growth & reproduction in plants
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Growth & Reproduction in Plants. 18. 4 – 18.8. Flowers have several roles in plant reproduction. 18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction. 18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction. Sepals - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Growth & Reproduction in Plants
18. 4 – 18.8
Flowers have several roles in plant reproduction.
18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction
18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction
18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction
Sepalsleaf-like structures located at point where
flower is connected to main support structure
grow in a ring around outside of flowersurround and protect flower bud during
developmentusually green but some flowers are brightly
colored and closely resemble flower’s petals
18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction
Petalsusually brightly coloredhelps flower attract pollinatorslong and thin short and broad
18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction
Stamensmale reproductive partsfilament: long, thin stalk anther: head-like top where pollen grains
are produced
18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction
Carpelfemale reproductive structure stigma
◦flat, sticky surface at top of carpel◦functions as landing pad for pollen
style◦holds the stigma high out of the center of the flower ◦ long thin structure that leads down to the ovary
ovules◦produce female gametes (eggs) ◦after egg is fertilized, ovule develops into a seed
18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction
Take-home message 18.4
Flowers are plant structures specialized for sexual reproduction.
Most flowers have the same fundamental structures: sepals, petals, stamens, and a carpel.
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
spores: haploid cells produced by meiosis in plants
microspores: spores produced in anthersmegaspores: spores produced in ovules
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
as anther grows, 4 chambers form—sometimes called “spore sacs”
each is filled with diploid cells called microspore mother cells
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
microspore mother cells divide by meiosis; each produces 4 haploid microspores.
microspores then quickly divide by mitosis two-cell grain of pollen w/complex, water-tight, sticky surface
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
two-celled structure is the pollen grain containing 2 haploid cells
one cell will eventually grow to form a pollen tube, aiding in fertilization.
other will divide once to produce two sperm cells.
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
A pollen grain contains two haploid cells. One forms a tube used as a conduit for fertilization. The other cell divides once and forms two sperm cells.
18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
The pollen on this nose hair may be flushed from the body by mucus (or a sneeze)!
Sometimes the reaction is extreme.
Take-home message 18.5
The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains, each grain a two-cell structure that is water-tight and has a sticky surface.
One of the cells in the pollen grain will form a pollen tube, and the other will divide to produce two sperm cells.
18.6 Female gametes develop in embryo sacs.
18.6 Female gametes develop in embryo sacs.
Within the ovary1 or more diploid cells differentiate into
ovuleseach ovule is made of outer protective
cells that surround megaspore mother cell (diploid egg-producing cell
megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce haploid megaspores
18.6 Female gametes develop in embryo sacs.
Within a flower1 of haploid megaspores undergoes mitosis
several times to produce embryo sac (structure in which fertilization will occur)
embryo sac: 7 cells6 of these cells—including one that is the
egg—have haploid nucleicentral cell: 7th cell w/2 distinct haploid nucleiembryo sac waits for male gamete to arrive
18.6 Female gametes develop in embryo sacs.
Take-home message 18.6
Within the ovary, diploid cells differentiate into ovules, each of which is a group of outer protective cells around a diploid egg-producing cell, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid megaspores.
One of these megaspores undergoes mitosis several times to produce the embryo sac, the structure that contains the egg and is the place where fertilization will occur.
Pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal often depend on help from other organisms.
18.7 Plants need help getting the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization.
green algae release gametes into watermosses and ferns must rely on the
presence of water for transporting male gametes to female gametes, otherwise gametes dry out
mosses and ferns must live in moist habitats or reproduce when moisture is available
18.7 Plants need help getting the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization.
process involves enlisting animals to carry the male gametes
plant attracts animal with its flower ◦visual cues (color, shape)◦olfactory cues (smell) ◦tactile cues (soft, bristly, hard, rough, smooth)
pollination: pollen grain from a plant must journey to the stigma of another plant of the same species
18.7 Plants need help getting the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization.
~10% of plant species achieve pollination by wind (grasses, pine trees) or water (eelgrass)
slim chance that—through random luck—some of pollen will land on female reproductive organs of another plant of same species
astronomically low probability of any one pollen grain actually doing that plants respond by producing ~ 10,000,000 pollen grains/plant
18.7 Plants need help getting the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization.
wide variety of pollinators: birds (mostly hummingbirds), bees, flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, and even some mammals (mostly bats)
strong coevolution between plants and pollinators◦plants have become more and more effective at
attracting the pollinators and deterring other species from visiting the flower
◦pollinators have become more and more effective at exploiting resources offered by plants
Take-home message 18.7
Plants usually utilize trickery or bribery to get the assistance of animals in carrying the male gametes to the female gametes.
There has been strong coevolution between plants and their animal pollinators.
18.8 Fertilization occurs after pollination.
pollination brings male and female gametes close to each other, but it isn’t quite fertilizationfertilization requires that male and female
gametes fuse so that genetic material can be combined
18.8 Fertilization occurs after pollination.
Within 12 to 36 hours of pollen landing on stigma1 cell in pollen grain starts to grow into a
pollen tube by an elongation of tube cell (not mitosis)
stretches and pushes through stigmatakes sperm-producing cell farther and
farther down style toward ovary
18.8 Fertilization occurs after pollination.
cells within the style, which is part of the female reproductive structure (the carpel), test the tube cell to check whether it is too closely related to the plant on which the pollen has landed (as it would be if the plant self-pollinated). If the tube cell is too closely related, it is killed—often by a chemical reaction initiated by the cells of the style, breaking down the cytoskeleton of the pollen tube. If it is not too closely related, the pollen tube is allowed to continue growing toward the ovary.