Growth and Crisis in Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society 1720-Colonial Society 1720-

17651765

APUSH – Mr. ButtellAPUSH – Mr. Buttell

Ch. 4Ch. 4

Conquest by the Conquest by the cradlecradle

• In 1700 the colonies had 20 In 1700 the colonies had 20 English to 1 American.English to 1 American.

• By 1775 this had shrunk to By 1775 this had shrunk to 3 to 13 to 1

• Average age in 1775 was 16Average age in 1775 was 16• 90% of people lived in rural 90% of people lived in rural

areas, and 4 major urban areas, and 4 major urban areas were Philadelphia, areas were Philadelphia, NYC, Boston, and CharlestonNYC, Boston, and Charleston

Why does a population boom Why does a population boom have political implications?have political implications?

Beginnings of a Beginnings of a Melting potMelting pot

• Germans fleeing religious Germans fleeing religious persecution, economic persecution, economic oppression head to PAoppression head to PA

• The Scot-Irish people also The Scot-Irish people also settled in PA, make up 7% of settled in PA, make up 7% of pop. Great frontiersmen who pop. Great frontiersmen who brought distillery skills with brought distillery skills with them.them.

• Neither group is loyal to the Neither group is loyal to the British crown, by mid 18British crown, by mid 18thth century, the Scot-Irish are century, the Scot-Irish are scattered along the scattered along the ““great great wagon roadwagon road””

““The Melting PotThe Melting Pot””

• The 13 Colonies The 13 Colonies represented the biggest represented the biggest diversity in the world.diversity in the world.

• The largest non-English The largest non-English group was Africansgroup was Africans

• Middle Colonies held the Middle Colonies held the most diversity, especially most diversity, especially PA, NE colonies the leastPA, NE colonies the least

• 18 of the 56 signers of 18 of the 56 signers of the DOI were non-English, the DOI were non-English, 8 not born in the colonies8 not born in the colonies

Colonial SocietyColonial SocietyWhy does the Why does the EuropeanizatioEuropeanization of society n of society worry people?worry people?

• Merchant princes Merchant princes started to show up from started to show up from riches earned of riches earned of military supplies in military supplies in conflicts. (Profiteers or conflicts. (Profiteers or savvy businessmen?)savvy businessmen?)

• Mid-Century, richest Mid-Century, richest 10% of Boston and 10% of Boston and Philly owned 2/3 of Philly owned 2/3 of taxable wealth in their taxable wealth in their cities.cities.

Who are the Who are the poor?poor?

• Farms shrank as land Farms shrank as land became more scarce.became more scarce.

• 1750 Boston had a large 1750 Boston had a large portion of homeless portion of homeless poorpoor

• Indentured servants free Indentured servants free of contract added to this of contract added to this pop.pop.

• 50,000 jailbirds from 50,000 jailbirds from England are dumped in England are dumped in the coloniesthe colonies

• Almshouses created in Almshouses created in the 1730s, still number the 1730s, still number of poor is small relative of poor is small relative to Englandto England

The The ProfessionalsProfessionals

• Clergy, though less Clergy, though less influential, still considered influential, still considered the most prestigious titlethe most prestigious title

• Physicians were poorly Physicians were poorly trained, smallpox hit 1 of 5 trained, smallpox hit 1 of 5 peoplepeople

• 1765, first medical school 1765, first medical school (Univ. of Penn) (Univ. of Penn) established, yet disease established, yet disease still persistedstill persisted

• Lawyers are deemed Lawyers are deemed unnecessary at first, yet unnecessary at first, yet eventually find a place eventually find a place with a booming populationwith a booming population

Workday AmericaWorkday America• Farming wheat becomes Farming wheat becomes

hot new crophot new crop• Middle Colonies are the Middle Colonies are the

bread basketbread basket• Cod becomes main export Cod becomes main export

to Catholic Europeto Catholic Europe• Triangular Trade, Triangular Trade,

particularly with Middle and particularly with Middle and NE Colonies, provides NE Colonies, provides wealth and slaveswealth and slaves

• Manufacturing still second Manufacturing still second behind farmingbehind farming

• 1770, 1/3 of British 1770, 1/3 of British merchant marine was merchant marine was American builtAmerican built

The Molasses Act, The Molasses Act, 17331733

• Colonists need more outletsColonists need more outlets• Trade continues, but only through England first (Navigation Trade continues, but only through England first (Navigation

Acts)Acts)• Import tax on molasses from non-English colonies. (9 pence Import tax on molasses from non-English colonies. (9 pence

per gallon)per gallon)• Colonists ignore the act and smuggle and bribeColonists ignore the act and smuggle and bribe

Salutary Neglect????Salutary Neglect????

TransportationTransportationHorse powerHorse power

• Scarce money and Scarce money and resources = terrible resources = terrible road systemroad system

• Roads do not Roads do not connect major cities connect major cities until the 1700suntil the 1700s

• Traveling the short Traveling the short distance from distance from Boston to Philly Boston to Philly could take a weekcould take a week

Sail powerSail power

• Populations clustered Populations clustered along riversalong rivers

• Taverns also arose Taverns also arose along rivers and in along rivers and in cities. Play a vital role cities. Play a vital role in social life.in social life.

• Sam Adams used his Sam Adams used his breweries for political breweries for political appeal and early ways appeal and early ways of passing on of passing on information information

Dominant DenominationsDominant Denominations

• Anglicans and Congregationalists = only Anglicans and Congregationalists = only tax supported churches in 1775tax supported churches in 1775

• Anglicans made up most of GA, NC, SC, Anglicans made up most of GA, NC, SC, VA, MD and a part of NYVA, MD and a part of NY

• Anglican clergy reputation was so poor Anglican clergy reputation was so poor that William and Mary College was that William and Mary College was foundedfounded

• How will religion play a role in the How will religion play a role in the upcoming rebellion?upcoming rebellion?

• Sedition flowed from the pulpit early on. Sedition flowed from the pulpit early on. Neo-Trinity = Presbyterianism, Neo-Trinity = Presbyterianism, Congregationalism and rebellionCongregationalism and rebellion

Great Great AwakeningAwakening

• Started in the 1730-40s Started in the 1730-40s over the coloniesover the colonies

• J. Edwards J. Edwards ““Sinners in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry the Hands of an Angry GodGod””

• ““Salvation only through Salvation only through dependence on Goddependence on God’’s s grace.grace.””

• G. Whitefield brings G. Whitefield brings evangelicalism by evangelicalism by touring the country with touring the country with emotional sermonsemotional sermons

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

““Old LightsOld Lights””• Orthodox clergy Orthodox clergy • Deeply skeptical of Deeply skeptical of

the revivaliststhe revivalists• Divided the Divided the

Congregationalists Congregationalists from the from the PresbyteriansPresbyterians

• Tended to be more Tended to be more of the merchant and of the merchant and middle classmiddle class

““New LightsNew Lights””• Baptists and Baptists and

Presbyterians make Presbyterians make room for this room for this approach to preachingapproach to preaching

• Defend the role of Defend the role of revitalizing religion in revitalizing religion in the coloniesthe colonies

• Establish new places Establish new places of higher learning to of higher learning to train = Princeton, train = Princeton, Rutgers, Brown, and Rutgers, Brown, and DartmouthDartmouth

Lasting Effects of Lasting Effects of the Awakeningthe Awakening

• Greatly increased the Greatly increased the number and number and competitiveness of competitiveness of churcheschurches

• 11stst spontaneous mass spontaneous mass movement of the movement of the American peopleAmerican people

• Broke down sectional Broke down sectional boundaries as well as boundaries as well as denominational lines denominational lines

Schools & collegesSchools & colleges

• Farm labor drained Farm labor drained much of a youthmuch of a youth’’s time s time and energyand energy

• NE education flourished, NE education flourished, middle and southern middle and southern colonies beginning to colonies beginning to see schools.see schools.

• Emphasis placed on Emphasis placed on religion and classical religion and classical languageslanguages

• College education most College education most highly regarded. B. highly regarded. B. Franklin helps found U Franklin helps found U Penn, 1Penn, 1stst non-religious non-religious school.school.

Pioneer PressesPioneer Presses• Ben Franklin establishes the Ben Franklin establishes the

first privately funded library first privately funded library in Phillyin Philly

• By 1776, 50 public librariesBy 1776, 50 public libraries• 40 colonial newspapers = 40 colonial newspapers =

airing problems with the airing problems with the crown and opposition to crown and opposition to British controlBritish control

• John Zenger assailed the John Zenger assailed the corrupt royal Gov. of NY, corrupt royal Gov. of NY, charged with libel, found charged with libel, found not guilty since statements not guilty since statements were truewere true

• This case serves as turning This case serves as turning point to eventual Freedom point to eventual Freedom of Pressof Press

Game of politicsGame of politics• 1775, 8 colonies Royal, 3 1775, 8 colonies Royal, 3

Proprietors (MD, DE, PA) Proprietors (MD, DE, PA) and 2 charter (self-and 2 charter (self-governing, RI and CT)governing, RI and CT)

• Most states have 2 Most states have 2 chamber legislaturechamber legislature

• Self-taxation through Self-taxation through representation was representation was American privilege that American privilege that was cherishedwas cherished

• Colonial assemblies paid Colonial assemblies paid for governors salaries for governors salaries which led to tensions which led to tensions (power of the purse)(power of the purse)

• 1775, not yet a true 1775, not yet a true democracy but far more democracy but far more advanced compared to advanced compared to England and Europe in England and Europe in press, assembly, speech press, assembly, speech and rep govt.and rep govt.

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

New Source of Conflict - FranceFur trade draws French immigrants/S de Champlain•Fort Louisbourg, Cape BretonIsland, Mouth of St. Lawrence River•Center of French Empire = Quebec City, & Montreal •West, Detroit and Sault Sainte Marie•South, plantations along the Mississippi, New Orleans = Creole•The Iroquois Confederacy (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida = Western NY• French assimilated much better with the native people, than the English•Ohio Valley becomes potential battleground

Tensions Build•European conflicts between England, France & Spain spill over to the colonies•Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 transferred ownership of Nova Scotia (Acadia) and Newfoundland to England•King George’s War 1744-48 led to the colonists taking Fort Louisbourg, only to have to return it to French (Bitter)•English start building forts in Ohio Valley, French get mad•Iroquois choose side of English•Summer of 1754, VA sends militia led by Washington into Ohio Valley•Fort Necessity (WEAK)

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

A Albany CongressAlbany Congress failed Iroquois failed Iroquois broke off relations with broke off relations with Britain & threatened to Britain & threatened to trade with the French. trade with the French.

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled

French French from Louisiana. from Louisiana.

CAJUNS CAJUNS (Acadians)(Acadians)

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A Moral was down and colonists Moral was down and colonists frustrated. He understood colonial frustrated. He understood colonial concerns.concerns.A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. >Br. would reimburse col. assemblies would reimburse col. assemblies forfor their costs. their costs.

Also returned military recruitment Also returned military recruitment to the assemblies. Sent large to the assemblies. Sent large troopstroopsRESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

** By 1761, Spain has become an ally of By 1761, Spain has become an ally of France.France.

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

Siege of Quebec•Pitt sends two generals, Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe to the battle.Capture Fort Louisbourg in July 1758•Few months later Fort Duquesne falls•September 13, 1759, General Wolfe seizes Quebec in surprise attack both leaders are killed•A year later, Montreal falls to Amherst•Peace comes with King George III, and Pitt resigns due to health•The Treaty of Paris is signed 1763

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17541754

North America in North America in 17541754

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England It greatly enlarged England’’s s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain Britain’’s contempt for the s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

17631763 PontiacPontiac’’s s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British British ““giftsgifts”” of smallpox- of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

PontiacPontiac’’s Rebellion s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

PontiacPontiac’’s Rebellion s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys Paxton Boys (PA)(PA)

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

The Paxton BoysThe Paxton Boys

• Armed march into Philly Armed march into Philly against the Quakers too against the Quakers too tolerant acceptance of tolerant acceptance of Natives (1764)Natives (1764)

• Later led the Regulator Later led the Regulator Movement in NC. An Movement in NC. An insurrection against insurrection against eastern domination of eastern domination of colonycolony’’s affairs.s affairs.

• A young Andrew Jackson A young Andrew Jackson will join this group of will join this group of men.men.

• Remember these roots Remember these roots of Jackson’s, they tell us of Jackson’s, they tell us much of his character much of his character later.later.