group6sp09 presentation

8/12/2019 Group6Sp09 Presentation

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/group6sp09-presentation 1/38

H O W T O A P P L Y T H E S E I N

A N E D U C A T I O N A L E N V I R O N M E N T

Reinforcement, Punishment, Avoidance Learning,and Escape Learning



Common Problems of the Classroom

Student attendance is down.

Students don’t participate in class - they don’t raise theirhands when asked a question.

Student constantly talks out of turn.

Students won’t quiet down once class starts.

Students have a tendency to continue to talk to eachother once class starts.



Common Problems of the Classroom

What other problems can you come up with?

List



Goals for Today

Learn how to define, recognize, and apply terms toclassroom situations:

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

Avoidance Learning Escape Learning



Try and Define

Positive –

Negative –

Reinforce –

Punish –



Positive Reinforcement

The word positive in positive reinforcement DOESNOT refer to the pleasantness of the stimulus.

It means a stimulus is added or applied to thesituation.

Any stimulus that works to increase the frequency ofa behavior it follows is a positive reinforcer, even ifit does not seem like it should be rewarding.

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/positive_reinforcement.html






Simplified:

Behavior = Increase

Add Something to Increase Behavior

What you are adding Pleasant

As long as it increases behavior




A high school student helping around the house getsto borrow the family car.

A waitress receiving high tips for her pleasantservice.



Negative Reinforcement

Occurs when a behavior is reinforced by removal of astimulus.

The word negative DOES NOT mean unpleasant

It means a stimulus is removed or subtracted fromthe situation in order to reinforce a behavior.

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/negative_reinforcement.html









Simplified:

Behavior = Increase

Remove something to Increase Behavior

What you are taking away Unpleasant

As long as it increases behavior




Students who turn their work in on time get 1homework assignment eliminated for every 10 thatare on time.

A teacher shortens their driving time to work by waking up an hour earlier and missing heavy traffic.



Punishment

Punishment occurs when the desired affect is to makea behavior less frequent .

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/punishment.html











Back to the Classroom

Problem: Student attendance is down.

A professor has a policy of exempting students from the

final exam if they maintain perfect attendance during thequarter. His students’ attendance increases dramatically.

What/Why: The exemption from the final exam is an

example of negative reinforcement becausesomething is taken away that increases the behavior(attendance).





A professor gives extra credit if they maintain perfect

attendance during the quarter. His students’ attendanceincreases dramatically.

What/Why: The extra credit is an example of positive

reinforcement because something is added toincrease the behavior (attendance).





A professor gives additional assignments to those who

miss his classes. His students’ attendance increasesdramatically.

What/Why: The additional assignments are examples of

punishment because this action decreases the behavior (missing class).





A professor takes participation points off those who


What/Why: The removal of participation points is an

example of punishment because this action decreasesthe behavior (missing class).




Problem: Students don’t participate in class.

A student gets bonus points for participation.

What/Why: The addition of bonus points is an example

of positive reinforcement because something isadded to increase the behavior (participation).





A teacher will drop the lowest score of a pastassignment if the students have high participation inclass.

What/Why: The bonus points are an example ofnegative reinforcement because something isremoved to increase the behavior (participation).





Students have to write papers on why they don’t participatein classroom discussion.

What/Why: The papers are examples of punishment

because this action decreases the behavior (lack ofparticipation).




Problem: Student constantly talks out of turn.

Every time the student speaks up without being called theteacher makes them go stand in the corner.

What/Why: Removing the student from the class is an

example of punishment. The instructor is trying to stopan undesirable behavior. (talking out of turn)





Every time the student raises their hand they are giving verbal praise for following directions.

What/Why: Praise is an example of positive

reinforcement. The instructor is trying to encourage adifferent behavior. (raising their hand to be called on)



Escape Learning

Occurs when the animal learns to perform an operantto terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus.

It is a "get me out of here" or "shut this off "reaction, aimed at escape from pain or annoyance.

The behavior that produces escape is negativelyreinforced (reinforced by the elimination of theunpleasant stimulus)

http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/avoidance_and_escape_learning.html






Escape Learning

Child 1 wants Child 2’s toy. Child 1 pinches Child 2until they give them the toy.

A cashier getting robbed hands over the money in herregister.



Avoidance Learning

Escape conditioning is converted into avoidanceconditioning by giving a signal before the aversivestimulus starts.

If the animal receives a cue or signal that an aversivestimulus is coming, then after one or two occurrences ofthe punishing stimulus the cue will trigger anavoidance behavior.

This kind of learning occurs quickly and is very durable.







Avoidance Learning

A college student won't get into a car with a driver who hashad too much to drink

The student is aware of drunk driving statistics so they

avoid getting into the car.

A teacher sets their work to auto save every 5 minutes.

They have heard other teachers have lost work becausetheir computer has crashed. It is set to save to avoid losing any work.



Escape vs. Avoidance

Escape stops during

Avoidance stops before it arrives because of a cue

CUE



Escape Learning to Avoidance Learning

Escape: When a kid gets spanked he stops beingdisruptive.

Avoidance: When a parent raises their hand tospank the kid stops being disruptive.




Problem: Students won’t quiet down once class starts.

The teacher blows a loud whistle until the noise ceases.

What/Why: The loud whistle is the annoying stimulus the

students wish to stop. This is an example of escapelearning because the behavior stops once the studentshear the whistle.




Problem: Students won’t quiet down once class starts.

The teacher raises a loud whistle to her mouth and thestudents quiet before she has to blow it.

What/Why: The loud whistle is the annoying stimulus the

students wish to keep from happening. This is an exampleof avoidance learning because the behavior stops beforethe arrival of the unwanted stimulus. (whistle)





A professor gives additional assignments to those who


What/Why: This also demonstrates avoidance learning

because the students avoid the additional assignments(stimulus) by coming to class.





A professor takes participation points off those who


What/Why: It is also avoidance learning because the

students want to avoid having the participation pointsremoved. (stimulus)





Every time the student speaks up without being called theteacher makes them go stand in the corner.

What/Why: It is also avoidance learning because the

students want to avoid having to stand in the corner.Being removed from class is the unwanted stimulus.

group6sp09 presentation

Documents