result, present in report and

presentation mode

Submit on the day of the mid test (this is your pass to take mid

test)


group behavior & effectiveness · mengidentifikasi perbedaan kelompok formal dan informal 3....

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