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Scientific American, Vol.22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 JournalOf Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanic,!hemitry, An" Manufacture

Various

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Title7 Scientific American, Vol.22, No. , !anuar" , #$% !ournal 8f Practical -nformation, Art, Science, 9echanics, &hemistr", An* 9anufactures

Author7 Various

3elease +ate7 Se'tember, 2%%: ;EBook

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;-llustration=

S&-ENT-1-& A9E3-&AN

A 0EE? !8@3NA? 81 P3A&T-&A? -N1839AT-8N, A3T, S&-EN&E, 9E&4AN-&S,&4E9-ST3, AN+ 9AN@1A&T@3ES.

NE0 83, !AN@A3 , #$%.

Vol. CC--.DDNo. . ;NE0 SE3-ES.=

> 'er Annum ;-N A+VAN&E.=

/ / / / /

&ontents7 F-llustrate* articles are marke* (ith an asterisk.

/Engines of the S'anish Gunboats

The Tor'e*o Problem

Sugar 9aking in ?ouisiana

Sticking, or &ourt Plaster

/An -m'ro)e* 4oisting Pulle" 0ante*

/1er*inan* +e ?esse'sDD&hief Promoter of the Sue &anal

/An -ngenious Vent Peg

/A Ne( English Patent Pulle" Block

Plants in Slee'ing Booms

/-m'ro)e* Trea*le 9otion

/-m'ro)e* 9etho* of &atching &urculios

3emains of a 9egatherium in 8hio

Artificial -)or"

American an* English ail(a" Practice &ontraste*

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Boiler &o)ering

Attachment of Sa(s to S(ing 1rames

Patent +ecision

-n)entions Patente* in Englan* b" Americans

/3uss -m'ro)e* 0oo* 9ol*ing 9achine

A ?ost &i)ilisation

/Girar*s Palier Glissant

A 4a'') Ne( ear

The Sue &anal not "et a 1ailure

Tubular Boilers an* Boiler E'losions

Professor 1iskeHs ?ecture at 4ar)ar*

The Brighter Si*e

The American -nstitute Pries A(ar*e* to Steam Engines

A Protest against the &ana*ian Patent ?a(

American 3ail(a" 9anagement

Scientific ?ecture before the American -nstitute

The Battle 1iel*s of Sceence

4o( 1rench Bank Notes are 9a*e

0hat the Ne(s'a'ers Sa"

&hinese 9etho* of Preser)ing Eggs

Steam Boiler E'losion

E*itorial Summar"

The Ste)en Breech ?oa*ing 3ifle

/ A No)el -m'ro)e* 4an* Vise

The 9oun* Buil*ers of &olora*o

/The 0o)enD0ire 9attress

1louring 9ill 4aar*s

1ireDProof Buil*ing

The +ecline of American Shi''ing

Aerial Na)igationDA Suggestion

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Putt" 1loors of !e(elers Sho's an* other(ise

0estern +eman* for Agricultural -m'lements

Economical Steam Engine

1riction an* Percussion

8iling a Preser)ati)e of Bro(nstone

-nteresting &orres'on*ence from &hina

&ommumcation Bet(een +eaf an* Blin* 9utes

&hea' &otton Press 0ante*

A Singular 1reak of a 9agnet

Preser)ation of -ron

The Bananas an* Plantains of the Tro'ics

Putting @' Sto)es

The 9agic ?antern

The ?argest (ell in the 0orl*DD&a'acit" ,%%%,%%% gallons of (ater 'er +a"

Pa'er for Buil*ing

/-m'ro)e* 9uleDPi)oting Gun

Stock 1ee*ing b" &lock 0ork

9ilk an* 0hat &omes of -t

/-m'ro)e* 4a" Ele)ator

/-m'ro)ement in ?am' 0icks

Great Transformation

Ans(ers to &orres'on*ents

3ecent American an* 1oreign Patents

Ne( Books an* Publications

?ist of Patents

/ / / / /

Engines of the S'anish Gunboats.

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-n our *escri'tion of these boats in No. 2:, Vol. CC-., s'ecial mention(as ma*e of the com'actness of the engines.

-t has freIuentl" been urge* as an objection against the t(in scre(s"stem that the *ouble set of engines, four steam c"lin*ers (ith*u'licates of all the (orking 'arts calle* for on this s"stem, ren*er

the (hole too com'licate* an* hea)" for small )essels, 're)enting, atthe same time, the a''lication of surface con*ensation. -n the enginesof the S'anish gunboats, of (hich (e anne an illustration fromJEngineeringJ, the *esigner, &a'tain Ericsson, has o)ercome theseobjections b" intro*ucing a surface con*enser, (hich, (hile it 'erformsthe function of con*ensing the steam to be returne* to the boiler in theform of fresh (ater, ser)es as the 'rinci'al su''ort of the engines,*is'ensing entirel" (ith the usual frame(ork. Besi*es this e'e*ient,each 'air of c"lin*ers ha)e their sli*e frames for gui*ing the mo)ementsof the 'iston ro*s cast in one 'iece. Altogether the combination, issuch that the total (eight an* s'ace occu'ie* b" these no)el t(in scre(engines *o not ecee* the or*inar" single scre( engines of eIual

'o(er. Se)eral im'ro)ements connecte* (ith the (orking gear ha)e beenintro*uce*.

;-llustration7 ENG-NES 81 T4E T0-N S&3E0 SPAN-S4 G@NB8ATS=

The outer bearings of the 'ro'eller shafts, al(a"s *ifficult to regulatean* kee' in or*er on the t(in scre( s"stem, are selfa*justing an*accommo*ate themsel)es to e)er" change of the *irection of the shafts.This is effecte* b" their being s'herical eternall", an* resting incorres'on*ing ca)ities in the stern braces or hangers. The s'ringbearings for su''orting the mi**le of the shafts are also arrange* on asimilar selfDa*justing 'rinci'le.

The thrust bearing is of 'eculiar construction, the arrangement beingsuch that the bearing surfaces remain in 'erfect contact ho(e)er muchthe shaft ma" be out of line. The re)ersing gear like(ise is Iuite'eculiar, insuring com'lete control o)er the mo)ement of the t(o'ro'ellers un*er all circumstances. -t is claime* that these engines arethe lightest an* most com'act "et constructe* for t(in scre( )essels.

/ / / / /

The Tor'e*o Boat Problem.

The JArm" an* Na)" !ournalJ thinks the 'roblem of a tor'e*o boatca'able of firing ra'i*l" an* (ith certaint", has at length reache* asatisfactor" solution. -t sa"s7

A boat has been com'lete* (hich is 'ro)e* b" e'eriment to be faultlessin machiner" an* arrangement. 8n the 2* of +ecember, Secretar" 3obeson,ViceDA*miral Porter, an* &ommo*ore &ase, &hief of the Bureau of8r*nance, (ent to the Na)" ar* at 0ashington, to (itness the e'eriment

(ith this ne( engine of *estruction. After eamining the (orkings of themachiner", an* the manner of firing, one of the *estructi)es (as 'ut inthe frame an* the 'art" 'rocee*e* to the shore to (itness the result. Ator'e*o of onl" thirt"Dsi 'oun*s (as first run out (ith ra'i*it" an*

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fire*K but the result sho(e* that this small amount of 'o(*er, e)en,(oul* ha)e been sufficient to *estro" an" shi', b" lifting her out ofthe (ater an* breaking her back, e)en if her bottom (as not knocke* outaltogether. 9u* an* (ater (ere thro(n u' together, an* the concussion(as felt far u' in the Na)" ar*, the groun* being shaken b" the shockof the 'o(*er against the be* of the ri)er. The concussion felt on boar*the tor'e*oDboat (as not more than that cause* b" a (a)e striking a

)essel at sea.

Se)eral tor'e*oes (ere fire* from the )essel, the e'losion of(hich the 'art" (itnesse* on boar*, as the" *esire* to ascertain forthemsel)es the effect of the shock. The result seeme* satisfactor",as no change (hate)er is contem'late* in the machiner", (hich is )er"sim'le, an* H(orks to a charm.H The tor'e*o )essel is the JNinaJ, a )er"strong iron boat of three hun*re* an* fift" tuns bur*en, ca'able ofcrossing the ocean, an* ha)ing a s'ee* of se)enteen knots an hour. Sheis not im'er)ious to hea)" shot, but can be ma*e so, an* is ca'able ofresisting an" or*inar" 'rojectile that coul* be brought to bear on herfrom the *ecks of a shi' of (ar. 4er *ecks (ill be ma*e tor'e*o an*

shotD'roof, an* se)eral arrangements (ill be a''lie*, no( that it iskno(n that the tor'e*o s"stem is a success. Such a )essel as the JNinaJ,attacking an enem"Hs sIua*ron on our coast some *ark night, or enteringan enem"Hs 'ort, coul* *estro" half the )essels in the harbor, an*easil" esca'e as fe( )essels coul* o)ertake her. Such a )essel coul*,for instance, enter the harbor of 4a)ana, an* *estro" e)er" )essel of(ar in the 'ort, un*er co)er of *arkness. A sIua*ron su''lie* (ith suchboats to be use* to attack, after the fight began, an* the shi's (ereen)elo'e* in smoke, (oul* ha)e a most *eci*e* a*)antage against an enem"not thus arme* for tor'e*o (arfare. -t is re'orte* that our tor'e*o na)"(ill consist of t(ent" )essels, none of (hich (ill ha)e a less s'ee*than t(el)e knots, an* the fastest of them (ill go se)enteen knots.

/ / / / /

S@GA3 9A-NG -N ?8@-S-ANA.

The Ne( 8rleans JTimesJ contains, in a late number, an account of themanufacture of sugar as con*ucte* on the Po"chas estate, from (hich (eetract 'ortions containing the essential 'articulars of cane sugar

making as con*ucte* in the southern 'ortions of the @nite* States.

3eaching the &ane she*, the cro', *um'e* into 'iles, is recei)e* b" acro(* of fee*ers, (ho 'lace it Feight or ten stalks at a time on thecane carrier. This is an ele)ator, on an en*less ban* of (oo* an* iron,(hich carries them to the secon* stor", (here the stalks *ro' bet(eenthe rollers. An immense iron tank belo(, calle* a juice bo, recei)esthe liIui* 'ortion, an* another ele)ator bears the bruise* an* brokenfragments to the o''osite si*e of the buil*ing, (here the" are *ro''e*into the bagasse burner.

This in)ention, at its intro*uction, cause* more scientific inIuir"

an* *is'ute, 'robabl", than an" other of the age, an* settle* be"on*Iuestion the 'ossibilit" of combustion, (ithout the use of atmos'hericair. The 'rocess consists in *ro''ing the (et, s'ong" mass into a fireof (oo* or coal, an* closing the furnace *oors. The steam arising from

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the *r"ing matter 'asses to a chamber in the rear, (here, b" the intenseheat, it is *ecom'ose*. 8"gen an* h"*rogen Fboth strong combustiblesunite (ith the carbon, reaching there in the form of smoke, an* a (hiteheat is the result.

&ane juice, as it esca'es from the mill, coul* scarcel" be consi*ere*in)iting to either 'alate or )ision. The s(eet, slim" mass of flui*,

co)ere* (ith foam, an* fille* (ith sticks, has more the a''earance ofthe (ater in a bre(erHs )at than an"thing (hich no( suggests itself. Asmall furnace, containing a Iuantit" of burning sul'hur, sen*s through atube a )olume of its stifling fumes, an* these, caught b" jets of steam,thoroughl" im'regnate the contents of the juice bo. 4a)ing recei)e* itsfirst lesson in cleanliness, the liIui* no( rises through a tube to theseries of clarifiers on the secon* floor. The" are heate* b" a chain ofsteam 'i'es running along the bottom, an* being fille*, the juice slo(l"simmers 9uch of the foreign substance rises in a scum to the surfacean* is skimme* off b" the sugar maker. -t is further 'urifie* b" thea**ition of Thomaston or (hat is calle* sugar lime. At one half a 'eckis consi*ere* sufficient for se)en hun*re* an* fift" gallons of juice,

but much *e'en*s u'on the Iuantit" of saccharine matter it contains.Another set of 'i'es no( 'ermit the liIuor to run into the e)a'orators,in the boiling room belo(. These are also heate* b" circles of steam'i'es, an* the liIui* is first gentl" simmere*, to enable an" a**itionalforeign substance to rise to the surface an* be skimme* off.

After that the steam is turne* on full", an* the juice boils untilit reaches the soli*it" of t(ent"Dfi)e *egrees, as measure* b" thesaccharometer. This 'oint attaine*, more 'i'es con*uct it to a seriesof sIuare iron tanks calle* filterers. Each is 'ro)i*e* (ith a falsebottom, co)ere* (ith thick (oolen blankets, an* through these the juiceslo(l" *ri's into an immense iron )essel calle* a siru' tank.

The 'rocess of cleaning has no( been com'lete*, an* the siru' is 'um'e*into the co)ere* )essel 're)iousl" allu*e* to, calle* the )acuum 'an.

This is also heate* b" la"ers of steam 'i'es, an* here the liIuor boilsuntil the 'rocess of cr"stalliation is com'lete*. This en* achie)e*,another con*uctor 'ermits the substance to slo(l" *escen* to a largesIuare iron tank, calle* a strikeD'an. The 'rocess of em't"ing the)acuum 'an is technicall" calle* a strike. 0e no( fin* a re**ish bro(nsubstance, ha)ing some(hat the a''earance of soft mortar.

9en are at han* (ith sIuare (oo*en boes, an* (hile the sugar is still

(arm, it is 'lace* in rotar" c"lin*ers, 'rotecte* on the insi*e b" (ireguar*s, calle* centrifugals.

Place* on a horiontal, the" re)ol)e (ith a )elocit" (hich freIuentl"reaches 2%% a minute. The *am', *ing" looking 'ile instantl" s'rea*s, abroa* circle of "ello( is first )isible on the inner rim of the machine,an* this slo(l" (hitening finall" becomes a shining ring of sno(" sugar.To effect this result reIuires the ai* of nine steam boilers, threesteam engines, a )acuum 'an, three large e)a'orators, fi)e clarifiers,fi)e filters, an immense siru' tank, the juice bo, mill, bagassefurnace, an* fifteen coolers.

0ith the engineers, sugar makers, firemen, an* laborers, thirt"Deight'ersons are constantl" on *ut" in this sugarDhouse.

+oubling this number, to gi)e each the necessar" rest, s(ells the

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gathering to se)ent"Dsi souls, (ho, *uring the grin*ing season, fin*em'lo"ment at the sugarDhouse alone. This of course *oes not inclu*e thelaborers em'lo"e* in gathering an* bringing in the cro', an* thegreat number occu'ie* in o** jobs an* the etensi)e re'airs (hich areconstantl" going on.

/ / / / /

Sticking, or &ourt Plaster.

This 'laster is (ell kno(n from its general use an* its healing'ro'erties. -t is merel" a kin* of )arnishe* silk, an* its manufactureis )er" eas".

Bruise a sufficient Iuantit" of isinglass, an* let it soak in a little

(arm (ater for fourDan*Dt(ent" hoursK e'ose it to heat o)er the firetill the greater 'art of the (ater is *issi'ate*, an* su''l" its 'laceb" 'roof s'irits of (ine, (hich (ill combine (ith the isinglass.Strain the (hole through a 'iece of o'en linen, taking care that theconsistence of the miture shall be such that, (hen cool, it ma" form atrembling jell".

Eten* the 'iece of black silk, of (hich "ou 'ro'ose making "our'laster, on a (oo*en frame, an* fi it in that 'osition b" means oftacks or 'ackDthrea*. Then a''l" the isinglass Fafter it has beenren*ere* liIui* b" a gentle heat to the silk (ith a brush of fine hairFba*gersH is the best. As soon as this first coating is *rie*, (hich

(ill not be long, a''l" a secon*K an* after(ar*s, if "ou (ish thearticle to be )er" su'erior, a thir*. 0hen the (hole is *r", co)er it(ith t(o or three coatings of the balsam of Peru.

This is the genuine court 'laster. -t is 'liable, an* ne)er breaks,(hich is far from being the case (ith man" of the s'urious articles(hich are sol* un*er that name. -n*ee*, this commo*it" is )er"freIuentl" a*ulterate*. A kin* of 'laster, (ith a )er" thick an* brittleco)ering, is often sol* for it. The manufacturers of this, instea* ofisinglass, use common glue, (hich is much chea'erK an* co)er the (hole(ith s'irit )arnish, instea* of balsam of Peru. This 'laster cracks, an*has none of the balsamic smell b" (hich the genuine court 'laster is

*istinguishe*. Another metho* of *etecting the a*ulteration is tomoisten it (ith "our tongue Jon the si*e o''osite to that (hich is)arnishe*JK an*, if the 'laster be genuine, it (ill a*here ecee*ingl"(ell. The a*ulterate* 'laster is too har* for thisK it (ill not stick,unless "ou moisten it on the )arnishe* si*e.DDJThe Painter, Gil*er, an*VarnisherHs &om'anionJ.

/ / / / /

AN -9P38VE+ 48-ST-NG P@??E 0ANTE+.

A gentleman of this cit" has sent us the accom'an"ing *iagram of an

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im'ro)e* hoisting 'ulle", for (hich he sa" she (oul* be (illing to 'a"an" reasonable 'rice 'ro)i*e* he kne( (here to obtain itDDthe (heel, notthe 'rice. -t is a 'ulle" (ithin a 'ulle", the friction of the outer oneu'on the inner oneDDthe latter being hel* b" a ratchet an* 'a(lDactingas a brake in lo(ering (eights, (hile both (oul* turn together inele)ating (eights. The i*ea is rather an ingenious one, but (e areconfi*ent our in)entors can attain a like object b" sim'ler means.

;-llustration=

/ / / / /

T4E VA&@@9 9ET48+ 81 9A-NG -&E.DDAn ice an* col* 'ro*ucing machine hasbeen in)ente* b" 4err 1ran 0in*hausen, Bruns(ick. The action of themachine is base* on the 'rinci'le of 'ro*ucing col* b" the e'ansion ofatmos'heric air, (hich is accom'lishe* b" means of mechanical 'o(er. Themachines reIuire no chemicals, nothing being use* in them but (ater an*atmos'heric air. The" ma" be (rought b" steam, (ater, or (in*, an* the"'ro*uce from %% to ,%%% lbs. of ice 'er hour, accor*ing to sie, at a

cost of from 2*. to :*. 'er %% lbs., this *ifference resulting from the)ar"ing 'rices of fuel an* the mo*e of (orking chosen. 8ne of their usesis to cool rooms, cellars, theaters, hos'itals, com'artments of shi's,etc.DDJBuil*erJ.

/ / / / /

1E3+-NAN+ +E ?ESSEPSDD&4-E1 P3898TE3 81 T4E S@EL &ANA?.

;1rom the Phrenological !ournal.=

The scheme of reDo'ening the canal of the Pharaohs bet(een the9e*iterranean an* 3e* seas, an* thus connecting b" a short cut acrossthe -sthmus of Sue the commerce of Euro'e an* Asia, though longentertaine* b" the first Na'oleon, ma" fairl" be claime* for 9. *e?esse's. 4is attention (as *oubtless first *ra(n to it b" rea*ing thememorable re'ort of 9. la Pere, (ho (as em'lo"e* b" Bona'arte to makea sur)e" in $5#. The cre*it of *esigning an* eecuting the great (orkbelongs alike to him. 0ith the general 'lan, 'rogress, an* 'ur'ose ofthe &anal, the American rea*er has, *uring the 'ast fe( months, been

ma*e tolerabl" familiar.

4e is the son of !ean Ba'tiste Barthelemi, Baron *e ?esse's, (ho (asborn at &ette, a 1rench 'ort on the 9e*iterranean, in $M:. !eanBa'tiste (as for fi)e "ears 1rench ViceD&onsul at St. Petersburg. -n$#: he accom'anie* ?a Perouse on a )o"age to amtchatka, (hence hebrought b" lan* the 'a'ers containing a *escri'tion of the e'e*ition.-n $## he (as &onsul at ronsta*t an* St. Petersburg. 1rom St.Petersburg he (as calle*, in #2, b" the Em'eror Na'oleon, to 9osco(,as Jinten*antJ. 1rom the latter cit", in #, he 'rocee*e* to ?isbon,an* (as statione* there as &onsul until #2>. 4e *ie* at Paris, 9a" M,#>.

1er*inan*, the subject of this sketch, (as born at Versailles in #%:,an* is conseIuentl" in his sit"Dfourth "ear, though his a''earance isthat of a man little 'ast the meri*ian of life. Earl" in life he e)ince*

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'eculiar a'titu*e for the *i'lomatic career in (hich he has since*istinguishe* himselfDDa career as )arie* an* romantic as it isbrilliant. -n #2: he (as a''ointe* JattacheJ to the 1rench &onsulate at?isbon. T(o "ears later foun* him engage* in the &ommercial +e'artmentof the 9inister of 1oreign Affairs. +uring the latter 'art of #2#he (as JattacheJ to the &onsulDGeneral at TunisK an* in #> he (as*is'atche* b" his Go)ernment as &onsul to Alean*ria. 4ar* (ork an*

ra'i* 'romotion for Jle jeune *i'lomat6J But the most e)entful 'erio* ofhis long an* (on*erfull" acti)e career la" "et before him.

Se)en "ears subseIuent to his a''ointment at Alean*ria, an*conseIuentl" (hen he (as in his thirt"Dfifth "ear, he (as sent as&onsul to 3otter*am. 1rom 3otter*am he 'rocee*e* to 9alaga in #>5, tonegotiate in behalf of 1rench commerce (ith the S'anish Go)ernment. -nthe latter 'art of the same "ear he (as transferre* to the &onsulateat Barcelona, (here *uring the t(o subseIuent "ears he (as es'eciall"acti)e, an* signall" *istinguishe* himself against the reign ofEs'artero. -n # (e again fin* him in Alean*ria, (hither he (as sentto take the 'lace of ?a)alette. But the time for the *e)elo'ment of his

great 'roject ha* not "et come. 4e *i* not long remain in the Eg"'tianca'ital. 3eturning to his former 'osition in Barcelona he (as (itnessto some of the scenes of the re)olution of 1ebruar". -n ## he (asa''ointe* 1rench 9inister at the court of 9a*ri*. 3emaining in theS'anish ca'ital about a "ear, he returne* to Paris imme*iatel" after there)olution of H#, an* in 9a" of the follo(ing "ear (as *is'atche* asEn)o" of the 1rench 3e'ublic to the 3e'ublican Go)ernment of 9aini at3ome, (here he took a lea*ing 'art in the aborti)e negotiations (hich'rece*e* the restoration of the Po'e b" a 1rench arm".

;-llustration=

-n #: he recei)e* a commission from the JSociete *Hetu*es *u &anal *eSueJ at Paris to negotiate (ith Saei* Pacha for the construction of thecanal 'rojecte* in #M. Accor*ingl", to(ar* the close of that "ear, (eagain fin* him on the -sthmus, 're'aring for his great (ork. This timehe came to conIuer. 4is mission (as cro(ne* (ith success, an* thenecessar" concession ma*e in No)ember of that "ear. A 'alace an* aretinue of ser)ants (ere assigne* to his use, an* he (as treate*, asa guest of the Vicero", (ith the utmost res'ect. Great o''ositionfollo(e*, es'eciall" from Englan*K an* it (as not till !anuar", #:M,that the secon* an* fuller concession (as grante* b" Saei* Pacha, an* aJ&om'agnie -nternationalJ full" organie*.

-n #:# 9. ?esse's succee*e* in raising t(o hun*re* millions of francsin 1rance, an* in #:5 he 'rocee*e* to Eg"'t an* 'lante* the Eg"'tianflag in the harbor of the ancient Pelusium, the great seaD'ort of Eg"'tthirt" centuries ago, (here Port Saei* no( stan*s. 4e lai*, at the sametime, the foun*ation of a lighthouse, an* 'rou*l" 'roclaime* the(ork commence*. 1resh *ifficultiesDDchiefl" of a 'oliticalnatureDDinter'ose*, but the in*efatigable ?esse's ne)er *es'aire*. -n#:5 he ha* the satisfaction of seeing his com'an" an* (ork 'lace* u'ona firm footing, though the final *ecision of the 1rench Em'eror (as notgi)en till !ul", #M. 1rom that time to the 'resent hour the &anal hasstea*il" 'rogresse* to(ar* com'letion.

The 'ersonal a''earance of 9. *e ?esse's is )er" striking. Though long'ast mi**le age, he has a fresh an* e)en "outhful a''earance. Both facean* figure are (ell 'reser)e*K his slightl" curling gra" hair sets offin 'leasing contrast his brone* "et clear com'leion, his bright e"e,

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an* genial smile. 4e is some(hat o)er the me*ium stature, 'ossesse* ofa com'act an* (ellDknit frame, carries his hea* erect, an* mo)es about(ith a buo"anc" an* animation 'erfectl" mar)elous in one of his "earsan* e'erience. 4is a**ress is that of the (ellDbre*, (ellDe*ucate*1rench gentleman that he is. 4is manner is (inning, his )oice clear an*un*er most ecellent control, as all those (ho ha)e listene* to hisa*mirable lectures on the &anal at the late Paris E'osition cannot

fail to remember. 0hat is 'erha's most remarkable in a man so bre* an*constitute*, is that (ith great gentleness of s'eech an* sua)it" ofmanner he combines a strength of (ill an* fiit" of 'ur'ose (orth" ofNa'oleon or &aesar himself. Beneath that calm eterior la" a 'o(er (hichnee*e* but the stimulus of a great i*ea to *e)elo'.

Though beset b" *ifficulties, laughe* at, an* maligne*, he has ne)er fora moment s(er)e* from his 'ur'ose or relae* his efforts to accom'lishit. Neither the sneers of Ste)enson an* his associate engineers, thehea)" broa*si*e of the Thun*erer, or the sIuibs of JPunchJ, e)er ma*ean" )isible im'ression on the 'ur'ose or action of ?esse's.DD9" 'ur'osefrom the commencement (as to ha)e confi*ence, sai* he.

4o( bra)el" he has maintaine* his 'rinci'le an* re*eeme* his 'le*ge letthe ceremonies (hich marke* the com'letion an* inauguration of his great(ork tellDD(hen sea sent greeting to seaK an* let the keels of richl"la*en argosies from &atha" an* from -n*, (hich 'lo( the (aters of the&anal, *eclare.

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AN -NGEN-8@S VENT PEG.

The engra)ing illustrates an English in)ention of )alue in that it'ro)i*es a means of gi)ing )ent to casks from (hich liIui*s are tobe *ra(n, at the same time eclu*ing the air (hen the *ra(ing is*iscontinue*, an* thus 're)enting *eterioration in the liIui* b" un*uee'osure to air.

;-llustration=

The 'rinci'le on (hich it o'erates is that of a*mitting just so much air

as ma" be reIuire* to fill the )acant s'ace 'ro*uce* b" the (ith*ra(alof the liIuor from time to time, an* affor*ing this air no egress, thushermeticall" sealing the barrel. This is effecte* b" means of a )al)eo'ening in(ar*, at the u''er 'ortion of the 'eg, so long as the *ensit"of the eterior air is in ecess of that (ithin. This action takes 'laceat the )er" instant of the flo( of the liIui*, an* ceases (ith itK forat that instant all further su''l" is shut off, there being no further'ressure.

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T4E ?A3GE T3EES 81 TECAS.DDThe large courtDhouse of Na)arro count" is

sai* to ha)e been co)ere* (ith shingles ma*e from a single ce*ar tree.The oaks, 'ecans, an* ce*ars of that section of the countr" attainan immense sie. A 'ecan tree in Na)arro count", on the banks of theTrinit", measure* t(ent"Dthree feet in circumference. The ce*ars are

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often more than %% feet high.

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E?E&T3-& 9ESSAGES.DDAlthough it ma" reIuire an hour, or t(o or threehours, to transmit a telegra'hic message to a *istant cit", "et itis the mechanical a*justment b" the sen*er an* recei)er (hich reall"

absorbs this timeK the actual transit is 'racticall" instantaneous,an* so it (oul* be from here to &hina, so far as the current itself isconcerne*.

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A Ne( English Patent Pulle" Block.

The follo(ing *escri'tion of a ne( 'ulle" block, (hich (e take from theJ-ronmongerJ, *oes not gi)e as clear an i*ea of the in)ention as coul*be *esire*, but it sho(s that in)ention in this fiel* has not "etehauste* itself7

;-llustration=

The block is ma*e on the *ifferential 'rinci'le. The lifting chain is'asse* o)er t(o shea)es, each of (hich is geare* internall", the oneha)ing one or more teeth in ecess of the other. 3e)ol)ing aroun* theseinternal teeth is a 'inion, actuate* b" an eccentric, (hich is ke"e* onto a shaft 'assing through the center of the block, (ith a bearing at

each en* in the outsi*e frame of the block. At one en* of this shaftis a (heel (ith an en*less han* chain 'assing o)er itK this gi)es themotion to the eccentric shaft. The teeth of the internal 'inion arebroa* enough to gear into the teeth of both the shea)es, but as there ismore teeth in one than in the other, the" Fthe teeth are not eactl"o''osite each other, an* therefore (ill not a*mit the teeth of there)ol)ing 'inion (ithout mo)ingK but the tooth of the 'inion, acting asa (e*ge, an* entering (ith great 'o(er, 'ushes the one tooth for(ar* an*the other tooth backK an* this continuall" occurring, a continual rotar"motion is gi)en to the shea)es, in o''osite *irections, (ith a 'o(er(hich is 'ro'ortione* to the number of the teeth, the thro( ofeccentric, an* the le)erage gaine* b" the *iameter of the han* (heel.

The lifting chain is 'asse* o)er the one shea)e, then *o(n, an* u' o)erthe other, the t(o en*s being attache* to a 'o(erful cross bar, to (hichis connecte* the lifting hook. B" this means the (eight is *istribute*o)er the t(o shea)es an* the t(o 'arts of the chain, increasing thesafet" an* *iminishing the friction of the block.

The blocks are )er" sim'le in construction, an* are not at all liableto get out of or*erK the construction being such that the (eight cannotrun *o(n, though the men lifting let go the chain. The" hang Iuite 'lumb(hen in action, an* the men are able to stan* clear a(a" from un*er theloa*, as the han*D(heel chain can be (orke* at an" angle.

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Plants -n Slee'ing 3ooms.

The follo(ing from the able 'en of +r. !.&. +ra'er, in the !anuar"number of the JGala"J, (ill ans(er some inIuiries latel" recei)e* onthe subject, an* is a brief, but clear e'osition of the injurious

effects of 'lants in slee'ing a'artments7

Though the air is *e'en*ent for the rene(al of its o"gen on the actionof the green lea)es of 'lants, it must not be forgotten that it is onl"in the 'resence an* un*er the stimulus of light that these organisms*ecom'ose carbonic aci*. All 'lants, irres'ecti)e of their kin* ornature, absorb o"gen an* ehale carbonic aci* in the *ark. The Iuantit"of noious gas thus eliminate* is, ho(e)er, ecee*ingl" small (hencom'are* (ith the o"gen thro(n out *uring the *a". 0hen the" areflo(ering, 'lants ehale carbonic aci* in consi*erable Iuantit", an* atthe same time e)ol)e heat. -n this con*ition, therefore, the" resembleanimals as regar*s their relation to the airK an* a number of 'lants

'lace* in a room (oul*, un*er these circumstances, ten* to )itiate theair.

0hile the 'hanerogamia, or flo(ering 'lants, *e'en* on the air almostentirel" for their su''l" of carbon, an* are bus" *uring the *a" inrestoring to it the o"gen that has been remo)e* b" animals, man" of theinferior cr"'togamia, as the fungi an* 'arasitic 'lants, obtain theirnourishment from material that has alrea*" been organie*. The" *o notabsorb carbonic aci*, but, on the contrar", the" act like animals,absorbing o"gen an* ehaling carbonic aci* at all times. -t is,therefore, e)i*ent that their 'resence in a room cannot be 'ro*ucti)e ofgoo* results.

Asi*e from the highl" *eleterious action that 'lants ma" eert on theatmos'here of a slee'ing room, b" increasing the 'ro'ortion of carbonicaci* *uring the night, there is another an* more im'ortant objection tobe urge* against their 'resence in such a'artments. ?ike animals, the"ehale 'eculiar )olatile organic 'rinci'les, (hich in man" instancesren*er the air unfit for the 'ur'oses of res'iration. E)en in the *a"sof An*ronicus this fact (as recognie*, for he sa"s, in s'eaking ofArabia 1eli, that Hb" reason of m"rrh, frankincense, an* hot s'icesthere gro(ing, the air (as so obnoious to their brains, that the)er" inhabitants at some times cannot a)oi* its influence.H 0hat theinfluence on the brains of the inhabitants ma" ha)e been *oes not at

'resent interest us7 (e ha)e onl" Iuote* the statement to sho( that longago the emanations from 'lants (ere regar*e* as ha)ing an influence onthe con*ition of the airK an*, in )ie( of our 'resent ignorance, it(oul* be (ise to banish them from our slee'ing a'artments, at leastuntil (e are better informe* regar*ing their true 'ro'erties.

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PATENT 811-&E -??@ST3AT-8NS.DD0e are in*ebte* to 9essrs. !e(ett O&han*ler, of Buffalo, N.., for a*)ance sheets of the illustrations*esigne* to accom'an" the 3e'ort of the &ommissioner of Patents for the"ear #M#. 0e ha)e freIuentl" ha* occasion to commen* the skill an*

fi*elit" of these illustrations. The" are most a*mirabl" *one, an* the)alue of our Patent 8ffice 3e'orts is much enhance* thereb". -n fact(ithout these illustrations the re'orts (oul* be of little )alue.

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-m'ro)e* Trea*le 9otion.

-t is (ell kno(n that the or*inar" means em'lo"e* to 'ro'el lightmachiner" b" the foot are fatiguing in the etreme an* although the bestof these is the rock shaft (ith foot 'ieces, em'lo"e* almost uni)ersall"in mo*ern se(ing machines, this reIuires the o'erator to sit boltu'right, a 'osition )er" tr"ing to the back, an* one (hich has beensho(n to be 'ro*ucti)e of (eakness an* e)en 'ermanent *isease.

The *e)ice sho(n in the engra)ing em'lo"s onl" the s(inging motion ofthe leg to generate the reIuire* 'o(er.

;-llustration7 G88+ESH -9P38VE+ T3EA+?E 98T-8N.=

A 'en*ulum, A, is 'i)ote* to the un*ersi*e of the table an* carries ahea)" *isk, B. To the central 'i)ot of B is attache* a foot 'iece, &.The bottom of B is slotte*, an* through the slot 'asses a stationar"ro*, +, (hich hol*s the bottom of the *isk from )ibrating (hile itcauses the u''er 'art to reci'rocate (ith the s(inging of A.

To the u''er 'art of B is 'i)ote* a 'itman (hich actuates the crank assho(n.

-n o'eration the foot is 'lace* u'on the foot 'iece, an* a s(ingingmotion is im'arte* b" it to the 'en*ulum, (hich is ultimatel" con)erte*

into rotar" motion b" the crank as *escribe*. The hea)" *isk, B, gi)esstea*iness to the motion, an* acts in concert (ith the fl" (heel on thecrank shaft for this 'ur'oseK but it is not essential that this 'art ofthe *e)ice shoul* be a *iskK an" eIui)alent ma" be substitute* for thesame 'ur'ose.

Patente*, through the Scientific American Patent Agenc", 8ct, 2M, #M5,b" E. A. Goo*es 1or further information a**ress Phila*el'hia Patent an*No)elt" &o., $$ S'ring Gar*en street, Phila*el'hia, Pa.

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-m'ro)e* 9etho* of &atching &urculios.

This is a no)el an* curious in)ention, ma*e b" +r. 4ull, of Alton, -ll.,for the 'ur'ose of jarring off an* catching the curculio from treesinfeste* b" this *estructi)e insect. -t is a barro(, (ith arms an*braces co)ere* (ith cloth, an* ha)ing on one si*e a slot, (hich a*mitsthe stem of the tree. The curculio catcher, or machine, is run againstthe tree three or four times, (ith sufficient force to im'art a jarring

motion to all its 'arts. The o'erator then backs far enough to bring themachine to the center of the s'ace bet(een the ro(s, turns roun*, an* inlike manner butts the tree in the o''osite ro(. -n this (a" a man ma"o'erate on three hun*re* trees 'er hour.

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A bag an* a broom are carrie* b" the o'erator b" (hich the insects ares(e't from the cloth an* consigne* to *estruction.

;-llustration7 &@3&@?-8 &AT&4E3.=

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3emains of a 9egatherium in 8hio.

The &olumbus JState !ournalJ, of +ec. M, sa"s there is no( onehibition at the rooms of the State Boar* of Agriculture, orhea*Iuarters of the Geological &or's, a section of the femur or thighbone of an animal of the masto*on s'ecies, the fossilie* remains of(hich (ere recentl" *isco)ere* in @nion count". These remains (ere foun*

in a *rift formation about three feet belo( the surface, an* are similarto the remains of the 9egatherium foun* in other 'arts of the State.Arrangements (ere ma*e b" 9r. li''art, of the Geological &or's, toha)e the skeleton or the 'arts thereof remo)e* (ith 'ro'er care. Beforeeca)ations ha* 'rocee*e* far ba* (eather set in, an* (ork has beenaban*one*. The section of the femur, u''er 'art, (ith socket ball, isabout t(ent" inches in length, or about half the length of the thighbone. This (oul* make the aggregate length of the bones of the leg aboutten feet. The ball is t(ent"Dt(o inches in circumference, an* the bonelo(er *o(n, of course, much larger. 1rom the 'art of the skeletonsecure*, it is estimate* that the hight of the animal (as t(el)e an* ahalf feet, an* the skeleton entire much larger than the s'ecimen no( in

the British 9useum. As this 'articular s'ecies, or remains thereof, ha)ebeen foun* onl" in 8hio, this s'ecimen has been name* the J9egatharium8hioensisJ. The animals li)e*, it is su''ose*, in the 'erio* imme*iatel"'rece*ing the human 'erio*, an* (ere after the ele'hant t"'e.

Ehuming o'erations (ill be resume* in the s'ring, an* if the skeletonis remo)e* in goo* sha'e or a goo* state of 'reser)ation, it (ill be setu' in the Echo room at the &a'itol, (here the fossils collecte* b" theGeological &or's are no( being arrange* an* store*.

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Artificial -)or".

A 'rocess for 'ro*ucing artificial i)or" has been 'ublishe* in a Germanjournal. The in)entor makes a solution of in*iaDrubber in chloroform an*'asses chlorine gas through it. After this, he heats the solution to*ri)e off an" ecess of chlorine, an* also the sol)ent, (hereu'on he hasleft behin* a 'ast" mass (ith (hich it is onl" necessar" to incor'oratesufficient 'reci'itate* carbonate of lime or sul'hate of lea*, or,

in*ee*, an" other *ense (hite 'o(*er, to obtain a material (hich ma" be'resse* into mol*s to form (hate)er articles ma" be *esire*. The *etailsof this 'rocess are ob)iousl" incom'lete, an* the success of it ma" be*oubte*. 8nl" goo* an* (ell masticate* rubber coul* be em'lo"e*, an*

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e)en then a *ilute solution must be ma*e, an* an" earth" im'uritiesallo(e* to *e'osit. -n the net 'lace, (e are *oubtful of the bleachingaction of chlorine on rubber, an*, moreo)er, chloroform is, un*er somecircumstances, *ecom'ose* b" chlorine. ?astl", it is clear that, toobtain a har* material at all resembling i)or", it (oul* be necessar" tomake a har* cure, for (hich a consi*erable 'ro'ortion of sul'hur(oul* be reIuire*. The sim'le 'urification of in*iaDrubber b" means of

chloroform, (oul*, ho(e)er, furnish a mass of a )er" fair color.

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An iron car ma*e of c"lin*rical form is no( use* on the Bengal 3ail(a",for the carriage of cotton an* other 'ro*uce. -t is much lighter an*safer than the or*inar" car. 0e belie)e in iron cars.

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8NE 4@N+3E+ T48@SAN+.DDAt the rate ol* subscribers are rene(ing, an* ne(ones coming in, there is a 'ros'ect that our ambition to increase the

circulation of this 'a'er to one hun*re* thousan* (ill be gratifie*.

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A9E3-&AN AN+ ENG?-S4 3A-?0A P3A&T-&E &8NT3ASTE+.

A 'a'er on American ?ocomoti)es an* 3olling Stock, rea* before the-nstitution of &i)il Engineers, in Englan*, (ith an abstract on the

*iscussion thereon, has been for(ar*e* to us b" the 'ublishers, 0illiam&lo(es an* Sons, Stamfor* street an* &haring &ross, ?on*on.

0e ha)e sel*om met (ith a 'am'hlet of greater interest an* )alue. The(hole subject of American as contraste* (ith English railroa* 'racticeis re)ie(e*, an* the *ifferences (hich eist, (ith the necessities forsuch *ifferences abl" *iscusse*. 9r. &olburn sho(s these *ifferencesto be eternal rather than fun*amental, an* traces man" of the'eculiarities of American construction to the initiati)e of Englishengineers. The cause for the a*o'tion an* retention of these'eculiarities he attributes to the necessities of a ne( countr" an* thecom'arati)e scarcit" of ca'ital, an* thinks that but for these causes

American rail(a"s an* their rolling stock (oul* ha)e *oubtless beenconstructe*, as in other countries, u'on English mo*els, an* (orke*, inmost res'ects, u'on English 'rinci'les of management.

4e re)ie(s the origin an* intro*uction of American features of rail(a"'ractice, an* 'oints out as the *istinguishing feature of Americanlocomoti)es an* rolling stock the bogie, or s(i)eling truck. ee'ingin min* the *istinguishing merits of the bogie, the other *ifferencesbet(een English an* American locomoti)es are *ifferences more of costumean* of toilet than of )ital 'rinci'les of construction.

The author attributes the origin of the greater sub*i)ision of rolling

(eight an* conseIuent cou'ling of (heels on American roa*s to thecom'arati)el" (eak an* im'erfect 'ermanent (a", estimating the maimum(eight 'er (heel as being for man" "ears four English tuns, (hile threetuns he consi*ers, as more than the a)erage for each cou'le* (heel of

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American locomoti)es.

To follo( the author through the (hole of his able 'a'er, an* the*iscussion (hich it elicite*, (oul* occu'" more of our s'ace than (ecan s'are for the 'ur'ose. 0e (ill, ho(e)er, gi)e in the authorHs o(nlanguage, an account of an e'eriment con*ucte* b" him in #:: on theErie 3ailroa*.

-n the autumn of #::, the author, at the reIuest of 9r. Fno(General 9H&allum, the manager of the Erie 3ailroa*, took charge of ane'erimental train, (hich he ran o)er the (hole length of the line an*back, a total *istance of nearl" 5%% miles. The same engine (as em'lo"e*throughout the run, occu'"ing in all nearl" three (eeks, making ana)erage for each (eek *a" of about :% miles. The line is *i)i*e* intofour *i)isions, )ar"ing consi*erabl" in res'ect of gra*ients, an* theutmost loa* the engine coul* *ra( (as taken in both *irections o)er each*i)ision. The maimum inclinations (ere in ##. The results of thee'eriments (ere so )oluminous, that it (ill be sufficient to *etailthe 'articulars of (hat ma" be terme* crucial tests of a*hesion an*

resistance to traction.

The engine ha* four cou'le* (heels an* a bogie, the total (eight in(orking trim being 252 tuns, of (hich $D$# tuns reste* on the cou'le*(heels a)ailable for a*hesion. The cou'le* (heels (ere : feet in*iameterK the outsi*e c"lin*ers (ere $ inches in *iameter, an* thestroke 2 inches. The safet" )al)es (ere set to blo( off at >% lbs.,an* the steam, as obser)e* b" a Bour*on gage, (as sel*om allo(e* toecee* that limit. No in*icator *iagrams (ere taken, nor (as an" measuretaken of the (oo* burnt, all that coul* be consume* b" the engine, inmaintaining the reIuisite steam, being su''lie*. The ten*er, loa*e*,(eighe* # tuns. The train *ra(n consiste* of eightD(heel (agons full"

loa*e* (ith *eals. The a)erage (eight of each (agon (as : tuns # c(t. >Irs., an* of each (agon (ith its loa* : tuns : c(t. > Irs. nearl". The(agons ha* castDiron chille* (heels, each 2 feet M inches in *iameter,(ith insi*e journals > $# inches in *iameter, an* # inches long. Allthe (agons ha* been 'ut in com'lete or*er, an* the journals, fitte* (ithoilDtight boes, (ere ke't (ell oile*. The gage of the line (as M feet.The (eather (as most fa)orable, clear an* *r", (ith the ece'tion of asingle *a" of hea)" rain.

@'on about one hun*re* miles of the line, forming a 'ortion of theSusIuehanna *i)ision, a train of one hun*re* (agons, (eighing, (ithengine an* ten*er, ,:$2 tuns (as taken. The train (as a fe( feet more

than half a mile in length.

At one 'oint it (as sto''e* (here the line commence* an ascent of 2feet in four miles, a)eraging in ##% u' for the (hole *istance. There(ere also long an* eas" cur)es u'on this 'ortion. The train (as taken u'an* 'ur'osel" sto''e* on the secon* mile, to be sure of starting again(ith no ai* from momentum. The a)erage s'ee* (as : miles an hour, an*neither (as the 'ressure of steam increase* nor san* use* ece't instarting from the sto's 'ur'osel" ma*e. The engine, e)en (ere its fullboiler 'ressure of >% lbs. maintaine* as effecti)e 'ressure u'on the'istons throughout the (hole length of their stroke, coul* not ha)eeerte* a tracti)e force greater than F$ $ >% lbs. 2 ft. :

ft Q :,%2# lbs.K nor is it at all 'robable that the effecti)e c"lin*er'ressure coul* ha)e a''roache* this limit b" from % lbs. to : lbs. 'ersIuare inch. Su''osing, ho(e)er, for the sake of a re*uctio a* absur*um,that the full boiler 'ressure ha* been maintaine* u'on the 'istons for

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the (hole length of their strokes, the a*hesion of the cou'le* *ri)ing(heels, not *e*ucting the internal resistances of the engine, (oul* ha)ebeen :%2#%%:% ># of the (eight u'on them. -n an" case there (asa resistance of ,% lbs. *ue to gra)it", an* if e)en 2% lbs. meaneffecti)e c"lin*er 'ressure be assume*, corres'on*ing to a totaltracti)e force of >,#$2 lbs., the Iuotient re'resenting the rolling an*other resistances, eclusi)e of gra)it", (oul* be but M.2$ lbs. 'er tun

of the entire trainK a resistance inclu*ing all the internal resistancesof the engine, the resistance of the cur)es, eas" although the" (ere,an* the loss in accelerating an* retar*ing the train in starting an*sto''ing. This estimate of resistance (oul* corres'on*, at the obser)e*s'ee* of : miles an hour Fu'(ar*s of > of an hour ha)ing been consume*on the miles, to #: in*icate* 4.P., (hich, (ith the *ri)ing (heels,making but 2# re)olutions 'er minute, (oul* be the utmost that an engine(ith but ,%># sIuare feet of heating surface coul* be e'ecte* toeert. This (as the highest result obser)e* *uring the three (eeksHtrial, but one or t(o others are (orth" of mention. 8n the +ela(are*i)ision of the same line, the train, of ,:$2 tunsH (eight, (as runo)er : consecuti)e miles of absolutel" le)el line, at a mean rate of

5.2> miles an hour, an* *uring the same *a", o)er : other consecuti)emiles of le)el at a mean rate of 5.$ miles 'er hour. 8n both le)elsthere (ere 2 chain cur)es of goo* length, an* the s'ee*, from 5 to 2miles an hour, at (hich the train entere* the res'ecti)e le)els, (as notIuite regularl" maintaine* throughout the half hour e'en*e* in runningo)er them. But if e)en $ lbs. 'er tun of the total (eight be taken asthe resistance at these s'ee*s, the tracti)e force (ill be ,%% lbs.,(hich is more than one fourth the a*hesion (eight of %,%:% lbs. 8nthe net *a", the same engine *re( >% (agons (eighing MM2 tuns, or,inclu*ing engine an* ten*er, : tuns nearl", u' a gra*ient of in$2, three miles long, at a mean s'ee* of % miles an hour. Theresistance *ue to gra)it" (as 5,# lbs., an* su''osing the other

resistance to traction to amount to no more than $ lbs. 'er tun, thetotal resistance (oul* be >,2 lbs., corres'on*ing to a mean effecti)ec"lin*er 'ressure of $ lbs. 'er sIuare inch, an* to a coDefficient ofa*hesion of almost eactl" one thir*.

-t is nee*less to re'eat instances of much the same kin*, as occurring*uring the e'eriment referre* to. The author is boun* to sa" that the"(ere, no *oubt, influence* b" the fa)orable circumstances of (eather,an* something is to be allo(e* also for the great length of train *ra(n,)er" long trains ha)ing a less tracti)e resistance 'er tun on a le)elthan short ones, an* something, 'ossibl" more than is commonl" su''ose*,ma" ha)e been *ue to the use of oilDtight ale boes, the sa'onaceous

com'oun* kno(n as Hrail(a" greaseH being no(here in use on rail(a"s inthe States. -t coul* not 'ossibl" be use*, ece't in a congeale* form,in the se)ere American (intersK an* 9essrs. Guebhar* an* +ieu*onneHse'eriments FJ)i*eJ +e la resistance *es trains et *e la 'uissance *esmachines. #)o. Paris, #M#, '. >M ma*e in #M$, on the Eastern 3ail(a"of 1rance, sho(e* a )er" consi*erable *iminution in the resistance ofoilDboe* rolling stock as com'are* (ith that fitte* (ith grease boes.But, (eighe* u'on the other han*, are the facts, first, that the line(as of MDfeet gage, an*, J'ro tantoJ, so much the (orse for tractionKsecon*l", that the (heels (ere com'arati)el" small, an* the insi*ejournals of com'arati)el" large *iameter, the ratio of the former to thelatter being as $> to , instea* of 2 to as on English lines. -t is

*ifficult to belie)e that the length an* stea*iness of the *ouble bogiegoo*s (agons, scarcel" liable as the" are to lateral )ibrations, ha* notsomething to *o (ith the result, (hich is in some res'ects uniIue in thehistor" of rail(a" traction. The result, although not absolutel" sho(ing

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the real resistance to traction, nor the real a*hesion of the engine,'resents this alternati)eK namel", that the resistance must ha)e beenunusuall" small, or the a*hesion unusuall" large.

-n the *iscussion (hich follo(e* some *oubts (ere e'resse* as to theaccurac" of 9r. &olburnHs conclusions, *ra(n from the e'eriments*escribe*K but it (as conce*e* b" some (ho took 'art in the *iscussion

that some of the features of our 'ractice might be a*)antageousl" co'ie*in Englan*. 1or the most 'art, ho(e)er, the o'inion 're)aile* that thefeatures of our s"stem, (hich are here regar*e* as almost in*is'ensable,coul* not be intro*uce* into English 'ractice (ith a*)antage.

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B8-?E3 &8VE3-NG.

B &.9. 8H4A3A, &.E.

At the regular (eekl" meeting of the Pol"technic Association of theAmerican -nstitute, hel* on Thurs*a" e)ening, the 2:th ult., the subjectof boiler clothing (as *iscusse* at some length, but (ithout an"*ecisi)e conclusion being arri)e* at res'ecting the most ser)iceable an*economical material for that 'ur'ose. -t a''eare* from the testimon"a**uce*, that though there is a )ariet" of substances in use, e)en those(hich are 'racticall" ackno(le*ge* as being the most efficient arefar from coming u' to the reIuire* stan*ar* of utilit", an* arecharacterie* b" *efects (hich are at once force* u'on us b" a little

close eamination. 1elt is an a*mirable nonDcon*uctor of heat, but o(ingto its combustible nature it is Iuite unreliable (hen subject to theheat of a high 'ressure of steam. A large fragment of this material(hich ha* been taken off the boiler of a North 3i)er steamboat (asehibite* at the meeting, scorche* an* charre* as if it ha* been e'ose*to the *irect action of fire. 1or these reasons felt co)ering is,generall" s'eaking, confine* to boilers in (hich a com'arati)el" lo('ressure of steam is maintaine*. But e)en un*er the most fa)orablecircumstances of actual (ear its *urabilit" is limite* to a short'erio*.

Po(*ere* charcoal 'ossesses the elements of efficienc" as a

nonDcon*uctor in an eminent *egreeK but its susce'tibilit" of takingfire militates strongl" against its a*o'tion as a boiler co)ering.

Besi*es the materials abo)e mentione*, there are some (hich come un*erthe *enomination of cementsK but the use of such is some(hat at )ariance(ith (hat a *ull (orl* (oul* call facts. Em'lo"ing them as a clothingfor a )essel in (hich it is necessar" to retain heat is certainl" the(rong (a" of *oing a light thing, if the e)i*ence of *istinguishe*e'erimenters be (orth an"thing.

The researches of most (ellDinforme* 'h"sical 'hiloso'hers go to 'ro)ethat the con*ucting 'ro'erties of bo*ies are augmente* b" cohesion, an*

that heat is con)e"e* 'rofusel" an* energeticall" through all soli* an*'on*erable substances. Thus gol*, sil)er, an* others of the most soli*metals are the best con*uctors. Net to the 'ure metals in con*ucting'o(ers are rocks, flints, 'orcelain, earthen(are, an* the *enser liIui*s

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as the solutions of the aci*s an* alkalies. As a further e)i*ence to'ro)e that the 'assage of heat through all substances is increase*b" cohesion, e)en some of those (hich are kno(n to be among the bestcon*uctors are *e'ri)e* of this 'ro'ert" b" a *i)ision or *isintegrationof their 'articles. Pure silica in the state of har*, rock cr"stal isa better con*uctor than bismuth or lea*K but if the rock cr"stal be'ul)erie*, the *iffusion of heat through its 'o(*er is )er" slo( an*

feeble. 4eat is con*ucte* s(iftl" an* co'iousl" through trans'arentrock salt, but 'ul)eriation con)erts the soli* mass into a goo*nonDcon*uctor. &aloric has for the same reason a stronger affinit" for'ure metals than for their oi*es.

Again, (oo* is kno(n to be a better nonDcon*uctor (hen re*uce* tosha)ings or sa(*ust than (hen in the soli* state. -t is 'robabl" on thisaccount that trees are 'rotecte* b" bark, (hich is not nearl" so *ensean* har* a bo*" as the (oo*. 0ool, silk, an* cotton are much *iminishe*in con*ucting Iualities (hen s'un an* (o)en, for the reason that theirfibers are brought closer together.

&ount 3umfor* *isco)ere* that hot (ater, at a gi)en tem'erature, (hen'lace* in a )essel jackete* (ith a clothing of t(iste* silk, an* 'lunge*into a freeing miture, coole* *o(n to #: *eg. 1ah. in 5$ secon*s. But(hen the same )essel (as clothe* (ith an eIual thickness of ra( silk,(ater at the same heat an* un*er the same 'rocess reIuire* ,2M secon*sbefore it reache* the same *ecrease of tem'erature. -t (as also foun*b" Sir 4um'hr" +a)" that e)en metals became nonDcon*uctors (hen theircohesion (as *estro"e* b" re*ucing them to the gaseous state.

-t is no( generall" a*mitte* that, heat being motion, an"thing, (hich,b" the cohesion of 'articles, 'reser)es the continuit" of the molecularchain along (hich the motion is con)e"e*, must augment calorific

transmission. 8n the other han*, (hen there is a *i)ision or*isintegration of atoms, such as eists in sa(*ust, 'o(*ere* charcoal,furs, an* felt, the 'articles com'osing such bo*ies are se'arate* fromeach other b" s'aces of air, (hich the instructe* among us (ell kno( aregoo* nonDcon*uctors of heat. The motion has, therefore, to 'ass fromeach 'article of matter to the air, an* again from the air to the'article a*jacent to it. 4ence, it (ill be rea*il" seen, that insubstances com'ose* of se'arate or *i)i*e* 'articles, the thermalbri*ge, so to s'eak, is broken, an* the 'assage of heat is obstructe*b" innumerable barriers of confine* air. The correctness ofthese assum'tions has been so abun*antl" 'ro)e* b" e'erimental*emonstrations, that e)er" min* that is tolerabl" informe* on the

subject must be relie)e* of e)er" sha*e of *oubt res'ecting the greatl"su'erior nonDcon*ucting 'o(ers (hich bo*ies consisting of se'arate atoms'ossess o)er those of a soli* concrete nature.

The net matter of interest connecte* (ith the subject un*er notice isits relation to the 'hiloso'h" of ra*iation. -t has long been kno(n thatthe emission of heat from a 'olishe* metallic surface is )er" slight,but from a surface of 'orcelain, 'a'er, or charcoal, heat is *ischarge*'rofusel". E)en man" of the best nonDcon*uctors are 'o(erful ra*iators,an* thro( off heat (ith a re'ellent energ" *ifficult to concei)e.

-f t(o eIual balls of thin, bright sil)er, sa"s Sir !ohn ?eslie, one

of them entirel" unco)ere* an* the other sheathe* in a case of cambric,be fille* (ith (ater slightl" (arme* an* then sus'en*e* in a close room,the former (ill lose onl" ele)en 'arts in the same time that the latter(ill *issi'ate t(ent" 'arts. The su'erior heatDretaining ca'acit" (hich

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a clean tin kettle 'ossesses o)er one that has been allo(e* tocollect smoke an* soot, lies (ithin the com'ass of the most or*inar"obser)ation.

The e'eriments of the eminent 'hiloso'her just mentione* furnish a)ariet" of suggestions on the ra*iation from heate* surfaces. 4e foun*that, (hile the ra*iating 'o(er of clean lea* (as onl" 5, it rose to :

(hen tarnishe* b" oi*ation, that the ra*iating 'o(er of 'lumbago(as $:, an* that of re* lea* #%. 4e also *isco)ere* that, (hile thera*iating 'o(er of gol*, sil)er, an* 'olishe* tin (as onl" 2, thatof 'a'er (as 5#, an* lam' black no less than %%. 4e further sa"s7 Asil)er 'ot (ill emit scarcel" half as much heat as one of 'orcelain. Thea**ition of a flannel, though in*ee* a slo( con*uctor, far from checkingthe *issi'ation of heat, has *irectl" a contrar" ten*enc", for it'resents to the atmos'here a surface of much greater 'ro'ulsi)eenerg", (hich (oul* reIuire a thickness of no less than three fol*s tocounterbalance.

-t is safe to infer from this analog" that the felt co)ering of boilers

shoul* not onl" be of consi*erable thickness, but shoul* be 'rotecte*b" an eternal jacketing of some sortK for, though felt is a goo*nonDcon*uctor, it is a 'o(erful absorber an* ra*iator, more es'eciall"(hen it has been allo(e* to contract soot an* *ust.

Various e'eriments ha)e lea* to the general conclusion that the'o(er of absor'tion is al(a"s in the same 'ro'ortion as the 'o(er ofra*iation. -t must be so. 0ere an" substance a 'o(erful ra*iator an* atthe same time a ba* absorber, it (oul* necessaril" ra*iate faster thanit (oul* absorb, an* its re*uction of tem'erature (oul* continue (ithoutlimit. -t has, furthermore, been 'ro)e* that the absor'ti)e 'ro'ert" ofsubstances increases as their reflecting Iualities *iminish. 4ence, the

ra*iating 'o(er of a surface is in)ersel" as its reflecting 'o(er. -t isfor this reason that the 'olishe* metallic sheathing on the c"lin*ersof locomoti)e engines, an* on the boilers of steam fire engines, isnot onl" ornamental but essentiall" useful. +ecisi)e tests ha)e alsoestablishe* the fact that ra*iation is effecte* more or less b" color.A black 'orcelain tea 'ot, obser)es +r. ?ar*ner, is the (orstconcei)able material for that )essel, for both its material an* colorare goo* ra*iators of heat, an* the liIui* containe* in it cools (iththe greatest 'ossible ra'i*it"K a 'olishe* sil)er or brass tea urn ismuch better a*a'te* to retain the heat of the (ater than one of a *ullbro(n, such as is most commonl" use*.

A fe( facts like those abo)e state* affor* more *ecisi)e informationregar*ing the nature of heat than columns of theor" or s'eculation. etit is rather strange that (hen so man" learne* an* reliable men ha)e,e'erimente* so much an* commente* (ith such 'ersuasi)eness u'on thesubtile agenc" of heat an* the )ast amount of (aste that must accrue b"inju*icious management, com'arati)el" fe( ha)e a)aile* themsel)es of theunite* labors of these in*efatigable '"rologistsK manufacturing o(nersan* cor'orations still 'ersisting in ha)ing their steam boilers 'ainte*black or *ull re* an* lea)ing them e'ose* to the atmos'here. Some'ersons, (ho 'ass themsel)es off )er" satisfactoril" as cle)erengineers, affect a contem't for the higher branches of science, an*assert, in a )er" 'ositi)e an* selfDsufficient manner that e'eriments

ma*e in a stu*" or laborator" are on too trifling an* small a scale tobe 'racticall" relie* u'onK that a tin kettle or a sauce'an is a )er"*ifferent thing to the boiler of a steam engine.

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This ma" be so in one sense, but the same chemical forces (hich o'erateu'on the one (ill be just as acti)e in a 'ro'ortionate *egree in theiraction u'on the other. -t (as sai* b" Aristotle that the la(s of theuni)erse are best obser)e* in the most insignificant objectsK for thesame 'h"sical causes (hich hol* together the stu'en*ous frame of theuni)erse ma" be recognie* e)en in a *ro' of rain. The same obser)ationma" be a''lie* to the la(s of heat in all their ramificationsK for,

after all, our e'eriments are, in man" instances but *efecti)e co'iesof (hat is continuall" going on in the great (orksho' of nature.

-t (oul* be nee*less to insist on the (asteful an* *estructi)e effects'ro*uce* b" the e'osure of boiler surfaces to the o'en atmos'here.Such a 'ractice can be neither su''orte* b" e'erience nor justifie* b"analog"K an* it is to be ho'e* that it ma" before long be consigne* tothe limbo of antiIuate* absur*ities an* be satisfactoril" forgotten.Seeing that it cannot (ith an" sho( of reason be affirme* that theboiler co)ering materials in 'resent use 'ossess the reIuirementsnecessar" to recommen* themK the Iuestion arises as to (hat is the bestmeans of achie)ing the object reIuire*. This is an inIuir" (hich it is

the office of time alone to ans(er. As the 'roblem is ob)iousl" one of'rimar" im'ortance, an* (ell (orth" of the attention of in)entors, itis haar*ing nothing to 're*ict its satisfactor" solution at no *istant*ate.

The 'lain truth is, boilers ha)e of late become gigantic foes tohuman life. E'losions ha)e increase*, are increasing, an* shoul* be*iminishe*K an* the" are, in man" instances, cause* b" boilers beingstraine* an* (eakene* b" su**en contraction from ha)ing their surfacese'ose* (hen the fire has been (ith*ra(n from them. Boilers are alsomateriall" injure* b" the ecessi)e furnace heat (hich it is necessar"to maintain to com'ensate for the large amount of caloric (hich

is *issi'ate* from their surfaces, not onl" b" ra*iation but fromabsor'tion b" the surroun*ing atmos'here.

As the )ie(s here lai* *o(n are *ra(n eclusi)el" from the region offact an* e'eriment, it is to be ho'e* that an enlightene* sense ofselfDinterest ma" 'rom't those (hom the subject ma" concern, to gi)e itthat s'ecial attention (hich its im'ortance *eman*s.

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Attachment of Sa(s to S(ingD1rames.

To insure the efficienc" of millDsa(s, it is highl" im'ortant to ha)ethem firml" secure* in the frames b" (hich the" are reci'rocate*.S(ingDframes for carr"ing sa(s are or*inaril" of (rought iron or steel,an* ma*e u' of se)eral 'ieces mortise* an* tenone* together in the formof a rectangular frame or 'arallelogram, of (hich the longest si*es areterme* )erticals an* the shortest crosshea*s or crossrails. -n the caseof *eal frames, the s(ing frame *iffers some(hat from that of a timberframe, in ha)ing t(o etra )erticals, (hich se'arate it into t(o eIual

*i)isions. These are necessar" in or*er that t(o *eals ma" be o'erate*u'on simultaneousl", each *i)ision being *e)ote* to a se'arate *eal, an*like(ise to enable the connectingDro* (hich (orks the frame to 'ass u'the center an* oscillate on a 'in near the to', thereb" a)oi*ing the

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*ee' eca)ations an* costl" foun*ations reIuire* (here the ro* isengage* (ith the 'in at the bottom. The rack that a*)ances the *eals tothe sa(s 'asses through a bo( in the connectingDro* an* the mi**leof the frame, the *eals are 'lace* on either si*e of it, on rollers'ur'osel" 'ro)i*e*. -n sa(ing har* *eals, the sa(s reIuire to beshar'ene* about e)er" tenth run or journe", an* e)er" t(entieth forsoft. 1ift" runs, or one hun*re* *eals, are reckone* an a)erage *a"Hs

(orkK this is inclusi)e of the time reIuire* for changing the sa(s,returning the rack for another run, an* other eigencies. 1or attachmentto s(ingDframes the sa(s ha)e buckles ri)ete* to themK these are b")arious mo*es connecte* to the crosshea*s. Each to' buckle is 'asse*through the crosshea* an* is 'ierce* (ith a mortise for the rece'tionof a thin steel (e*ge or ke", b" (hose agenc" the bla*e is straine* an*tightene*. The e*ge of the crosshea* u'on (hich the ke"s be* is steele*to lessen the (ear in)ariabl" ensuing from freIuentl" *ri)ing u' theke"s. The *istances bet(een the bla*es are a*juste* b" inter'osingstri's of (oo*, or 'acking 'ieces, as the" are terme*, of eIualthickness (ith the reIuire* boar*s or lea)esK the (hole is then 'resse*together an* hel* in 'osition b" 'acking scre(s. The sa(s themsel)es are

subseIuentl" tightene* b" forcing home the ke"s until a certain amountof tension has been attaine*, this is ascertaine* onl" b" the 'eculiarsoun* (hich emanates from the bla*e on being *ra(n consi*erabl" tightan* tense. Great e'erience is reIuire* to accustom the ear to thecorrect intonation, as in general the tensile strain on the sa(sa''roimates so closel" to the breaking 'oint that one or t(o etra ta'son the ke"s are Iuite sufficient to ru'ture them.

9r. Brunel, in the go)ernment sa(Dmills at 0ool(ich, a*o'te* a metho*of hanging sa(s b" means of a (eighte* le)er, like a 3oman steel"ar*.A crossDshaft affie* abo)e the sa(s to the cornice of the main framecarrie* a le)er, (eighte* at one en* an* 'ro)i*e* (ith a hook or shackle

at the other for engagement (ith the sa( buckle. -n using this a''aratusthe bla*es (ere straine* one at a time b" linking the le)er to thebuckle an* then a*justing the mo)able (eight until the *esire* tension(as acIuire*, after (hich the ke" (as inserte* into the mortise an* thele)er release*. This arrangement is not no( in common use on account ofthe trouble atten*ing its em'lo"ment, an* at 'resent the sa(s are merel"straine* b" hammering u' the ke"s. The sa( bla*es ha* usuall" a tensilestrain of u'(ar*s of one tun 'er inch of brea*th of bla*e. -t is tobe further obser)e* that the cutting e*ges of the sa(s are not Iuite'er'en*icular, but ha)e a little lea*, or their u''er en*s o)erhang thelo(er about three eighths of an inch or one half of an inch, accor*ingto the nature of the material to be sa(n. The object of this is that the

sa(s ma" be (ith*ra(n from the cuts in the ascen*ing or back stroke, an*allo( the sa(*ust free esca'e. The eccentric actuating the mechanism fora*)ancing the timber to the sa(s is generall" set in such a manner thatthe fee* commences just at the moment (hen the frame has attaine* halfits ascen*ing stroke, an* continues until the entire stroke has beencom'lete*. B" this regulation the sa(s are not liable to be su**enl"choke*, but come smoothl" an* softl" into their (ork.DDJ0orssamHs9echanical Sa(sJ.

/ / / / /

PATENT +E&-S-8N.

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J-n the matter of the a''lication of 0illiam N. Bartholome(, assignorto !. 3ecken*orfer, for letters 'atent for a *esign for 3ubberEraserJDD?etters 'atent for *esigns ha)e increase* in im'ortance (ithinthe 'ast fe( "ears. 1ormerl" but fe( (ere grante*, no( man" are issue*.To this *a" the" ha)e ma*e so little figure in litigation that butthree re'orte* cases are kno(n in (hich *esign 'atents ha)e come into

contro)ers". 0ith their increase, Iuestions ha)e arisen concerning theirsco'e an* character, (hich ha)e gi)en rise to *is'ute an* to inIuir" asto the correctness of the current 'ractice of the office in this branchof in)ention. 0hile on the one han*, it is insiste* that the 'racticehas al(a"s been uniform, an* is therefore no( fie* an* *efiniteK on theother, it is asserte*, that there has ne)er been, an* is not no(, an"(ellD*efine* or uniform 'ractice, either in the granting or refusal of*esign 'atents.

The act of #>M ma*e no 'ro)ision for the 'atenting of *esigns. Theearliest legislation u'on this subject is foun* in the act of August 25,#2, section >K an* the onl" legislation u'on the subject is foun*

in this section an* in section , of the act of 9arch 2, #M. The*efinition of the subject matter, or, in other (or*s, of a *esign, isthe same in both acts. -t is is follo(s7

That an" citien, etc., (ho, b" his, her, or their o(n in*ustr",genius, efforts, an* e'ense, ma" ha)e in)ente* or 'ro*uce* an" ne( an*original *esign for a manufacture, (hether of metal or other materialor materials, an" original *esign for a bust, statue, basDrelief, orcom'osition in alto or bassoDrelie)o, or an" ne( an* original im'ressionbeing forme* in marble or other material, or an" ne( an* useful 'attern,or 'rint, or 'icture, to be either (orke* into or (orke* on, or 'rinte*,or 'ainte*, or cast, or other(ise fie* on an" article of manufacture,

or an" ne( an* original sha'e or configuration of an" article ofmanufacture not kno(n or use* b" others, etc.

This *efinition embraces fi)e 'articulars.

. A ne( an* original *esign for a manufacture.

2. An original *esign for a bust, statue, etc.

>. A ne( an* original im'ression or ornament to be 'lace* on an" articleof manufacture.

. A ne( an* useful 'attern, 'rint, or 'icture to be (orke* into or(orke* on, or 'rinte*, or 'ainte*, or cast, or other(ise fie* on an"article of manufacture.

:. A ne( an* original sha'e or configuration of an" article ofmanufacture.

The first three of these classes (oul* seem to refer to ornament onl"Kthe fourth to ornament, combine* (ith utilit", as in the case of tra*emarksK an* the fifth to ne( sha'es or forms of manufacture* articles,(hich, for some reason, (ere 'referable to those 're)iousl" a*o'te*.

The *is'ute* Iuestions (hich ha)e thus far arisen un*er these*efinitions are7

. 0hat )ariations ma" be claime* or co)ere* b" the 'atent consistentl"

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(ith unit" of *esign.

2. -s a ne( sha'e of an article of manufacture, (hereb" utilit" issecure*, a subject of 'rotection un*er this actK an*

>. -s mechanical function of an" kin* co)ere* b" it.

As to the first of these Iuestions, it seems to ha)e been assume* thatthe *esign s'oken of in all 'arts of the sections referre* to co)ere* afie*, unchangeable figure, that the 'rotection of letters 'atent *i*not eten* to an" )ariation, ho(e)er slight, but that such )ariationconstitute* a ne( *esign, might be co)ere* b" a ne( 'atent, an* mightsafel" be use* (ithout infringement of the first. This, it is sai*, isthe correct theor" of the la(, an* has been the uniform a*ju*ication ofthe 8ffice.

Neither of these statements is absolutel" correct. The la( b" no means*efines a *esign (ith such strictness. The language is, ne( an*original *esign for a manufacture, ne( an* original im'ression or

ornament, ne( an* original sha'e or configuration. -t (oul* seem tobe too 'lain for argument, that the ne( *esign, or im'ression, or sha'e,might be so generic in its character as to a*mit of man" )ariations,(hich shoul* embo*" the substantial characteristics an* be entirel"consistent (ith a substantial i*entit" of form. Thus, if the in)ention(ere of a *esign for an ornamental button, the face of (hich (as groo)e*(ith ra*ial ra"s, it (oul* seem that the first *esigner of such a buttonmight 'ro'erl" *escribe a button of fi)e ra"s, an*, ha)ing state* thata greater number of ra"s might be use*, might claim a *esign consistinggenerall" of ra*ial ra"s, or of fi)e or more ra"s, an*, that it coul*not be necessar" for him to take out a 'atent for each a**itionalra" that coul* be cut u'on his button. So, if the *esign (ere the

ornamentation of long combs b" a chain of 'earls, it (oul* seem that aclaim for such a *esign might be maintaine* against one (ho arrange*the 'earls, either in cur)e* or straight lines, or (ho use* half 'earlsonl", an* that such mo*ifications if the" ha* occurre* to the *esigner,might 'ro'erl" ha)e been enumerate* in his s'ecification as 'ossible an*eIui)alent )ariations. -n short, - can see no reason, un*er the la(, (h"*esigns ma" not be generic, (h" (hat are calle* broa* claims, ma"not be ma*e to them, an* (h" the *octrine of artistic or aestheticeIui)alents ma" not be a''lie* to them.

This has been recognie* to a greater or less etent in thea*ju*ications of the courts an* in the 'ractice of the 8ffice.

8ne of the re'orte* cases is that of Booth J)sJ. Garell" , Blatch 2$.The *esign is *escribe* as consisting of ra*iall" forme* ornaments onthe face of the mol*s or blocks of (hich the button is forme*, combine*(ith the mo*e of (in*ing the co)ering on the same, substantiall" asset forth, (hether the co)ering be of one or more colors. Thes'ecification, in substantiall" setting forth the *esign, containe*this language7 -t (ill be ob)ious from the foregoing that the figurescan be change* at 'leasure b" gi)ing the *esire* form to the face of themol* b" *e'ressions an* ele)ations (hich ra*iate from a 'oint, (hetherin the center of the mol* or eccentric thereto.

-n the consi*eration of the case b" the &ourt no objection (as ma*e tothis statement or claim. -n the case of 3oot J)sJ. Ball, 9c?ean #%,the learne* ju*ge instructe* the jur" that if the" shoul* fin* that the*efen*ants ha* infringe* the 'laintiffHs 'atent b" using substantiall"

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the same *e)ice as ornamental on the same 'art of the sto)e the" (oul*,of course, fin* the *efen*ant guilt". To infringe a 'atent right itis not necessar" that the thing 'atente* shoul* be a*o'te* in e)er"'articularK but if, as in the 'resent case, the *esign an* figures(ere substantiall" a*o'te* b" the *efen*ants, the" ha)e infringe* the'laintiffHs right. -f the" a*o't the same 'rinci'le the *efen*ants areguilt". The 'rinci'le of a machine is that combination of mechanical

'o(ers (hich 'ro*uce a certain result. An* in a case like the 'resent,(here ornaments are use* for a sto)e, it is an infringement to a*o't the*esign so as to 'ro*uce substantiall" the same a''earance.

-t has been the constant 'ractice to grant 'atents for *esigns for fontsof t"'e, for sets of sil)er 'late, for a series of 'rintersH flourishes,an* the like. This class of cases has al(a"s 'asse* (ithout objection.

T(o other cases (hich ha)e arisen (ithin the 8ffice *eser)e noti)e.The first (as for a series of miniature shoul*er stra's, (ith emblems*enoting rank, 'ro)i*e* (ith a 'in, to be (orn un*er an officerHs coat,u'on his )est, or as a la*"Hs breast'in. The *ra(ing sho(s eight of

these 'ins (ith emblems of rank, )ar"ing from that of secon* lieutenantto majorDgeneral, s'ecification *escribing the brooch for a secon*lieutenant goes on to sa"7 - 'ro'ose to intro*uce, on some of them, the*ifferent ornaments sho(ing the res'ecti)e ranks of the arm", from amajorDgeneralshi' to a secon* lieutenanc". See 1igs. 2, >, , :, M, $,#.

The secon* case (as that of an a''lication for a monogram )isitingcar*, on (hich the name (as to be inscribe* or 'rinte* in the form of amonogram. The a''licant file* a *ra(ing, sho(ing a car* u'on (hich (asa monogram of his o(n name. -n his s'ecification he gi)es certain rulesfor forming such monograms, an* then sa"s7 -t is manifest that the

form of the letters as (ell as the letters themsel)es can be change* asreIuire* b" circumstances or the taste of the in*i)i*ual for (hom themonogram is *esigne*K an* that the general form an* outline of themonogram ma" be )arie*K an* in*ee*, must )ar" to be a*a'te* to the'articular name it is reIuire* to re'resent.

The claim (as for a monogram, )isiting car*, or )isiting car* u'on(hich the name is inscribe* or 'rinte* in the form of a monogram,substantiall" as herein s'ecifie*.

This a''lication (as rejecte* b" the Eaminer an* Boar* ofEaminersDinD&hief, but (as allo(e* b" the &ommissioner u'on a''eal.

-t is true that, before an* since this 'atent (as issue*, man" 'atentsha)e been refuse* for (hat - ha)e calle* generic *esigns. 8ne man ha)ing*esigne* a tack hea*, ornamente* (ith ra*ial lines, (as com'elle* totake out one 'atent for his tack (ith si ra*ial lines, an* another forthe same tack (ith eight. There are other instances of like character,but the" onl" ser)e to sho( that the 'ractice of the 8ffice has not beenuniform, an* that the true 'ractice is still to be a*o'te* an* follo(e*.

- ha)e no hesitation in sa"ing, in )ie( of the 'remises, that a )ali*'atent ma" be grante* for a ne( genus or class of ornaments as (ell asfor s'ecific ornaments, though - *o not *oubt that, un*er the statute,

e)er" s'ecies, )ariet", an* in*i)i*ual ha)ing *istinct characteristicsun*er such a genus might also be 'atente*, the 'atent being subor*inatean* tributar" to that (hich co)ere* the class. 1rom the nature of thissubjectDmatter there must al(a"s be more latitu*e in the issue of

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'atents for trifling changes, or form, or outline, since it is onl"necessar" that such changes shoul* constitute a ne( *esign to entitlethem to a 'atent of this class.

The secon* Iuestion relates to the elements of utilit" in 'atents for*esigns.

@'on this 'oint, it is sai* b" m" 're*ecessor, in !ason &rane Je 'arteJ&ommissioners, +ecemberD9a", #M5, '. , that the construction (hich hasbeen gi)en to the act of #2, b" the 8ffice, e)er since its 'assage, isthat it relates to *esigns for ornament merel"K something of an artisticcharacter as contra*istinguishe* to those of con)enience or utilit".

The Boar* of EaminersDinD&hief, in the 'resent case, sa" The 'racticeof the 8ffice has been uniform from the beginning, an* has al(a"seclu*e* cases like the 'resent from the benefit of the la(s relating to*esigns. An*, again, The general un*erstan*ing has al(a"s been thatthe acts of #2 an* #M (ere inten*e* to co)er articles making'retensions to artistic ecellence eclusi)el".

-n thus *en"ing that a ne( sha'e or configuration of an article,(hereb" utilit" or con)enience is 'romote*, is the 'ro'er subject ofa 'atent un*er the acts referre* to, the 8ffice (oul* seem to ha)ein)ol)e* itself in the absur*it" that if a *esign is useless it ma" be'atente*K (hereas, if it be useful, it is entitle* to no 'rotection.

1ortunatel" no such uniform 'ractice has eiste*, an* the 8ffice isrelie)e* from so grie)ous an im'utation. The 'ractice seems to ha)e beentaken for grante* b" the a''ellate tribunals, an*, so far from beingas state*, is, as nearl" as 'ossible, the re)erse of it. Articles ha)ebeen, an* are being, constantl" 'atente* as *esigns (hich 'ossess no

element of the artistic or ornamental, but are )aluable solel" because,b" a ne( sha'e or configuration, the" 'ossess more utilit" than the'rior forms of like articles 8f this character are *esigns for a hea*s,for reflectors, for lam' sha*es, for the soles of boots an* shoes, (hichha)e been heretofore 'atente* as *esigns, an* to this class might bea**e*, (ith great 'ro'riet", that class of soDcalle* mechanical'atents, grante* for mere changes of form, such as 'lo(shares, fanblo(ers, 'ro'eller bla*es, an* others of like character.

0hen, therefore, m" learne* 're*ecessor in &raneHs case a**e* to thisnumber a bo so *esigne* as to hol* (ith con)enience a set of furs, he*i* but confirm an* not alter the 'ractice of the 8ffice, so far as it

can be gleane* from the 'atente* cases. - am of o'inion that the classof cases name* in the act as arising from ne( sha'e or configurationinclu*es (ithin it all those mere changes of form (hich in)ol)e increaseof utilit". This - take to be the s'irit of the *ecision in 0oosterJ)sJ. &rane, 2 1isher :#>. The *esign (as of a reel in the sha'e of arhombus. The learne* !u*ge sa"s -n this case, the reel itself, as anarticle of manufacture, is conce*e* to be ol* an* not the subject ofa 'atent. The sha'e a''lie* to it b" the com'lainant is also an ol*,(ellDkno(n mathematical figure. No( although it *oes not a''ear thatan" 'erson e)er before a''lie* this 'articular sha'e to this 'articulararticle, - cannot think that the act Iuote* abo)e (as inten*e* to secureto the com'lainant an eclusi)e right to use this (ell kno(n figure in

the manufacture of reels. The act, although it *oes not reIuire utilit"in or*er to secure the benefit of its 'ro)isions, *oes reIuire thatthe sha'e 'ro*uce* shall be the result of in*ustr", effort genius, ore'ense, an* must also, - think, be hel* to reIuire that the sha'e or

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configuration sought to be secure* shall, at least, be ne( an* originalas a''lie* to articles of manufacture. But here the sha'e is a commonone in man" articles of manufacture, an* its a''lication to a reelcannot fairl" be sai* to be the result of in*ustr", genius, effort,an* e'ense. No a*)antage (hate)er is 'reten*e* to be *eri)e* from thea*o'tion of the form selecte* b" the com'lainant, ece't the inci*entalone of using it as a tra*emark. -ts selection can har*l" be sai* to be

the result of effort e)enK it (as sim'l" an arbitrar" chance selectionof one of man" (ellDkno(n sha'es, all eIuall" (ell a*a'te* to the'ur'ose. To hol* that such an a''lication of a common form canbe secure* b" letters 'atent, (oul* be gi)ing the act of #M aconstruction broa*er than - am (illing to gi)e it

-t (oul* seem from this language that if there ha* been a*)antage,that is, utilit" in the a*o'tion of the form of the rhombus, that it(oul* ha)e foun* more fa)or in the e"es of the &ourt.

This subject has been (ell *iscusse* in the o'inion of &ommissioner1oote in &rane Je 'arteJ. - concur in that o'inion, ece't as to

the recital of the former 'ractice of the 8ffice, (hich a carefuleamination has sho(n to be erroneous.

The thir* Iuestion ma" be rea*il" *is'ose* of. 9o*es of o'eration orconstruction, 'rinci'les of action, combinations to secure no)elt" orutilit" of mo)ement, or com'ositions of matter, can har*l" be sai* to besha'es, configurations, or *esigns, but (here the sole utilit" of thene( *e)ice arises from its ne( sha'e or configuration, - think it ma"fairl" be inclu*e* among the subjects (hich the act of #2 (as *esigne*to 'rotect.

The 'resent case ma", in )ie( of the foregoing consi*eration, be

*is'ose* of (ithout *ifficult". ?etters 'atent are aske*, b" a''licant,for a ne( *esign for a rubber eraser, (hich consists in gi)ing to theeraser a c"lin*rical bo*", (ith en*s be)ele* to an e*ge. The claim isfor the c"lin*rical rubber eraser 'ro)i*e* (ith a (ra''er or case, asherein sho(n an* *escribe*

-n the bo*" of the s'ecification the a''licant *escribes the mo*e ofmaking the eraser, an* he also enumerates its a*)antages o)er erasers ofthe or*inar" forms.

The Eaminer *oes not object to the a''lication because of the utilit"of the eraser, although the Boar* of Eaminers in &hief seem to base

their *ecision u'on that 'oint alone, but he 'ronounces the form alrea*"ol* in its a''lication to artistsH stum's, an* he insists that the mo*eof com'osition or construction can form no element, for the claim for a*esign 'atent.

-n the latter statement he is un*oubte*l" right. These 'atents aregrante* solel" for ne( sha'es or forms, an* the form being ne( it isimmaterial b" (hat 'rocess that form is attaine*. The com'osition ofmatter or the mo*e of construction is neither *esign, sha'e, norconfiguration, an* must be 'rotecte*, if at all, un*er a 'atent ofanother kin*. - cannot sa" that the 'resence of such matter in thes'ecification (oul* be objectionable if *escri'tion merel", but it coul*

in no (a" be allo(e* to enter into, or to mo*if" the claim.

As to the first groun* of rejection, - think the Eaminer is in error.This 'ur'orts to be a ne( form or sha'e of a *istinct article of

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manufacture, to (it7 rubber erasers. -f it be ne(, as thus a''lie*, itis immaterial (hether 'encils, or stum's, or 'en hol*ers, or an"thingelse ma" or ma" not ha)e been ma*e c"lin*rical. -f the" are notsubstantiall" the same article of manufacture as erasers, the ol* forma''lie* to this ne( article is unIuestionabl" entitle* to 'rotection.

The a''licant has not *efine* his in)ention (ith entire accurac". 4e

shoul* strike from his claim the (or*s 'ro)i*e* (ith a (ra''er orcase, as those relate to construction an* not configuration, an* heshoul* insert the (or*s ha)ing the en*s be)ele* to an e*ge in lieuof the 'hrase erase*, or he shoul* a*o't the usual form of claim for*esigns, )i7 The *esign for a rubber eraser, as sho(n an* *escribe*.

As the claim stan*s, it ought not to be allo(e*, an* the *ecision mustbe affirme*, but the a''licant (ill be allo(e* to amen* as suggeste*.

FSigne* S.S. 1-S4E3.

&ommissioner of Patents

/ / / / /

-n)entions Patente* -n Englan* b" Americans.

;&om'ile* from the !ournal of the &ommissioners of Patents.=

P38V-S-8NA? P38TE&T-8N 183 S-C 98NT4S.

>,2%.DDSE0-NG 9A&4-NE.DD4.A. 4ouse, Bri*ge'ort, &onn. No)ember , #M5.

>,2.DDB83-NG T88?.DDAlean*er Allen, Ne( ork cit". No)ember : #M5.

>,2:.DD98+E 81 AN+ +EV-&ES 18E SE&@3-NG STA-3 38+S.DD4. @hr", Ne( orkcit". No)ember M, #M5.

>,225.DDT3ANSP83TAT-8N 81 ?ETTE3S, PA3&E?S, AN+ 8T4E3 13E-G4T BAT98SP4E3-& P3ESS@3E, AN+ -N APPA3AT@S &8NNE&TE+ T4E3E0-T4.DDA. E.Beach, Stratfor*, &onn. No)ember 5, #M5.

>,>%>.DD3E?8A+-NG &A3T3-+GE S4E??.DD3.!. Gatling, -n*iana'olis, -n*.No)ember M, #M5.

>,>2.DD088+EN PAVE9ENT.DD-. 4a"(ar* an* !.1. Paul, Boston, 9ass.No)ember 2%, #M5.

>,>:#.DD9A&4-NE3 183 +-ST3-B@T-NG TPE.DD8.?. Bro(n, Boston, 9ass.No)ember 2%,#M5.

>,25.DD0E-G4-NG 9A&4-NE.DD9. enne*", Ne( ork cit". No)ember %, #M5.

>,2M%.DDB3AN +@STE3.DD0. 4untle" an* A. Babcock, Sil)er &reek, N..

No)ember 2, #M5.

>,>>5.DD3A-?0A &A33-AGE.DDE. 3obbins, &incinnati, 8hio. No)ember 5,#M5.

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>,>.DD3EV8?V-NG BATTE3 G@N.DD3.!. Gatling, -n*iana'olis, -n*. No).5, #M5.

>,>M%.DDSAS4 1ASTENE3.DDS.?. ?oomis, South B"ron, N.. No)ember 2%,#M5.

>,>M>.DD9AGNET-& 9A&4-NES AN+ 9AGNETS.DD!. Burroughs, !r., Ne(ark N.!.No)ember 2%, #M5.

/ / / / /

3ussH -m'ro)e* 0oo* 9ol*ing 9achine.

A com'rehensi)e *escri'tion of this ecellent machine (as gi)en u'on

'age 2>%, Vol. CV---., of the S&-ENT-1-& A9E3-&AN. 0e no( 'resent ourrea*ers (ith an engra)ing of it an* a summar" of its im'ortant features,(hich *oubtless ren*er it eIual if not su'erior to an" machine of thekin* in market. The frame in (hich the fee* rollers are arrange* is sohung to the frameD(ork of the mol*ing machine, that it can be raise* orlo(ere* at 'leasure, in or*er to 'ro'erl" a*just the fee* rollers foraction u'on the stuff, an* it is also so constructe* as to 'ermit thefee* rollers to "iel* in case of )ariations in the thickness of thestuff 'assing un*er them. The s'in*le of the si*e cutterDhea*s is hungin a )ertical frame arrange* to be mo)e* u' an* *o(n, an* laterall", toa*just the cutterDhea* for action, an* is 'ro)i*e* at its u''er en* (itha bo or bearing, (hereb" the bearing of the bo is al(a"s ke't u'on the

s'in*le instea* of at *ifferent 'oints of the same as in other machines,an* this (ithout interfering (ith the a*justabilit" of the si*ecutterDhea*. Thus une)en (ear is a)oi*e*.

;-llustration7 3@SSH 98N-T83 98?+-NG 9A&4-NE.=

The be* of the machine is forme* (ith a series of slots or o'enings'ro)i*e* (ith bri*ge bars so that the cutters ma" act u'on the e*ges ofthe stuff (ithout *anger of injur" from striking the be*. The 'ressershoe is also ma*e a*justable for *ifferent thicknesses of the stuffan* selfD"iel*ing to )ariations in thickness, b" a 'eculiar metho* ofhanging the bar, (hich carries the 'resser shoe, to the frame(ork of the

machine.

The clam' (hich hol*s the 'ress block (hich acts u'on the stuff afterit has 'asse* through the cutter, is of no)el construction, an* the

s'in*le of the si*e cutterDhea*s is so arrange* in connection (ith aloose 'ulle" an* the 'ulle"D*rums, that both cutterDhea*s are *ri)en b"one belt an* in the same *irection.

The be* 'late is 'ro)i*e* (ith s'rings through (hich the si*ecutterDhea*s are arrange*, to mo)e laterall" or trans)ersel" (ith abri*geD'late or 'lates, susce'tible of a*justment in*e'en*ent of the

cutterDhea*s, (hereb" an a*justable su''ort to the stuff is gi)en asit 'asses o)er the line of the o'enings in the be*.

9ost machines ha)e (eighte* 'ressure fee*, but this ha)ing steel s'rings

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a*justable b" a scre( an* han* (heel, a hea)" or light 'ressure can bea''lie* accor*ing to the (ork *one or sie of mol*ing. The cutterDhea*sare sIuare an* slotte* so that an" st"le of mol*ing can be stuck b"'utting cutters on all si*es of the hea*, thus eIualiing the cost an*lessening the 'o(er. The 'ressure shoe is arrange* to hol* the stuffat the )er" 'oint of contact (ith the cutters, an*, as (e ha)e sho(n, isrea*il" a*juste* to a long or short cutter, so that a small mol*ing can

be ma*e as smooth as a large one, an* so as not to reIuire an" finishing(ith san*'a'er or a han* tool.

The machine has also a be)el track )er" useful for 'icture framemol*ing, an* a 'atent ca' of great )alue for the cutters, an* rea*il"a''lie* to an" slotte* hea* or common hea*. The (renches that go (iththe machine, an* the common malleable iron ca's for the to' c"lin*er,are sho(n in *etail. These machines are no( running in 0orcester,Boston, an* 1itchburg, 9ass.K &hicago, -ll.7 Phila*el'hia, Pa.KBrattleboro, Vt.K 0hitesboro, N. .K &harleston, S. &., an* other'laces, an*, it is claime*, are ca'able of *oing better (ork an* more ofit than an" machine no( in use.

This machine is co)ere* b" se)eral 'atents taken through the ScientificAmerican Patent Agenc". -t is manufacture* b" 3. Ball O &o., of0orcester, 9ass, to (hom (rite for further information.

/ / / / /

A ?ost &i)iliation.

At the last regular meeting of the American Geogra'hical an* StatisticalSociet" at its rooms in the &oo'er -nstitute, Professor Ne(berr",of &olumbia &ollege, *eli)ere* an a**ress on the subject of hise'lorations in @tah an* Ariona Territories. The s'eaker commence*b" gi)ing a short histor" of the circumstances un*er (hich the t(ogo)ernment e'e*itions to (hich he (as attache* (ere organie*. 4e thenconfine* his remarks to the subject of the latter e'e*ition, no accountof (hich has "et been 'ublishe*. -ts aim (as 'rinci'all" to e'lore theregion embrace* b" (hat is kno(n as the ol* S'anish trail from Santa 1