gsat 16 satelite
TRANSCRIPT
What is meant by satellite communication?
In satellite communication, signal transferring between the sender and receiver is done with the help of satellite.
In this process, the signal which is basically a beam of modulated microwaves is sent towards the satellite.
The satellite amplifies the signal and sent it back to the receiver’s antenna present on the earth’s surface. So, all the signal transferring is happening in space.
Thus this type of communication is known as space communication.
Keppler’s Law laws concerning the motions of planets formulated by German
astronomer Johannes Kepler
First Law
the orbit of a planet around the sun is ellipse
Second Law ( Law of areas)
-orbital velocity
Third Law (Law of Periods or Harminc Law)
revolution function of distance
Types of Satellite
Astronomical satellites
Communication satellites
Weather satellites
Navigation satellites
A spacecraft placed in orbit around the earth which carries on
board microwave transmitting and receiving equipment capable
of relaying signals from one point to another.
It uses microwave frequency (1-100 Ghz)
Communications Satellite
To penetrate the atmosphere
To handle wideband signals encountered in present day communications
To make practical use of high gain antennas aboard the spacecraft
Reasons for Using Microwave Frequency
Satellite Service Categories
1. Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) cover links between satellites and fixed (non moving earth stations)
2. Mobile Service (MSS) cover links to stations that maybe in motion (mobile) including ships (maritime mobile-MMSS), aircraft (aeronautical mobile-AMSS),and land vehicles (land mobile LMSS)
3. Broadcast Services include TV (DBS-TV) and audio (DBSA)
4. Intersatellite Service –satellite-to-satellite cross links
Space Segment It contains the satellite and all terrestrial
facilities for control and monitoring of the
satellite
This includes the tracking, telemetry, and
command stations(TT&C) with satellite
control center
Payload – It consists of the receiving and
transmitting antennas and all the electronic
equipment that supports the transmission of
carriers
Platform – It consists of all subsystems that
permits the payload to operate
Ground Segment
It consists of all the earth stations most often connected to the
end user’s equipment by a terrestrial network, or in case of
VSAT, directly connected to the end user’s equipment
Broad Categories of Satellites
Passive Satellite
Simply reflects a signal back to earth
No gain devices on board to amplify or repeat the signal
Otherwise called bent pipe satellite (frequency translating RF repeater)
Active Satellite
Receives, amplifies, retransmits the signal
Also called processing satellite (used in digital circuits where the signal is demodulated to baseband and regenerates the signal)
Satellite Orbits The trajectory followed by the satellite in equilibrium between
two opposing forces (gravitational force and inertial centrifugal
force)
Maximum extension at apogee and minimum at perigee
What is GSAT?
The term "geosynchronous" refers to the satellite's orbital
period being exactly one sidereal day which enables it to be
synchronized with the rotation of the Earth ("geo-"). Along
with this orbital period requirement, to be geostationary as
well, the satellite must be placed in an orbit that puts it in the
vicinity over the equator.
These two requirements make the satellite appear in an
unchanging area of visibility when viewed from the Earth's
surface, enabling continuous operation from one point on the
ground. The special case of a geostationary orbit is the most
common type of orbit for communications satellites.
If a geosynchronous satellite's orbit is not exactly aligned with
the Earth's equator, the orbit is known as an inclined orbit. It will
appear (when viewed by someone on the ground) to oscillate
daily around a fixed point. As the angle between the orbit and the
equator decreases, the magnitude of this oscillation becomes
smaller; when the orbit lies entirely over the equator in a circular
orbit, the satellite remains stationary relative to the Earth's
surface – it is said to be geostationary.
GSAT HISTORY
The first geostationary communication satellite was Syncom 3, launched on
August 19, 1964 with a Delta D launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral. The
satellite, in orbit approximately above the International Date Line, was used to
telecast the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo to the United States.
The GSAT series of geosynchronous satellites is a system developed by
ISRO with an objective to make India self-reliant in broadcasting
services.
●The concept was first proposed by Herman
Potočnik in 1928 and popularised by the science
fiction author Arthur C. Clarke in a paper in
Wireless World in 1945. Working prior to the
advent of solid-state electronics, Clarke
envisioned a trio of large, manned space
stations arranged in a triangle around the planet.
Modern satellites are numerous, unmanned, and
often no larger than an automobile.
Design and development of the GSAT-16
communication satellite
The GSAT-16 satellite was designed, assembled and manufactured by
ISRO, based on theI-3K (I-3000) bus platform, which was developed by
ISRO in association with Antrix Corporation.
GSAT-16 will be the 11th among GSAT series of Indian communication
satellites, and will have estimated lifespan of 12 years. GSAT-16, an
advanced communication satellite, weighing 3181.6 kg at lift-off, is being
inducted into the INSAT-GSAT system. GSAT-16 is configured to carry a
total of 48 communication transponders.
GSAT-16 is cuboidal in shape and has external dimensions of 2.0m x 1.77m
x 3.1m. Its launch mass is 3,181.6kg and dry mass is 1457.7kg.
Its propulsion system includes 440 Newton Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) with mono methyl hydrazine (MMH) as fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON-3) as oxidiser for orbit raising. It is fitted with a solar array, containing two 180 AH Lithium Ion batteries that can generate approximately 6,000W of power.
The largest number of transponders carried by a communication satellite developed by ISRO so far, in normal C-band, upper extended C-band and Ku-band. GSAT-16 carries a Ku-band beacon as well to help accurately point ground antennas towards the satellite.
The communication transponders on-board GSAT-16 together ensure continuity of various services currently provided by INSAT-GSAT system and serve as on-orbit spares to meet contingency requirements or for the augmentation of such services.
GSAT-16 satellite launch vehicle
Initially launch was planned for 4 December 2014, but was postponed due to inclement weather. GSAT-16 was finally launched on 6 December 2014 from the Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana, by an Ariane 5 rocket.
Ariane 5 is a European heavy lift launch vehicle that is part of the Ariane rocket family, an expendable launch system used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO).
Ariane 5 rockets are manufactured under the authority of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. Airbus Defence and Space is the prime contractor for the vehicles, leading a consortium of sub-contractors.
Ariane 5 Vehicle Description Cryogenic main stage
Ariane 5’s cryogenic H173 main stage (H158 for Ariane 5 G, G+, and GS) is called the EPC (Étage Principal Cryotechnique — Cryotechnic Main Stage). It consists of a large tank 30.5 metres high with two compartments, one for liquid oxygen and one for liquid hydrogen, and a Vulcain 2 engine at the base with a vacuum thrust of 142 tonnes-force (1,390 kilonewtons). The H173 EPC weighs about 189 tonnes, including 175 tonnes of propellant.[4]
After the main cryogenic stage runs out of fuel, it can re-enter the atmosphere for an ocean splashdown.
● Solid boostersAttached to the sides are two P241 (P238 for Ariane 5 G and G+) solid rocket boosters
(SRBs or EAPs from the French Étages d’Accélération à Poudre), each weighing about 277
tonnes full and delivering a thrust of about 722 tonnes-force (7,080 kilonewtons). They are
fueled by a mix of ammonium perchlorate (68%) and aluminum fuel (18%) and
polybutadiene (14%). They each burn for 130 seconds before being dropped into the ocean.
Second stage
The second stage is on top of the main stage and below the payload. The
Ariane 5G used the EPS (Étage à Propergols Stockables—Storable
Propellant Stage), which is fueled by monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and
nitrogen tetroxide. It also has 10 tons of storable propellants. The EPS was
improved for use on the Ariane 5 G+, GS, and ES. Ariane 5 ECA uses the
ESC (Étage Supérieur Cryotechnique—Cryogenic Upper Stage), which is
fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
Fairing
The payload and all upper stages are covered at launch by a fairing, which is
jettisoned once sufficient altitude has been reached (typically above
100 km). The Fairing is also used for aerodynamic stability and protection
from re-entry heating.
GSAT-16 ORBIT DETAILS
NORAD ID: 40332
Int'l Code: 2014-078A
Perigee: 35,772.6 km
Apogee: 35,814.2 km
Inclination: 0.1 °
Period: 1,436.1 minutes
Semi major axis: 42164 km
GSAT-16 was positioned at 55 deg East longitude in the Geostationary orbit and
co-located with GSAT-8, IRNSS-1A and IRNSS-1B satellites.
GSAT-16's communication capabilities
GSAT-16 communication spacecraft
has been planned for providing
continuity of Fixed Satellite Services
(FSS) in Normal C, Upper Extended C
and Ku-bands of the frequency
spectrum.
● The communication payloads provide a combination of total 48 transponders
across the three frequency bands (24-Normal C, 12-Extended-C and 12 in Ku-
band) along with a Ku-band beacon transmitter, which is the highest for an Indian
satellite. The spacecraft will be Co-located with GSAT-8 at 55 deg E.
The C-band coverage (IMS Coverage) will include Indian main land, Andaman-Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Sri Lanka, Maldives Islands along with the in-between Indian Ocean region.
The Ku-band coverage will include Indian main land and Andaman-Nicobar Islands. Again for the first time, the satellite Ku-band antenna will provide a minimum of 25 dB Co-polarization suppression over the 51 dBW EIRP contour of the YAMAL spacecraft.
●The C-Band payload will provide minimum 37 dB W EIRP over the coverage
with a minimum -4 dB/K G/T for a nominal antenna temperature of 300K.
The Ku-Band payload is estimated to provide minimum 52 dB W EIRP over Indian mainland and minimum 51 dB W EIRP over Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The G/T for Ku-Band payload is estimated to be better than +3 dB/K over mainland and +2 over the islands.
The communication payload consists of
• Normal C-band : 24 transponders
• Upper Extended C-Band : 12 transponders
• Ku-Band : 12 transponders
• Beacon Transmitter : 01
FREQUENCY BANDS
L-band(1-2GHz)
Global Positioning System (GPS) carriers and also satellite mobile
phones, such as Iridium; Inmarsat providing communications at sea, land
and air; WorldSpace satellite radio.
S-band (2–4 GHz)
Weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites,
especially those of NASA for communication with ISS and Space Shuttle.
In May 2009, Inmarsat and Solaris mobile (a joint venture between
Eutelsat and Astra) were awarded each a 2×15 MHz portion of the S-band
by the European Commission.
C-band(8-12GHz)
Primarily used for satellite communications, for full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds. Commonly used in areas that are subject to tropical rainfall, since it is less susceptible to rainfade than Ku band (the original Telstar satellite had a transponder operating in this band, used to relay the first live transatlantic TV signal in 1962).
X-band(8-12GHz)
Primarily used by the military. Used in radar applications including continuous-wave, pulsed, single-polarisation, dual- polarisation, synthetic aperture radar and phased arrays. X-band radar frequency sub-bands are used in civil, military and government institutions for weather monitoring, air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic control, defence tracking and vehicle speed detection for law enforcement.
Ku-band(12-18GHz)
Used for satellite communications. In Europe, Ku-band downlink is used from 10.7 GHz to 12.75 GHz for direct broadcast satellite services, such as Astra.
Ka-band(26-40GHz)
Communications satellites, uplink in either the 27.5 GHz and 31 GHz bands, and high-resolution, close-range targeting radars on military aircraft
Application
Communications
Television broadcasting
Weather forecasting,
A number of important defence and intelligence applications.
CostThe satellite was insured with an amount of ₹ 865 Crore.
Department of space had approved ₹ 800 Crore for the satellite
in financial year 2013-14.
SUMMERY OF GSAT-16
Launch Mass: 3181.6 kg
Dimension: 2.0 m x 1.77 m x 3.1 m cuboid
Launch Date: Sunday, December 7, 2014
Mission Life: 12 Years
Power: Solar array providing 6000 Watts and two 180 AH Lithium ion
batteries Ariane-5 VA-221
Type of Satellite: Communication
Manufacturer: ISRO
Owner: ISRO
Application: Communication
Orbit Type: GSO