grow your ecotourism business vol_ 2

Section 5-Planning and Operational Guidelines Types of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Types of Land and Water Tenure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Private (Freehold) Land and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Local Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 State Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Commonwealth Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 A Typical Approval Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Relevant Management Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Section 6-Interpretation and Environ Interpretation and Environmental Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 The Elements of Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Implementing the Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Maintaining Quality Interpretation - Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Section -contributing

Section 6-8r

ental Education

chure Design and Publication

Section S-Energy and Waste Management Reference list

1q1]dWi%1

Opportunities to Contribute to Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Want to Print a Brochure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 What to Put in the Brochure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Design and Artwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 What is Involved in the Production Process? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 If Only I Had Known. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Internet Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

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11!6Ai**1

" Water-based tours and activities - operations that generally involve organised and self-guided activities in natural, water-based settings or protected areas and generally require few or limited ancillary facilities .

" Water-based attractions - operations that generally include purpose-built facilities in or adjoining natural, water-based settings or protected areas, which promote the education and interpretation of the natural environment. Such operations may involve the development of substantial infrastructure .

Water-based accommodation - operations that generally include purpose-built facilities in or adjoining natural, water-based settings or protected areas, which provide overnight accommodation for visitors to natural areas. Such operations generally support other ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations ; however, may be an attraction in their own right.

Water-based infrastructure - operations that generally include purpose-built infrastructure facilities, which enable access to or support ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in or adjoining natural, water-based settings or protected areas.

Examples of each of these types of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations are included in Table 5.1 .

White water rafting on the Tully I

eensland .

The section provides a brief overview of: " the legislative, operational and management requirements of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations ; and

This section provides practical, self-help material that will assist in establishing,

It should be noted that this section relates specifically to approval processes operating and managing an ecotourism (or nature-based tourism) business .

required by resource management agencies for the use of a resource for ecotourism and nature-based tourism activities in Queensland .

The section does not address administration requirements such as workplace registration, WorkCover and business registration .

" the roles of various government agencies with resource management

This section is relevant to all types and scales of ecotourism and-nature-based responsibilities, including local, state and Commonwealth agencies .

tourism operations within Queensland, on both public and private lands and waters .

Exploring the rainforest, Cape Tribulation .

Ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations can be generally categorised as either :

Land-based operations; or

Water-based operations .

Ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations can be further categorised as :

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Land-based tours and activities - operations that generally involve organised and self-guided activities in natural, land-based settings or protected areas and generally require few or limited ancillary facilities .

Land-based attractions - operations that generally include purpose-built facilities in or adjoining natural, land-based settings or protected areas, which promote the education and interpretation of the natural environment . Such operations may involve the development of substantial infrastructure .

Land-based accommodation - operations that generally include purpose-built facilities in or adjoining natural, land-based settings or protected areas, which provide overnight accommodation for visitors to natural areas . Such operations generally support other ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations ; however, may be an attraction in their own right .

Land-based infrastructure - operations that generally include purpose-built facilities, which enable access to or support ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in or adjoining natural, land-based settings or protected areas .

" Water-based tours and activities - operations that generally involve organised and self-guided activities in natural, water-based settings or protected areas and generally require few or limited ancillary facilities .

" Water-based attractions - operations that generally include purpose-built facilities in or adjoining natural, water-based settings or protected areas, which promote the education and interpretation of the natural environment. Such operations may involve the development of substantial infrastructure .

Water-based accommodation - operations that generally include purpose-built facilities in or adjoining natural, water-based settings or protected areas, which provide overnight accommodation for visitors to natural areas. Such operations generally support other ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations ; however, may be an attraction in their own right.

Water-based infrastructure - operations that generally include purpose-built infrastructure facilities, which enable access to or support ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in or adjoining natural, water-based settings or protected areas.

Examples of each of these types of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations are included in Table 5.1 .

White water rafting on the Tully I

eensland .

Table 5.1 : Examples of Ecotourism and Nature-Based Tourism Operations

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LAND-BASED WATER-BASED

Guided or self-guided : Guided or self-guided :

" Walking, cycling, 4 wheel drive and bus tours " Snorkelling and diving tours W

" Nature appreciation, scenic and cultural tours " Marine appreciation tours including 'glass bottom'

" Bushwalking, orienteering and fossicking boat trips, dolphin and whale watching tours U Q " Adventure activities (rock-climbing, abseiling, " Fishing trips

caving) " Sailing and motorised boat trips

0 " Scenic flights " Kayaking and canoeing " Adventure activities (e .g ., white water rafting) " Water based transport (e.g ., ferries, water taxis)

N " Visitor information centres Z 0 " Wildlife sanctuaries and zoos " Marine information centres U Q " Botanical gardens and native flora reserves " Aquaria and underwater displays

" Observatories a

Z 0 " Camping areas (permanent, temporary, bush) a " Lodges, cabins, guest houses and recreation " Cruise liners 0 0 camps " Yachts, bareboats and houseboats

" Farm stays 0 U U " Associated water,'energy and waste management Q infrastructure

W " Walking tracks and boardwalks

U " Signage " Jetties and ramps " Airstrips and landing areas " Pontoons

N a " Car parks and roads

Z " Tour stop over facilities (shelter sheds, water, toilets)

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The nature and extent of requirements for establishing, operating and managing ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations within Queensland is largely influenced by whether the land or water to be used is in public or private ownership, and whether the land or water is within a special designation area .

In order to determine the tenure of an area of land or water, it will be necessary to contact the relevant local government authority or a qualified consultant. Alternatively, a "BLINMAP" plan can be purchased from customer service centres of the Department of Natural Resources . A BLINMAP plan illustrates relevant property boundaries, formal property descriptions (eg ., RP numbers) and property tenure .

Public Land

Public land is land that is owned by the government, such as National Parks and State Forests. Management responsibility for such land lies with the relevant government agency and existing and future use is governed by the land use provisions (e .g ., planning scheme provisions) of the relevant local government authority. Should the land be subject to a special designation, the legislative requirements of other relevant State or Commonwealth government agencies will also apply.

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Private Land

Private land is land that is privately owned, such as a house block, a farm or an industrial property. Management responsibility lies with the owner, who may be an individual, a family or a company, and existing and future use is governed by the land use provisions of the relevant local government authority. Should the land be subject to a special designation, the legislative requirements of other relevant State or Commonwealth government agencies will also apply.

Public water

Most water resources are publicly owned in Queensland . Management and use responsibilities are generally as follows:

" rivers and creeks - the state government and possibly river improvement trusts ;

" lakes - the state government; " coastal waters above high water mark - the relevant local government authority;

" coastal waters between the low and high water marks - the state government ; and coastal waters between the low water mark and 200 nautical miles offshore - the Commonwealth government .

Should an area of water be subject to a special designation, the legislative requirements of other relevant State or Commonwealth government agencies will also apply.

Snorkelling in Queensland's warm waters .

Private water Some lakes may be privately owned, such as irrigation lakes on farms and ornamental lakes on residential estates . As with private land, management responsibility generally lies with the owner, and existing and future use of the water is governed by the land use provisions of the relevant local government authority. Should the area be subject to a special designation, the legislative requirements of other relevant State or Commonwealth government agencies will also apply.

Special designations over land .and water An area of land or water may be subject to a special designation under an Act of Parliament, such as the Nature Conservation Act 1992 or the Queensland Marine Parks Act 1992. Special designations may affect the manner in which the area of land or water may be used . In some cases, an area of land or water may be subject to more than one special designation .

Following is a list of special designations that might apply to an area of land or water :

Designated by State Government

" National Park or Conservation Park

" State Forest

" Recreation Area

" Marine Park

" Designated Landscape Area

" A Landscapes Queensland site (i .e ., listed under the Cultural Records (Landscapes Queensland and Queensland Estate Act 1987)

" A "heritage site" (i .e ., listed on the Queensland Heritage Register)

" A "contaminated site" (i .e ., listed on the Contaminated Land Register, or recent environmental management register)

" Coastal Management Control District

" Erosion Prone Area

" "Deeds of grant in trust" area

" Unallocated State land

Designated by Commonwealth Government

" World Heritage Area - Fraser Island - Central Eastern Rainforests (Border Ranges) - the Wet Tropics - Riversleigh Fossil Fields -the Great Barrier Reef

" A National Estate site (i .e . listed on the Register of the National Estate)

Should an area of land or water be subject to one or more of these special designations, existing and future use of the area of land or water will be determined by the provisions of the relevant Act or Acts .

EXAMPLE: FRASER ISLAND

Fraser Island comprises public and private land and public water.

The northern part of the island lies within the Hervey Bay City local government authority area, and the southern part lies within the Maryborough City local government authority area . Therefore, existing and future land use in the northern part of the island must accord with the Hervey Bay City land use (planning scheme) provisions, whilst existing and future land use in the southern part of the island must accord with the Maryborough City land use (planning scheme) provisions .

A large proportion of the island is designated a National Park under the Nature Conservation Act 1992. Therefore, existing and future land use and land management in the National Park areas must accord with the provisions of the Nature Conservation Act 1992, which is currently administered by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.

The entire island is designated a Recreation Area under the Recreation Areas Management Act 1998. Therefore, existing and future land use, and land management on the island generally, must accord with the provisions of the Recreation Areas Management Act 1998, which is currently administered by the Environment Protection Agency .

The entire island is also designated a World Heritage Area under the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1993. Therefore existing and future land use, and land management on the island generally, must accord with the provisions of the

rlial'l V'1'i'Ii ladk-i1l61iil 11!A1**1

World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1993, which is currently administered by Environment Australia.

In summary, the establishment of an ecotourism or nature-based tourism operation on Fraser Island is likely to need approval from a variety of government agencies that currently have jurisdiction over the use and management of land and waters within and immediately adjoining the island .

Integrated Planning Act 1997 In many cases, the establishment, operation and management of an ecotourism or nature-based tourism operation will entail the development of an area . Such development may require development approval by the relevant land management agency or agencies .

The Integrated Planning Act 1997 governs development approval processes in Queensland . The primary aim of the Act is to seek to achieve ecological sustainability by :

" coordinating and integrating planning at the local, regional and State levels ;

managing the process by which development occurs ; and

managing the effects of development on the environment (including managing the use of premises) .

Accommodation with a natural flavour, Platypus Bush Camp, Finch Hatton Gorge .

Cape Tribulation National Park, Cape Tribulation

The Act provides for an integrated development assessment system (IDAS) . Under IDAS, development includes any of the following :

carrying out building works - building, repairing, altering, moving or demolishing a building, as well as any incidental excavating, filling or supporting works ;

carrying out drainage work - installing, repairing, altering or removing sewerage or drainage systems on the premises;

carrying out plumbing work - installing, repairing, altering or removing any system for supplying water to a property service, conveying sewage from premises to sanitary drain, or for a fire service within premises ;

carrying out operational work - excavating gravel, rock, sand or soil from its original place ; planting trees or removing timber for forestry ; excavating, filling or undertaking work that materially affects premises or their use ; or placing an advertising device on premises . Examples include erecting a sign to advertise a tour or attraction, or excavating

. rocks from their original site on a building site ;

" reconfiguring a lot - changing an allotment through subdivision, amalgamation or the creation of an easement; or

making a material change of use of premises - starting a new use, re-starting an abandoned use or changing the scale or intensity of an existing use of premises . Examples include developing a new visitor centre, establishing lodges or accommodation, or developing marina infrastructure that materially changes the scale of development on premises .

When to submit a development

application?

The need for development approval is determined by the regulations to the Integrated Planning Act 1997 or the land use provisions of the relevant local government authority (i .e ., the planning scheme) . For example, a development is identified as either :

" exempt development - no approval required by the local government authority;

" self-assessable development - requires approval by the local government authority or a privately certified builder ; or

" assessable development - requires development approval by the local government authority or a designated government department .

There are two types of assessable development;

" code assessment - where a development does not require public notification and generally does not require any referrals to other agencies or information requests by the assessment manager; and

" impact assessment - where a development does require the application to be notified to the public, and may or may not require any referrals to other agencies or information requests by the assessment manager.

Again, the regulations to the Integrated Planning Act 1997 or the land use provisions of the relevant local government authority (i .e ., the planning scheme), will determine whether the assessable development requires code assessment or impact assessment .

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It is important that the relevant local government authority be contacted in the early stages of a project to identify any requirements under IDAS.

The application process

In order to gain development approval for a proposed development, a development application must be lodged with the assessment manager, which in most cases will be the relevant local government authority.

The development application process comprises five key stages under IDAS. These are described briefly below.

STAGE ONE

Application Stage

WHAT IS INVOLVED

The applicant must lodge a development application with the assessment manager, including the correct application form and fee, a consent letter from the property owner (if the applicant does not own the property), letter/s from copyright holders of plans and reports to allow copying, and any supporting information such as plans, elevations and consultant reports.

The assessment authority will issue an acknowledgment notice to the applicant to confirm the details of the application .

STAGE TWO

Information and Referral Stage

WHAT IS INVOLVED

If referral to other relevant government agencies is required, the applicant must provide the application and other relevant material to these agencies.

The assessment manager and the other relevant government agencies may request further information from the applicant, such as an assessment of environmental impact . The applicant can decide how much information, if any, they wish to provide to the assessment manager in response to the request for further information .

The other relevant government agencies assess the information provided by the applicant.

STAGE THREE

Notification Stage (only for applications requiring impact assessment)

WHAT IS INVOLVED

The applicant must notify the public of the proposal by sending letters to adjoining land owners, placing a notice in the local newspaper and placing a sign on the land (for at least 15 working days) . Members of the public can make submissions or objections to the assessment manager in relation to the proposed development.

An abseiling adventure, Lamington National Park.

STAGE FOUR Decision Stage

WHAT IS INVOLVED

The assessment manager considers any issues, public submissions and comments from the other relevant government agencies, and decides whether the application will be approved, approved with conditions, or rejected . The applicant may make representations to the other relevant government agencies prior to a decision .

The assessment manager will issue a decision-notice to the applicant indicating the decision .

The applicant may make representations to the assessment manager in relation to conditions imposed on the proposed development.

The assessment manager will issue a negotiated decision notice to the applicant indicating the decision .

Appeal

WHAT IS INVOLVED

If the applicant is not satisfied with the decision of the assessment manager or any conditions imposed on the proposed development, he or she may appeal to the Planning and Environment . Court or'the Building and Development Tribunal .

The application process for a development requiring impact assessment is generally more complex and time consuming than that for a development requiring code assessment .

Figure 5.1 illustrates a range of development application processes under IDAS.

A planning consultant may need to be contacted to assist in preparing and lodging a development application to an assessment manager.

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W C7

0 z

W

CODE ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT (NO NOTIFICATION, NO INFORMATION REQUEST BY AM & NO REFERRALS)

AM = Assessment Manager

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AM assesses application

IMPACT ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT (NOTIFICATION, INFORMATION REQUEST BY AM, NO REFERRALS)

Public may make submissions to AM


IMPACT ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT (NOTIFICATION, INFORMATION REQUEST BY AM, REFERRALS)

Public may make submissions to AM


0 AM issues decision notice AM issues decision notice Applicant may make representations to a referral

agency prior to decision z 0 0

Applicant may make representations to AM Applicant may make representations to AM AM issues decision notice W regarding conditions imposed regarding conditions imposed c Applicant may make representations to AM

AM issues negotiated decision notice AM issues negotiated decision notice regarding conditions imposed

AM issues negotiated decisions notice

J a W If not satisfied with decision, applicant may If not satisfied with decision, applicant may

If not satisfied with decision, applicant may a a appeal to Planning and Environment Court or appeal to Planning and Environment Court or

appeal to Planning and Environment Court or a

Building and Development Tribunal Building and Development Tribunal Building and Development Tribunal

a Applicant makes application z 0 a AM issues acknowledgment notice U J a a a

Applicant makes application

AM issues acknowledgment notice

Applicant makes application

AM issues acknowledgment notice

0 Applicant provides application and other material to

W

a z0 AM requests information referral agencies zN v 0 as Applicant responds to information request AM may request Referral agency may request

further information further information oc W 0LL IJ. W zCC Applicant responds to information request

v Referral agencies assess information z

0 aC) Applicant notifies public of application Applicant notifies public of application u La F H N

TYPE OF APPLICATION

Estimated timeframe*

TYPE OF APPLICATION


TYPE. OF APPLICATION


How long will a development application take to be processed? Statutory timeframes for development applications are specified under the Integrated Planning Act 1997. A summary of timeframes for local government authorities and government departments to assess development applications is provided below.

Application requiring code assessment with no requests for information and no referral onto other relevant government agencies .

Approximately 12 weeks (3 months).

Application requiring impact assessment with no requests for information and no referral on to other relevant government agencies .

Approximately 16 weeks (4 months).

Application requiring impact assessment with requests for information and referral onto three or more other relevant government agencies .

Approximately 28 weeks (7 months) .

These timeframes are estimates only. The relevant local government authority will be able to provide specific time frames .

Delays in the development application process can be minimised if the development application is lodged with supporting information to the assessment manager as quickly as possible .

As complex development applications can take up to seven months to complete, operators should plan their work and budget accordingly.

Environmental impact assessment Development applications are likely to require the preparation of a more detailed submission on likely environmental impact if the proposed development involves :

changing the use of land or subdividing land in a sensitive area (i .e . on prescribed land); or

" a sensitive type of development (i .e . designated development) .

Prescribed land includes land located within Coastal Management Control Districts, fishery and wetland reserves, National Parks, Designated Landscape Areas, fill areas below the flood line, tidal wetlands and declared (water) catchment areas.

Designated development includes the construction of aerodromes for public use, marinas, tourist developments with a resort population of 2,000 or more, and waste treatment plants .

The provisions for these types of development under the Integrated Planning Act 1997 are expected to be amended in the short term . Therefore it is important that the relevant local government authority be contacted in the early stages of a project to identify any specific environmental impact requirements .

Environmental licences

An environmental licence may be required for development activities that are known as environmentally relevant activities under Schedule 1 of the Environment Protection Regulation 1998. Examples of environmentally relevant activities include establishment of sewerage treatment operations, power stations, water treatment plants, dredging, clearing (after 1 January 1999) or reclaiming land over two hectares in size, a port or waste disposal operation and incineration .

As from 1 July 1998, if an application is required for development under IDAS, the application for an environmental licence will become part of the development application to the relevant local government authority. If an application is not required for development under IDAS, the application for an environmental licence will need to be lodged directly with the relevant regional office of the Environmental Protection Agency .

Details of approvals

The following section details the approval processes that may be required in the establishment, operation and management of an ecotourism or nature-based tourism operation. The approval processes are listed according to the land or water tenure type (including designation if applicable) .

It should be noted that the materials contained in this section are a guide only. The relevant local government authority or a qualified consultant should be contacted to determine what processes are required.

Figure 5.2 provides a summary of the organisations that developers may need to contact in relation to obtaining approval for an ecotourism or nature-based tourism operation .

figure 5 .2 : Approval Auencies

Land or water owner

Local government authority

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

TENURE TYPE

Private (Freehold) land or water

Local Government Parks/Reserves

National Parks/Conservation Parks

.( '

Department of Natural Resources (DNR)

State Forests

0-

"110- At 0. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Recreation Areas

1 r Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Land

Marine Parks

Acts Branch (DNR)

® Australian Heritage Commission

Designated Landscape Areas

Water Resources (DNR)

Wet Tropics Management Authority

Queensland Parks & Wildlife Service

(QPWS)

Cultural Heritage Branch (EPA)

Queensland Heritage Council

Hazardous Wastes & Contaminated Sites

Section (EPA)

Beach Protection Authority (EPA)

Forest Resources (DNR)

Coastal Management Branch (EPA)

ATSI Community Council

Erosion prone areas

Deeds of grant in trust areas

Unallocated State land

Fraser Island World Heritage Area

Central Eastern Rainforests World Heritage Area

Wet Tropics World Heritage Area

Sites on the Register of the National Estate

OPERATION TYPE

LAND-BASED OPERATIONS

WATER-BASED OPERATIONS

TOURS/

ATTRACTIONS : ACCOMMODATION : INFRASTRUCTURE

TOURS/

;ATTRACTIONS : ACCOMMODATION : INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES :

ACTIVITIES

Recreation Areas Management Board

q Landscape Queensland Sites

It

Sites Listed on the Qld Heritage Register

It

Mhuz 0

q~

I1~1 ~!

Sites listed on the Contaminated Sites Register

Coastal Management Control Districts

^"`

^^^ 0.

'

Riversleigh Fossil Fields World Heritage Area

Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area

NOTE: It is expected a specific area of land or water will have more than one tenure type.

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we

0- 0.

"110-

0-

46 . '110- It 0.

46

0- 1 :1,110-AIDIT

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4b.4/1

's(/,

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Iiii-live'-fu pil;44filicl] lomlir!l rsiri uk"»a1

Private freehold land and water are areas of land or water held in freehold title by a private owner. Such land or water may be sold or purchased accordingly. It may be used and developed in accordance with the land use provisions of the relevant local government authority (i .e ., a planning scheme).

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations on private (freehold) land and water are outlined below:

Land and water-based

Development approval

Local government

Information requirements

Statutory time frames tours and activities

under IDAS ***

authority (Assessment

under IDAS

under IDAS Manager)

Written letter of consent

Written letter of request

At discretion of land for use of and access to

Other State government

detailing nature of tour or

owner (if not owned by land or water (if not

agencies (Referral

activity proposed (if not

operator) owned by operator)

agencies)

owned by operator)

Land owner (if not owned by operator)



Local government


Statutory time frames attractions,

under IDAS


under IDAS

under IDAS accommodation and

Manager) infrastructure

*

Assuming such operations constitute assessable development under IDAS. **

Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. *** Check with the relevant local government authority to determine whether development approval under IDAS is required for tours or activities. If formal approval is

not required, it would be prudent to obtain a letter to this effect from the relevant local government authority. Note: Areas of private land or water may also fall within other designations, such as a Recreation Area, an Erosion Prone Area or part of the National Estate. Refer to the list of possible approvals for all other designations.

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

RELEVANT AGENCIES **'

INFORMATION

ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS

TIME FRAME

Other State government agencies (Referral agencies)

Land owner (if not owned by operator)

Local government parks and reserves Local government parks and reserves are areas of land managed by local government authorities for a variety of open space purposes, including local, district and regional parks (sport and non-sport), bushland reserves, drainage reserves and undeveloped road reserves . Such land may be owned by the local government authority or owned by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), with the local government authority as trustee.

In many cases, local government parks and reserves include or adjoin a creek or river corridor, which often provides a range of water-based tourism opportunities .

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


Written letter of consent tours and activities

for use of and access to

authority land or water

RELEVANT AGENCIES

Local government

DNR (for access to land owned by Department, and access to creeks and rivers)

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Creeks and rivers are generally managed by the Department of Natural Resources.

Any improvements to parks and reserves are usually undertaken by the relevant local authority. Accordingly, it is unlikely that tourist operators would be able to develop structures within parks and reserves for commercial purposes .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in local government parks and reserves include:

Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted.

INFORMATION ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS

TIME FRAME

Written letter of request

At discretion of local detailing nature of tour

government authority or activity proposed

and DNR (for access to creeks and rivers)

Any other information as determined by DNR (for access to creeks and rivers)

4~dUlftllyjlamimfl

National Parks /Conservation Paris

Any improvements to National Parks and Conservation Parks are usually undertaken by the

National Parks and Conservation Parks are areas of

Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. State land that have been allocated for conservation and managed recreation use under the Nature

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation

Conservation Act 1992. Such land is located

and management of ecotourism and nature-based

throughout the State and is managed by the

tourism operations in National Parks and

Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) . Some

Conservation Parks include:

of these areas have Plans of Management in place to guide their use and management .

In many cases, National Parks and Conservation Parks include or adjoin a creek or river corridor that often provides a range of water-based tourism opportunities . Generally, the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) manages creeks and rivers .

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

RELEVANT AGENCIES *

INFORMATION


TIME FRAME


Commercial activity

QPWS

Details of operator,

60 days after receipt of tours and activities

permits, special activity

proposed activity

application, or 90 days if permits, group activity

DNR (for access to creeks

frequency, location and

further information is permits or deeds of

and rivers)

capacity, public liability

required agreement (negotiated

or indemnity and vehicle with conditions)

insurance


TYPE OF OPERATION

Land and water-based accommodation (e .g ., temporary or bush camping, house boats)

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

Camping permits, special activity permits, group activity permits or deeds of agreement (negotiated with conditions)

Taking in the views, Girraween National Park, Southern Downs.

RELEVANT AGENCIES

QPWS

DNR (for access to creeks and rivers)

INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

Details of operator, proposed activity frequency, location and capacity, public liability or indemnity and vehicle insurance



ESTIMATED TIME FRAME

60 days after receipt of application, or 90 days if further information is required

Camping permits may be issued on the spot at offices of QPWS or at tourist centres

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State Forests State Forests are areas of State land that comprise natural forest or plantation timber forest . Such land is jointly controlled and managed as a State economic resource by the Forest Resources section of the Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Primary Industries under the Forestry Act 1959.

In many cases, State Forests include or adjoin a creek or river corridor that often provides a range of water-based tourism opportunities . Generally, the

Department of Natural Resources manages creeks and rivers .

The Department of Natural Resources usually undertake any improvements to State Forests.

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in State Forests include:

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

RELEVANT AGENCIES *

INFORMATION


TIME FRAME


Camping permit,

DNR

Details of proposal and

2-6 weeks, depending on tours and activities

commercial activity

indemnity insurance

the complexity of the permit, public event

DNR (for access to creeks

proposal permit or permit to

and rivers)

Any other information as traverse (land)

determined by DNR (for access to creeks and rivers)

Land-based

Camping permit, permit

DNR

Details of proposal and

2-6 weeks, depending on accommodation (e .g .,

to traverse (land)

indemnity insurance

the complexity of the temporary or bush

proposal camping)

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Camping permits may be issued on the spot at offices of DNR or may be "self service" permits whereby the applicant completes the form at the site

Recreation

Recreation Areas are areas of primarily public land that have been designated for managed recreation use within Queensland . Such areas usually comprise National Park and are managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) . Four Recreation Areas currently exist within Queensland, namely Fraser Island, Moreton Island, Green Island and the Inskip Peninsula .

TYPE OF OPERATION

Land and water-based tours and activities

Land and water-based accommodation (e .g ., temporary or bush camping, house boats) On National Park

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

Commercial activity permit or deed of agreement (negotiated with conditions)

Camping permits, special activity permits, group activity permits or deeds of agreement (negotiated with conditions)

RELEVANT AGENCIES **

QPWS


QPWS


As with many National Parks and State Forests, Recreation Areas often include or adjoin creek and river corridors that provide a range of water-based tourism opportunities . The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) usually manages creeks and rivers .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in designated Recreation Areas include:


TIME FRAME


At discretion of QPWS, proposed activity -

depending on the frequency, location and

complexity of the activity capacity, indemnity and vehicle insurance

As determined by DNR (for access to creeks and rivers)

Details of operator, proposed activity frequency, location and capacity, public liability or indemnity and vehicle insurance


At discretion of DNR (for access to creeks and rivers)


Camping permits may be issued on the spot at offices of QPWS or at tourist centres

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


INFORMATION


TIME FRAME



Local government



under IDAS


under IDAS


Manager) infrastructure On Private Land/ Water *

QPWS (Referral Agency)

Low impact water-based recreation, Torquay Beach, Hervey Bay.

Recreation Areas Management Board (Referral Agency)


*

Assuming such operations constitute assessable development under IDAS. **


Marine Parks

State Marine Parks are areas of tidal land and tidal water that have environmentally significant marine life . They are protected under the Queensland Marine Parks Act 1982, and are managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) . They have specific statutory zoning plans or Plans of Management to guide their use. At present there are three Marine Parks within Queensland, namely the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, the Moreton Bay Marine Park (State) and the Hervey Bay Marine Park (State).

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

Water-based tours and

Commercial tour permit

QPWS activities

or deed of agreement (negotiated with conditions)

Water-based attractions,

Relevant permit or Deed accommodation and

of Agreement QPWS

Manager) infrastructure

under the Queensland Marine Parks Act 1982 **

RELEVANT AGENCIES

QPWS (Assessment

The Commonwealth Government manages the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. It should be noted that this marine park extends seawards from the mean low water mark, whereas a State Marine Park includes all tidal areas to the highest astronomical tide (excluding most private lands) .

Any activities involving reclamation, dredging or construction of structures in tidal areas throughout Queensland will be subject to the provisions of Section 86 of the Harbours Act 1985 and Section 51 of the Fisheries Act 1994 .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in State Marine Parks include :

*


**

The exact processes for approving use within Marine Parks under IDAS are not yet determined.


TIME FRAME

Details of proposed

Approximately 2 months activity and location

for basic tourism permits not involving infrastructure or development

Contact Coastal Management Branch QPWS**

QPWS**

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Designated Landscape Areas Designated Landscape Areas are areas of State land and private freehold land designated for protection by the Governor in Council under the Cultural Record (Landscapes Queensland and Queensland Estate) Act 1987. Such areas display Aboriginal artefacts or sites that require protection . Access to such areas is generally unavailable unless an Instrument of Permission is obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . At present there are nine (9) Designated Landscape Areas within Queensland, including :

TYPE OF OPERATION

Land-based tours and activities

.qil'm ri'nlr l4Rtfttvigliil I14it;bil

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

"Instrument of Permission" for entry to a Designated Landscape Area

RELEVANT AGENCIES

Minister for the Environment and Heritage (advised by the Cultural Heritage Branch of EPA)

" Stanbroke Pastoral Development ; " Gresley Pastoral Holding - Crocodile Station ; " Black's Palace ; " The Granites ; " Morven; " Wallaroo; " Toorbul Point Bora Ring ; " Gatton Rock Art Site ; and " Meringandan .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in Designated Landscape Areas include :


A written request to EPA or Minister for an "Instrument of Permission" to enter site . May require the preparation of a Cultural Heritage Conservation and Management Plan for development proposals if required by (EPA)



At discretion of Minister

Discovering the Dinosaur Tracks at Lark Quarry, Outback Queensland .

Landscapes Queensland Sites Landscapes Queensland sites are significant Aboriginal sites that are listed on the Site Inventory maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Unlike Designated Landscape Areas, they are not officially designated by the Governor in Council. Examples of Landscapes Queensland sites include the Aboriginal art sites within the Carnarvon Gorge National Park and other National Parks.

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL

Land-based tours and

Written consent for use activities

of or access to the sites **

RELEVANT AGENCIES

Minister (advised by the Cultural Heritage Branch of EPA)

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in Designated Landscape Areas include :


TIME FRAME

May require the

At discretion of Minister preparation of a Cultural Heritage Conservation and Management Plan for significant development proposals

Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted . As Landscapes Queensland sites are not officially designated, there is no formal approval process involved for use of or access to the sites, although written consent should be obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency.

Sites listed on the Queensland Heritage Register Sites listed on the Queensland Heritage Register are sites or places of recognised architectural or cultural significance under the Queensland Heritage Act 1992. Such sites may be on State land or private freehold land and include old buildings, buildings that represent a particular architectural or cultural era, or significant indigenous sites.

AAaSa

d

.z

.i

_

,

..,..1 .

-1

c TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


Land-based attractions,


Local government

accommodation and

under IDAS, including

authority

infrastructure *

formal approval for

works where a proposed

development involves

changes other than

minor repair work or

maintenance

Cultural Heritage Branch

(EPA)

Queensland Heritage

Council (approval for

works)

To determine whether a site or place is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register, contact should be made with the Cultural Heritage Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in sites listed on the Queensland Heritage Register include:



No formal approval


Not applicable

activities

required ; however, it is

(EPA)

recommended that the

proposed operation be

discussed with the


(EPA)


Not applicable


Statutory time frames

under IDAS, including

under IDAS

assessment report

stating impact on cultural

heritage significance,

plans of development

*

Assuming such operations constitute "assessable development" under IDAS . **

Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. Note: For private land listed on the Queensland Heritage Register, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13.

DUFKU anu uvnis uiy free, rnnannnsica .

Sites listed on the Contaminated Sites Re ister Sites listed on the Contaminated Sites Register (or the recent Environmental Management Register) are sites known; or suspected, to be contaminated . Sites may be publicly or privately owned and may be listed as a confirmed, probable, or restricted contamination site .

Future use and development of listed sites may require particular management or decontamination activities under the Contaminated Land Act 1991 (which has been incorporated into the Environment

TYPE OF OPERATION

Protection Act 1994) and the Integrated Planning (Contaminated Land) Transitional Regulation 1998 .

To determine whether a site is listed on the Contaminated Sites Register, a search request may be lodged with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or via the CITEC information service .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in sites listed on the Contaminated Sites Register (or the recent Environmental Management Register) include:


Not applicable

Local government


Statutory time frames authority (Assessment

under IDAS

under IDAS Manager)

Land and water-based tours and activities


Development approval attractions,

under IDAS accommodation and infrastructure

Hazardous Wastes and Contaminated Sites Section (EPA) (Referral Agency)

*


Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. Note: For private land listed on the Contaminated Sites Register, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13.

.4r'm v'i'1'Iii I4RA'PiAliil 11141*49

POSSIBLE APPROVAL RELEVANT AGENCIES ** INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

No formal approval Hazardous Wastes and Not applicable required ; however, it is Contaminated Sites recommended that the Section (EPA) proposal be discussed with the Hazardous Wastes and Contaminated Sites Section of EPA

Coastal Manage Coastal Management Control Districts are areas of public and private land adjacent to the coast that have been declared by the Governor in Council, following recommendation from the Beach Protection Authority, under the Beach Protection Act 1968. The boundaries of these districts are shown on plans held by the

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Control Districts

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


No formal approval activities

required ; however, it is recommended that the proposed operation be discussed with the Beach Protection Authority (DEH)

Land-based attractions, accommodation and infrastructure

Development approval under IDAS, including a permit for the use of land or tidal areas and a permit for the erection of a structures

Local government authority (Assessment Manager)

Governor in Council (advised by Beach Protection Authority within EPA) (Referral agency)

Beach Protection Authority within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and relevant local government authorities .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in Coastal Management Control Districts include:

Information requirements under IDAS

A written letter to the Beach Protection Authority requesting consent of Governor in Council

Statutory time frames under IDAS

*


Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. Note: These requirements may change based on the forthcoming Consequential Amendments to the Integrated Planning Act 1997. You should contact the relevant local government authority to assess likely changes to requirements. Note: For private land within a Coastal Management Control District, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13.

RELEVANT AGENCIES "* INFORMATION ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS TIME FRAME

Beach Protection Not applicable Not applicable Authority (EPA)

Bunva Mountains National Park .

Erosion Prone

Erosion Prone Areas are areas of public and private land identified by the Beach Protection Authority as subject to erosion or encroachment by tidal waters under the Beach Protection Act 1968. Plans of Erosion Protection Areas are held by the Beach Protection Authority within the Environmental Protection Agency

TYPE OF OPERATION

Land-based tours and activities


Development approval accommodation and

under IDAS, including infrastructure *

consent for opening roads or subdividing land

Local government authority (Assessment Manager)

Governor in Council (advised by Beach Protection Authority within EPA- Referral Agency)

(EPA) and relevant local government authorities . A local government authority may declare a "restricted access area" over an Erosion Prone Area on unoccupied State land to prohibit public access .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in Erosion Prone Areas include :


A written letter to the Beach Protection Authority (EPA) requesting consent of Governor in Council


Not applicable


*


Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. *** Governor in Council may require that land be surrendered to the State . Note: These requirements may change based on the forthcoming Consequential Amendments to the Integrated Planning Act 1991. You should contact the relevant local government authority to assess any likely changes to requirements. Note: For private land within an Erosion Prone Area, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13.

POSSIBLE APPROVAL RELEVANT AGENCIES ** INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

No formal approval Beach Protection Not applicable required ; however, it is Authority (EPA) recommended that the proposed operation be discussed with the Beach Protection Authority (EPA)

Deeds of Grant in Trust Areas Deeds of Grant in Trust areas are areas of freehold land owned by relevant local government authorities that are granted to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Community Council under a deed of grant . Such grants, which are not related to Native Title, may be made under the Aboriginal Land Act 1991 or the Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 .

Deeds of Grant in Trust areas can be leased to private operators for up to 30 years or transferred to

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


Consent for use or lease tours and activities

of or access to a Deeds of Grant in Trust area


Consent for use or lease attractions,

of or access to a Deeds accommodation and

of Grant in Trust area infrastructure

RELEVANT AGENCIES

Relevant Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Community Council

Relevant Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Community Council

Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Land Acts Branch (DNR)

inalienable freehold lands by Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander communities under the relevant legislation . Most of the large Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Queensland occupy Deeds of Grant in Trust areas .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in Deeds of Grant in Trust areas include :



TIME FRAME

As determined by the

At discretion of the Community Council

Community Council

As determined by the

At discretion of the Community Council

Community Council

e Located State Land

Unallocated State land is land that has no designated use and is held in trust by the Queensland Government under the Land Act 1994. Unallocated State land may include roads, reserves and esplanades .

Access to these areas is illegal unless a "Permit to Occupy" or_ a term lease is obtained from the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). These will

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


Written authority for any

DNR tours and activities

temporary activities (i .e ., up to 3 months)

Permit to Occupy for temporary uses

RELEVANT AGENCIES

generally only be issued if it is intended that the area of Unallocated State Land will be used for National Park, State Forest or a State Recreation Area in the future . Tourist operators are not able to develop buildings and structures within these areas for commercial uses .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations on unallocated State land include:


TIME FRAME

As determined by DNR

At discretion of DNR

*

Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. Note: Areas of Unallocated State Land may be subject to Native Title . Contact the Department of Natural Resources to identify whether Native Title exists over a site and how it may affect the proposed operation.

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A111imallaww'.4111 [ftlavialinuaifi

Fraser island World Heritage Area Fraser Island World Heritage Area comprises both public and private land within Fraser Island . The island is the largest sand island in the world.

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in the Fraser Island World Heritage Area include:

*


Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. *** As of June 1988, there has been a moratorium on these permits, and applications are not being processed until the strategies within the Great Sandy Region Final

Report are implemented. Note : For private land within the Fraser Island World Heritage Area, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13 .

TYPE OF OPERATION POSSIBLE APPROVAL RELEVANT AGENCIES ** INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS


Land and water-based Commercial tour QPWS Details of proposed Not applicable *** tours and activities operator permit activity, location and

operation with Application Form and fee

Land-based Camping permit QPWS Details of proposed Not applicable *** accommodation activity, location and (temporary or bush operation with camping) Application Form and fee

Land and water-based Development approval Local government Information requirements Statutory time frames attractions, under IDAS authority (Assessment under IDAS under IDAS accommodation and Manager) infrastructure

QPWS

World Heritage listed Fraser Island .

The Central Eastern Rainf orests (Border Ranges) World Heritage -Area The Central Eastern Rainforests (Border Ranges) World Heritage Area extends across both Queensland and New South Wales, with Mt Warning and the caldera and rainforests as the defining features . Management of the Queensland sections of the area is the responsibility of the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) and the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) .

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


Commercial activity tours and activities

permit, special activity

Parks) permit, group activity permit or deed or agreement (negotiated with conditions)

Land-based accommodation (temporary or bush camping)

Camping permit, special activity permit, group

Parks) activity permit or deed or agreement (negotiated with conditions)


QPWS (for National

DNR (for State Forests)

DNR (for creeks and rivers)

QPWS (for National


The Central Eastern Rainforests (Border Ranges) World Heritage Area includes parts of numerous creek and river corridors that provide a range of water-based tourism opportunities . These creeks and rivers are generally managed by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR).

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in the Central Eastern Rainforests (Border Ranges) World Heritage Area include :


TIME FRAME


60 days after receipt of proposed activity

application, or 90 days if frequency, location and

further information is capacity ; indemnity and

required vehicle insurance


60 days after receipt of, proposed activity

application, or 90 days if frequency, location and

further information is capacity; indemnity and

required vehicle insurance

Camping permits may be issued on the spot at offices of QPWS and DNR

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


INFORMATION


TIME FRAME



QPWS (for National



under. IDAS

Parks)

under IDAS

under IDAS accommodation and infrastructure *


~Jil'lu FE'nii (adiwlgui 171h4r*v


Local government authority

*

Assuming such operations constitute "assessable development" under IDAS. **

Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted . Note : For private land within the Central Eastern Rainforests (Border Ranges) World Heritage Area, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13.

World Heritage Areas World Heritage Areas are areas recognised as outstanding examples of the world's natural or cultural heritage . Such areas are registered on the World Heritage List, which is administered under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention . In Queensland, there are five such areas, including :

1 . Fraser Island

2 . the Central Eastern Rainforests (Border Ranges)

3 . the Wet Tropics

4 . Riversleigh Fossil Fields

5 . the Great Barrier Reef

Land within World Heritage Areas is generally a mixture of tenure, including private freehold land, National Park, Marine Park and State Forest . Various management authorities and Environment Australia on behalf of the Commonwealth Government under the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1993 oversee the management of World Heritage Areas .

over. . .

On-site management and the issuing of permits are the responsibility of the landowner or the responsible government agency.

Development in these areas is generally restricted, although commercial tour operations may occur subject to appropriate consent.

The Wet Tropics World Heritage rea The Wet Tropics World Heritage Area comprises both public and private land between Townsville (Paluma) and Cooktown in Far North Queensland . The Wet Tropics Management Authority oversees the use of the area and the implementation of the Wet Tropics Management Plan under the Wet Tropics World Heritage Protection and Management Act 1993.

The Wet Tropics World Heritage Area includes parts of creek and river corridors that provide a range of

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


INFORMATION


TIME FRAME


Wet Tropics Permit for

Wet Tropics Management

As per Wet Tropics

60 days after lodgement

tours and activities

commercial operations

Authority

Permit application form

of the application, which ***

may be extended if QPWS (for National

further information is Parks)

required



water-based tourism opportunities. These creeks and rivers are generally managed by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR).

The Wet Tropics Management Authority currently has no ability to issue commercial permits. These are issued by the Department of Natural Resources or the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) .

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area include:

r ji'm V'1'nlr f;1Kdk-1!lA9w 111641**1

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL


INFORMATION


TIME FRAME



Local government



under IDAS

authority

under IDAS


infrastructure *

QPWS (for National

Parks)


DNR (for creeks and

rivers)

Wet Tropics Management

Authority (Referral Agency)

*


Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. *** Commercial activities may be prohibited, regulated, allowed with a Permit or allowed without a Permit under the Wet Tropics Management Plan. Note : For private land within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13.

Magnificent Mossman Gorge;

Tropical North Queensland .

Riversleigh Fossil Fields World Heritage Area Riversleigh Fossil Fields World Heritage Area is an area of public land within the Lawn Hill National Park, located north-west of Mt Isa . The area contains the fossilised remains of early Australian mammals. The area is managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) .

The area surrounding the site is currently subject to a number of Native Title claims and private leasehold arrangements .

As for all National Parks, any improvement to the Lawn Hill National Park is usually undertaken by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in the Riversleigh Fossil Fields World Heritage Area include:



Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted .


~Jilu'i v'i'nli (4RA-Pldwil 11!(+41*4.1

TYPE OF OPERATION POSSIBLE APPROVAL RELEVANT AGENCIES INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

Land-based tours and Commercial activity QPWS Details of operator,. activities permit, special activity proposed activity -

permit, group activity frequency, location and permit or deed or capacity ; indemnity and agreement (negotiated . vehicle insurance with conditions)

Land-based Camping permit, special QPWS Details of operator, accommodation activity permit, group proposed activity - (temporary or bush activity permit or deed or frequency, location and camping) agreement (negotiated capacity ; indemnity and

with conditions) vehicle insurance

The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area extends along the Queensland coast from Bundaberg to the northern tip of Queensland . The area is recognised for the substantial size and quality of the coral reef . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority oversees the

F qkl'rzi r'p'Ir

TYPE OF OPERATION

POSSIBLE APPROVAL RELEVANT AGENCIES **


Marine Parks Permit for tours and activities

tour operations and use

Park Authority of moorings or structures

Great Barrier Reef Marine

QPWS (for National Park islands)

DNR lease areas on land



Local government accommodation and

under IDAS

authority infrastructure

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

QPWS (for National Park islands)

DNR lease areas on land

use of the area and the implementation of Management Plans under the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975.

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area include :


As per Marine Parks Permit Application Form (i .e ., details of proposed activities, location, vessels and equipment)



8-12 weeks for routine permits and 3-4 months for permits that include facilities


*


Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. *** The exact processes for approving use within Marine Parks under IDAS are not yet determined.

Hardy Reef (Whitsundays), part of the spectacular Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

r Iii'm I'1'1'Ii h{R'i1'PlAul 111At;*.1

TYPE OF OPERATION POSSIBLE APPROVAL RELEVANT AGENCIES ** INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS


Water-based attractions, Relevant permit or Deed Coastal Management Contact Coastal Contact Coastal

accommodation and of Agreement under the Branch (EPA) Management Branch Management Branch

infrastructure Queensland Marine Parks (EPA)*** (EPA)***

Act 1982 *** Great Barrier Reef Marine

Park Authority

Sites on the Register of the National Estate Sites on the Register of the National Estate are protected sites of national cultural or historical significance . The National Estate is defined as all those places that we as a nation have identified as worth keeping and handing on to future generations. Such places include wildlife habitats, ecosystems, landscapes of great beauty, grand buildings and structures, dwellings, workplaces,

ruins, sites of historic events and Aboriginal places such as Dreaming tracks, rock art sites, ceremonial and archaeological sites.

The Register is maintained by the Australian Heritage Commission under the Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975.

Possible approvals for the establishment, operation and management of ecotourism and nature-based tourism operations in sites on the Register of the National Estate include :

*


Where State and Commonwealth government departments are listed, in most cases, the Regional Office should be contacted. Note : For private land listed on the Register of the National Estate, refer also to the list of possible approvals for "Private (Freehold) Land and Water" on Page 13.

TYPE OF OPERATION POSSIBLE APPROVAL RELEVANT AGENCIES *"* INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS


Land and water-based No formal approval Australian Heritage Not applicable Not applicable

tours and activities required under the Commission

Australian Heritage

Commission Act 1975 ;

however, it is

recommended that the

proposed operation be

discussed with the

Australian Heritage Commission

Land and water-based Development approval Local government Information requirements Statutory time frames

attractions, under IDAS authority (Assessment under IDAS under IDAS

accommodation and Manager)

infrastructure Australian Heritage

Commission

Figure 5.3 : Establishment of a Boat Tour Operation in a Marine Park

NOTE:

For the purposes of this example, the proposed operation does not constitute "development" under IPA

IF STILL NOT APPROVED, DO NOT PROCEED WITH PROPOSED OPERATION

ASSESS FEASIBILITY OF PROPOSED OPERATION

IF FEASIBLE, PROCEED TO FINALISE DETAILS OF PROPOSED OPERATION

LIAISE WITH RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO IDENTIFY BROAD OPERATIONAL PERMIT

REQUIREMENTS J

PREPARE REQUIRED PERMIT APPLICATION/S, LODGE WITH RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

AND UNDERTAKE NOTIFICATION AS

REQUIRED

IF NOT APPROVED, LIAISE WITH RELEVANT

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO IDENTIFY WHAT IS REQUIRED TO HAVE

PERMITS APPROVED AND MAKE CHANGES AS

REQUIRED

IF NOT FEASIBLE, DO NOT PROCEED WITH

PROPOSED OPERATION

IF APPROVED, PROCEED TO ESTABLISH OPERATION

I:1 IkpPwil riluuillyip-AIiii1q;1*1 Following are two examples that illustrate the process that an operator may be required to go through in order to establish, operate and manage an ecotourism or nature-based tourism operation . The examples relate to two different situations, the first being the establishment, operation and management of a boat tour operation in a Marine Park (Figure 5.3), and the second being the development of a tourist lodge adjoining a World Heritage Area (Figure 5.4) .

The approval process for the first example is quite different and less complex than that for the second example, as it only requires access to specific areas of land and water, and not the construction of facilities .

Paul V'11i'w IaaifilnlAiiil 11!Aa**,I

gure 5.4 ; Development of a Lodge on Land Adjoining a World Heritage Area

ASSESS FEASIBILITY OF PROPOSED OPERATION

IF FEASIBLE, PROCEED TO FINALISE DETAILS OF

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

IF NOT FEASIBLE, DO NOT PROCEED WITH PROPOSED

DEVELOPMENT

LIAISE WITH RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO IDENTIFY BROAD

DEVELOPMENT APPROVAL/PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

IF REQUIRED, IF PROPOSAL CONSTITUTES IF REQUIRED,

LIAISE WITH OTHER "DEVELOPMENT" UNDER IPA, PROCEED TO LIAISE WITH

GOVERNMENT PREPARE AND LODGE A DEVELOPMENT RELEVANT

AGENCIES OE ., APPLICATION UNDER IDAS COMMUNITY

REFERRAL INTEREST GROUPS

AGENCIES)

PREPARE DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION UNDER IDAS INCLUDING ALL REQUIRED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION, LODGE WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY, IF NOT APPROVED, LIAISE WITH RELEVANT GOVERNMENT UNDERTAKE NOTIFICATION AS REQUIRED AGENCIES TO IDENTIFY WHAT IS REQUIRED TO HAVE PERMIT/S

APPROVED AND MAKE CHANGES AS REQUIRED, OR DO NOT PROCEED FURTHER WITH PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

IF NOT APPROVED, PREPARE AND LODGE AN APPEAL WITH LIAISE WITH RELEVANT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES PREPARE REQUIRED PERMIT IF APPROVED, IF STILL NOT APPROVED,

AUTHORITY, OR DO TO IDENTIFY APPLICATION/S, LODGE WITH RELEVANT PROCEED TO DO NOT PROCEED WITH

NOT PROCEED OPERATIONAL PERMIT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED

FURTHER WITH REQUIREMENTS UNDERTAKE NOTIFICATION AS REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

Several government agencies currently have responsibility for handling the approval processes required to establish, operate and manage ecotourism or nature-based tourism operations within Queensland . Following is a list of these government agencies, including an outline of their roles, responsibilities, and contact details .

Local Government Authority Contact the planning or building departments of the relevant local government authority to determine the requirements for development approvals for construction of facilities/accommodation under the Integrated Development Assessment System (IDAS) . The local authority may also be responsible for issuing permits for commercial activities in certain areas .

Contact the Department of Communication, Information, Local Government, Planning and Regional, Rural Communities for general advice in relation to development approvals for construction of facilities/accommodation under the Integrated Development Assessment System (IDAS) and the forthcoming Consequential Amendments to the Integrated Planning Act 1997.

The Department's head office is located at : 111 George Street BRISBANE QLD 4000 PO Box 187 BRISBANE ALBERT STREET Q 4002 Ph . 07 3227 7111 Fax 07 3221 3371

Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Contact the regional offices of the Department to obtain permits for access to or use of National Parks and Reserves, Environmental Parks, Recreation Areas, Marine Parks, etc ., for ecotourism and nature-based tourism purposes . For more complex matters and development approvals under IDAS, liaison with head office may be required .

The Department's head office is located at: 160 Ann Street BRISBANE QLD 4000 PO Box 155 BRISBANE ALBERT STREET Q 4002 Ph . 07 3227 7111 Fax 07 3227 6485

Contact telephone numbers for regional offices are as follows :

SOUTHEASTERN REGION

Brisbane Ph . 07 3224 5641

SOUTHWESTERN REGION

Toowoomba Ph . 07 4639 4599

CENTRAL COAST REGION

Rockhampton Ph . 07 4936 0511

a4 REG

Townsville Ph . 07 4722 5211

Cairns Ph . 07 4052 3092

Cultural Heritage Branch Ph . 3227 6499

Contact the Wet Tropics Management Authority to identify the approvals and permits for operations in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area .

The Authority is located at :

Level 5, National Mutual Tower, 15 Lake Street CAIRNS QLD 4870 PO Box 2050 CAIRNS OLD 4870 Ph . 070 520 555 Fax 070 311 364

Great Barn

~qkj'r~A V'E'1!w Iadkingul 17!A1a**1

The Authority is located at :

2-68 Flinders Street TOWNSVILLE OLD 4810 PO Box 1739 TOWNSVILLE OLD 4810 Ph . 07 47 500 700 Fax . 07 47 726 093

ement Authority

ar thority

Contact the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to identify the approvals and permits required for commercial operations in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

Contact the regional offices of the Department of Natural Resources to gain approval or consent for operations on crown land, easements, leases, stock routes, dams, State Forest, Deeds of Grant in Trust areas or unallocated State lands .

The Department's head office is located at :

Landcentre, Cnr Main and Vulture Streets WOOLLOONGABBA QLD 4102 Locked Bag 40 COORPAR00 DELIVERY CENTRE QLD 4151 CDE A22 Ph . 07 3896 3111 Fax 07 3896 3275

Contact telephone numbers for regional offices are as follows :

NOR-i H RESiOsN

Townsville Ph . 07 4722 1447

Cairns Ph . 07 4052 3966

Ayr Ph . 07 4783 0555

CENTRAL REGION

Rockhampton Ph . 07 4931 9616

Mackay Ph . 07 4951 8770

Emerald Ph . 07 4982 1377

METROPOLITAN DISTRICT

WEST REGION

Brisbane

Longreach Ph . 07 3227 7958

Ph. 07 4658 2188

Caboolture

Cloncurry Ph . 07 5490 0012

Ph. 07 4742 1404

Bundall, Gold Coast

Charleville Ph . 07 5588 5103

Ph. 07 4654 4200

Beenleigh Ph . 07 3826 0023

SOUTH REGION

Toowoomba Ph

. 07 4631 4226

Roma Ph . 07 4621 0013

Warwick Ph . 07 4661 6631

Toowoomba Ph . 07 4631 9178

Goondiwindi Ph . 07 4671 1388

r~ H EAST REGION

Nambour Ph . 07 5430 0901

Bundaberg Ph . 07 4153 8115

Ipswich Ph . 07 3810 0073

Smartlicense Centre Contact the SmartLicense Centre to lodge applications for any approval or permit required by local, State or Commonwealth government agencies . The centre's main activities relate to issuing licenses and permits for Workplace registration, Business name registration, WorkCover (Workplace Health and Safety), Liquor licenses and Builder registration . The centre is intended as a one stop shop for small business licenses .

The Centre is located at :

400 Boundary Street SPRING HILL QLD 4000 GPO Box 402 BRISBANE QLD 4001 Ph . 07 3221 1620 Fax . 07 3234 0024

Department of Mines and Energy Contact the Department of Mines and Energy to seek approvals for fossicking activities and for activities in mining lease areas .

The Department's head office is located at :

Level 17, QMEC Building 61 Mary Street BRISBANE QLD 4000 CDE M27 Ph . 07 3237 1592 (Land Use Section) Fax 07 3237 0470 (Land Use Section)

Contact telephone numbers for regional offices are as foI lows :

Environment Australia (Commonwealth Government Department) Contact Environment Australia in relation to approvals for operations in World Heritage Areas, parks under Commonwealth management, terrestrial and marine areas of national and international significance, sites on the Register of National Estate and issues relevant to international treaties and agreements . The Department may also become involved in development applications lodged under the Integrated Development Assessment System (IDAS) .

ji'1'ej r'pi'ii I4R .A .P161iii 11i,flii**1

Environment Australia's head office is located at:

Tobruk House, 15 Morre Street CANBERRA QLD 2601 GPO Box 787 CANBERRA QLD 2601 Ph . 02 6274 1111 Fax 02 6274 1123

National Native Title Tribunal Contact the National Native Title Tribunal for approvals or mediation for the use of land granted Native Title .

The Tribunal's head office is located at :

Level 4, Commonwealth Courts Building Tank Street BRISBANE QLD 4000 Ph . 1800 640 501

Interpretation is one of the key components of ecotourism that distinguishes it from other forms of nature-based tourism . This section discusses the differences between interpretation and education, and identifies the key elements of interpretation and thematic planning . The section also contains a step by step practical guide to developing an interpretation plan

'The Daintree Wilderness Lodge grew out of a simple concept - the desire to share our newly discovered heaven with others . The natural beauty of the area initially attracted us, but our own emerging understanding of the biological value of this unique rainforest has led to a desire to enrich and educate others' (Anna .Graham, Daintree Wilderness Lodge) .

Ecotourism involves providing visitors with an opportunity to learn more about the environment, while contributing to its protection . Interpretation and environmental education services are the key elements in ensuring that visitor opportunities are experiential, and foster understanding and appreciation of the environment.

For some people, the interpretation they encounter whilst recreating may be their only opportunity to learn about the values of the environment and understand the importance of environmental sustainability.

Interpreters therefore have a critical role in contributing to environmental awareness in the community, and consequently, in the conservation of our natural and cultural environment.

Interpretation and environmental education are terms that are often used interchangeably, but they do not mean the same thing. They are both communication techniques, but have their own purpose and they achieve different objectives .

Environmental Education - Now does it differ from interpretation? Environmental education is more formal in its communication technique, as it involves teaching. It aims to increase visitors' knowledge about the environment, so that they make informed environmental decisions and accept responsibility for environmental change . The types of information communicated through environmental education often address global concerns .

Interpretation tends to be used when visitors are at leisure. Interpretation is about enhancing a visitor's experience and providing opportunities for learning in an informal context.

Environmental education often involves a more formal approach to learning . For example, school groups frequently use work sheets Burin guided tours .

r gii'm ri'i'ii mg-R-n161iil 11164t**1

Interpretation provides information� , but information i,s not necessarily interpretive A mistake often made by people in the interpretive field is that that they just communicate information, like facts and figures . This becomes a one way communication process from presenter to receiver . Regardless of how well the information is presented, facts and figures may not interest the visitor, or they simply may not understand or remember them . Often, information can be quite technical . Therefore, it is more appropriate to use it when visitors request it specifically .

11i'm r'E'nlir laadkilllg9iil 11!6Au***1

By using stories that motivate and involve visitors, their understanding and interest will be heightened .

'The more methodologies you can use to give them [the visitors] information . . . the better potential you have for getting messages across' (Allen Sheather,

Daintree Rainforest Environmental Centre) .

brisoane rorest rarK uses role play as a Key component of its interpretive programs . Here Miner Bill tells stories of his life as a prospector and helps the children in their mission to discover gold!

visit .

" can change and develop attitudes ; and

" makes a visit more fun and interesting .

" more formal groups .

WHAT DOES IT ACHIEVE?

" put visitors at ease and provides

" illustrates points and clarifies

" can change visitors' behaviour orientation ;

meanings ;

towards environmental conservation ;

" answers visitors' specific questions ;

" leads to appreciation and

" increases understanding of the

" promotes recreational and educational

understanding ;

relationship between humans and the

opportunities; and

" motivates, inspires and awakens a

environment ; and

" sets visitor expectations .

desire in visitors to use the natural

" can change and develop attitudes . environment in a sustainable way;

WHEN SHOULD IT BE USED?

" given to visitor prior to, or on arrival ;

" given to visitor during visit .

" with captive audience like schools, and

tertiary institutions, training courses,

" to set visitor expectations about their

etc .

Table 6.1 : Key Differences Between Information, Interpretive and Environmental Educational Services

INFORMATION INTERPRETATION ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

COMPONENTS " facts and figures ; and " used in a recreational setting ; " factually based;

" is generally brief. " involves giving visitors first hand " involves teaching ; experiences ; " more formal ;

" uses visitors' senses ; " goal driven ; " awakens a desire and provokes " can be less experiential ; feelings ;

" addresses economic, social, political " site specific and often has and ecological issues ; and management messages; and " provides global messages .

" is fun and entertaining .

AUDIENCE " visitors at a visitor centre ; and " casual visitors; " visitors who are generally prepared for

" independent tourists . " visitors that are generally unprepared the visit;

for learning a message ; and " visitors generally prepared to learn ;

" visitors at leisure . and

HN Aqw4iRl 1 ,41 lhiWqui[4~4411il

There are four key elements to interpretation . Interpretation should be :

1 . pleasurable;

2 . relevant;

3 . organised ; and

4 . have a theme .

Interpretation should be pleasurable

People visiting natural areas are not a captive audience . They are there voluntarily, usually on holidays, and often paying for a service . Consequently, interpretation should be entertaining . If it isn't, then the attention of visitors can be lost.

1p 11 'm 1'E'1'Ir laRA1i1i k1iil 17 !0 i1**1

TRICKS FOR DELIVERING GOOD INTERPRETATION

You don't have to be trained in communication or drama to provide good interpretation . There are a number of easy ways to make information entertaining and less technical :

1 . Smile, relax, maintain eye contact and have fun - this creates a friendly atmosphere that encourages two way conversation .

2 . Use active verbs - this makes a talk or presentation more powerful .

3 . Vary voice tempo when speaking - this makes a presentation more interesting for visitors .

4 . Show cause and effect - remember interpretation is about illustrating points and clarifying meanings .

Use a tool to make a topic more interesting, such as developing scenarios with hypothetical problems to illustrate a point.

Have the right attitude -'speak from the heart' .

Use humour where appropriate - but don't run the risk of becoming the comic and loosing the content, or of using inappropriate jokes .

Treat visitors as guests .

Last but not least, interpreters should arrive with plenty of time to meet and greet visitors before the planned activity .

' . . .I am constantly listening for bird calls, even if I'm talking to the group I'm listening and can go straight on to tell them what I've just heard . . .Visitors like that - 5 . you look enthusiastic about what you are doing, and that's important . . .I actually think it sparks something, sets a fire going in visitors, they become interested,

they've made a new discovery. . .!' 6 .

(Glen Threlfo, O'Reilly's Rainforest Guesthouse) . 7 .

8 .

9 .

THE INTERPRETER

d

MOTIVATING,

FIRST HAND EXPERIENCL/

INVOLVING

When recruiting interpreters, Margery Morrison from Wait-a-While Environmental Wildlife Tours says, 'It's

important to hire the right guides to begin with . . . above all, we want a guide with maturity and many years

experience as a safe driver. The other qualities we look for are a love of nature, a high level of curiosity,

friendliness and the genuine ability to connect with visitors of all ages from throughout the world . While previous guiding experience and academic credentials are important, with ongoing training, the guide with the right personal qualities, interests and motivations can be

an excellent interpreter' .

-rHis tAAY LCOK UKE ANY oT W.R SrONE, gur WAs 10 FACT' usi:-a AS Ail AXE,

SIMILAR TO ̀ HOSE WE 05E. TDOAI(.-

F11i'm V1'I1Ii lad'fk'Piiblill 11mlaaw

Interpretation should be relevant Visitors learn by connecting new information with their past experiences. When something we hear doesn't connect to something we already know or understand, we disregard it because it is meaningless . An interpreter needs to be aware, even in a general sense, of visitors' backgrounds, interests and experiences.

An interpreter can make information personal by linking it to something the audience not only knows about, but also cares about. It's a great opportunity to provide new insight or a different perspective!

Some handy hints to bring the familiar and unfamiliar together are to :

" Talk to visitors informally on their arrival and find out briefly their background, interests and experiences.

" Show similarities about whatever is being discussed with something the audience knows well, for example, "The sweet drink produced after soaking Grevillea flowers in water would taste like the . cordial of today".

" Compare characteristics of two things using 'like' or 'as', for example, "This tree can be easily recognised because it has leaves that are shaped like bats in flight".

F Id'y'll V1'1'ii IaglfbnAli -ii 11Qit**1

EXAMPLES OF HOW INTERPRETERS BRING THE FAMILIAR AND UNFAMILIAR TOGETHER

" 'The Orange-footed Scrub Fowl is about the size of a chicken . . .'

(Alan Curtis, Daintree Rainforest Environmental Centre).

" 'When Australia separated from Gondwana it was like Noah's Ark, with all the animals - they then had to learn to adapt. . .'

'Koala food is almost 50% fibre and 50% water. It is low in carbohydrates, which doesn't enable the Koala to have much energy. Therefore, it would be like you having a bowl of bran in the morning and having to last 24 hours - you would start to feel lethargic. . .'

(Genine Hiscox-Price, The Rainforest Habitat) .

Interpretation should be organised It is essential that the ideas and information being communicated to visitors are easy to follow and are presented logically, so the audience doesn't have to exert effort to understand what is being communicated . Audiences tend to tune out if they have to work too hard to understand the message. As such, it is good practice to restrict the number of main ideas to a manageable number, around five or less .

Interpretation should have a theme The primary reason for interpreting is to communicate a message. Information presented with a theme makes it far easier for visitors to understand . The terms topic and theme are often considered to be interchangeable, but they are actually quite different . The topic is the subject matter of the presentation, for example, plants, fire, or mammals. The theme is the story or the main point the interpreter is going to make . The theme or story to be conveyed is very important. Like all good stories, it should be structured - with a beginning, middle and an end.

Thematic planning is a very important component of good interpretation . A more detailed description is provided in the following section .

A ranger guided rainforest walk, Central Station, Fraser Island .

Step 1

Step Z

Step 3

How to start setting themes It will help to develop a short list of the five main possible topics that could be presented, for example :

" Indigenous heritage ;

" European settlement ;

" animal/ plant adaptations;

" ecology ; or

" geology.

Construct a complete sentence, incorporating one main idea that summarises the essence of the presentation . This is often a very difficult task . One option is to try looking for a relationship between two key topics from the list of topics . Some examples of themes are :

" The shallow waters of the reef and the wild "wet" season made a deadly combination when sailing ships travelled last century.

When you know how to find it, there is an amazing diversity of life in the desert environment .

The erosion characteristics of granite have generated a remarkable pattern of creeks and streams on the plateau .

Themes can be broad, big picture statements, or more detailed and specific . Often a big picture theme for an area can be broken into sub-themes that relate, but are able to stand alone as the main focus of a particular trail or talk. For example, a big picture theme might be :

~qll'r'lj VE't'ir alibmitkii 11!64u4*1

The forests of the Gold Coast's water catchments are a priceless resource for current and future generations .

Within this overall theme, specific sub-themes can be found such as :

1 . Old growth forests make the best catchments because they produce water of both quality and quantity .

2 .

Many native birds and mammals benefit from hollows in the old trees of the catchments .

3 . The future of some of our native wildlife depends on protection of old growth forest .

4 . Driving through the majestic spotted gum forests is a unique and impressive experience .

Developing themes for a site, trail, park, or even a region of the state is simply a matter of clarifying ideas and creatively combining them . Once familiar with this way of thinking, it will be much easier to write many themes, selecting those that have logical relationships that fit the structure of interpretive sites and opportunities .

It is good practice to try and produce a big picture theme that applies to the area as a whole, and a series of sub-themes that could be used at one or more sites .

Some handy tips to remember are that a theme should :

" be stated as a short, simple complete sentence ;

" contain one idea ;

" reveal the overall purpose of the presentation ; and

" be stated in an interesting manner.

HllapdN Planning is one of the most important steps in developing effective interpretive services . One of the most fundamental steps in planning interpretation is to choose a central theme. This allows for organisation of a program around the theme, making it easier for visitors to understand what is being communicated .

What is a theme?

A theme identifies the central idea, story, or message being communicated by an interpreter. Are geology, plants, forests, indigenous heritage, or adaptations to fire themes? No, they are topics . A topic is simply a word or phrase that begins to define the theme to be presented . In most situations there will be several possible topics .

A group of related sites (for example, on a nature trail or tour) should have a linking theme. Remember that the

over. . .

theme is the central idea or key message in a presentation . If at the various sites, the messages presented hang together in a logical way, visitors are more likely to understand them, and to recognise them as part of the same experience .

Using a theme gives a presentation structure and clarity. After experiencing a trail, tour or other presentation, visitors should be able to summarise the 'take home' message in one sentence . This sentence is the theme .

Guide, Hazel Douglas, makes learning a fun experience on her Native Guide Safari Tours.

In Three .Steps, Anybody Can Write a Theme Expressing a theme is easy . The important point to remember is the difference between the topic (subject matter) of the presentation and the theme (the central idea, story or key message to be communicated to the audience about the topic) . The task of a communicator is to relate themes to an audience, not just information about the topic .

1 .

Select the general topic and use to complete the following sentence :

'Generally, my presentation (talk, exhibit, etc .) is about

the rainforest' (insert general topic here) .

2 .

State the topic in more specific terms and complete the following sentence :

'Specifically, I want to tell my audience about

the importance of conserving our lowland rainforest' (insert specific topic here) .

3 .

Now, express the theme by completing the following sentence :

'After hearing my presentation (or reading my exhibit, etc .), I want my audience to understand

the Daintree lowland rainforest is important and it is something we need to value and treasure, now and for future generations' (insert theme here) .

An example of thinking thematically (adapted from Ham 1992) .

~gr'rii VE'i'lii ladi'niAliil Alwit**l

Setting objectives After setting themes, the next step is to set objectives that clearly outline what should be achieved in the presentation . It may be helpful to consider what visitors need to learn, feel or do as a result of your interpretive services . Objectives may include : 1 . visitor orientation - setting expectations, providing

a sense of where the region is or its relative size/importance, and developing a sense of curiosity about forests, the reef or animals ;

2 . influencing visitor behaviour -increasing understanding of forests and the use of forest products, encouraging appropriate behaviour in forests ;

3 .

ensuring a future market for the business - by satisfying expectations and stimulating the senses to ensure that visitors return with their friends ; or

4 .

developing visitors' appreciation of conservation and protected areas .

rg111rri V11viri faghfbllfgul 170i>;bil

Figure 6 .1 : Example of Thematic Planning

Expanding suburban areas and cities can

threaten native wildlife habitat .

" There are ways of protecting wildlife at community level .

" Human interference and natural events can throw ecosystems out of balance .

THEME Native animals rely on our backyards as habitats

Sub-Themes

Responsible people protect urban wildlife in

their backyards .

Main Ideas

" There are several ways that people can provide suitable habitats for native animals, including planting native gardens, frog ponds, nest hollows and boxes .

" Responsible pet ownership is vital in the protection of native

i wildlife . i

Wildlife controls pests and predators .

" Wildlife helps to restore the balance when infestations of pests occur, e .g ., snakes and lizards have an important role in pest control .

" There are a few common native wildlife species that are easy to identify.

Interpretive talks, guided walks and activities can be presented anywhere and at any time - they are only limited by the imagination. Planning is the key to implementing the theory of interpretation . Working in the natural environment can be unpredictable. However, a well-prepared interpreter can cope with many situations .

All interpretation has a specific purpose. Regardless of whether the activity is an interpretive talk during which the visitor is stationary; a walk where key features are interpreted ; or an experience involving art and drama, all aim to create awareness, build appreciation, and increase knowledge.

A cu''ural close a

an Inca c;~ ~ous guide, Hope V ;

1hilijkawipif 111% lilullwj

It is critical that businesses involved in interpretation keep up to date with what is happening in interpretation in the local area, and how their interpretive program can fit into the local picture. This will not only allow an operator's program to complement what is already being provided (often by land management agencies), but will also enable activities to develop unique qualities . These qualities will attract visitors and reduce the chances of an operator directly competing with other operations .

The best way to get to know the issues within a local area is by asking other operators, protected area management agencies and local tourism authorities questions such as :

" What is being done?

" Who are the key audiences?

" Are there successful nature-based operations in the area?

Research is also an important issue in identifying potential audiences and their interests, characteristics (e .g ., families, adventure seekers), where they originate from, how they find out about a specific tour product, and how they get to a local area .

Once the research component has been completed, the next step is to set goals and formalise plans for the interpretive programs

.

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T IDENTIFYING KEY FEATURES, TARGET AUDIENCE,

-1

Identify key features Identify the key features in the local area that are likely to have appeal to visitor markets.

Think about the target audience It is important to determine the target audience and design events, activities and/ or tours around their interests and the frequency of their visits . If the audience is primarily drawn from the local community, it may be necessary to add new activities to the program on a regular basis. If the target audience is visitors to the area, it is possible to repeat weekly programs. Weekly programs have many advantages for example, they :

" are easy to advertise;

" give people an opportunity to attend different events;

" give variety for the interpreters running the program (more so than the same program every day) ; and

" simplify preparation time and the resources required .

For smaller operations, it may be more suitable to develop one or two tour options that offer several experiences for the visitor within the day. This is more manageable and may be less demanding on resources.

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Setting objectives This is achieved by reflecting back to the vision and the goals set for the operation . The purpose of objectives is to ensure the business' goals are met.

Selecting sites Sites should be selected preferably where there are opportunities to observe flora, fauna and/or scenic or cultural features that complement the theme. It is important to find out whether these sites are well managed. If the operation is trying to increase understanding of the environment, values, attitudes, and cultural/biological sensitivities are best conveyed to visitors by example.

Taking in Nature, Mount Tamborine, Gold Coast.

Wait-a-While Environmental Wildlife Tours offer 'low impact' tours that allow visitors to enjoy the rainforestwith as little disturbance as possible .

Design the program A program is designed to complement the goals, site, audience and themes . This is where the fun really begins, as operators often develop new and innovative ways of interpreting the natural and cultural environment for visitor markets during this stage .

O'Reilly's Rainforest Guesthouse offers an extensive program that reveals the diversity of flora, fauna and history in the area and encourages guests to explore .

Schedule interpreters Interpretive burnout is common . The quality of an operation will suffer if a program is poorly planned and interpreters are tired . Working with visitors can be very demanding . Operators should avoid scheduling the same interpreter for too many events in a day .

Develop the activity framework An activity framework allows an operator (and interpretive staff) to assess the logistics, and importantly, anticipate potential problems .

Develop the activity details The process for developing the specific components of each activity is described in on page 58 . Some important aspects to be addressed include : knowing the site, setting themes, agendas, and narration development.

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Organise props and resources It is important to check that the props and equipment needed to conduct activities are at hand . Spend some time identifying which equipment best meets the needs of the program . If the organisation is new to interpretation, be as organised as possible . If operating in isolated areas, it will be important to be especially prepared .

Evaluate the program Ongoing evaluation is a crucial element of interpretive planning. It enables an operator to 'fine tune' the interpretive program and ensure that visitor expectations are being met. Your program evaluation can be conducted using a variety of techniques . Formal surveys, informal surveys, observation of participants, and asking a peer to assess a program and the performance of the organisation are all valuable ways of gaining feedback .

PLANNING SUMMARY 1 . Identify.

the key features and any management concerns in your area ; the target audience ; the key message or theme for the program; and program objectives .

2. Select suitable sites and appropriate techniques to achieve objectives .

3. Design the overall program .

4. Schedule interpreters .

5.

Develop the activity framework.

6.

Develop the activity details.

7. Organise props and resources.

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8. Conduct and evaluate the program. 9. Have fun!

STEP 8Y STEP PROCESS TO ACTIVITY PREPARATION

Get to know the site or subject.--

books and journals ;

" explore the environment under different conditions (times of day, weather etc) ; and

speak to specialists, experienced staff, protected area managers, local community members, etc.

Decide on objectives for the activity Set objectives that clearly outline what should be achieved during the activity .

Decide on steps to be followed For example, if conducting a walk, select the stops that highlight and complement the set theme - avoid commenting on every aspect of the site .

Develop narration In developing narration it may be helpful to write the body, conclusion and introduction in that order. It will be important to devise ways in which visitors can be involved in the activity at each stop . Tips include:

" involve people physically, verbally, intellectually ;

" encourage people to use their senses ; or

" ask open questions and encourage people to think creatively .

Summarise the entire talk Summarise the presentation in a short paragraph in which the first sentence is the theme . This allows the interpreter to keep it clearly in his or her mind without trying to memorise the whole speech - interpreters with memorised speeches can sound robotic!

Select props and visual aids This task can be completed after the talk has been prepared . If a prop goes missing, or breaks down, the show still goes on! Props and visual aids assist the presentation by clarifying points and meanings ; however they should not direct your talk .

Develop a presentation that can be illustrated - not illustrations that need a presentation .

CONTENT OF AN INTERPRETIVE WALK OR TALK

The introduction orientates the visitor to the theme by :

" creating an interest in the talk by using a quotation or a provocative statement, for example, 'There are more feral pigs in Australia than people' (Alan Curtis, Daintree Rainforest Environmental Centre).

" telling visitors what the interpreter is going to talk about and setting their expectations . However, it is important not to set unrealistic expectations, and not to give away any of the 'surprise' elements .

The body develops the theme . It is important to :

organise the body around five main ideas; use facts, stories and examples (anecdotal experiences help personalise facts) ; be sure to focus the visitors' attention on the object or scene that is to be emphasised ; describe features and aspects, and involve people, e.g ., ask questions; connect the narration at each stop by bringing the current discussion to an end and inviting visitors to go to the next stop . Use these opportunities to get people looking and discovering between stops - this introduces the element of mystery; and make it entertaining, meaningful, personal and informative .

The conclusion reinforces the theme. It is good practise to : summarise the key points made; be short and specific ; and

" offer ideas for the future, or put the theme into the bigger picture.

Practice, practice, practice! Practice will ensure that the activity runs smoothly. Practice will also enable the interpreter to accurately set visitor expectations about the activity. Practicing and receiving feedback from colleagues, friends or family can really help fine tune an interpretive activity or presentation .

A planning sheet has been provided at the end of this section to help plan and organise guided walks and talks.

.1i'm I'E'1!ir iaRIfwigui 11411**.1

Face to f ace interpretation The aim of running an interpretive program is to communicate with visitors, and to inspire them to explore and care for the environment being presented to them . To this, you need to understand a little about your visitors, for example :

" Who are they?

" Why are they here?

" What are their interests and needs?

" Are any management concerns of particular interest to the group?

Interpreters do not often have the luxury of knowing all the answers to these questions before their activity starts . However, there are still many opportunities to get to know an audience . For example, an interpreter can engage visitors in conversation as they arrive to participate in an activity.

Ideally, meeting and greeting visitors 15 minutes before an activity starts means that an interpreter can get to know the participants . It also allows the interpreter to :

" 'break the ice' and build a rapport with visitors ;

" check that visitors have the right equipment and clothing/footwear ;

" let people know about the physical demands that may be placed on them; and

" adjust the presentation to target the particular audience and its requirements .

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Other ways to find out about visitor backgrounds include :

1 . speaking with other staff, particularly people who take bookings (if applicable) ;

2 .

maintaining visitor records and looking at them regularly to identify trends ;

3 . providing and regularly reading visitor comment books ; and

4. conducting simple surveys to ascertain visitor details - this is particularly useful when visitor numbers are so large that face-to-face, personal contact is not possible .

How to entertain a mixed audience A big challenge for many interpreters is an audience with a large age range or variety of interests . An interpretive kit can help an interpreter in these situations . The kit can contain items that not only increase the entertainment value of a presentation for children, but objects that help them interact, discover and focus on the activity. Providing these objects for children allows you to interpret to the rest of the group as well . This Wet Tropics Management Authority sign

encourages the viewer to read . The sign uses four levels of interpretation - see if you can find them .

Hrisbane botanic Hardens - Mt l;oot-tha has carefully designed its interpretive signs to invite people to interact, look, smell and touch! The font (type style) is easy to read and the

. information is broken up with the use of simple illustrations to make it easy to understand .

These brochures from the CSIRO's Rainforest Interpretation Centre, demonstrate how to deliver different levels of information . The titles divide the information into topics to attract the reader's attention .

Some handy bits and pieces that can be used with an audience to stimulate senses and encourage interaction include :

" hand lens (magnification x10) ;

" magnifying glasses and magi-cubes;

binoculars ;

" field guide books for birds, plants and animals ;

" tape measure;

" compass;

" string (can be used instead of a tape measure) ;

" colour cards (made from paint charts and used by children to find items that match the colours) ; and

" hand counters (they keep children entertained for hours listening for how many different birds they hear, or nests they see, etc .) .

Non-personal interpretation Not all visitors to attractions or accommodation want to use the services of a face-to-face interpreter. They may prefer to wander at their own pace, and find opportunities for self-discovery . Alternatively, some tourist operations may not have the resources to engage an interpreter. Regardless, it is still important to enhance visitors' experiences by interpreting the environment for them . Various non-personal options are available to achieve this .

Examples include :

" brochures;

" audio-visual presentations ;

" interpretive signs ; and

" interpretive displays or exhibits .

These elements are often referred to as 'interpretive hardware' .

Interpretive hardware sounds like a contradiction in terms . We know that interpretation is communication that encourages the audience to experience the natural and cultural environment, revealing meanings through first hand experience and involvement . So, how can a sign, display or brochure provide first hand experience or involve the visitor?

The challenge is to make it happen through careful planning, and thematic linking of the elements to be communicated .

Even though there isn't a person involved in conveying these interpretive messages, the hardware still needs to be presented in story form, rather than straight facts, with a definite beginning, middle and end. In addition, these materials should be interpretive and involve communication techniques such as mystery, connecting the ideas being conveyed to the lives of the visitors, challenging and even assaulting the senses, and bridging the familiar with the unfamiliar.

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Signs, displays and brochures can be interpretive and present meaning and relevant information, as well as being organised around a central theme and presenting a maximum of five main ideas . Developing non-personal interpretive approaches can be very challenging, but if done well, can be very effective .

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An examole of an ettective wav to present interpretive signs .

The interpretive signs at Boombana, in Brisbane Forest Park, provide four levels of interpretation as well as a mystery component . Visitors are invited to follow a 1 .1km circuit trail and solve the puzzle of the rainforest . To complement the mystery component, each sign is cut into a jigsaw piece shape and the signs physically fit together to form a completed jigsaw . At the end of the trail the final sign illustrates the completed jigsaw and reveals the puzzle of the rainforest - its multiple values .

Level 1 The title of each sign is presented as a question to stimulate interest and thought . Most people look at the title so this is a good place to communicate the theme .

Level 2 The second level of interpretation should show the viewer five or fewer main ideas to support the theme . The Boombana signs present this as a cartoon in which Ranger Ruth takes Bill on a rainforest tour. Three of the main ideas explored are the value of rainforests to community health and lifestyle, as a habitat, and for recreation .

Level 3 The third level of interpretation is presented as a notebook that represents notes Bill has taken on his tour. Further facts, analogies and information that support the ideas in level 2 are included at this level .

Level 4 The fourth level generally addresses ways the visitor, can follow up knowledge or interest in the topic . The signs at Boombana cater for visitors with knowledge of rainforests, who require key flora and fauna identification .

Computer touch screens are now commonly used in visitor centres to interpret the environment . The Daintree Rainforest Environmental Centre has several that are particularly popular with children .

Outdoor audio visual displays such as the Birds of the Canopy display a Daintree Rainforest Environmental Centre are quite unusual in Australia This display combines the visual element of interpretive signs with illustrations and text for eight canopy birds, accompanied by audio for four of these species . A 23 metre high tower, with four viewing levels, allows people of all ages to explore the different rainforest strata and find the species living at each level .

Signs, brochures or audio-visual

presentations

Choosing the right interpretive hardware can be difficult . The final decision will be dependent on several variables, for example, available budget, visitor numbers, site and the site tenure . There are advantages and disadvantages to each method (see Table 6.2) .

D splays

n

The steps involved with planning and preparing displays and exhibits are the same as for developing dioramas or other displays . A good starting point is to work out how to present interpretation so that it attracts peoples' attention . Regardless of how little time they spend at the exhibit, visitors should still recognise and understand the display theme .

S~, N" , ~ N; I EYHIR TS W0 a

BES T °

HEN THEY :

" have novelty, conflict and surprise ;

" use varied media;

" use multi-sensory media;

" provide physical orientation ;

" are interactive exhibits ;

" address a topic area of interest to the visitor ;

" use questions ; and

" put information in point form.

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The Ravenshoe community combined their creative talents to interpret ways of seeing the rainforest from an insects' perspective . Members of the local quilters group made large rainforest beatles and leaf litter. These are a key part of the interpretive display at the visitor centre and are accompanied by small signs that interpret the display .

Centre, are very effective and interactive . Visitors use torches (supplied) to look through cutaways in the trunks of trees into the canopy to spotlight the creatures of the night.

pilvil r'pni faq'iblllgul 1110if*4.1

TIPS TO ENCOURAGE VISITORS TO READ SIGNS AND PUBLICATIONS AND LOOK AT DISPLAYS :

. " keep it simple ;

1 . research ;

2 . writing ;

3 . illustration or photography ;

4 . design and typesetting ;

5 . material ; and

6 . production .

" keep text short - without jargon or long sentences ;

visitors read little while standing, so use headings and subheadings to make points and limit the block text to 120 words for signs (much less if possible) ;

" use a type style (font) that is easy to read (e .g ., Times New Roman, Helvetica or Garamond are good choices) ;

" try to relate new ideas to people's everyday life ; and

test your text on some visitors - ask them if they understood it or found it interesting .

Budgeting f or interpretive services and f acilities There are several forms of interpretive hardware, and therefore, a variety of costs are involved . There are no standard prices for signs, brochures, displays or exhibits . Several components in the development and production vary considerably . However, cost estimates can be developed by considering the following components of the project :

Table 6 .2 ; Pros and Cons of Signs, Brochures and Audiovisual Presentations

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

SIGNS

" low maintenance ;

" expensive to install initially ;

" little cost after initial outlay ;

" difficult to change quickly;

" can convey more information because there is room for

" can have visual impact on site and the visitor's aesthetic graphics ;

experience ;

have .

" the message is strengthened by being next to the real thing ;

" allow people in the group to read at their own pace rather than listening to the designated reader; and

" available for visitors at all times .

" can attract vandalism ;

" cannot satisfy every visitor's curiosity ;

" if messages conveyed in more than one language ; signs can often appear cluttered ; and

" the feature being interpreted by the sign may change .

BROCHURES " easy to make changes ; " have to budget for print runs - can be more expensive than

" people can refer to them after their visit, which can reinforce signs in the longer term ;

messages conveyed and enable them to share it with others ; " expensive if large visitor numbers; and " can cause litter;

" can be offered in several languages . " cannot satisfy every visitor's curiosity ; and

" depending on the site, may not be available out of hours .

AUDIO J AUDIO- " combined with music and voice, can hold people's attention " expensive set up/maintenance costs ; VISUAL and get messages across effectively ; and " may require operator training ; PRESENTATIONS " can convey a lot of information using a more personal " needs to have an appropriate venue; and

approach . " must be housed within a facility that many operators may not

The benef its of evaluation Evaluation, monitoring and visitor feedback are key components of best practice interpretation . There are many ways to evaluate and monitor interpretive programs and activities, and many benefits to be gained by doing it regularly. For example, evaluation allows an operator to :

" learn to hone skills and produce effective, fun, and entertaining programs ;

" monitor the effectiveness of interpretive hardware ;

" make sure the goals of the program are being achieved, particularly with respect to increasing people's understanding of the natural and cultural values of the area ;

" make sure visitors are satisfied with the services and facilities provided ; and

" rationalise the provision of the services and the resources allocated to each program.

What to evaluate Key areas to be monitored include :

visitor's attention ;

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1101i;1*1

" the ability of the program to attract and hold the

" the ability of the program to convey the theme;

" the level of visitor enjoyment;

" the ability to increase or improve understanding ; and

" the ability to change behaviour as a result of the experience the visitor has had .

What if evaluation is not implemented? One of the main consequences of not evaluating and regularly monitoring programs is the risk of damaging the long-term reputation of the organisation . This can occur in a number of different ways, for example, not meeting visitor expectations can cause dissatisfaction and loss of patronage, and hence revenue, for the operator.

Ignoring the need to evaluate and monitor defeats the purpose of providing interpretation in the first place . If we are concerned that visitors have enjoyed themselves, that they have really experienced the natural and cultural environment and increased their understanding of environmental values, how will we know if we don't ask, monitor and evaluate?

Evaluation is .also important for staff . It encourages them to strive to do everything to the best of their ability and ensure that they continue to plan, be well organised and interpret thematically . Regular monitoring and evaluation is at the heart of creating best practice tourism products .

Table 6 .3 : Informal Ways to Evaluate

VISITOR OBSERVATION

" visitors' body language (maintaining eye contact, facial expressions) ;

" verbal feedback from the visitors; and

" whether the talk amongst themselves is relevant to the activity .

" Quick ; " Cost effective ; and

" Good for indicating trends such as :

1 . group size ;

2 . form of transportation ;

3 . type/amount equipment; 4. specific use of time (activities and setting) ; and

5 . behaviour (language, noise levels, attentiveness) .

r 9i'm I'E'i1 li

ACTIVITY BOOKING " Looks at raw numbers and amount of repeat visits . " Provides basic information . LISTS/ VISITOR NUMBERS

INFORMAL " Informative ; CONVERSATIONS " Cost effective ;

" Can obtain more detail than by just observing behaviour ; and

" Can investigate feelings, expectations, etc .

EVALUATION METHOD DESCRIPTION BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS

VISITOR COMMENT " Good for initial reaction to the services and facilities . " Often visitors use these to express positive and negative BOOKS feedback .

UNSOLICITED LETTERS TO THE ORGANISATION

PEER/STAFF/SELF Assess by looking at : " Cost effective to implement; and EVALUATION " attendance ; " Can reveal a great deal of practical information .

" visitors' involvement during the activity;

Table 6 .4 : Formal Means of Evaluation

EVALUATION METHOD

DESCRIPTION

BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS

SURVEYS:

" Reveal in-depth understanding of what visitors really need .

" Slow; " PERSONAL INTERVIEW

" Labour intensive ;

" Requires trained staff; and

" Economical

SURVEYS:

" as above .

" Can be a low rate of return ; and

" SELF ADMINISTERED

" Requires skilled people to administer (generally consultants) . WRITTEN SURVEY

" MAIL SURVEY AFTER VISIT

" TELEPHONE SURVEY AFTER VISIT

BROCHURE TRIALS

" Developing draft brochures and asking visitors to the area to use the brochures and provide feedback on how easy it was to read, how interesting the information was and how user friendly the brochure was .

FOCUS GROUPS

" Extended interview with a selected group of people .

" Excellent for detailed feedback; and

" Requires skilled people to administer (generally consultants) .

It is very important to select the evaluation or monitoring technique that suits the operation .

r jii'm r'j'1'ir iaq.R.11i61ul 17Qi1**1

Aldridge, D . (1974) Upgrading Park Interpretation and Communication with the Public in Elliot, H . (ed) Second World Conference on National Parks, Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks September 18-27 1972 pp300-311 . IUCN, Morges Switzerland

Beckmann, E.A . (1991) Environmental Interpretation for Education and Management in Australian National Parks and Other Protected Areas . Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of New England, Armidale

Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1994) National Ecotourism Strategy. Commonwealth Department of Tourism, Commonwealth of Australia

Department of Tourism Small Business and Industry (1997) Queensland Ecotourism Plan . Department of Tourism Small Business and Industry, State of Queensland

Ecotourism Association of Australia (1992) newsletter, vol . 1 no . 2, EAA, Brisbane

Moscardo, G . (1996) Total Quality Interpretation in Beckmann, E . and Russell, R . (eds) Interpretation and the Getting of Wisdom . Papers from The Fourth Annual Conference of the Interpretation Australia Association 13-15 November 1995, Canberra

Moscardo, G . (1996) Mindful visitors : Heritage and Tourism . Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2), 376-397

O'Brien, C . (1987) On The Trail : Interpreting the Environment in Environmental Education - Past, Present and Future, Proceedings of a Seminar and Workshop. Department of Arts, Heritage and Environment, AGPS, Canberra

O'Brien, C (1993) Interpretation - An Ecotourism Art or a Management Science? in Olsson, S . and Saunders, R . Open to Interpretation Conference Papers of the Inaugural Conference of the Interpretation Australia Association 16-17 November 1992, Melbourne pp34-37

Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service (ud) Interpretive Manual . Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service, Brisbane Qld

Tilden, F. (1977) Interpreting Our Heritage, Third Edition . The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, USA

Veverka, J . (1994) Interpretive Master Planning . Falcon Press Publishing Company Inc . Helena, Montana

1 ;14hi4i1q*1

jwul gi'ii i4RA,Pi64iii I1!Aii;w

Guide for the preparation of an interpretive acti

Intended Audience :

Topic :

Theme / Message :

Objectives :

What I would like the visitor to :

feel :

know:

do :

Timetable :

Resources / Props required :

Handy references if visitors would like to know more :

One of the fundamental principles of ecotourism is that it contributes to the ,achievement of local area conservation objectives .

This section overviews a range of opportunities available to ecotourism and nature-based tourism operators wishing to participate in conservation initiatives .

Contributions to local area conservation is a principle that needs to be addressed by operators seeking accreditation under the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program (NEAP), as such this section follows the same framework as that set out in the NEAP manual .

'Greening Australia' A community working together for conservation .

R11 RIA611wN R11 Allil.-vayp4hilil

Environmental impact monitoring

Environmental impact monitoring is designed to define and monitor potential environmental impacts of nature-based and ecotourism activities on natural and cultural values . . Monitoring primarily focuses on assessing the effects of operations on biological indicators, for example, fauna population dynamics (including population size, age structure, fecundity and mortality), or ambient environmental quality in catchment areas . In essence, environmental impact monitoring aims to establish a relationship between nature-based and ecotourism operations and environmental quality indicators .

Ecotourism and nature-based tourism operators can contribute to conservation efforts by monitoring the environmental impacts of their operations .

Where possible, efforts should be made to obtain baseline data from the Environmental Protection Agency in the local area before commencing a monitoring program . This will provide benchmarking facts and figures, against which environmental change can be compared . If unfamiliar with the techniques of environmental impact monitoring, advice should be sought on the most appropriate way to collect data . Methods of environmental data collection (for example, bird observation, vegetation surveys) rely on standard techniques, so that results can be compared over time, and between different areas . Even the most carefully collected figures may be of little use if they are unable to be integrated into the local land manager's own data .

Some potential impacts that operators may consider monitoring include :

plant damage, soil compaction and erosion on walking tracks ;

erosion along vehicle tracks;

coral or seagrass damage from anchors at popular anchoring locations ;

wildlife sightings, (noting relevant location, vegetation community and behaviour information) . Incidental sightings of fauna may also be recorded (however, these sightings cannot be compared to data collected through more formal techniques) ;

water quality, such as increased occurrences of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), particularly in areas where an operation involves some waste discharge, such as a sewage treatment plant ; and

occurrences of weeds and feral animals .

A number of community monitoring programs are funded by the Commonwealth government, such as COTSWATCH, CLAMWATCH, WATERWATCH, or Landcare .

Research

Research initiatives seek to define and monitor the potential environmental impacts on, and the regeneration capacity of, natural systems so as to establish indicative baseline data of an area . Research can assist in the development of plans of management, codes of practice, and public awareness of natural and cultural values . This can result in the promotion of best practice environmental management that is in accordance with the principles of sustainable development.

Operators can contribute to conservation through undertaking or supporting research initiatives . For example, operators can :

provide free-of-charge tours, accommodation and/or meals for researchers;

provide research grants for post-graduate students;

establish a research unit or environmental officer with research duties in the tourism operations ;

" donate a proportion of business turnover to a research program; and provide input to the management of research programs (such as one of the Cooperative Research Centres: Sustainable Tourism, Reef, Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, or Gulf Savannah).

Regeneration of degraded areas

The primary aims of regenerating degraded areas are to restore natural ecological processes and biological diversity. Ecotourism and nature-based tourism operators can work towards achieving these aims by implementing appropriate revegetation and exotic species eradication programs . Operators can also work to slow or halt damage to soil profiles and soil chemistry, by implementing measures to control erosion and sedimentation .

Opportunities also exist for operators to become involved in rehabilitation programs such as Greening Australia, Landcare, or one of the various Natural Heritage Trust projects .

Opportunities for regenerating degraded areas include:

" planting trees that are indigenous to a location in degraded areas whilst on tour lone tree planted each day on a tour will help to rehabilitate over one-third of a hectare in a year); helping to maintain the ecological integrity of the tour route, for example, by removing weeds; rehabilitating degraded areas using endemic native species (plants, coral, seagrass, reintroducing native animals) to help replicate and restore original biological diversity;

" locating new developments (such as new resorts or additional facilities) in disturbed or degraded areas, and using indigenous plant species in landscape gardening; and

" re-establishing degraded wetlands (waterholes, billabongs, swamps, mangroves, forests, etc) .

Contacts The following contacts may be able to provide support for relevant projects and information on contributing to conservation :

BUSHCARE Bushcare Coordinator Environmental Protection Agency (07) 3227 7814

COASTCARE Coastcare Coordinator Environmental Protection Agency (07) 3227 7104

COTSWATCH Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (07) 4750 0700

DUNE CONSERVATION

Dune Conservation Officer Environmental Protection Agency (07) 3227 7849

ECOTOURISM ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA (07) 3229 5550

GREENING AUSTRALIA Greening Australia Queensland (07) 3844 0211

LANDCARE AND INTEGRATED CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT Landcare and 1CM Coordinator Department of Natural Resources (07) 3896 9394

NATURAL HERITAGE TRUST Manager External Funding - Community Program Development Department of Natural Resources (07) 3224 2149

WATERWATCH Waterwatch Coordinator Department of Natural Resources (07) 3896 9622

Guided Outback Experience, Diamantina Outback Tours .

Education programs

Interpretive f acilities/material The objective of education programs is to provide

Operators should aim to include presentations on the information to clients about the conservation

conservation requirements of the natural areas visited requirements of natural areas visited .

as part of their interpretation . Operators can contribute to conservation by presenting in a way that

Operators may consider providing some of the

can: following education programs about the conservation requirements of natural areas :

" ensure interpretation techniques present the natural req and cultural values of natural areas and the ongoing " including information about the conservation

conservation requirements to maintain and/or requirements of the natural areas visited as an

enhance these values ; integral part of each nature-based or ecotourism product ;

" educate visitors on the function and importance of prod natural systems and cultural values, through the use

" providing free-of-charge or substantially discounted

of interactive displays, audio-visual presentations charges for education groups (such as school tours) ;

and open discussions ; " providing facilities that may be used by education

" encourage individuals to participate in groups ;

interpretive/community programs to raise their " supporting (through financial or in-kind resources)

awareness of conservation requirements of natural the preparation of educational materials about

areas; natural areas visited (for example, a documentary) ;

" utilise trained interpreters that hold tertiary " developing and getting involved in school

qualifications, have extensive knowledge and educational programs, such as organised talks and

experience, or satisfy other appropriate criteria ; and presentations for school students ;

" provide interpretive opportunities for the cultural " promoting World Environment Day; and

heritage values of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to be expressed . " getting involved in Clean Up Australia Day.

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Exotic species control There are many opportunities for operators to contribute to conservation through the control of feral animals and weeds. Contact should be made with the relevant authority if individuals are unfamiliar with controlling exotic species before the commencement of a management program . The wrong techniques may actually make the problem worse!

Examples of exotic species control that operators may consider are :

" implementation of a weed control program on land owned or managed by the operator ;

" identification and removal of weeds in natural areas visited (this may include simple hand pulling of some noxious weeds) ;

" implementation of a feral animal control program on land owned or managed by the operator ; and

" notification given to local natural area managers of sightings of feral animals .

P 4r'ru VEa'Ii h{RA'I!I99iil 11'Ait**1

Fire management It is important that operators seek to implement (on own land) or maintain (on public land) fire management regimes that aim to re-establish biological diversity.

Ways in which ecotourism and nature-based tourism operators can contribute to fire management include :

" preferably not using open fires such as barbeques and campfires (apart from the fire hazard, the collection of dead wood for fires in natural areas is an unsustainable practice) ;

use spark suppression equipment to minimise the risk of wildfire ; and

" develop fire management regimes on own land (for example, fuel reduction and construction of fire breaks where appropriate) that maintain or enhance biological diversity of land . If individuals are unfamiliar with the requirements of fuel management regimes, they should liase with local land and/or fire management agencies .

Intrepretive signage enhances the natural experience for bushwalkers in the Broadwater State Forest Park, Ingham .

Site hardening The objective of site hardening is to provide low impact access to natural areas (for example, through the provision of boardwalks). By providing facilities for visitors, operators cap help contribute to local area conservation, for example through the:

" provision of visitor facilities (walking tracks, toilets, camping areas, picnic areas, etc.) on own land ;

" maintenance or development of facilities on public land (subject to the provisions of the land tenure); and

" provision of free-of-charge facilities to the public on own land .

Natural area management Some ways in which operators can actively contribute to the management of natural areas (either visited or owned) include:

payment of licence, permit, entry or use fees to the natural area manager;

becoming involved in the development of management plans;

managing natural areas on private lands used for nature-based tourism or ecotourism as private nature refuges or sanctuaries (preferably through a cooperative agreement with the Environmental Protection Agency); developing visitor facilities in natural areas for use by clients of nature-based tourism and ecotourism operators, to reduce visitor presence at public facilities (such as national parks) ; and

" collection of visitor data (operators should liase with local land managers as to the type of data required).

Benefits of contributing to conservation One of the core benefits of nature-based and ecotourism operators contributing to local area conservation is that they reaffirm the industry's commitment to best practice sustainable tourism .

Contributions to conservation may provide the following value added benefits for operators:

" maintenance of a quality environment in which to conduct ecotourism operations;

" development of innovative, world quality tourism products and services ;

" development of cooperative management approaches between operators, management agencies and the community (particularly traditional owners);

" maintenance of a quality environment in which to conduct of nature-based and ecotourism operations;

" promoting operators' understanding of specific conservation issues so as to contribute to their knowledge of the local area ;

" preservation of natural/cultural integrity for future generations to enjoy;

" promotion of diverse and unique natural/cultural experiences;

" presentation of natural/cultural values in an ecologically sustainable way;

" provision of visitor opportunities to experience Queensland's unique natural/cultural values particularly in remote areas;

enhancement of the visitor experience ;

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increasing visitor awareness and the potential promotion of environmentally friendly lifestyle changes;

involving visitors in conservation programs to promote a sense of contribution to environmental protection ;

a proactive, industry-wide commitment to the management and protection of Queensland's natural and cultural values ;

provision of state of the art visitor facilities that cater for current and projected visitor use patterns ;

improving community access and a sustainable base to expand the range of nature-based and ecotourism opportunities throughout Queensland ;

provision of appropriate training opportunities for industry staff; and

improving the management of visitor impacts .

A contribution to the conservation of the local area utilised by operators should be seen as integral to all nature-based tourism and ecotourism products . These contributions can range from active research or rehabilitation involving visitors, to a more passive presentation of the conservation message . Some operators in Queensland have invested substantially to contribute to the conservation of the areas they visit . The marketing success of this approach is well proven by the range of well-established and successful operations that have substantial conservation contribution programs .

raL costs

The costs to nature-based tourism and ecotourism operators from contributing to conservation vary considerably. Some measures involve minor charges to tour activities involving no capital cost; others can involve potentially substantial capital and recurrent expenditure .

Initial capital costs can make implementing some initiatives difficult to justify for firms with limited cash flows . However, there is a range of grant schemes that some operators have successfully accessed . These include Landcare schemes, tree planting/revegetation schemes, regional development grants, and local government support . There may also be opportunities for funding under the Natural Heritage Trust .

A marine experience for all the family, Great Barrier Reef Wonderland, Townsville .

This section provides an introduction to brochure design and production for ecotourism or nature-based tourism businesses .

Whether producing a brochure in-house on a word processor, or preparing a large direct mail campaign, there are many fundamentals that apply regardless of the scale of the project .

L

Is a brochure reaLLy

necessary?

Make sure that a brochure is not produced for the wrong reasons. Brochure production should be part of a marketing plan, with well-defined goals and objectives .

A brochure should act as a silent salesperson for the product. Therefore, it is important that the brochure does the operator and the operation justice .

Perhaps a brochure isn't required, but rather, another element of the marketing mix. An advertising or direct mail campaign, a telephone campaign, or a website are possibilities that can be investigated .

What is the target market? It is important to identify the market sector that is to be reached by the brochure . Careful consideration needs to be given to the demographics of the target market (couples, families, where they live, income levels, etc .) . It may assist to make a list of the attributes of the target audience at which the brochure is aimed.

By clearly identifying the target market, an operator will be in a stronger position to determine the suitability of the various aspects of the brochure's content to the target audience .

Brochure objectives It is important to have a particular purpose in mind when preparing any marketing item . Of equal importance is an ability to track or monitor the item's effectiveness. Mechanisms for monitoring or measuring the effectiveness of a brochure can be easily achieved . Examples include:

" inclusion of a reply form to be filled out and returned (with the possibility of a reward to those that do, such as a competition or similar) ; or

" the addition of a telephone response code .

To maximise the effectiveness of any marketing initiative it is important to actively monitor its performance, and make changes to those component that are not performing to expectation.

How much will a brochure cost? A brochure can potentially cost a substantial amount of money. The important point is to ensure that the brochure returns value for outlay.

Reviewing the steps in the production process will help in setting a budget (each of these areas will be discussed in more detail later in this section) .

Steps in the production process include:

" research and copywriting;

" design and artwork;

" photography / illustrations / graphics ; " pre-press and printing ; and

" distribution .

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Be aware that costs will vary, depending upon the size and complexity of the brochure . Budget carefully, using competitive quotes from a range of suppliers before commencing the production of the brochure .

Determine whether all or part of these steps will be undertaken in-house, or whether external consultants will be used .

Developing a comprehensive design brief Once a designer (either in-house or external), has been selected, a comprehensive design brief needs to be set. This will ensure that the result required is achieved . Typical questions that should be addressed to give direction to the designer include:

" What is the unique selling proposition of this project?

" Who is the target audience?

" What raw material is available for inclusion (i :e . maps, photos etc.)?

" What is the communication objective (e .g ., awareness, sales target etc.)?

" Who is responsible for the content and approvals of the project?

rJa'r'li I'E'1'ii iaalfbmAim 11!64iu*v

' ners It is important to determine early in the brochure process whether the design and artwork for the brochure will be undertaken in-house or by external consultants .

Carefully weigh up the pros and cons of both options. Issues to be considered include:

TI ^. yep y B

" Is the available hardware and software suitable for the purpose? (Page layout programs such as QuarkXpress or PageMaker and image manipulation packages such as Freehand, Illustrator or Photoshop are essential to producing quality documents) .

" Can in-house staff do the job justice at a reasonable cost, without sacrificing other work?

Does the expertise exist to deal with pre-press and print production houses?

" Does the deadline allow the luxury of waiting for internal staff to complete the project?

" Do they have experience in producing the type of brochure required?

" Do they seem sufficiently creative to provide the level of quality required? It will be important to review their portfolio of work and ask questions.

" Can they meet your deadlines?

Can they coordinate and take responsibility for the project?

" Are their costs competitive with other like consultants?

P gdui I'E'1'lii l4RA'1l1Aul 111011**1

Beautiful Eungella National Park, Mackay.

A brochure should contain relevant information that is accurate and concise . The temptation to pad it out with non-relevant material should be resisted . It is important to make sure that the marketing message is unambiguous, and that only a few things are emphasised .

An operators' clients need to be able to understand the main message of the brochure at first glance, and be enticed to read more .

Writing the copy for a brochure may sound easy, but to get the message written concisely and with impact is often a difficult task . It may assist the process by working with a copywriter (journalist, writer or public relations consultant) to make the most of a brochure opportunity.

What

There is usually a series of mandatory items to be included in any brochure, many of which often unintentionally omitted .

Mandatary facts include : " company name (and A.C.N . if applicable) ;

" company logo (and partner logos if required) ; " complete contact details (street address, postal address (including country if for international use), telephone, facsimile, email address, web address, pager number, mobile number etc .) ;

" location map (if a destination) ;

" price and conditions (if applicable) ; " expiry dates (if an offer is time limited) ; " a call to action (phone now, book at your . . .etc) ; and

" date of publication .

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h essage is being c nrn scate

What graphics shauL

The text of the brochure should be concise . One simple, short, to the point message can be much more effective than lists of details .

Ensure that the text is edited and proofed to eliminate errors and mistakes . Mistakes are difficult to disguise once brochures are printed .

The brochure will need to be visually appealing to the target market . Simple things like the use of large type size is important if readers will be primarily over 55, as will the use of quality photographs to portray visual elements that cannot be described in words.

Every effort should be made to illustrate the content with photos, maps or graphics . A brochure is a visual medium, and the average reader's time is always at a premium . An operator needs to ensure that the quality of the image is acceptable, and that it accurately represents the product . It will be important to ensure that the image can be used legally and that all approvals have been obtained prior to printing .

I } :P?( Iii Nlifll fildivaild

Typography

The correct use of typography should be one of a designer's best skills . There are thousands of typefaces (or fonts) available, and a designer should be able to find some that set the tone of each publication .

There are several broad categories of type :

" serif (which refers to the little feet on the legs of type) ;

" sans serif (French for without little feet on the legs of type) ;

" display (or headline fonts, usually decorative and not suited for body type) ; and

" scripts (typefaces that usually link and emulate handwriting) .

As a general rule, it is important to restrict the number of typefaces used within a brochure unless they are being used as a specific design feature . Too many typefaces can make the text confusing and difficult to read .

~JkI'Y'A 1'E'Pii iaMl1i1i61iii 11Qit**1

The correct use of type is important, and will require that issues such as justification, hyphenation, line length, leading (space between lines of type) and type size be logically addressed .

EXAMPLES OF GOOD TYPOGRAPHIC USE

This is an example of left justified text

Type choice can be important for readability, and there are two main "families" of type to choose from :

Times is a serif typeface (has little "legs" or serifs on the letters)

Helvetica is a sans serif typeface (has no serifs on the letters)

This is an example of centred text

This is an example of right justified text

Adjinbilly Rainforest Retreat, Killarney.

USE HYPHENATION WITH CARE AS IT CAN DETRACT ,~~A Te,,

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With hyphenati-on on, text can be hard to read as the eye has to fo-llow words and therefore idea- s onto new lines.

With hyphenation off, text is easier to read as the eye can easily follow words and therefore ideas onto new lines.

This paragraph is much too short and becomes difficult to read over a long period of body text.

LENGTH OF LINES OF TYPE CAN ALSO 14AVE A

GREAT IMPACT ON READABILITY

A good rule of thumb is to not let lines of type extend more than two and a half times the alphabet (ie . approximately 65 characters including spaces and punctuation) as it becomes hard for the eye to successfully follow the story. This text is about 86 characters long which is hard to read .

This paragraph is much better as its line length is kept to about 50 characters and allows the eye to easily flow from line to line .

TYPE SIZE IS MEASURED IN NT ;

AaBbCc 6 point Times







Colour Colour is important to the success of any good brochure . When printing a brochure it is helpful to have a basic understanding of colour terminology.

spot colour means printing a specific ink. Black is a spot colour, as are PMS colours (Pantone Matching System) . PMS colours are an industry standard in the graphics world as they specify a formula mix for a range of colours.

" four colour process printing (or full colour printing) refers to the technique where black, yellow, cyan (blue) and magenta (red) inks are mixed to create a full colour image. Your artwork is separated into these four colours (to create colour separations) and each ink combines to create a full colour impression . Your computer monitor or TV uses three colours (RGB or red, blue green) to get the same effect .

specials refer to the use of inks that can include fluorescent or metallic colours, or the addition of varnishes (a clear coating used for decorative effect or for sealing solid blocks of colour).

When using any colour system, it is not always possible to match certain colours to obtain the same result . For example, the strong, dark intense colours that can be achieved in paints for walls cannot always be matched in printing inks . Similarly, pale pastels that can be achieved in PMS colours cannot be matched in four colour process printing . Professional designers will be aware of these limitations .

Any one print job may include any, or all of the above processes. For example, a brochure may require four colour process inks for full colour photos, a spot PMS colour for a corporate logo colour that cannot be matched exactly in process inks and a special metallic gold highlight with a clear gloss varnish. This creates a total of seven processes on the printing press. Typically, the more processes used, the greater the cost of production .

Photography Photographs can come in a variety of formats. Colour transparencies (trannies) are the best and most accurate available. Trannies come in several sizes (35mm slide, or large format) and enable the designer to have a high resolution scan done for placing in the brochure .

Good quality photographic prints are acceptable to use, or many photographers now work with digital cameras and supply digital files directly. Some caution should be exercised when working with digital camera files as their resolution (the amount of photographic data in the image) can be less than that required for the project and the results can be disappointing .

Designers can digitally alter any image, to either edit out unwanted elements, or just to create an effect . For example, they can use a sepia tone for historical shots, or a montage of images for a cover.

Crafting sun protection from natural materials, Mackay.

Illustration

The use of illustrations is one of the oldest, but still one of the most effective, styles when looking for something a little different . Traditional artist tools including pen and ink, or paint and pastel are common . There are also a growing number of computer illustrators and effects artists who are now working commercially. A professional designer will be able to provide illustration options if required .

Paper stock, sizes and choices

The selection of paper (or stock) for a brochure can be critical to its look and feel, and also to a budget .

Australia uses metric standard paper sizes, with an AO (840 x 1188mm) sheet being one square metre in area . Other standard sizes are all exactly half of the previous, with A1 (594 x 840mm), A2 (420 x 594mm), A3 (420 x 297mm), A4 (297 x 210mm), A5 (210 x 148mm) and DL (1/3 x A4, 99 x 210mm) being the most common.

Standard matching envelope sizes are DL (220 x 110mm) and C4 (220 x 310mm) .

Common paper terms include the weight of the paper 'gsm' which stands for 'grams per square metre' (standard office photocopy paper for example is 80gsm while report covers may be up to 300gsm in thickness) . Papers are manufactured around the world, with a growing range made in Australia .

Papers are available in a range of forms including :

COATED STOCKS

" Coated papers (with a gloss or matt finish) are generally referred to as art stocks . They are available in three basic ranges :

- A1 (premium grade for art quality reproduction or flagship documents) ;

- A2 (most common variety) ; and

- A3 grade (a little bit coarser, but inexpensive) .

Each grading is based on the smoothness and whiteness of the stock and its ability to print a good image .

Coated stocks are predominately white or cream in colour.

UNCOATED STOCKS

There is a large selection of uncoated papers ranging in quality from 80gsm through to heavy gauge cardboard . Uncoated stocks provide a large choice in colours and textures . Many specialty stocks have patterns or flecks through them, providing richness in detail for special print projects .

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY STOCKS

These papers may be either coated or uncoated, and may feature recycled content, the use of non-bleaching agents, or other environmentally friendly techniques in their manufacture .

Be aware that uncoated environmentally friendly stocks print a softer/duller image than on coated papers, as the ink soaks into the paper.

Designers' hot tips By combining the right paper, an effective colour palette and specialised printing techniques, the creative use of typography and effective illustrations and/or photos, a brochure can be created that will have impact and leave a memorable impression on clients .

Some tips to follow include :

Ensure that the paper choosen is suitable for the purpose . If using high quality professional photos that are critical to the message, give them every opportunity to be reproduced properly on coated art paper, and not on uncoated stock that will dull the image . However, to achieve an environmental look, reproduction clarity of photos may sometimes have to be compromised .

Watch for "show through" . If the paper is too light or thin and a full ink cover is used on one side, it may spoil the other side of the page by "showing through" .

A coloured stock will change the visual colour of the ink that is printed, and therefore, alter any photos or special graphics . The designer should take this into account in the design process .

Be aware that sometimes fashionable designs may look trendy, but do they convey and communicate the desired message?

If photos are not of a high quality but must be used, consider liberal cropping (trimming) of the images to focus on the key part of the image, or alternatively, reproduce them as half-tones or duo-tones (in one or two colours only) rather than full colour. A professional designer may also suggest putting filters or some graphic effect through the image itself to soften it .

" Do not try and use too many typefaces or try to cram too many photos/graphics into a brochure, as often 'less is more' .

Proof read and check the information in the brochure .

" Printing inks and varnishes are made of a combination of colourants (pigments), vegetable oil, resin polymers, mineral oil distillates and small quantities of waxes, flow modifiers and driers (and acrylic resins in UV inks) . Conventional inks contain water and some are now waterless, but their chemical composition is similar.

Only the heavy metals in the pigments have the potential for any toxic reaction, and their levels are at least 100 times below that specified in the Australian Standard for Colourants in Children's Toys and their Packaging (AS.1647-3) .

A guided water-based experience for visitors to Avocado land, Gold Coast.

Distribution Thought needs to be given in developing the brief to the distribution method intended for the brochure . If it is to be mailed, consideration of standard envelope sizes and weights can make a big difference to the budget . It is possible to mail almost anything, provided it meets Australia Post requirements .

Many brochures are distributed in brochure racks. These are mostly A4 or DL in size .

VA~41 V 14VIINJI4 iii [i% 1Ji11f4!14h1]i1 1jilliq*-AN

Artwork and approvals A professional designer will usually ask that a client carefully proofread and approve all text for the brochure after the artwork has been completed.

Even the most sophisticated computer spell checkers are not going to pick up names, addresses or words out of context, or incorrect grammar ('e.g ., to' instead of 'too') . It is good practice not to assume anything is correct unless personally checked.

The most important things to check are the mandatories like telephone and facsimile numbers and people's names (see also page 98).

Other things to look out for at proofing stage include:

" photographs that are back to front or have been badly cropped ;

" logos are correctly portrayed; and

" all text and pages are in order and flow on correctly.

The client should have a final sign-off on a black and white final proof of the document before pre-press occurs .

L and pre-press Film separations (either spot colour or process colour separations) are the next phase of the production process (except in the case of digital printing - this is discussed later in this section) .

A printer requires a photographic negative piece of film (or sometimes positive) of each colour or process (separation) in the brochure to make printing plates .

A designer will place all of the relevant files for the project on a transportable digital media device (maybe ZIP or PLI cartridge, or CD or floppy or a removable hard drive depending upon the size of the file) . This may take some time as the files may be large (hundreds of megabites in size) and will take time to collect and copy .

The files are then sent to a pre-press production house (film house) for output to film . The files will need to be imposed (an imposition is the format that the printer uses to print the job, which indicates which page is next to which and how they are arranged on the final printed paper sheet) .

At this stage a final colour (or blueprint) proof for approval is usually supplied to the client . It is important to carefully review all colours, logo and photo reproduction, position of images and graphics and text, to ensure that everything is still where it should be and hasn't changed style in any way.

Any client changes at this point can be expensive and time consuming, although any incorrect reproduction of previously approved items are of course the responsibility of the designer/film house to correct at their cost .

For all pre-press filmwork, allow two or three working days for completion .

Digital printing Modern technology has created the digital print industry . Digital print can offer significant benefits for your brochure, particularly if you require fewer than 500 copies .

Digital printing techniques can offer personalisation of the brochure, and the flexibility to print very small quantities . With most digital printing the film stage of the production process can be eliminated, taking a designer's files and either making printing plates directly or going straight to the printing press.

There is a little more potential for error as many production houses are not yet completely familiar with the digital techniques required, and the proofing mechanism is not as accurate as film-based print. However, the timelines and economies available make digital printing a realistic alternative .

Printing . and timing There are several versions of traditional printing methods.

Flat sheet offset lithography is the most common form, where the film negative separations are exposed onto metal printing plates and put onto the printing press .

Web offset printing uses film positives to print onto continuous reels of printing paper. There are more limitations using this technology, but for a large print run of 40,000 or more it can prove economical .

Special processes that require additional time at the print stage can include :

celloglazing is a plastic laminating process that can be applied to one or both sides of the printed sheet, in either gloss or matt;

machine matt or gloss varnishes (good for subtle design effects or to provide a protective seal on full ink coverage);

U .V. varnish (screenprinted glossy spot varnish, usually used on photos) ;

foil stamping or embossing ;

die-cutting (for shapes or cut-outs) and scoring (board over approx . 250gsm weight should be scored before folding) ;

trimming and folding;

binding (staple or saddle stitching, perfect binding, case bound etc) ; and

numbering, hole punching or perforating .

Production time for printing as a rule can be completed quickly if everything is arranged in advance with the supplier. As a rule, two working days should be allowed to prepare printing plates and set up, one day for printing and one day for drying . A further two working days should be scheduled for any special processes like die-cutting, foiling or celloglazing .

Printing inks are notoriously slow in drying and unless sufficient time is allowed, "set-off" (smudging and ink rubbing off on the next sheet) can occur.

on isiano .

Copyright issue

It is critically important that copyright implications be considered prior to committing to any publication .

The rights to reproduce the material to be included, (text, photos or any other graphics) must be secured prior to publication . Advice can be sought from a designer or a copyright lawyer if detailed clarification is required .

WGRKIING WITH CONSUI_TJ V"-

Engaging copywriters, photographers, illustrators, graphic designers, film houses and printers can involve many opportunities for things to go wrong. One way to avoid problems is to ensure everything is documented that all quotes are detailed and complete and clarification of anything in a quote or proposal is sought .

When comparing quotes for any aspect of the project, make sure that all suppliers are quoting the same item with the same specifications .

It is a good idea to issue written orders for all purchases, and make payments only when work is completed to your satisfaction .

[I lifitkyj II Cwfl 15all'TaI1111

There are many things that designers and printers use as rule of thumb when preparing brochures.

The following is a quick checklist of things to look out for in the production process ;

-'TPRESS A

'

nW01R k ;~?G

;aD

ensure suppliers can meet the required timeline - seek confirmation in writing;

make sure that the brochure is proof read before printing ;

double check and even call all contact numbers to ensure they are correct;

avoid full ink coverage with fine detail reversed out;

celloglazing of covers with a dark colour (black or blue) will tend to highlight finger marks and scratches;

large areas of ink may mark if a varnish is not used to seal the ink;

allow sufficient drying time before finishing; and

coated and uncoated papers will print the same ink differently, and colours will not always match due to the surface finish of the stock.

gi'm r'pi'ir [adbnlAui 17lwii**4

Brochure production "ballpark costing s"

Below are indicative "ballpark costings" for brochure production based on an average simple brochure layout . Obviously, costs will vary greatly depending upon suppliers and final design format .

Table 8 .1 : Cost Estimates

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ITEM

*Note: additional cost of approximately $40 to fold to DL (standard busin

Costs are based on design and artwork at $100 per hour and film is costed as being supplied one up only . Printing is on 135gsm A2 gloss art stock with sales tax of 22% included on the print component only .

An allowance of $35 per photo (on average) for scanning to be added to these costs as required .

A4 flat *, 2 colours printed one side only

A4 flat *, 2 colours printed both sides

A4 flat*, 4 colours printed one side only

A4 flat *, 4 colours printed both sides

A3 folded to A4, 2 colours printed both sides

A3 folded to A4, 4 colours printed both sides

DESIGN & ARTWORK

FILM QUANTITY PRINT TOTAL

$400 $60 x1,000 $300 $760 x 5,000 $500 $960

x 10,000 $750 $1210

$600 $60 x1,000 $325 $985

x 5,000 $575 $1235

x 10,000 $975 $1635

$600 $190 x1,000 $500 $1290

x 5,000 $800 $1590

x 10,000 $1000 $1790

$800 $190 x1,000 $600 $1590

x 5,000 $875 $1865

x 10,000 $1225 $2215

ss envelope size)

$800 $130 x1,000 $650 $1580

x 5,000 $1225 $2155

x10,000 $2050 $2980

$1200 $340 x1,000 $1250 $2790

x 5,000 $1875 $3415

x10,000 $2650 $4190

A large volume of excellent materials have been published on the topics of energy management and waste management . A list of easily accessible reference materials is provided in this section to assist in researching specific product requirements .

Title :

Author :

Date :

Publisher:

Key Topics

Description :

Developing Tourism: Projects in Profile

Office of National Tourism

1996

Commonwealth of Australia

Interpretation and education; impact assessment and environmental planning; ecological sustainability ; construction methods and materials; visual impacts; waste minimisation and litter; drainage and stormwater; water conservation; energy minimisation : buildings; cultural sensitivity; client satisfaction .

Profiles 21 ecotourism and nature-based tourism projects . Provides brief overview of each project and the basis of its success.

Title :

Author :

Date :

Key Topics

Description :

lad1twinillm Best Practice Ecotourism : A Guide to Energy and Waste Minimisation

Commonwealth Department of Tourism

1995

Publisher:

Commonwealth of Australia

Ecological sustainability ; light ; waste minimisation and litter; drainage and stormwater; energy minimisation - buildings; energy minimisation - transport; minimal impact vehicle use; conservation initiatives; innovative best practice .

A guide for ecotourism operators looking to establish or improve existing facilities to minimise energy consumption and waste. Includes reference sheets with techniques for how to deal with transport, energy supply, heating and cooling of buildings, lighting, toilets, etc. Offers practical advice on many aspects of building and managing tourist facilities .

Title :

Building Materials: Energy and the Environment

Author :

Bill Lawson

Date : 1996

Publisher:

Royal Australian Institute of Architects

Key Topics : Ecological sustainability ; construction methods and materials; energy minimisation - buildings; life cycle assessments.

Description : Examines the manufacturing processes and environmental consequences of building materials. It lists their performance in terms of raw material availability, minimal environmental impact, embodied energy efficiency, product life span, freedom from maintenance and product reuse .

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Also addresses life cycle analysis of buildings including case studies of : Fraser Island (Kingfisher Bay) ; Kakadu ('Bowali' Visitor Centre); Kooralbyn Resort ; Yulara Resort (Uluru); Friendly Beaches (Freycinet) .

Title :

Low Energy Buildings in Australia

Author :

Gary Baverstock and Sam Paolino

Date : 1996

Publisher:

Graphic Systems, WA

Key Topics : Construction methods and materials; energy minimisation - buildings; identification of climatic regions in Australia .

Description : Design data on the climatic systems for the various regions of Australia. Includes techniques, materials and auxiliary system recommendations for buildings in each region .

Title:

Architecture and Climate Change

Author :

S.V. Szokolay

Date : 1992

Publisher:

The Royal Australian Institute of Architects

Key Topics : Ecological sustainability; energy minimisation - buildings.

Description : Examines methods that could be used by architects to minimise energy consumption . Includes political consequences and responses to environmental issues .

Key Topics : Water supply ; energy minimisation - buildings.

Description : A guide for applying solar design principles . Contains methods for calculating sun angles, and sun penetration .

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Title : Australia's Guide to Good Residential Title : The Autonomous House: Design and Design Planning for Self Sufficiency

Author: The Faculty of the Constructed Author : Brenda and Robert Vale Environment, RMIT

Date : 1975 Date : No date c1995

Publisher: Thames and Hudson Publisher: The National Office of Local Government

Location : University of Queensland Key Topics : Construction methods and materials;

visual impacts; light ; energy Key Topics : Construction methods and materials;

minimisation - buildings. water supply; waste minimisation and litter ; wastewater ; water conservation;

Description : Introduction to principles of residential energy minimisation - buildings. design including energy efficiency, etc.

Description : Introduction to the techniques of solar heating (both water and sun), wind power, waste recycling, water saving,

Title : Sunshine and Shade in Australasia energy storage and heat storage.

Author : Department of Transport and Construction Experimental Building

Date : 1983 Station Bulletin No . 8

Publisher: Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra

Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners

George McIntyre

1993

World Tourism Organisation

Impact assessment and environmental planning; ecological sustainability ; visual impacts; water supply ; noise; air quality; waste minimisation and litter; drainage and stormwater; wastewater ; water conservation; minimal impact on wildlife ; natural area management; working with local communities; cultural sensitivity ; client satisfaction ; responsible marketing; tourism marketing .

A guide for local planners, community and industry seeking to achieve sustainable tourism development.

Title : Environmental Design Guide Title :

Author : The Royal Institute of Architects Author :

Date : 1995-1998 (updates arrive periodically) Date :

Publisher: The Royal Australian Institute of Architects Publisher:

Key Topics Impact assessment and environmental Key Topics planning; ecological sustainability; site disturbance; landscaping and rehabilitation ; construction methods and materials; visual impacts; light ; water supply ; drainage and stormwater ; wastewater water conservation; energy minimisation - buildings; energy minimisation - transport; cultural sensitivity ; ventilation ; use of chemicals; (case studies: Advanced Technology Centre, Solar Energy Information Centre, Description :

Brewarrina Aboriginal Cultural Museum, Friendly Beaches Lodge, Nemingha Public School, Design Faculty Building, Googong Dam Amenities Block, SECV Headquarters, Bowali Visitor Centre, Ridgway Apartments) .

Description : Focus on design strategies and products/materials . Includes case studies.

Date : 1994

Title :

Ecotourism : A South Australian Design Guide for Sustainable Development

Author :

Paul Pholeros, Michael Tawa and Nick Opie

Publisher:

South Australian Tourism Commission

Key Topics : Interpretation and education; impact assessment and environmental planning; ecological sustainability ; site disturbance; landscaping and rehabilitation ; construction methods and materials; water supply ; drainage and stormwater ; wastewater ; water conservation ; energy minimisation - buildings; client satisfaction ; fire prevention; communications .

Description: Examines major ecotourism design issues, details elements appropriate for use in ecolodge minimal shelter facilities .

Title:

Climatic Data and its Use in Design

Author :

S.V. Szokolay

Date : 1988

Publisher:

Royal Australian Institute of Architects

Key Topics : Energy minimisation - buildings; climatic data .

Description : A guide to the use of climatic data in building design so as to maximise building energy effectiveness .

Title :

Abode of our Dreaming : Place, Climate, Culture and Dwelling

Author :

Jim Woolley

Date : 1997

Publisher:

USQ Press, Toowoomba

Key Topics : Energy minimisation - buildings; design for climate; regional design .

Description: Examination of Queensland design for regional character. Addresses choice of materials, how to conserve energy using design, and diagrams of prototypical buildings.

Description :

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An introduction to sustainable design solutions.

n :

Ecological Design

Sim Van Der Ryn and Stuart Cowan

1996

Island Press, Washington D .C .

Ecological sustainability ; ecological design theory; construction impacts; working with local communities.

Addresses the design aspect of sustainable buildings. Considers ecological design based on five broad principles : design based on place; evaluation of designs based on ecological impacts; minimisation of ecological impacts based on working with nature ; design grounded in communities; and design as a method of transforming awareness.

Title : Green Design : Design for the Title : Environment

Author : Author : Dorothy Mackenzie

Date : Date : 1991

Publisher: Publisher: Laurence King Pty Ltd

Key Topics Key Topics Ecological sustainability ; construction

method and materials; noise; water conservation; energy minimisation - buildings; energy minimisation - Descripti

transport; reuse of buildings.

Title : Sustainable Tourism : An Australian Perspective

Author :

Rob Harris & Neil Leiper (Editors)

Date : 1995

Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann

Key Topics : Interpretation and education ; impact assessment and environmental planning ; ecological sustainability ; site disturbance; landscaping and rehabilitation ; construction methods and materials; visual impacts ; water supply ; waste minimisation and litter; wastewater; water conservation ; minimal impact on wildlife ; natural area management; working with local communities; cultural sensitivity . Case studies: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Phillip Island Penguin Reserve, Rottnest Island, Seal Bay Conservation Park, Namadgi National Park, Club Med. Lindeman Island, Green Island Resort, Jemby-Rinjah Lod.ge, Kingfisher Bay, and Seven Spirit Bay.

Title :

Wind Energy Comes of Age

Author :

Gipe, Paul

Date : 1995

Publisher:

John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Key Topics : Impact assessment and environmental planning ; site disturbance; landscaping and rehabilitation ; visual impacts; energy minimisation - buildings; energy minimisation - transport.

Description : A comprehensive guide to wind power generation from small to large scale.

Title:

Energy from Nature

Author :

Peter Pedals (Compiler)

Date : 1997

Publisher:

Rainbow Power Company

Key Topics : Ecological sustainability; energy minimisation - buildings.

Description : Guide to establishing a self-sufficient power system .

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Title :

Author :

Brenda and Robert Vale

Date :

Key Topics

Description :

1991

Publisher:

Thames and Hudson

Green Architecture : Design for a Sustainable Future

Ecological sustainability ; site disturbance; landscaping and rehabilitation ; construction methods and materials; visual impacts; water supply ; air quality; waste minimisation and litter ; energy minimisation - buildings; energy minimisation - transport; natural area management ; cultural sensitivity.

An introduction to global warming, resource depletion, pollution, water waste, transportation congestion etc. Outlines six principles for "green design" in action : conserving energy ; working with climate; minimising new resources; respect for users; respect for site and holism .

Title : Green Design : A Guide to the Environmental Impact of Building Materials

Author :

Avrill Fox and Robin Murkell

Date :

Publisher:

Architecture Design and Technology Press, London

Key Topics

Description :

1989

Ecological sustainability ; construction methods and materials; energy minimisation -buildings ; life cycle costs of materials; recycling ; chemical use; materials selection .

An A-Z of materials used in construction, considers embodied energy, composition and recyclability.

Title :

Environmental Design : An Introduction

Title:

A Guide to Innovative Technology for for Architects and Engineers

Sustainable Tourism

Author :

Thomas Randall (ed)

Author :

Department of Tourism, Sport and Recreation, Tasmania

Date : 1996 Date : 1994

Publisher:

E & FN Spon, London Publisher:

Commonwealth Department of Tourism Key Topics : Construction methods and materials;

light; water supply ; waste minimisation

Key Topics : Construction methods and materials; and litter; wastewater ; water

waste minimisation and litter; conservation; energy minimisation -

wastewater; water conservation; energy buildings; site planning; energy sources;

minimisation - buildings . thermal comfort.

Description : Brief description of innovative Description : Provides strategies for energy use,

sustainable technologies. planning and design, materials and construction, energy systems (such as active solar heating, PV. cells, wind power etc), lighting, water and waste disposal techniques .

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The Building Research Establishment A commercial site that offers services in energy related environmental issues . http://www.bre.co.uk/

Building Environmental Science and Technology A commercial site offering information on energy efficiency and a list of reference material . http ://www.nrg-builder .com/

Centre for Clean Technology, The University of California Los Angeles A research site covering options and research on clean technologies . http://www.cct.seas.ucia .edu/

" EnvironNET Australia A Commonwealth Government site offering a database of organisations and case studies. Has links to related web sites. http://www.erin .gov.au/net/environet.htm i

Rainbow Power Company An internet site with information on what this alternative power consultancy and supplier offers . Has links to other contacts, organisations and commercial outlets selling alternative power products . http://www.rpc.com.a u

Green Design Initiative The site gives an overview of research available about various organisations involved in green design . It also has a bibliography of other information. http://www.ce .cmu .edu/GreenDesign/

Mt Moifatt National Park . .

grow your ecotourism business vol_ 2

Documents

waterbased settings

waterbased tours

naturebased tourism

naturebased responsibilities

activities operations

types of ecotourism

water tenure

white water