guava cultivation practices-sereddy
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S ESWARA REDDY
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GUAVABotanical Name: Psidium guajava, linn
Family: MyrtaceaeOrigin: Tropical America (from Mexico toPeru) Guava is a subtropical crop. It is
one of the most common and major fruitsof India and is considered the fourth most
important fruit in area and production
after mango, banana, and citrus. It is a
hardy and prolific bearer and highly
remunerative fruit.
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Guava is native to tropicalAmerica and seems to have been
growing from Mexico to Peru. It isbelieved to be introduced in toIndia during early 17th century.
In A.P it is commercially grown inTelengana, North coastal districts
and Ananthapur in Rayalaseema.
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. Guava is the rich source of VitaminC, and a fair source of Vitamin A andB2 and minerals like calcium,
phosphorus and iron. The vitaminC content of Guava is 2-5 timeshigher than oranges
The fruits can be canned in sugarsyrup. The leaves yield dye andtannin and also have medicinal valueof curing Diarrhea.
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. Under heavy rains an high relativehumidity brings down the quality of fruits.
Optimum temperature requirement is 23-
28OC.The areas having distinct winter season, is
considered best for increasing yield and
improving quality.The humid conditions lead to luxuriant
growth of the trees and yield fruits of poorquality.\
It can be grown as rain fed as well asirrigated crop depending upon agro climaticconditions.
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At the time of flowering and fruiting, itrequires dry climate. High temperature andhigh velocity winds at fruit development
period lead to heavy fruitdrop
SOILGuava adapts well to a wide range of soils.
Well-drained, light sandy loam toclay soils is good.Since it is a hardy fruit crop, it can be grown on
alkaline soils wastelands etc.It is sensitive to waterlogged conditions.
It tolerates a wide range of pH from 4.5 to 8.5.If the soils are having a pH of 7.5 and above there
are morechances of getting guava wilt.Some varieties like Lucknow- 49 can be grown in
saline soils also.
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Varieties:
o Basically basing on seed content in guava
there are two types Seedless and seededvarieties.
o Seedless guavas are triploids with irregular
shape and low productivity and plants are very
vigorous in growth.
o Hence, unfit for commercial cultivation.
o
Seeded guavas are more commercial, highyielders with excellent quality.
o The seeded guavas are diploids. Seeds
range from 250-500 / fruit.
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Important seeded, seedless andhybrid varieties commercially
grown are:Seeded varieties- 1. Allahabadsafeda,
2. Lucknow-49, 3. Arka Mridula 4.
Red fleshed and 5.Allahabad Surkha
etc.
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Seedless varieties: Two types of fruits,completely seedless and partly seeded,are
borne on a plant of seedless variety.The completely seedless fruits develop
on the shoots arising from the stem and
these are bigger in size and irregular in
shape.
The partly seeded fruits are borne on
normal shoots at the periphery and are
small in size and round in shape.The important seedless varieties are-
Nagapur seedless,Saharanpur seedless
H b id
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Hybrids:Saefd jam: This is a hybrid variety released from Fruitresearch station, Sangareddy
(A.P.). It is a cross between Allahabad Safeda and Kohir.
Fruit size is bigger with
less seed and vitamin C is more in comparison to their
parents.Kohir Safeda: It is cross between Kohir and Allahabadsafeda. Fruit is large in size,
slightly acidic. Yield 300 fruits per tree.
Other varieties like Nasik, Dharwar, and Apple colour,
Banarasi, Hafsi, Anakapalli,
Harijha and chiitdar etc. are also considered as good
cultivars.
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P ti G b t d b th b d
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Propagation: Guava can be propagated both by seedand vegetaively.
Seed Propagation: It is still common to raise commercialorchards by propagation from seeds. This practice is not
advisable because this would lead to lot of variation
among trees in fruit size, yield and quality. Hence, it is
very important to plant an orchard only with vegetaivelypropagated plants of known variety.
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Vegetative methods ofpropagation Air layering or groundlayering can be practiced for multiplication
of guava plants and the best time for doingthis is rainy season. It is more commonly
practiced in S.India. It is very convenient,
cheap and easy method.
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Planting: The field should be deeplyploughed and properly leveled before
planting.Pits of 75-100 cm3 size are dug well in
advance to the onset of monsoon.
The pits arefilled with a mixture of tank silt,FYM Or Compost and soil in equal proportions.
To avoid termite problems dusts like lindane
are also mixed in the soil mixture.
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Guava may be planted from June toDecember in South India and June to August
in N.India.
Spacing generally adopted is 5-6 meters insquare system of planting. In highly
fertilesoils it may be increased to 6-8meters.
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Flowering and fruiting: The guava bearsflowers solitary or in cymes of two or
threeflowers, on the current seasons growth inthe axils of leaves. The bearing twigs grow afew centimeters long, putting forth 4-5 pairsof leaves. The blooming period varies from 25-
45 days depending on the cultivar, season andregion. The initial fruit set is quite high andapproximately 80% of flowers set fruits.Afterwards due to severe fruit drop only 34 -56 per cent of fruits reach maturity. Incultivars like seedless, the final retention is aslow as 6 percent.
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Under natural conditions guava tree
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Under natural conditions, guava tree
produces flowers and fruits twice in a year in
North India, but in South and Western India it
is thrice i.e. almost throughout the year,which results in no rest period and ultimately
guava tree bears small crops at
differenttimes of the year. The pattern offlowering and fruiting periods in guava are:
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Ambe-bahar: When guava tree flowersduring February-March or spring season,
this flowering period is known as Ambe-
bahar.The fruits ripe from July-Septemberin rainy season. The fruits obtained during
this season are insipid, watery and poor in
qualityi.e. taste and keeping quality.
Mrig bahar: When guava produces
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Mrig-bahar: When guava producesflowers in June-July or monsoon, this-
flowering period is known as Mrig-bahar.The fruits ripe from November-
January in the winter.The fruits obtained
during winter are excellent in qualityand therefore, the guava trees are made
to produce the Mrig-baharflowering
only.
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Hasth-bahar: Some times, guavatree produces flowers in October isknown asHasth-bahar. The fruits
ripe from February-April. Thequality is good, but yield is very low.However, it fetches good price. Thisbahar in guava is not very common.
It is mostly a chance crop. Hast-bahar is observed in western andsouthern India.
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Crop regulation (Bahar Treatment):Throughout India, Mrig-baharis preferred
over ambe and Hast-bahars.Therefore, it
become necessary to regulate flowering, so
that Mrig-baharcan produce heavy flowering
and fruits are available in winter. The
practices followed for taking Mrig-baharare:Restricting irrigation water: The treesshould not be given irrigation from February
to middle of May. Doing so, the tree sheds its
leaves during hot season (April-May) and goes
to rest.
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During this rest period, tree can conserve
food material in its branches. In the
month of June tree is well cultivated and
manured followed by irrigation.Afterabout 20 -25 days the tree blaze in to
profuse blossoms. The fruits mature
during winter. After about 3-4 weeks the
exposed roots are again covered with thesoil. Manuring and watering may be
followed.
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Exposing roots: Carefully upper soilaround the trunk about 45 - 60 cm radius is
removed, so that the roots are exposed to
the sun which results in reduction in supply
of soil moisture from the soil to the top
and therefore, the leaves begin to shed
and the tree goes to rest.
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Irrigation: Guava is a hardy plant and
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Irrigation: Guava is a hardy plant andgenerally it doesnt require much
irrigation. But the yield and quality
improve markedly by irrigation in
summer. The young guava
plants need irrigation at weekly intervalduring summer months and 2-3 irrigations
during winter months. Just after
transplanting, watering is necessary inthe absence of rains. For bearing trees
irrigations are needed for flowering and
better fruit setting.
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Fruit size is reduced, if sufficient soil
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Fruit size is reduced, if sufficient soilmoisture is not maintained. Irrigation isalso required to check excessive fruit
drop during summer months.Manures and fertilizers: Therequirement for manures and fertilizersto give guava crop varies with the
varieties, age of the crop, fertility statusof the soil climatic conditions andmanagement practices. The fruit of guavaare borne on current seasons growth,therefore, manures and fertilizersencourages vegetative growth andfruiting.
Manures One year after
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yplanting (Kg)Add every year (Kg)Bearing trees (Kg)Compost 20 20 100
Ammonium sulphate 1.0 0.5 3.0
Super phosphate 1.0 0.25 2.0
Muriate of Potash 1.0 0.25 2.0
Guava is a surface rooted tree and therefore the manureshould be evenly spread all
over the surface of the tree basin and lightly dug in. In
case of zinc deficiency, spraying trees with 450g of zinc
sulphate and 300g of slaked lime in 73 litres of watertwice in a year, once in June-July and second in
September-October corrects the
deficiency.
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Zinc deficiency is serious in waterlogged
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y ggareas.Interculture : The orchard should be kept
clean by ploughing twice or three once in thebeginning of monsoon to improve theinfiltration of rain water into the soil and thesecond ploughing in the middle of the rainy
season to control the weeds. The third one atthe end of the monsoon to conserve themoisture. The basins should be kept weed freeby digging occasionally and the basins aroundthe trees should be kept enlarged as the treesget older. They should be kept a little biggerthan the spread of the largest branch.
Inter cropping: In the early stages of
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Inter cropping: In the early stages ofestablishment of guava orchard till the
commercial bearing, the interspaces can be
utilized by growing suitable intercrops.
Vegetable crops like bhendi, brinjal, beet
root and fruit crop like papaya can be grown
as intercrops. However, intercropping is notdesirable in orchards with full grown plants.Training and pruning: The main objective
of training a guava plant is to provide astrong framework and scaffold branches
suitable for bearing a heavy crop with out
damaging the branches.
Training guava trees to open centre system is
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Training guava trees to open centre system is
good. Care must be taken to prevent criss-
crossing of the primary branches in the initial
years of planting. Incase of varieties havingspreading habit, primary branches are
allowed at least 75cm above ground level. It
is better to shape the tree canopy to alimited height into a rectangular shape,
allowing more spread in East-West direction.
Dead, diseased, intercrossing branches andsuckers coming up from the base and sides of
framework should be pruned back annually.
In guava, the flowers and fruits are borne
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g ,on current seasons growth in the axils ofleaves arising from the old ones, hence, alight annual pruning is considered necessaryto encourage new shoots after the harvest.Seedling trees grow vertically high upproducing fruit bearing new growths at their
top ends. They dont produce much fruitslower down.On the other hand grafts orlayers remain dwarf and their branchesgrow horizontally and drooping producing
enormous number of fruit bearing shoots.This suggests that seedling trees can also bemade more productive by bending theupright branches horizontally.
Pruning in guava results in large fruits of
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Pruning in guava results in large fruits of
higher value, early flowering, protection of
fruits from birds, rats etc. due to cover by
vigorous foliage. Severe pruning reduces yieldlargely, light pruning is always desirable.Pollarding or Dehorning: When the trees are
aged and dont give good yields, theirbranches may be pollarded or dehorned. In
this method the branches are cut leaving 30
cm in length at their origin. The cut branchesproduce enormous shoots and flowers and
ultimately give high yields.
Bending: It is a common feature
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Bending: It is a common featurethat in the guava trees branches
growing upright and tall dont bear atall. In such cases, straight-growing
branches may be bent and tied on the
pegs driven on the ground. In bentbranches dormant buds are activated
and
induced to bear flowers and fruits
heavily. This method is successful
especially in varieties, which grow Harvesting: Seedling guava trees require
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Harvesting: Seedling guava trees require4-5 years to bear, while vegetatively
propagated plants start bearing from
third year after planting. The fruits turn
greenish yellow with the approach of
maturity are considered ready forharvesting. Guava fruits
mature for harvesting after 4-5 months of
anthesis. However it depends upon theclimatic conditions and variety. Fruits on
ripening give excellent taste and flavour
characteristic of a particular variety.
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The fruits should be harvested
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The fruits should be harvested
immediately when it is mature,
because it cannot be retained on thetree in ripe stage. Mature or half ripe
fruits are preferred for consumption.
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Hand picking at regular intervals is
suggested to avoid possible damage
to fruits instead of shaking the tree.
The fruits should not be allowed toover ripen on the trees as they
deteriorate in quality and are more
liable to be damaged by birds.
Individual fruits are picked when they
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Individual fruits are picked when they
are still hard and firm at regular
intervals.Yield: The yield of guava varies due todifferent varieties, age of the plants,
fruiting season and orchard managementpractices etc. Seedling tree of guava of
10 years old yields about 400-500 fruits.
Grafted tree yields 1000-2000 fruitswhere as good orchard yields about 25-
30 tonnes per hectare.
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