guia de tecnologias biometricas
TRANSCRIPT
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Fblold: Korvn~f >388
Ih Mvh kn~f ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh hsilohbh h ih fmv~lbhb `h lbk fihnk~hbh sk~fi Ldrlrvrk Dholkdhi bf Rfodkikmh bf ih Okgvdlohold (LDRFOK,) h r~hq bf v Knf~qh'rk~lk bf ih _fmv~lbhb bf ih Ldk~ghold:
Shnik S~fz _hd'Jk (bl~foold,
Fbvh~bk iqh~fz Hikdk (okk~bldhold,
_vhdh bf ih Avfdrf ^kb~mvfz
Ihv~h Mh~oh S~fz
O~lrldh Mvrl~~fz Nk~mf
Ih ~fsfdrf vnilohold f~rfdfof hi Ldsrlrvrk Dholkdhi bf Rfodkikmhs bf ih Okgvdlohold (LDRFOK, |fsr nhjk vdh ilofdolh ^fokdkolglfdrk'Dk okgf~olhi ?$3 Fshh bf O~fhrlqf Okggkds) | k~ fiik fsrh f~gl'rlbk oklh~) blsr~lnvl~ | okgvdloh~ nilohgfdrf fsrh kn~h nhjk ihs okdblolkdfs slmvlfdrfs:
^fokdkolglfdrk: Fi okdrfdlbk bf fsrf ldk~gf sf vfbf ~f~kbvol~ rkrhi k h~olhigfdrf k~ rf~of~ks)olrhdbk sv ~kofbfdolh | `holfdbk ~ff~fdolh fp~fsh rhdrk h LDRFOK okgk h sv slrlk }fn: }}}$ldrfok$fs$ Blo`k ~fokdkolglfdrk dk kb~ fd dldmd ohsk svmf~l~ xvf LDRFOK ~fsrh hk|k h blo`krf~of~k k hk|h fi vsk xvf `hof bf sv kn~h$
Vsk Dk Okgf~olhi: Fi ghrf~lhi k~lmldhi | iks r~hnhjks bf~lqhbks vfbfd sf~ blsr~lnvlbks) oklhbks |fp`lnlbks glfdr~hs sv vsk dk rfdmh adfs okgf~olhifs$
Hi ~fvrlilzh~ k blsr~lnvl~ ih kn~h) rlfdf xvf bfjh~ nlfd oih~k iks r~gldks bf ih ilofdolh bf fsrh kn~h$ Himvdh bffsrhs okdblolkdfs vfbf dk hiloh~sf sl sf knrlfdf fi f~glsk bf LDRFOK okgk rlrvih~ bf iks bf~fo`ks bfhvrk~$ Dhbh fd fsrh ilofdolh gfdksohnh k ~fsr~ldmf iks bf~fo`ks gk~hifs bf LDRFOK$ `rr:++o~fhrlqfokggkds$k~m+ilofdsfs+n|'do+?$3+fs+
Fi ~fsfdrf bkovgfdrk ovgif okd ihs okdblolkdfs bf hoofslnlilbhb bfi k~ghrk SBA (Sk~rhnif BkovgfdrAk~ghr,$ _f r~hrh bf vd bkovgfdrk fsr~vorv~hbk | frlxvfrhbk) ~kqlsrk bf hirf~dhrlqhs h rkbk fifgfdrk dkrfprvhi) gh~ohbk bf lblkgh | k~bfd bf iforv~h hbfovhbk$
Sh~h hgilh~ ldk~ghold skn~f ih okdsr~voold bf bkovgfdrks SBA hoofslnifs vfbf okdsvirh~ ih mvh blsk'dlnif fd ih sfoold Hoofslnlilbhb 4 Ak~ghold 4 Ghdvhifs | Mvhs bf ih mldh `rr:++}}}$ldrfok$fs
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Fi Ldsrlrvrk Dholkdhi bf Rfodkikmhs bf ih Okgvdlohold(LDRFOK,) skolfbhb fsrhrhi hbso~lrhhi Gldlsrf~lk bf Ldbvsr~lh) Rv~lsgk | Okgf~olk h r~hqs bf ih _fo~frh~h bf Fsrhbk bf Rfifok'
gvdloholkdfs | h~h ih _kolfbhb bf ih Ldk~ghold) fs vdh ihrhk~gh h~h fi bfsh~~kiik bf ih
_kolfbhb bfi Okdkolglfdrk h r~hqs bf ~k|forks bfi gnlrk bf ih lddkqhold | ih rfodkikmh$
Ih glsld bf LDRFOK fs hk~rh~ qhik~ f lddkqhold h iks olvbhbhdks) h ihs |gfs) h ihs Hbgl'
dlsr~holkdfs Snilohs | hi sfork~ bf ihs rfodkikmhs bf ih ldk~ghold) h r~hqs bfi bfsh~~kiik bf
~k|forks xvf okdr~lnv|hd h ~fk~zh~ ih okdahdzh fd iks sf~qlolks bf ih _kolfbhb bf ih Ldk~gh'
old fd dvfsr~k hs) ~kgkqlfdbk hbfgs vdh idfh bf h~rlolhold ldrf~dholkdhi$ Sh~h fiik)
LDRFOK bfsh~~kiih~ horvholkdfs fd ihs slmvlfdrfs idfhs: _fmv~lbhb) Hoofslnlilbhb) Ohilbhb RLO
| Ak~ghold$
Fi Knsf~qhrk~lk bf ih _fmv~lbhb bf ih Ldk~ghold ( rr:++knsf~qhrk~lk$ldrfok$fs, sf ldsf~rhbfdr~k bf ih idfh fsr~hrmloh bf horvhold bf LDRFOK fd ghrf~lh bf _fmv~lbhb Rfodkimloh)
slfdbk vd ~ff~fdrf dholkdhi f ldrf~dholkdhi hi sf~qlolk bf iks olvbhbhdks) fg~fshs) | hbgl'
dlsr~holkdfs fshkihs h~h bfso~lnl~) hdhilzh~) hsfsk~h~ | blvdbl~ ih ovirv~h bf ih sfmv~lbhb | ih
okdahdzh bf ih _kolfbhb bf ih Ldk~ghold$
Bfiklrrf (`rr:++}}}$bfiklrrf$fs, ~fsrh sf~qlolks bf hvblrk~h) hsfsk~hglfdrk asohi | ifmhi)okdsvirk~h | hsfsk~hglfdrk fd r~hdshoolkdfs ok~k~hrlqhs h fdrlbhbfs xvf kf~hd fd vd fif'
qhbk dgf~k bf sfork~fs bf horlqlbhb$ Ih a~gh hk~rh sv fpf~lfdolh | hirk dlqfi ~kfslkdhi
h|vbhdbk h svs oilfdrfs h hiohdzh~ svs knjfrlqks fg~fsh~lhifs fd ovhixvlf~ ivmh~ bfi gvdbk$
Sh~h fiik ovfdrh okd fi hk|k bf vdh ~fb miknhi bf a~ghs glfgn~k ~fsfdrfs fd gs bf 823
hsfs | okd gs bf 8=3$333 ~kfslkdhifs xvf `hd hsvglbk fi okg~kglsk bf sf~ gkbfik bf
fpofifdolh$
Bfiklrrf ovfdrh okd vd m~vk fdoh~mhbk bf ~fhilzh~ sf~qlolks ok~~fskdblfdrfs h ih mfsrld bfi
~lfsmk ldk~grlok xvf sf bfdkgldh Fdrf~s~lf le _f~qlof (F^_,$ Fsrf m~vk fsr k~ghbk k~gs bf >33 ~kfslkdhifs) 0 skolks fd Fshh | qh~lks glifs bf fsfolhilsrhs h dlqfi gvdblhi)
bfblohbks fpoivslqhgfdrf h sf~qlolks bf hvblrk~h ldk~grloh) sfmv~lbhb ldk~grloh) lbfdrla'
ohold | mfsrld bf iks ~lfsmks bf ihs kf~holkdfs hskolhbks h iks slsrfghs bf ldk~ghold) hs
okgk h sf~qlolks fdkohbks h ghdrfdf~ fi dlqfi bf okdr~ki ldrf~dk ~fxvf~lbk fd ih vrlilzhold bf
ih rfodkikmh$
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dblof8$ Xv fs ih nlkgfr~h; 6
>$ Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmh bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs 0
?$ Vsks | hiloholkdfs 8=
2$ Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs >?
6$ Mfsrld bf ~lfsmks fd nlkgfr~h ?>
1$ Nvfdhs ~orlohs 23
=$ ^fokgfdbholkdfs 22
0$ Miksh~lk bf r~gldks ~fiholkdhbks okd ih nlkgfr~h 20
2
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6Xv fs ih nlkgfr~h;
8$ Xv fs ih nlkgfr~h;Ih nlkgfr~h fs vd grkbk bf ~fokdkolglfdrk bf f~skdhs nhshbk
fd svs oh~horf~srlohs aslkimlohs k bf okgk~rhglfdrk$ _f r~hrh
bf vd ~kofsk slglih~ hi xvf `hnlrvhigfdrf ~fhilzh fi sf~ `vghdk
~fokdkolfdbk f lbfdrlaohdbk h svs okdmdf~fs k~ sv hsfork sl'
ok) sv qkz) sv k~gh bf hdbh~) fro$
Fd ih horvhilbhb) ih rfodkikmh `h f~glrlbk hvrkghrlzh~ | f~foolkdh~ fsrks
~kofsks bf ~fokdkolglfdrk nlkgr~lok) bf k~gh xvf rlfdfd gvirlrvb bfhiloholkdfs | adhilbhbfs | fsfolhigfdrf hxvfiihs ~fiholkdhbhs okd ih sf'
mv~lbhb himvdhs bf ihs ovhifs sf fpkdb~d h ik ih~mk bf ih ~fsfdrf Mvh$
Iks ~lgf~ks hdrfofbfdrfs bf iks
xvf sf rlfdf ~ff~fdolh skn~f ih nlk'
gfr~h bhrhd bf `hof gs bf gli
hks fd O`ldh) bkdbf iks hih~f~ks
okgfdzh~kd h ldoivl~ svs `vfiihsbhorlih~fs fd iks ~kbvorks xvf ~fh'
ilzhnhd okgk sgnkik bf blsrldold
k a~gh) ik xvf ifs f~glrh blf~fd'
olh~sf bfi ~fsrk$
_ld fgnh~mk) dk vf hsrh adhifs bfi
slmik PLP ovhdbk Hi`kdsf Nf~rliikd
' hdr~kikmk ~hdos xvf r~hnhjh~h ih kiloh ' okgfdz h bh~ h ih
nlkgfr~h fi oh~orf~ bf olfdolh) ~k'
fslkdhilzhdbk sv ~orloh$ Nhshnh
sv rfk~h fd xvf vdh olf~rh okgnldh'
old bf gfblbhs bfi ovf~k `vghdk
f~h ldqh~lhnif fd fi rlfgk) ik xvf
f~glrl bh~ skivold hi ~knifgh bf
lbfdrlaoh~ h iks o~lgldhifs okdqlorksh ik ih~mk bf rkbh sv qlbh$
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
1 Xv fs ih nlkgfr~h;
Fi slsrfgh bf Nf~rliikd k Hdr~kskgfr~h) xvf ldoivh) fdr~f kr~hs) gfblbhsokgk fi ih~mk | hdo`k bf ih ohnfzh k ih ikdmlrvb bfi lf lzxvlf~bk | bfi hd'
rfn~hzk) sf okgfdz h vrlilzh~ okgdgfdrf h ik ih~mk bf rkbk fi gvdbk$ _ldfgnh~mk) sv fforlqlbhb sf vsk fd bvbh hi ~fsfdrh~sf himvdks ~knifghs
fd fi vsk bf blf~fdrfs gfblbhs |) fsfolhigfdrf) k~ ihs blaovirhbfs fd ih
blf~fdolhold bf svjfrks fpr~fghbhgfdrf slglih~fs okgk iks mfgfiks$
Fsrh bfsho~fblrhold `lzk xvf _l~ Fb}h~b @fd~|) Ldsfork~ Mfdf~hi bf ih
Skiloh bf Nfdmhih) nvsohsf kr~hs rodlohs | sf ldrf~fshsf k~ ihs ldqfsrlmh'
olkdfs bf _l~ A~hdols Mhirkd) fi ovhi vrlilzhnh ih `vfiih bhorlih~ okgk grkbk
bf lbfdrlaohold$ S~lgf~k fd Nfdmhih | ksrf~lk~gfdrf fd Ikdb~fs (8
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=Xv f ih nlkgfr~h;
Frh Mvh rlfdf okgk knjfrlqk) bf vd ihbk) ih bfo~lsold bf ih blf~fdrf
rodloh nlkgr~loh fplrfdrf) v oh~horf~rloh) v hsiloholkdf) v
nfdfaolk | ~lfmk h okgk ih lbfdrlaohold bf hxvfiik bf~fo`k | knil'mholkdf bf ik blf~fdrf hork~f bfi gvdbk bf ih nlkgfr~h$ Bf kr~k ihbk)
rlfdf okgk adhilbhb dk ik bh~ h okdkof~ frk grkbk bf lbfdrlaohold
sh~h mfdf~h~ okdahdzh fdr~f v vvh~lk skrfdolhif) ldk hbfg fhih~
xv gfblbh | nvfdh s~orloh `hd bf iifqh~f h ohnk sh~h xvf v vk
fh fmv~k | ~fsfrvkk okd ih s~lqholbhb bf ik olvbhbhdk$
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0 Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmh bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
>$ Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmhbf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohsIhs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs sf bfadfd okgk grkbks hvrkgrloks vrlilzh'
bks h~h ~fokdkof~ h f~skdhs skn~f ih nhsf bfi hdilsls bf svs oh~horf~srl'
ohs slohs k bf okgk~rhglfdrk$
Bffdblfdbk bf ih rodloh nlkgr~loh fgifhbh) iks h~gfr~ks okdslbf~h'
bks skd blf~fdrfs: iks sv~oks bf ih `vfiih bhorlih~) ih mfkgfr~h bf ih ghdk) ih
qkz) ih lghmfd holhi) fro$ Bf fsrks h~gfr~ks sf fpr~hf vd hr~d dlok h~h
ohbh f~skdh) xvf sf~ fi xvf sf vrlilof h~h ksrf~lk~fs okgh~holkdfs$
Mfdf~higfdrf h~h kbf~ sf~ vshbk iks ldblqlbvks bfnfd ~fmlsr~h~ sv lbfd'
rlbhb fd fi slsrfgh k~ gfblk bf ih ohrv~h bf vdh sf~lf bf h~gfr~ks nlk'
gr~loks$ Fsrf fs fi bfdkgldhbk ~kofsk bf ~fmlsr~k) xvf sf okgkdf bfr~fs hsfs blsrldrhs:
Ohrv~h: _f ohrv~hd iks h~gfr~ks nlkgr~loks$
S~kofshglfdrk: _f o~fh vdh ihdrliih okd ihs oh~horf~srlohs f~skdh'
ifs bf iks h~gfr~ks ohrv~hbks$
Ldso~lold: Ih ihdrliih ~kofshbh sf mvh~bh fd vd gfblk bf high'
ofdhglfdrk hbfovhbk$ Vdh qfz xvf ih ldso~lold fsr okgifrh)
fi slsrfgh vfbf hvrfdrloh~ h ihs f~skdhs gfblhdrf fi vsk bf ih
ihdrliih$
H okdrldvhold) gfblhdrf fi ~kofsk bf hvrfdrlohold sf ohrv~h vdhgvfsr~h nlkgr~loh bfi ldblqlbvk xvf sf okgh~h~ okd ihs ihdrliihs |h ~f'
mlsr~hbhs$ Fsrh hvrfdrlohold vfbf ~fhilzh~sf bf bks gkbks blf~fdrfs:
Lbfdrlaohold: okdslsrf fd ih okgh~hold bf ih gvfsr~h ~fokmlbh
bfi vsvh~lk ~fdrf h vdh nhsf bf bhrks bf ~hsmks nlkgr~loks ~fmls'
r~hbks ~fqlhgfdrf$ Dk sf ~folsh bf lbfdrlaohold ldlolhi k~ h~rf
bfi vsvh~lk) fs bfol~) fi dlok bhrk xvf sf ~fokmf fd fi gkgfdrk bf
vsk fs ih gvfsr~h nlkgr~loh) sld hk|k bf vd dkgn~f bf vsvh~lk k
ovhixvlf~ kr~k rlk bf ~fokdkolglfdrk$ Fsrf grkbk ~fxvlf~f bf vd
~kofsk bf oiovik okgifjk) vfsrk xvf sf `h bf okgh~h~ fsrh
gvfsr~h okd ohbh vdh bf ihs hdrf~lk~gfdrf highofdhbhs h~h nvs'oh~ vdh okldolbfdolh$
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$8$ RFODKKM_ LKRLO_ L_LKMLO_
Ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs aslkimlohs sf oh~horf~lzhd k~ okdslbf~h~ h~'
gfr~ks bf~lqhbks bf ih gfblold bl~forh bf himd ~hsmk fsr~lorhgfdrf slok
bfi ovf~k `vghdk h ih `k~h bf lbfdrlaoh~ f~skdhs$
@vfiih bhorlih~
Ih lbfdrlaohold nhshbh fd `vfiih bhorlih~
fs ih gs hdrlmvh bf ihs rodlohs nlkgr~l'
ohs | `h slbk vrlilzhbh fd vd m~hd dgf~k
bf hiloholkdfs bfnlbk h xvf ih gh|k~h bf
ih knihold rlfdf `vfiihs bhorlih~fs dlohsf ldhirf~hnifs$
Fs fi ~hsmk nlkgr~lok gs vrlilzhbk h~h
hvrfdrlohold | rlfdf ih gh|k~ mhgh bf rfo'
dkikmhs bf ohrv~h) okd blsrldrhs oh~horf'
~srlohs bf vdolkdhglfdrk$ Hslglsgk) rlfdf
okgk qfdrhjhs sv hirh rhsh bf ~folsld |
xvf `hnlrvhigfdrf iks vsvh~lks rlfdfd ok'dkolglfdrks svaolfdrfs skn~f sv vrlilzhold$
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Mvh kn~f ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh hsilohbh h ih fmv~lbhb
83 Oh~horf~rloh | rlskikmh bf ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh
Fplrfd bk rlsk bf rodloh bf nxvfbh bf okldolbfdolh fdr~f gvfr~h
bf `vfiih bhorlih~:
Nhshbhs fd gldvolhs: Frh
rodloh nhh v gfohdlgk
bf hvrfdrlohold fd ih gldv'
olh) f bfol~) fd bfrf~gldh'
bh ak~gh aoligfdrf lbfdrl'
ohnif fplrfdrf fd ih `vfiih
bhorlih~$ H) f ~fmlr~h fi rlsk
bf gldvolh | v sklold bfd'r~k bf ih `vfiih) frhnifolfdbk
vdh f~lf bf gfblolkdf$ Bf
frh ak~gh) fi gkbfik k sihdrl'
iih ok~~fskdblfdrf h ohbh vvh~lk f vd fxvfgh fd fi xvf f ldblohd ih
gldvolh xvf f `hd bf bfrforh~) v sklold | ih blrhdolh xvf fsh~hd
vdh bf kr~h$
Dk knrhdrf) fplrfd himvdh blovirhbf hkolhbh h frf grkbk$ Sk~
vd ihbk) dk f fdoliik fpr~hf~ bf ak~gh s~folh ih gfdolkdhbh gldvolh
ovhdbk ih ohilbhb bf ih gvfr~h dk f nvfdh$ Sk~ kr~k ihbk) dk f rlfdf fd
ovfdrh fi shr~d miknhi bf o~frh | v~ok$
Nhshbhs fd ok~~fihold: Gfblhdrf ih vrlilzhold bf frh rodloh f hdhilzh
fi shr~d miknhi fmvlbk sk~ ih `vfiih bhorlih~) f bfol~) fi fxvfgh mfdf~hi
bfi okdjvdrk bf ih `vfiih fd ivmh~ bf ih gldvolh$ Frh rodloh ~fxvlf~f vd
~fmlr~k s~folk) sf~k v s~ldolshi ldokdqfdlfdrf f xvf f qf haforhbh sk~ ih
r~hihold | ih ~krhold bf ih lghmfd$
Rf~gldhold bf o~frh
Fsk~h
Nlav~ohold
Lih
Ihmk
O~frh Ldbfsfdblfdrf
O~vof
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88Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmh bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
Fi fxvfk rhghk bf iks ~fofrk~fs) sv oli ldrfm~hold (vblfdbk sf~ ld'
oivlbks bf k~gh sfdoliih fd rfoihbks,) | sv vshnlilbhb) hs okgk iks nhjks
oksrfs hskolhbks h iks glsgks) okdqlf~rfd h ih `vfiih bhorlih~ fd vdh rfodk'ikmh gv| rli h~h sv lgihdrhold fd kaoldhs | `kmh~fs$
fokdkolglfdrk holhi
Fi ~fokdkolglfdrk holhi fs vdh rodloh gfblhdrf ih ovhi sf ~fokdkof h vdh
f~skdh h h~rl~ bf vdh lghmfd k krkm~hh$ Sh~h fiik) sf vrlilzhd ~km~hghs
bf oiovik xvf hdhilzhd lgmfdfs bf ~ksr~ks `vghdks$
Fdr~f iks hsforks oihqf fgifhbks h~h ih okgh~hold sf fdovfdr~hd gf'
blolkdfs okgk ih blsrhdolh fdr~f iks kjks) ih ikdmlrvb bf ih dh~lz k fi dmvik
bf ih ghdbnvih$
H blf~fdolh bf kr~ks slsrfghs nlkgr~loks) fi ~fokdkolglfdrk holhi vfbf sf~
vrlilzhbk h~h ih qlmlihdolh mfdf~hi) `hnlrvhigfdrf gfblhdrf ogh~hs bf qlbfk$
Vdk bf iks ~ldolhifs ldokdqfdlfdrfs xvf ~fsfdrh fsrh rodloh fs ih fsoh'
sh ~fslsrfdolh hi ~hvbf) vfs vdh f~skdh vfbf gkblaoh~ qlsvhigfdrf sv
oh~h bf ghdf~h sfdoliih) okgk k~ fjfgik vrlilzhdbk vdhs mhhs bf ski k
bfjdbksf o~fof~ ih nh~nh$ Hslglsgk) bfnf okdslbf~h~sf xvf fi ~ksr~k bf ihs
f~skdhs qh~h okd ih fbhb$
fokdkolglfdrk bf l~ls
Vrlilzh ihs oh~horf~srlohs bfi l~ls `vghdk
okd fi ad bf qf~laoh~ ih lbfdrlbhb bf vd
ldblqlbvk$
Iks hr~kdfs bf l~ls qlfdfd gh~ohbks bfs'
bf fi dholglfdrk | ~h~h qfz ohgnlhd$ _kd
fpr~fghbhgfdrf okgifjks) okdrlfdfd
vdh m~hd ohdrlbhb bf ldk~ghold | rlfdfdgs bf >33 ~klfbhbfs dlohs$
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Mvh kn~f ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh hsilohbh h ih fmv~lbhb
8> Oh~horf~rloh | rlskikmh bf ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh
Fi fohdfhbk bfi l~l f iifqh h ohnk okd vdh ogh~h bf ld~h~~kjk
fsfolhilzhbh lrvhbh sk~ ik mfdf~hi gv| of~oh bf ih sf~kdh xvf livgldh
fi kjk ~fhilzhdbk vdh krkm~hh bf hirh ~fkivold$ Frf s~kofk bv~h ikvdk k bk fmvdbk | s~ksk~olkdh ik bfrhiif bfi l~l xvf f ikohilzhd)
~fmlr~hd | highofdhd sh~h ~fhilzh~ vrv~h qf~laoholkdf$
F lgsk~rhdrf fhih~ xvf dk fplrf dldmd ~lfmk sh~h ih hivb) |h xvf hi
knrfdf~f ih gvfr~h gfblhdrf vdh ogh~h bf ld~h~~kjk) dk `h| sfilm~k bf
xvf fi kjk ~fvirf bhhbk fd fi s~kofk$
Fi `fo`k bf xvf ik kjk bf~fo`k f lzxvlf~bk bf ohbh sf~kdh fhd blf~fd'
rf | xvf ik shr~kdf fhd blolif bf ohsrv~h~) rlfdfd okgk okdfovfdolh
xvf fi ~fokdkolglfdrk bf l~l fh vdh bf ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh g
~flrfdrf hi ~hvbf$
^fokdkolglfdrk bf ih mfkgfr~h bf ih ghdk
Frh rfodkikmh vrlilzh ih k~gh
bf ih ghdk sh~h okda~gh~ ih
lbfdrlbhb bfi ldblqlbvk$ Sh~h ih
ohsrv~h bf ih gvfr~h f fg'
sifhd vdh f~lf bf ogh~h xvf
rkghd lgmfdf fd ?'B bf ih
ghdk bfbf blf~fdrf dmvik$
Ih oh~horf~rloh fpr~hbh ld'
oiv|fd ih ov~qh bf ik bfbk)v m~kk~ | ikdmlrvb) ih hirv~h
| ih hdo`v~h bfi bk~k bf ih
ghdk) ih blrhdolh fdr~f ih h~rloviholkdf | ih fr~vorv~h fh fd mfdf~hi$
Dk f rlfdfd fd ovfdrh bfrhiif vsf~aolhif) rhif okgk `vfiih bhorlih~f)
idfh) olohr~lof k volfbhb) h okgk ih vh) xvf svfbfd qh~lh~ bf rhgh'
k fd vd n~fqf sf~kbk bf rlfgsk$
_l nlfd f olf~rk xvf ih fr~vorv~h bf ik `vfk | ih h~rloviholkdf bf ihghdk kd ~hmk ~fihrlqhgfdrf okdrhdrf) dk knrhdrf kr~h ol~ovdrhdolh)
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8?Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmh bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
okgk vdh ldhghold k vdh ifsld) vfbfd qh~lh~ ih fsr~vorv~h nsloh bf ih
ghdk blaovirhdbk ih hvrfdrlohold$
fokdkolglfdrk bf ~frldh
Fi fsodf~ nlkgr~lok bf ih ~frldh sf nhsh
fd ih vrlilzhold bfi hr~d bf iks qhsks
shdmvdfks okdrfdlbks fd ih glsgh$ Fi
`fo`k bf xvf ohbh hr~d sfh dlok (ld'
oivsk fd mfgfiks lbdrloks hi sf~ ldbf'fdblfdrf bf hork~fs mfdrloks, | xvf sf
ghdrfdmh ldqh~lhnif h ik ih~mk bfi rlfgk)
ih okdqlf~rfd fd vdh rodloh lbdfh h~h
fdrk~dks bf hirh sfmv~lbhb$
Sfsf h xvf sv rhsh bf hisks kslrlqks sfh ~orlohgfdrf dvih) fsrh rfodk'
ikmh rlfdf vd ldokdqfdlfdrf okdslbf~hnif |h xvf fs dfofsh~lh ih rkrhi okih'
nk~hold k~ h~rf bfi vsvh~lk hi r~hrh~sf bf vd ~kofsk xvf vfbf ~fsvirh~
ldogkbk$ Ih rkgh bf ih gvfsr~h sf ~fhilzh h h~rl~ bf ih vlih) ik xvf ~f'
xvlf~f xvf fi vsvh~lk f~ghdfzoh ldgqli | gv| of~oh bfi sfdsk~ bv~hdrf ih
ohrv~h bf ih lghmfd$ Dk knsrhdrf) fi vsk bf vdh ogh~h bf ld~h~~kjks h~h
ih ohrv~h fqlrh fi ~lfsmk bf xvf fi kjk vfbh ~fsvirh~ bhhbk fd fi ~kofsk$
Kr~hs k~ghs bf nlkgfr~h aslkimloh
Fplsrfd hbfgs kr~hs rodlohs xvf hdhilzhd:
Idfhs bf ih high bf ih ghdk
Fsr~vorv~h bf ihs qfdhs bf iks bfbks k ihs gvfohs
Ak~gh bf ihs k~fjhs
Slfi) rfprv~h bf ih svf~aolf b~gloh
HBD) hr~kdfs f~skdhifs fd fi mfdkgh `vghdk
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8/3/2019 Guia de Tecnologias Biometricas
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
82 Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmh bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
Fsrhs rodlohs skd rkbhqh fpr~fghbhgfdrf dkqfbkshs | sv vsk sf ~fbvof
~orlohgfdrf fd fpoivslqlbhb hi gnlrk k~fdsf k bf ldqfsrlmhold$ Fsrh hi'
rh bf ghbv~fz `hof xvf sv lgihdrhold ~fsfdrf gh|k~fs ~knifghs xvffd fi ~fsrk bf iks ohsks) |h sfh k~ gfdk~ faoholh k k~ dfofslrh~ gh|k~fs
fsvf~zks fd fi ~kofshglfdrk bf ih ldk~ghold$
H fsh~ bf fsrhs ilglrholkdfs) sf vfbf bfsrhoh~) okgk fjfgik bf ohsk bf
plrk fd ih lgihdrhold bf fsrhs rodlohs gs dkqfbkshs) ih hbkold bfi
hdilsls bf ih fsr~vorv~h bf ihs qfdhs bf ihs ghdks k~ h~rf bf himvdhs fd'
rlbhbfs nhdoh~lhs fd Jhd | ^fniloh O`foh h~h ih lbfdrlaohold bf svs
oilfdrfs okd fsodf~fs ldrfm~hbks fd ohjf~ks hvrkgrloks$
>$>$ RFODKKM_ LKRLO_ BF OKKRLFDRK
Ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs bf okgk~rhglfdrk sf oh~horf~lzhd k~ okdsl'
bf~h~ fd fi ~kofsk bf lbfdrlaohold ~hsmks bf~lqhbks bf vdh hoold ~fhil'
zhbh k~ vdh f~skdh$ Sk~ rhdrk) ldoiv|fd ih qh~lhnif rlfgk) |h xvf rkbh
hoold rlfdf vd okglfdzk) vd bfsh~~kiik | vd adhi$
fokdkolglfdrk bf a~gh
Fsrh rodloh hdhilzh ih a~gh ghdvso~lrh h~h okda~gh~ ih lbfdrlbhb bfi vsvh'
~lk a~ghdrf$
Fplsrfd bks qh~lhdrfs h ih `k~h bf lbfdrlaoh~ h ihs f~skdhs sfmd sv a~gh:
Okgh~hold slgif: sf okdslbf~h fi m~h'bk bf h~folbk fdr~f bks a~ghs) ih k~lmldhi |
ih xvf fsr slfdbk qf~laohbh$
Qf~laohold bldgloh: sf `hof vd hdil'sls bf ih k~gh) ih qfikolbhb) ih ~fsld bf
ih ivgh+nkim~hk | ih bv~hold bfi ~kof'
sk bf a~gh$ Dk sf okdslbf~h slmdlaohrlqhih k~gh k fi hsfork bf ih a~gh) sldk iks
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8/3/2019 Guia de Tecnologias Biometricas
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86Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmh bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
ohgnlks fd ih qfikolbhb | ih ~fsld xvf kov~~fd bv~hdrf fi ~kofsk) |h xvf
sik fi a~ghdrf k~lmldhi vfbf ~f~kbvol~ fsrhs oh~horf~srlohs$
fokdkolglfdrk bf qkz
Ihs hiloholkdfs bf ~fokdkolglfdrk bf
qkz vshd ~fbfs dfv~kdhifs h~h h~fdbf~
h lbfdrlaoh~ qkofs$ Iks himk~lrgks bfnfd
gfbl~ | fsrlgh~ ih slglilrvb h~h bfqki'
qf~ vd ~fsvirhbk k vdh ilsrh bf kslnifsohdblbhrks$ Ih lbfdrlaohold sf okgil'
oh bfnlbk h hork~fs okgk fi ~vlbk bf
kdbk) k~ ik xvf slfg~f fs dfofsh~lk
okdslbf~h~ vd gh~mfd bf f~~k~$
H fsh~ bf xvf slmvfd fplsrlfdbk blaovirhbfs h~h ~fokdkof~ ih k~gh dhrv~hi
bf `hnih~ bf olf~rks ldblqlbvks) fsrh rfodkikmh ovfdrh okd ih qfdrhjh bf xvf
fi blskslrlqk bf hbxvlslold fs slgifgfdrf vd glo~kdk (ldrfm~hbks bfsbf
`hof hks fd rfikdks | k~bfdhbk~fs f~skdhifs, k~ ik xvf dk ~fxvlf~f bf
ldqf~slkdfs hblolkdhifs$
Ih vrlilzhold bf fsrf grkbk fsr gs fprfdblbh fd slsrfghs bf ~fsvfs'
rh k~ qkz | fd ofdr~ks bf hrfdold bf iihghbhs rfifdlohs (ohii ofdrf~,xvf fd fi okdr~ki bf hoofsk slok h fblaolks k h ~fbfs | fxvlks ldk~g'
rloks$
fokdkolglfdrk bf fso~lrv~h bf rfoihbk
Fsrh rodloh sf nhsh fd fi `fo`k bf ih
fplsrfdolh bf vd hr~d bf fso~lrv~h fd
rfoihbk xvf fs f~ghdfdrf | ~klk bf
ohbh ldblqlbvk$ Bf fsrf gkbk) sf glbf
ih vf~zh bf rfoifk) ih bv~hold bf ih vi'
shold | fi f~lkbk bf rlfgk xvf hshfdr~f xvf sf ~fslkdh vdh rfoih | kr~h$
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8/3/2019 Guia de Tecnologias Biometricas
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
81 Oh~horf~srlohs | rlkikmh bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
Ih ~ldolhi qfdrhjh bf fsrh rodloh fs xvf ih ldqf~sld dfofsh~lh fd sfdsk~fs
fs ~orlohgfdrf dvih) |h xvf iks rfoihbks bf k~bfdhbk~ fsrd ~fsfdrfs
fd girlifs hsforks bf dvfsr~h qlbh okrlblhdh |) hbfgs) fsrd hirhgfdrfhofrhbks k~ ih knihold) xvf `hof vsk bf fiiks h blh~lk$ Bf fsrf gkbk iks
oksrks bf lgihdrhold sf ofdr~h~hd fd fi skr}h~f$
fokdkolglfdrk bf ih k~gh bf hdbh~
Fsrf grkbk rkgh okgk ~ff~fdolh ih k~gh bf
ohgldh~ bf vdh f~skdh$ Fsrf hork sf m~hnh | sfskgfrf h vd ~kofsk hdhirlok xvf mfdf~h vdh
ihdrliih nlkgr~loh dloh bf~lqhbh bf blo`k okg'
k~rhglfdrk$
Fsrh rfodkikmh fsr rkbhqh fd bfsh~~kiik | dk `h
hiohdzhbk hd iks dlqfifs bf ~fdblglfdrk dfofsh'
~lks h~h sf~ lgihdrhbh bf ghdf~h slglih~ hi ~fsrk
bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs$
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8=Vsks | hiloholkdfs
?$ Vsks | hiloholkdfsVshbh okgk k~gh dloh bf hvrfdrlohold k okgnldhbh okd kr~hs
gfblbhs (okgk rh~jfrhs ldrfilmfdrfs) oihqfs bf fdo~lrhold k a~'
ghs blmlrhifs,) ih nlkgfr~h fsr bfsrldhbh h fprfdbf~sf fd gvo`ks
hsforks bf dvfsr~h qlbh blh~lh$
Ihs ~ldolhifs oh~horf~srlohs bf ih nlkgfr~h) xvf ih blsrldmvfd bf kr~ks slsrf'
ghs bf hvrfdrlohold vbldbksf bfadl~ okgk svs vdrks vf~rfs skd: l, vf'
bf hskolh~sf h vd ldblqlbvk fd okdo~frk (k~ fi okdr~h~lk vdh okdr~hsfh kb~h
sf~ vshbh k~ kr~h f~skdh xvf dk sfh fi vsvh~lk hvrk~lzhbk,5 ll, sv okgkblbhb)|h xvf dk fs dfofsh~lk rfdf~ k ~fok~bh~ himk5 lll, fs hirhgfdrf ~fslsrfdrf hi ~hvbf$
Ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs xvf sf `hd bfso~lrk fd fi ohrvik hdrf~lk~ skd
vrlilzhbhs fd blqf~sks fdrk~dks | okd blf~fdrfs adhilbhbfs$
Fi okdrfprk fd fi xvf sf qh|h h hiloh~ (okihnk~hrlqk) h blsrhdolh) ~fsfdolhi)
fro$, | ih adhilbhb f~sfmvlbh (okdr~ki bf hoofsks) okdr~ki bf ~fsfdolh) okd'
r~ki bf lbfdrlbhb+f~skdhilbhb) ivo`h okdr~h fi ~hvbf) fro$, sf~d iks fifgfdrks
xvf bfrf~gldfd xv rfodkikmh okdo~frh fs ih gs h~klhbh fd ohbh ohsk$
?$8$ LOOLKDF_ ORVF_ BF _ RFODKKM_ LKRLO_
Fd ih horvhilbhb ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs sf vfbfd vrlilzh~ fd vd hgilk
hnhdlok bf hiloholkdfs$ Hblolkdhigfdrf) fplsrfd idfhs bf ldqfsrlmhold bf
oh~h h vrv~ks vsks xvf h~fofd fsfolhigfdrf ~kgfrfbk~hs$
Okdr~ki bf hoofsks sloks | imloks
Vdh bf ihs hiloholkdfs fd ihs xvf gs fprfdblbk fsr fi vsk bf ih
nlkgfr~h fs fi okdr~ki bf hoofsks) |h sfh srf slok (k~ fjfgik
hoofsk h fblaolks k fsholks ~fsr~ldmlbks, k imlok (hoofsk h slsrf'
ghs) ~km~hghs k fxvlks ldk~grloks,$
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8/3/2019 Guia de Tecnologias Biometricas
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
80 Vsks | hiloholkdfs
Horvhigfdrf) ih `vfiih bhorlih~ fs ih skiv'
old gh|k~lrh~lh h~h fsrf vsk fd Fshh
bfnlbk h sv hirk m~hbk bf ghbv~fz) xvff~glrf fi fsrhnifolglfdrk bf ~folks
okgfrlrlqks) | h ih vshnlilbhb xvf k~fof$
Dk knsrhdrf) | hvdxvf sv ~fsfdolh sfh
gfdk~) fi ~fokdkolglfdrk bf l~ls | fi ~f'
okdkolglfdrk holhi sf ~fsfdrhd okgk
hirf~dhrlqhs h ih `vfiih bhorlih~ fd fsrf
rlk bf hiloholkdfs$
Fd kohslkdfs) h~h fi okdr~ki bf hoofsk h zkdhs bf hirh sfmv~lbhb) sf `hof
vsk bf vdh okgnldhold bf rodlohs$ Vd fjfgik fs fi vsk bf vdh okdr~hsfh
k rh~jfrh bf lbfdrlaohold hblolkdhi h ih `vfiih bhorlih~) k ih okgnldhold bf bks
rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs) bfdkgldhbh nlkgfr~h nlgkbhi$ Hs) sf vfbfd okg'
nldh~ bks hork~fs bf lbfdrlaohold: k~ vd ihbk xvld k ogk sf fs (nlkgfr~h,
| k~ kr~k ik xvf sf shnf k sf rlfdf (okdr~hsfhs | rh~jfrhs) k~ fjfgik,$
Bfi glsgk gkbk xvf sf `hd ldsrhihbk sfdsk~fs fd ih fdr~hbh bf fblaolks |
shihs bf hoofsk ~fsr~ldmlbk) ohbh qfz gs sf ldrfm~hd sfdsk~fs nlkgr~loks
fd iks k~bfdhbk~fs ok~k~hrlqks bf oh~h h mfsrlkdh~ ih hvrfdrlohold fd
slsrfghs | hiloholkdfs gfblhdrf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs$
Okdr~ki bf ~fsfdolh
Iks grkbks vrlilzhbks r~hblolk'dhigfdrf h~h ~fmlsr~h~ h blh~lk iks
`k~h~lks fd iks xvf iks fgifhbks
hoofbfd | hnhdbkdhd svs ~fsforl'
qks vfsrks bf r~hnhjk svfifd fsrh~
nhshbks fd fi vsk bf vd SLD k vdh
rh~jfrh f~skdhi$
Vdk bf iks ~ldolhifs ldokdqfdlfd'rfs xvf ~fsfdrhd fsrks grkbks fs
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8/3/2019 Guia de Tecnologias Biometricas
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8
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8/3/2019 Guia de Tecnologias Biometricas
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
>3 Vsks | hiloholkdfs
slsrfghs nlkgr~loks h~h ~fqfdl~ fsrf bfilrk) okd fi knjfrlqk bf fqlrh~ fi
mhsrk bf kdbks niloks bf k~gh l~~fmvih~$ Vd fjfgik okdo~frk bf fiik fs
sv vsk fd ih mfsrld bf iks sf~qlolks shdlrh~lks mvnf~dhgfdrhifs k~folbksh bkglolilk fd Fsrhbks Vdlbks$ Fd fsrf ohsk) sf qf~laoh nlkgr~lohgfdrf
xvf fi f~skdhi shdlrh~lk sf `h ~fsfdrhbk fd ihs qlqlfdbhs hbfovhbhs | `hd
k~folbk iks sf~qlolks horv~hbks$
Ldqfsrlmhold bf bfilrks
Fd kohslkdfs) ihs `vfiihs ~fokmlbhs bf ih fsofdh bf vd bfilrk) skd ksrf~lk~'gfdrf okrfjhbhs h r~hqs bfi ~km~hgh HAL_ (Hvrkghrfb Aldmf~s~ldr Lbfdrla'ohrlkd _|rfg, k himd kr~k ~km~hgh bf~lqhbk bfi glsgk$
Okdo~frhgfdrf fd Fshh)
sf vrlilzh fi slsrfgh _HLB
(_lsrfgh Hvrkgrlok bf
Lbfdrlaohold Bhorlih~,) fd fi
xvf sf ghdrlfdf vd ~fmlsr~k
bf ihs `vfiihs bf ldblqlbvks
okd hdrfofbfdrfs$ Dk kns'
rhdrf) fsrh nhsf bf bhrks
fs rkrhigfdrf ldbffdblfd'
rf bf ih xvf highofdh ihs
`vfiihs bhorlih~fs ~fmlsr~hbhs fd fi ~kofsk bf knrfdold bfi Bkovgfdrk
Dholkdhi bf Lbfdrlbhb) k~ ik xvf ihs Avf~zhs bf _fmv~lbhb skihgfdrf
vfbfd vrlilzh~ fd fsrks ohsks ihs `vfiihs rkghbhs fd fsofdh~lks bf himd
o~lgfd k bf f~skdhs okd hdrfofbfdrfs$
Ihs `vfiihs bhorlih~fs fifor~dlohs sf ~fglrfd) jvdrk okd iks bhrks bfgkm~'
aoks h~h lbfdrlaoh~ k qf~laoh~ ih lbfdrlbhb bf ih f~skdh$ Ihs nsxvfbhs
vfbfd rh~bh~ gldvrks) `k~hs k bhs) bffdblfdbk bf ih ohilbhb bf ih ldk~'
ghold ~fsfdrhbh | fi rhghk bf ih nhsf bf bhrks fd xvf sf nvsoh$
Fsrf slsrfgh ~kofsh vdh k qh~lhs `vfiihs bhorlih~fs bfsokdkolbhs) nvsohd'
bk okldolbfdolhs hvrkgrlohgfdrf fd vdh nhsf bf bhrks bkdbf ~fqlhgfdrfsf `hd highofdhbk rkbhs ihs `vfiihs sksfo`kshs$
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>8Vsks | hiloholkdfs
Kr~hs iloholkdfs
Fplsrfd hiloholkdfs h~h rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs gv| qh~lhbhs | ok~~fs'kdblfdrfs h ohrfmk~hs blf~fdrfs bf ihs |h gfdolkdhbhs$
h, Ohii'ofdrf~s
Ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs sf f~aihd okgk ihs gs lbdfhs fd fi
gnlrk bf ihs krfdolhifs rfodkikmhs h hiloh~ fd iks ofdr~ks bf hrfd'
old bf iihghbhs$ Vd fjfgik fs sv vsk fd ih nhdoh rfifdloh) xvf fd
iks irlgks hks fsr o~folfdbk fd fi gf~ohbk$ Okdslbf~hdbk xvf h~h
~fhilzh~ ovhixvlf~ kf~hold ~fqlhgfdrf sf bfnf qf~laoh~ ih lbfdrlbhb
bf ohbh oilfdrf fd ohbh iihghbh) fi vsk bfi ~fokdkolglfdrk k~ qkz) ~f'
svirh fd vd hvgfdrk bf ih sfmv~lbhb | ih ~fdrhnlilbhb hi glsgk rlfgk)
|h xvf hrfsrlmvh xvf fi ldrf~ikovrk~ ~fhigfdrf fs fi oilfdrf xvf blof sf~
| filgldh ih dfofslbhb bf okdrh~ okd f~skdhi xvf hrlfdbh ih iihghbh$
n, fblk bf hmk
Fi vsk bf ih nlkgfr~h fd rf~gldhifs bf vdrk bf qfdrh (RSQ, `h ~f'bvolbk fi rlfgk fgifhbk fd r~hdshoolkdfs | `h ~fbvolbk ihs ksl'
nlilbhbfs bf f~~k~fs k okdvslkdfs$ Okgk fjfgik) `h| okifmlks xvf
|h vrlilzhd ih `vfiih bhorlih~ h~h fi hmk bfi gfd fd fi okgfbk~)
filgldhdbk ~knifghs ~fiholkdhbks okd ih ~blbh bf rh~jfrhs) kiql'
bk bf dgf~ks bf lbfdrlaohold) r~hdshoolkdfs ghdvhifs | oh~mks h
ovfdrhs f~~dfhs$
o, Okdr~ki h~fdrhi
@k| fd bh sf vfbfd vsh~ okdr~kifs h~fdrhifs gfblhdrf `vfiih bho'
rlih~ hilohbks hi hoofsk h ~fbfs skolhifs | h bfrf~gldhbks slrlks }fn)
ldoiv|fdbk ihs ~fsr~loolkdfs xvf iks hb~fs `h|hd bfrf~gldhbk) k~
fjfgik) fi air~hbk bf okdrfdlbks) ih nsxvfbh bf mldhs k fi vsk
olf~rks sf~qlolks k h h~rl~ bf olf~rhs `k~hs$
b, Qlmlihdolh
Ihs rodlohs nlkgr~lohs skd vrlilzhbhs okgk gfblbh bf qlmlihdolhh~h lbfdrlaoh~ o~lgldhifs | sksfo`ksks fdr~f gvirlrvbfs$ Fsrf ohsk
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
>> Vsks | hiloholkdfs
bf vsk ~fxvlf~f bf ~hsmks nlkgr~loks xvf vfbhd sf~ hbxvl~lbks h
vdh blsrhdolh gfblh$ Ih rfodkikmh gs vrlilzhbh fs fi ~fokdkolglfdrk
holhi) f~k sf fsrd fgfzhdbk h bfsh~~kiih~ slsrfghs xvf vrlilzhd ihk~gh bf hdbh~ okgk ~hsmk nlkgr~lok$
f, R~hdshoolkdfs gfblhdrf blskslrlqks gqlifs
Fd ih horvhilbhb ihs rodlohs nlkgr~lohs sf fsrd okgfdzhdbk h fg'
ifh~ fd blskslrlqks gqlifs okd fi knjfrlqk bf ~krfmf~ bfrf~gldh'
bhs hiloholkdfs) ~fhilzh~ hmks k h~h ih mfsrld bf okdr~hsfhs$ Fd
fsrf sfdrlbk ohnf bfsrhoh~ ih rfodkikmh DAO (Dfh~ Alfib Okggvdloh'
rlkd, ldrfm~hbh fd iksgh~rs`kdf bf irlgh mfdf~hold | vrlilzhbh fdokgnldhold okd nlkgfr~h h~h ih ~fhilzhold bf hmks$ _f ~fq xvf
fsrh sf~ vdh bf ihs ~ldolhifs idfhs bf ldqfsrlmhold vrv~h bfnlbk
h sv m~hd krfdolhi$
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>?Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
2$ fdfaolks bfi vskbf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohsIh lgihdrhold bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs okdiifqh vd okdjvdrk bf qfdrhjhs
rhdrk h~h fdrlbhbfs nilohs | ~lqhbhs okgk h~h iks vsvh~lks adhifs$
2$8$ _ FDRLBBF_ V_VL_
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vgfdrk bf ih sfmv~lbhb
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bvk vfbf hoofbf~ h zkdhs ~fsr~ldmlbhs k ~fhilzh~
kf~holkdfs dk f~glrlbhs) ldovihdbk h rf~of~ks$
Hslglsgk) fs kslnif xvf fsrhs o~fbfdolhifs sf
okgh~rhd qkivdrh~lhgfdrf fdr~f fgifhbks$
Rhdrk fi ~knk okgk ih vrlilzhold k~ h~rf bf
qh~lks vsvh~lks bf ihs glsghs o~fbfdolhifs) sv'
kdfd vdh m~hqf n~fo`h fd ih sfmv~lbhb fd ihs
fdrlbhbfs xvf vfbf sf~ fqlrhbh$ H r~hqs bf
ih lgifgfdrhold bf slsrfghs nlkgr~loks) sf
hvgfdrh ih sfmv~lbhb ~fbvolfdbk ih ~knhnlilbhb
bf xvf himvlfd dk hvrk~lzhbk hoofbh h zkdhs k hhiloholkdfs ~fsr~ldmlbhs$
_ld bvbh) vdh bf ihs qfdrhjhs gs lgk~rhdrfs bf ih vrlilzhold bf
rodlohs nlkgr~lohs h~h ih hvrfdrlohold bf vsvh~lks fs xvf mh'
~hdrlzhd xvf ih f~skdh fs xvlfd blof sf~) fs bfol~) xvf iks ~hsmks
nlkgr~loks sf fdovfdr~hd fpoivslqhgfdrf ilmhbks h sv ifmrlgkvsvh~lk$
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
>2 Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
fbvoold bf oksrfs bf ghdrfdlglfdrk
_l nlfd ihs rodlohs r~hblolkdhifs okgk fi vsk bf okdr~hsfhs k rh~jfrhs bf
lbfdrlaohold ~fxvlf~fd vdh ldqf~sld gv| nhjh fd sv lgihdrhold) dk kns'
rhdrf) okdiifqhd oksrfs fifqhbks hskolhbks h sv mfsrld blh~lh$ Fsrh fs ih okd'
sfovfdolh bf vdk bf iks ~lfsmks gs fqlbfdrfs hskolhbks h fsrf rlk bf g'
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~knhbhs v kiqlbhbhs$
_ld fgnh~mk) fd fi ohsk bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs bkdbf ih ldqf~sld ldlolhi
vfbf iifmh~ h sf~ fifqhbh fd fi ohsk bf xvf sfh dfofsh~lk okg~h~ blskslrlqksk skr}h~f bf hbxvlslold | ~kofshglfdrk bf gvfsr~hs vdh qfz ih rfodkikmh
fsr fd vdolkdhglfdrk | svs vsvh~lks hoksrvgn~hbks h vsh~ih) fi oksrf bf ghd'
rfdlglfdrk fs gv| ~fbvolbk) |h xvf dk sf bhd iks ~lfsmks hdrf~lk~gfdrf ~ff~lbks$
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mhs ov|k oksrf bf lgihdrhold dk fs gv| hirk)
okgk ih `vfiih bhorlih~) fi ~fokdkolglfdrk bf
qkz) fi ~fokdkolglfdrk holhi k fi ~fokdkolglfd'rk bf fso~lrv~h bf rfoihbk$
vgfdrk bf ih faolfdolh
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sks f lbfdrlaohold gfblhdrf rodlohs dk nlkgr~lohs svkdf) fd kohslkdfs)
vdh ldqf~sld fpofslqh bf rlfgk$ H qfofs) hvdxvf fi ~kofsk bv~f kokssfmvdbks) sl fs ~fhilzhbk k~ vd m~hd dgf~k bf vsvh~lks fd vd ok~rk f~k'
bk bf rlfgk) vfbf ~fsvirh~ hirhgfdrf ldfaolfdrf$ Fsrk svofbf) k~ fjfg'
ik) fd iks hoofsks h m~hdbfs fblaolks bf kaoldhs k fd fi okdr~ki ~kdrf~lzk
bf vd hf~kvf~rk fd `k~hs bf gplgh hvfdolh$
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~fdrfs ohsks | ih dfofsh~lh k~ghold bf iks vsvh~lks (vdhs dkolkdfs nslohs
bf vrlilzhold, sf vfbf hvgfdrh~ okdslbf~hnifgfdrf ih faolfdolh bf iks ~k'ofsks okd fi okdslmvlfdrf nfdfaolk fokdglok ~fsvirhdrf h~h ih fdrlbhb$
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>6Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
fbvoold bfi ~hvbf ldrf~dk
Vdk bf iks grkbks gs `hnlrvhifs bf okgfrf~ ~hvbf ldrf~dk fd fg~fshs
| fd k~mhdlsgks niloks fs ih lgvrhold bf `k~hs bf r~hnhjk ldfplsrfd'
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xvf ao`hd fd sv ivmh~$ Okgk okdsfovfdolh bf fiik) ih fg~fsh fsrh~h~fgvdf~hdbk hi fgifhbk k~ vdhs `k~hs bf r~hnhjk xvf) fd ~fhilbhb) dk `h
~fhilzhbk$
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`k~h~lk bf iks fgifhbks vfbf h|vbh~ h ~fqfdl~ fsrf rlk bf ~hvbf)
qf~laohdbk gfblhdrf blf~fdrfs grkbks rhdrk fi rlfgk bf r~hnhjk lgv'
rhbk) okgk xvf fi r~hnhjhbk~ xvf ~fmlsr~h sv fdr~hbh fs ~fhigfdrf xvlfd
blof sf~$
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sfh gs faolfdrf) gs sfmv~h | ~fbvzoh fi ~hvbf ldrf~dk$ Fs k~ fiik xvf)
svghbk h rkbhs ihs qfdrhjhs bfso~lrhs hdrf~lk~gfdrf) sf ~kbvof vdh lgk~'
rhdrf gfjk~h fd ih kldld mfdf~hi skn~f ih okghh$ Hs glsgk) sf hskolh'
~h ih fdrlbhb okd ih lddkqhold) ih ldqf~sld fd ldqfsrlmhold | bfsh~~kiik | ih
hvfsrh k~ rfodkikmh vdrf~h$
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bk h ohnk fd rk~dk h ih nlkgfr~h vfbf ~fsvirh~ fd ih kf~rh bf dvfqks sf~ql'
olks fd vd vrv~k of~ohdk$ Fsrks sf~qlolks hnh~ohd blqf~shs hiloholkdfs fd
fi sfork~ shdlrh~lk) fi hmk gfblhdrf blskslrlqks gqlifs) okdr~ki h~fdrhi)
qlbfkqlmlihdolh) fro$
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
>1 Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
2$>$ K_ V_VLK_ LDF_
Iks vsvh~lks adhifs rhgnld sf qfd hqk~folbks k~ ih lgihdrhold bf rfo'dkikmhs nlkgr~lohs$ H okdrldvhold sf bfso~lnfd iks ~ldolhifs nfdfaolks
xvf ifs ~fk~rhd$
vgfdrk bf ih okgkblbhb
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hvrfdrlohold | okdr~ki bf hoofsks svkdfd vd hvgfdrk okdslbf~h'
nif bf okgkblbhb h~h iks vsvh~lks fd ih ~fhilzhold bf fsrhs rh~fhs$
Fi fgifk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs filgldh ih dfofslbhb bf ~fok~bh~ girlifs
okdr~hsfhs xvf) k~ sfmv~lbhb) sf bfnfd ohgnlh~ ohbh ok~rk f~lkbk bf rlfg'
k$ Fd fsrf sfdrlbk) fi vsvh~lk rhgkok sf rfdb~ xvf kdf~ fd okdrhork) shiqk
fpofolkdfs) okd fi sf~qlolk bf skk~rf ldk~grlok k bf hrfdold hi oilfdrf h~h~fsrhv~h~ svs o~fbfdolhifs bfnlbk hi kiqlbk bf okdr~hsfhs dl bfnf~ fpr~fgh~
ihs ~fohvolkdfs h~h ~fsf~qh~ ih ~lqholbhb bf ihs glsghs$ Bfi glsgk gkbk)
rhgkok if ~fsvirh~ dfofsh~lk iifqh~ okdslmk dldmvdh rh~jfrh bf lbfdrlaohold
fd rkbk gkgfdrk dl fplsrl~ fi ~lfsmk bf f~bf~ih k bf xvf sf bhf$
fbvoold bf rlfgks bf fsf~h
Ih lbfdrlaohold | okdr~ki bf hoofsks ~fhil'zhbks k~ grkbks r~hblolkdhifs svkdfd
rlfgks bf fsf~h xvf ~fsvirhd gkifsrks
h~h fi vsvh~lk$ Fi vsk fforlqk bf ih nlk'
gfr~h vfbf ~fbvol~ okdslbf~hnifgfdrf
ih fsf~h |) k~ rhdrk) nfdfaolh~ hi vsvh'
~lk$ Bf fsrf gkbk) fd blf~fdrfs ohsks bf
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fd hf~kvf~rks) rlfdbhs) ofdr~ks bf kolk)fdrlbhbfs nhdoh~lhs) fro$
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>=Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
kslnlilbhb bf r~hglrholkdfs ~fgkrhs
Fs kslnif fgifh~ rodlohs nlkgr~lohs okgk k~gh bf qf~laohold fd kf'
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a~ghs fifor~dlohs horvhifs$ Bf fsrh k~gh sf vfbfd ~fbvol~ iks r~hsihbks |
r~glrfs lddfofsh~lks f ldokdqfdlfdrfs h~h fi vsvh~lk adhi$
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okdsfovfdolh bf iks ~lfsmks xvf glrlmhd$ Fsrk ~fbvdbh fd nfdfaolk
h~h fi vsvh~lk hi ~fbvol~ ihs kslnlilbhbfs bf xvf vd rf~of~k svihdrf
sv lbfdrlbhb h~h ih okglsld bf himd bfilrk k ~kqkoh~if himd rlk
bf f~jvlolk$
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ih ivo`h okdr~h fi o~lgfd rhgnld ~fvf~zh ih sfdshold bf sfmv~lbhb bf iks
olvbhbhdks$
vgfdrk bf ih ~lqholbhb
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f~skdhi bf iks olvbhbhdks fd ihs gi'rlifs r~hdshoolkdfs xvf `hofd vsk bf
fiiks) fs kr~k bf iks hsforks ~fk~zhbks
k~ ih hilohold bf rodlohs nlkgr~l'
ohs$
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rhb xvf svkdf ih hislaohold bf ~hsmks
nlkgr~loks okd fi knjfrlqk bf hoofbf~h ih ldk~ghold f~skdhi bf vd vsvh~lk$
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
>0 Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
hglilh~lzhold okd rfodkikmh hqhdzhbh
Fi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hof~oh fd gvo`hs kohslkdfs rfodkikmh vd'
rf~h) hilohbh fd sfdsk~fs bf irlgh mfdf~hold) h ih olvbhbhdh$ Sfsf h ihs
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bf rfodkikmh fd fi bh h bh bfi olvbhbhdk sf okdqlf~rf fd himk gs sfdoliik |
`hnlrvhi$
2$? OKRLQ OKD KRK_ _L_RF_ BF VRFDRLOOLDF LBFDRLLOOLD VRKRLO
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nif fsrhnifof~ vdh okgh~hold bl~forh fdr~f hgnhs) bfsrhohdbk nfdfaolks
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r~hblolkdhifs skd svf~lk~fs$
_f `hd bf okdslbf~h~ iks slmvlfdrfs hsforks:
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gfr~h dk ~fxvlf~f bf fsrhs gfblbhs bf ~krfoold xvf skd fpoivsl'
qhgfdrf bffdblfdrfs bfi vsvh~lk$
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kslnlilbhb bf ~blbh: Ihs okdr~hsfhs skd oligfdrf kiqlbhnifs| ihs rh~jfrhs sf vfbfd f~bf~$ Iks ~hsmks nlkgr~loks f~ghdfofd
ldqh~lhnifs shiqk fd okdrhbhs fpofolkdfs | slfg~f fsrd okd fi
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fmlsr~k ldlolhi | kslnlilbhb bf ~fmfdf~hold: Ih holilbhb okd ihxvf sf vfbf fdqlh~ vdh okdr~hsfh k rh~jfrh dvfqh okdr~hsrh okd
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>
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
?3 Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
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xvf fd fi ohsk bf vd slsrfgh nhshbk fd gvfsr~hs nlkgr~lohs fsgs oksrksk$
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fblbhs bf ~fqfdold
vrfdrlohold bf vsvh~lks ~fhifs
Oksrf bf lgihdrhold
Oksrf bf ghdrfdlglfdrk
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?8Nfdfaolks bfi vsk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs
Hdrf ihs blf~fdolhs bf hgnks grkbks) `h| xvf ~fshirh~ fi `fo`k bf xvf
sf okgifgfdrhd bf k~gh rlgh) fsfolhigfdrf fd fdrk~dks bf gplgh
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?> Mfsrld bf ~lfsmks fd nlkgfr~h
6$ Mfsrld bf ~lfsmks fd nlkgfr~hIh lgihdrhold | fi fgifk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs fsrd fpvfsrks h
vdh sf~lf bf ~lfsmks) himvdks fsfoaoks | kr~ks okgh~rlbks okd ihs bf'
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fdr~f slsrfghs$ Fsrhs oh~fdolhs bfgvfsr~hd ih dfofslbhb bf vd gh|k~ bfsh'
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sf bf ldk~ghold fpoivslqh | fpr~fghbh'
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??Mfrld bf ~lfmk fd nlkgfr~h
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bhrk bf oh~orf~ sf~kdhi h rkbk ik ffork ifmhif sk~ ik xvf v r~hrhglfd'
rk f fdovfdr~h kgfrlbk hi ovgsilglfdrk bf ih blrldrh fplmfdolh bf oh~o'
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F dfofh~lk rfdf~ fd ovfdrh xvf ih Hmfdolh Fshkih bf S~k'
rfoold bf Bhrk (HFSB, `h bfadlbk ik bhrk nlkgr~lok okgk
hxvfiik hsfork lok xvf) gfblhdrf vd hdill rodlok) sf~'
glrfd blrldmvl~ ih ldmvih~lbhbf xvf okdov~~fd ~fsfork bf bl'
o`k hsfork | xvf) ~fvirhdbk xvf f lgsklnif ih okldolbfdolh
bf rhif hsfork fd bk ldblqlbvk) vdh qfz s~kofhbk) sf~glrfd
f~ql~ sh~h lbfdrlaoh~ hi ldblqlbvk fd ovfrld) rhi | okgk f bf'
s~fdbf bf qh~lk bf v ldk~gf jv~blok$
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
?2 Mfsrld bf ~lfsmks fd nlkgfr~h
Ih IKSB fsrhnifof vdh sf~lf bf knilmholkdfs | ~ldollks bf knilmhbk ovg'
ilglfdrk h~h rkbhs hxvfiihs fdrlbhbfs k fg~fshs) rhdrk bfi sfork~ nilok
okgk ~lqhbk) xvf r~hrfd bhrks bf oh~orf~ f~skdhi h~h fi bfsh~~kiik bf svhorlqlbhb$ H okdrldvhold sf bfrhiihd himvdhs bf iks bfnf~fs | knilmholkdfs
gs bfsrhohnifs:
Ldso~lnl~ iks ao`f~ks bf bhrks f~skdhifs fd fi ^fmlsr~k Mfdf~hi bf
S~krfoold bf Bhrks bf ih HFSB k nlfd) r~hrdbksf bf ao`f~ks bf rlrv'
ih~lbhb niloh) fd fi ^fmlsr~k bf ih Hvrk~lbhb hvrkdgloh okgfrfdrf$
Ldk~gh~ h iks vsvh~lks hforhbks fd ~fihold okd fi r~hrhglfdrk bfsvs bhrks f~skdhifs xvf sf bfsfh iifqh~ h ohnk$
_kilolrh~ | knrfdf~ fi okdsfdrlglfdrk bf iks vsvh~lks hforhbks
ovhdbk sfh dfofsh~lk$
Aholilrh~ h iks vsvh~lks fi fjf~ololk bf iks bf~fo`ks bf hoofsk)
~forlaohold) ohdofihold | kkslold (H^OK,$
Ovgil~ okd fi ~ldollk bf ohilbhb bf iks bhrks f~skdhifs | fsrh'
nifof~ fi bfdkgldhbk jvlolk bf ~kk~olkdhilbhb) fsrk fs) bfrf~gl'
dh~ fd ~fihold okd fi ad xvf sf ~frfdbf hiohdzh~ sl ih gfblbh fd
ovfsrld ~fsvirh lbdfh) dfofsh~lh k~ dk fplsrl~ kr~h gs gkbf~hbh
| mvh~bh fi dfofsh~lk fxvliln~lk k~ bf~lqh~sf gh|k~fs nfdfaolks$
^fmvih~ hbfovhbhgfdrf fi hoofsk h iks bhrks nlkgr~loks k~ h~rf
bf rf~of~ks ~fsrhbk~fs bf sf~qlolks$
Lgihdrh~ ihs gfblbhs bf sfmv~lbhb fplmlbhs k~ fi ^BIKSB) rhdrk
k~ fi ~fskdshnif bfi ao`f~k bf bhrks nlkgr~loks |) fd sv ohsk)
k~ fi fdoh~mhbk bfi r~hrhglfdrk$
H ih qlsrh bf rkbk ik hdrf~lk~) dk ohnf bvbh bf xvf vd r~hrhglfdrk ldhbfovhbk
vfbf bf~lqh~ fd vdh ld~hoold k ldovgilglfdrk bf ih dk~ghrlqh qlmfdrf fd
ghrf~lh bf ~krfoold bf bhrks f~skdhifs) okd ih okdsfovfdrf fpkslold
h shdolkdfs fovdlh~lhs | fi bfrf~lk~k bf ih lghmfd bf ih fdrlbhb$ Bf `fo`k)ihs shdolkdfs rllaohbhs fd ih IKSB qhd bfsbf fi gf~k hf~olnlglfdrk fd
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?6Mfrld bf ~lfmk fd nlkgfr~h
ik ohk g ifqf) `hrh gvirh xvf svfbfd hiohdzh~ ik 133$333 fv~k
sk~ ld~hoold fd ik ohk g m~hqf) ld kiqlbh~ ih sklnif ~foihghold
bf bhk | sf~jvlolk sk~ sh~rf bfi vjfrk hforhbk hdrf ih jv~lbloold olqli$
Sk~ kr~k ihbk) fd ik xvf ~fsforh fsfoaohgfdrf h ih gfblbh bf fmv~lbhb
h hbksrh~) h sfh~ bf xvf frk bhrk nlkgr~lok f `hd okdlbf~hbk) okd
oh~orf~ mfdf~hi) okgk bf dlqfi nlok bf okdk~glbhb okd fi ^BIKSB)
lfdbk fxvlsh~hnif h vdh lgsif bl~foold k vd dgf~k bf rfikdk) lfgs~f
f hokdfjhnif r~hrh~ frk bhrk okd ih gplgh ohvrfih | s~krfoold sklnif)
|h xvf fd gvo`k ohk fi vvh~lk adhi ik sf~olnf okgk bf vdh hirh fd'
lnlilbhb) s~folhgfdrf sk~ r~hrh~f bf ~hmk ldr~dfohgfdrf ilmhbk h vsf~kdh$
H frf ~fsfork) l nlfd fd ih ldgfdh gh|k~h bf ik ohk h ik lrfgh
|+k s~km~hgh ldk~grlok fd ql~rvb bf ik ovhif f r~hrfd bhrk nlkgr~l'
ok bf sf~kdh loh lbfdrlaohbh k lbfdrlaohnif f if bfnf~ hsiloh~ ih
gfblbh bf fmv~lbhb ohilaohbh okgk bf dlqfi nlok sk~ fi ^BIKSB (qf~
h~r$ 08 | $,) rdmhf fd ovfdrh xvf fd fi ohk bf xvf ik bhrk nlkgr~lok
knjfrk bf r~hrhglfdrk fd fi lrfgh svblffd hbfg fdokdr~h~f fqfdrvhi'
gfdrf hkolhbk k qldovihbk h ih hivb bf ik hforhbk (sk~ fjfgsik) h vdh
blohsholbhb, k h kr~k bhrk fsfolhigfdrf s~krfmlbk) skb~h ~fvirh~ rhg'
nld knilmhrk~lh ih lgsihdrhold bf ih gfblbh bf fmv~lbhb bf dlqfi gfblk
| hirk bf okdk~glbhb okd ik fplmlbk fd fi ~ff~lbk ^BIKSB$
Fd ih lmvlfdrf rhnih f okgsh~h fi lgshork fd ih s~lqholbhb fd vdold bfi
s~kofk bf hvrfdrlohold vrlilzhbk) fi rlsk bf rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh) fi k~'
ghrk bf ih gvfr~h | fi rhghk bf ih nhf bf bhrk bkdbf f highofdhd ih
gvfr~h:
Lgshork fd ih
s~lqholbhbS~kofk
Rlsk
bf rfodkikmhGvfr~h
Rlsk bf nhf
bf bhrk
Hirk Lbfdrlaohold AllkimlokLghmfd
nlkgr~loh
Nhf bf
bhrk m~hdbf+
ofdr~hilzhbh
Nhjk Qf~laoholdBf
okgsk~rhglfdrk
Gvfr~h
ol~hbh
Nhf bf
bhrk sfxvfh+ikohif
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Mvh kn~f ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh hsilohbh h ih fmv~lbhb
?1 Mfrld bf ~lfmk fd nlkgfr~h
Lbkdflbhb bf ih lgsihdrhold
Fplrf fi ~lfmk bf o~ff~ f~~dfhgfdrf xvf vd
lrfgh nlkgr~lok mh~hdrlzh ih fmv~lbhb rkrhi
| xvf f ih kivold h ovhixvlf~ s~knifgh bf f'
mv~lbhb$ Ih lgsihdrhold bf rfodkikmh nlkg'
r~loh vskdf vd hirk okrf fokdglok | vdh lg'
silohold bf sf~kdhi fsfoaohgfdrf bfblohbk
h fiik bv~hdrf ih hf ldlolhi$ Sk~ fiik f dfofh~lk
~fhilzh~ vd hdill sh~h fqhivh~ ih qf~bhbf~h dfoflbhb) fofdh~lk hbfovhbk
bf lgsihdrhold | fi nfdfaolk ikm~hbk ~fdrf hi okrf ldov~~lbk) |h xvf f skl'
nif xvf rh dk fh ih kivold g hbfovhbh sh~h rkbk ik ohk$
Ohilbhb bf ih rfodkikmh
_l ih ohilbhb bf ih rfodkikmh lgsihdrhbh dk hiohdzh ik dlqfif ~fokgfd'
bhnif) skb~h hoh~~fh~ m~hqf n~fo`h bf fmv~lbhb h okgk vd bfrf~lk~k
dkrhnif bf ih sf~ofsold bf ih rfodkikmh bfnlbk h v ghi vdolkdhglfdrk$
Ik fifgfdrk xvf f bfnfd rfdf~ fd ovfdrh hi ~fsfork kd: ih ohilbhb bfi
fdk~) ih faolfdolh bfi himk~lrgk bf okgsh~hold) ih fdo~lsrhold bfi high'
ofdhglfdrk bf gvfr~h knrfdlbh | ih ldrf~ksf~hnlilbhb okd kr~k lrfgh$
Ldolbfdolh okd fi lrfgh
Ohbh bf ih idfh bf okgvdlohold) bfi s~kslk lrfgh k bf ik lrfghbf ksk~rf (sk~ fjfgsik vgldlr~k fior~lok k lrfgh bf okgvdloholkdf,)
hrhxvf ldk~grlok) fro$ Frk s~knifgh hforhd bf k~gh lglih~ xvf hi
~frk bf rfodkikmh$
Ldblskdlnlilbhb bf fdk~
_l fi hoofk k ih hvrfdrlohold f ~fhilzhd fpoivlqhgfdrf gfblhdrf nlkgf'r~h) f bfol~) dk fplrf vd grkbk hirf~dhrlqk okgk svfbf f~ fi vk bf
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?=Mfsrld bf ~lfsmks fd nlkgfr~h
okdr~hsfhs k rh~jfrhs f~skdhifs) fi hiik k hvsfdolh bfi blskslrlqk bf hb'
xvlslold bf gvfsr~hs svkdf ih lgkslnlilbhb bf hvrfdrlohold k hoofsk$
Vd fjfgik bf fsrh slrvhold fs vd vsvh~lk xvf rfdmh xvf hoofbf~ bf k~ghv~mfdrf hi ok~~fk fifor~dlok bfsbf vf~h bf ih kaoldh gfblhdrf `vfiih bhorl'
ih~ f~k dk blskdmh bf sfdsk~ fd sv k~bfdhbk~$
irf~hold okd dlgk ~hvbvifdrk bf iks ~hsmks nlkgr~loks
Hirf~holkdfs fd ihs `vfiihs bhorlih~fs) fd fi qfiik
holhi) fd ihs ovf~bhs qkohifs) fro$ okd fi knjfrlqkbf fqlrh~ sf~ ~fokdkolbk k~ vd slsrfgh nlkg'
r~lok$ Fs vdh ~orloh ~fovfdrf fd iks ldrfdrks
bf fdr~hbh lifmhi fd vd hs) r~hrhdbk bf fivbl~ ih
lbfdrlaohold bf vd ldblqlbvk ~fldolbfdrf$
Qh~lhold ldqkivdrh~lh fd iks ~hsmks nlkgr~loks
Iks ohgnlks fd iks ~hsmks nlkgr~loks) okgk qh~lholkdfs bf ih qkz) qfiik
holhi k fi fldhbk rhgnld svofbfd bf k~gh dhrv~hi$ Fd fsrks ohsks) fi
vsvh~lk dk rlfdf ldrfdold bf fdmhh~ hi slsrfgh$ Dk knsrhdrf) fsrks ohg'
nlks vfbfd blaovirh~ fi ~kofsk bf lbfdrlaohold | mfdf~h~) ldoivsk) vdh
f~ofold dfmhrlqh h~h fi vsvh~lk$
Fpf~lfdolh bf vsk dfmhrlqh (vshnlilbhb,
Vd ghi vsk ldqkivdrh~lk bfi sfdsk~ ~fhilzhbk k~ vdh f~skdh sld iks okdk'
olglfdrks hbfovhbks vfbf rfdf~ okgk okdsfovfdolh ih bfsokdahdzh bfi
vsvh~lk fd ih rfodkikmh | fi hvgfdrk bf ih rhsh bf f~~k~ bf ih glsgh$
hirh bf hofrhold ovirv~hi
Fsrh hgfdhzh hh~fof fd bfrf~gldhbks m~vks bfgkm~aoks ov|hs dk~ghsskolhifs k ~filmlkshs dk hqk~fofd ih rkgh bf gvfsr~hs fd bfrf~gldhbhs ro'
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Mvh kn~f ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh hsilohbh h ih fmv~lbhb
?0 Mfrld bf ~lfmk fd nlkgfr~h
dloh$ Sk~ fjfgsik) fd himvdh ovirv~h fi ~fokdkolglfdrk holhi dk f qilbk
|h xvf dk rkbk ik olvbhbhdk iifqhd fi ~kr~k hi bfovnlf~rk5 fd kr~h ih
iforv~h bf ih `vfiih bhorlih~ f okdlbf~h vdh s~orloh hdrl`lmldloh) fro$
6$>$ Q^HNLLH_
H okdrldvhold f ilrhd himvdh qvidf~hnlilbhbf xvf hforhd dfmhrlqhgfdrf
rhdrk h ih lgsihdrhold bf lrfgh bf ~fokdkolglfdrk nlkgr~lok okgk h v
s~kslk ~fdblglfdrk$ Frh qvidf~hnlilbhbf f blqlbfd fmd fhd okgvdf h
rkbh ih rodloh nlkgr~loh k fsfoaoh bf himvdh bf fiih$
Rfodkikmh
nlkgr~lohQvidf~hnlilbhbfs
Qvidf~hnlilbhbfs
okgvdfs h rkbhs
ihs rfodkikmhsnlkgr~lohs
Ohilbhb nhjh bf ik blsklrlqk bf ohsrv~h$
Vnlohold ldhbfovhbh bfi blsklrlqk bf ohsrv~h$
Bfokdkolglfdrk bf ih ohilbhb k bfi hnhdlok bf s~kbvork | vrlil'
bhbf blskdlnif$
Ahirh bf okdkolglfdrk rodlok bfi sf~kdhi$ Ahirh bf ~fov~k (rhdrk bf sf~kdhi okgk fokdglok,$
Fohh okdolfdolhold fd ghrf~lh bf fmv~lbhb$
Sf~ofsold bf hvfdolh bf s~lqholbhb sk~ sh~rf bf ik vvh~lk$
@vfiih bhorlih~
Okdblold bfi bfbk fd fi gkgfdrk bf rkgh~ ih gvfr~h: gkjhbk)
fok) ghdo`hbk) fro$
Okdblolkdf oilghrkimloh xvf hforhd hi ifork~: `vgfbhb) rfg'
sf~hrv~h) fro$
Okdblolkdf bf ih `vfiih: ok~rf) `f~lbh k ldhgholkdf$ Horlqlbhb ihnk~hi: r~hnhjk xvf svfbhd hforh~ h ih `vfiih) sk~ fjfg'
sik fi vk `hnlrvhi bf s~kbvork xvglok xvf svfbhd bfrf~lk~h~ih$
^fokdkolglfdrk
bf qkz
Fdf~gfbhbf bf ih qkz: n~kdxvlrl) h~ldmlrl) m~lsf) ih~ldmlrl)
hkdh) fro$
Qh~lhold fdr~f fi blsklrlqk bf ~fmlr~k | fi vhbk fd ih ohsrv~h bf
gvfr~h$
Qh~lhold fdr~f fdrk~dk bf ~fmlr~k | ohsrv~h bf gvfr~h (sk~
fjfgsik: ldrf~lk~ | fprf~lk~,$
Qkivgfd bfi `hnih$
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?
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23 Nvfdhs ~orlohs
1$ vfdhs ~orlohsOkd fi knjfrlqk bf ~fbvol~ iks ~lfsmks hskolhbks hi fgifk bf
nlkgfr~h | `hof~ vdh hbfovhbh mfsrld bf iks glsgks) `hd bf
hiloh~sf vdh sf~lf bf okdr~kifs glrlmhdrfs | nvfdhs ~orlohs bf
sfmv~lbhb$
1$8$ ORKMK BF VFD_ ORLO_
Ih sfmv~lbhb fs vdbhgfdrhi fd rkbks iks fifgfdrks bf vd slsrfgh nlkgr~l'ok$ Fs k~ fiik xvf bfsbf xvf sf hbxvlf~f ih gvfsr~h sf bfnfd hiloh~ iks ~k'
rkokiks bf sfmv~lbhb f~rldfdrfs h~h mh~hdrlzh~ ih ~lqholbhb | fqlrh~ hoofsks
dk hvrk~lzhbks h ih nhsf bf bhrks fd xvf sf mvh~bhd iks ~fmlsr~ks nlkgr~loks$
Bfrfoold bf qlbh
Ih bfrfoold bf qlbh okdslsrf fd ih ohhol'bhb bf vd slsrfgh nlkgr~lok bf bfrforh~ sl
ih gvfsr~h hbxvl~lbh ~kqlfdf k dk bf vd sf~
`vghdk qlqk) okd fi ad bf fqlrh~ kslnifs ld'
rfdrks bf ~hvbf (okgk k~ fjfgik fi vsk bf
ihdrliihs bf mkgh xvf ldrfdrfd slgvih~ vdh
`vfiih bhorlih~,$
Bf fsrf gkbk) fi blskslrlqk nlkgr~lok okg~knh~ vdk k gs bf iks sl'
mvlfdrfs hork~fs) bffdblfdbk bf ih rfodkikmh fgifhbh:
Svisk oh~bhok$ Ohgnlks bf fp~fsld holhi$
S~fsld shdmvdfh$ Gkqlglfdrk bfi kjk$
Bfrfoold bf k~ks$ Blihrhold bf ih vlih$
R~hdsl~hold$ Slmgfdrhold bfi l~ls$
S~kvdblbhb bf ih oh~h$ _fifoold bf hihn~hs h~kdvdolh~$ Gkqlglfdrks bf ih ohnfzh$
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28Nvfdhs ~orlohs
Fsrh rodloh fs vdk bf iks ~ldolhifs grkbks bf iks xvf blskdf ih nlk'
gfr~h h~h okgnhrl~ fi ~hvbf$ Dk knsrhdrf) hd rlfdf nhsrhdrf gh~mfd bf
gfjk~h bf oh~h hi vrv~k$
ighofdhglfdrk bf gvfsr~hs
Fd fi ~kofsk bf ~fmlsr~k ~fqlk hi vsk bf
rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs `hd bf highofdh~sf
ihs gvfsr~hs hk~rhbhs k~ iks vsvh~lks$ Hs)
fplsrf ih kslnlilbhb bf highofdh~ vdh h~rf
bf ih gvfsr~h k gvirlrvb bf ~ff~fdolhs fd iv'
mh~ bf ih gvfsr~h drfm~h$ Fsrk sf `hof h~h
~fqfdl~ sv vrlilzhold ~hvbvifdrh fd ohsk bf
~blbh k ~knk$ Vd fjfgik fs fi highofdh'
glfdrk bf gldvolhs bf `vfiihs bhorlih~fs) fd
ivmh~ bf ih `vfiih okgifrh$ Bf fsrh k~gh ~fsvirh lgkslnif ih ~fo~fhold bf
ih `vfiih h h~rl~ bf vdh gldvolh) fd ohsk bf xvf fsrh sfh ~knhbh$
vrfdrlohold bf bknif hork~
Okd fi knjfrlqk bf fqlrh~ fi ~hvbf sf ~fokglfdbh fi vsk bf bks
hork~fs fd fi ~kofsk bf hvrfdrlohold$ Sh~h fiik sf vfbf vrlilzh~
nlkgfr~h nlgkbhi (bks rodlohs nlkgr~lohs blf~fdrfs) k~ fjfg'
ik `vfiih bhorlih~ f l~ls, k okgnldh~ ih nlkgfr~h okd fi vsk bf okd'
r~hsfh |+k rh~jfrhs bf lbfdrlaohold$
fhilzh~ vdh nvfdh hbhrhold
Dk rkbhs ihs fg~fshs skd lmvhifs) k~ fiik ih hbhrhold h ihs ol~'
ovdsrhdolhs bf ohbh ohsk fs fsfdolhi h~h fqlrh~ vrv~ks ~knifghs$
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Mvh kn~f ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh hsilohbh h ih fmv~lbhb
2> Nvfdh s~orloh
Sk~ fjfgsik) l vdh fgs~fh qh h ldok~sk~h~ vd okdr~ki bf hoofk fd nhf
h ih `vfiih bhorlih~ | ovfdrh okd fgsifhbk xvf ~fhilzhd r~hnhjk ghdvhif k
vrlilzhd s~kbvork hn~hlqk) svfbf f~ hokdfjhnif ~fmlr~h~ ih `vfiih bfih ghdk xvf gfdk vrlilofd (lzxvlf~bh fd fi ohk bf ik blfr~k | bf~fo`h fd
fi ohk bf ik zv~bk, | bf ik bfbk xvf gfdk f vrlilofd (mfdf~higfdrf
hdvih~ | gflxvf,$ Okd frh lgsif hbhsrhold) f skb~d fqlrh~ fd nvfdh
gfblbh vrv~k s~knifgh ~fiholkdhbk okd ok~rf k bfrf~lk~k fd ih `vfiih$
Hbxvlslold bf rfodkikmh bf ohilbhb
Ih knrfdold bf gvfr~h hbfovhbh | ih ~fhilzhold bf okgsh~hrlqh
ahnif f lgsk~rhdrf sh~h fqlrh~ hik sklrlqk) hik dfmhrlqk | hirh rh'
h bf f~~k~) | frk bfsfdbf fd m~hd gfblbh bf ih ohilbhb | ahnlilbhb bf ik
lrfgh vrlilzhbk$ Vdh fifoold hbfovhbh s~fqlfdf fi ~hvbf | ih ~frlofdolh
bf ik vvh~lk$
Nlkgfr~h fd gkqlglfdrk
Ih ohsrv~h bf gvfr~h fd gkqlglfdrk f vdh k~gh bf ~fbvol~ ih sklnif
sf~ofsold bf ih rodloh bf hbxvllold bf ldk~ghold nlkgr~loh okgk
ldr~vlqh sk~ sh~rf bf ik vvh~lk | v ~frlofdolh h vrlilzh~ih sk~ frf gk'
rlqk$ Frf okdr~ki dk f qilbk sh~h rkbh ih rodloh sf~k |h f hsiloh) sk~
fjfgsik) fd fi ~fokdkolglfdrk holhi | bf l~l$
Ak~ghold bf iks vsvh~lks
Vd hork~ oihqf fd fi plrk bf ih rfo'
dkikmh nlkgr~loh f xvf v vvh'
~lk ih vrlilofd ok~~forhgfdrf$ Sh~h ih
okdfovold bf frf knjfrlqk f svfbf
k~fof~ vdh hf ldlolhi bf k~ghold xvf)
sk~ dk~gh mfdf~hi) dk f~ fpoflqhgfd'rf ih~mh | fd ih xvf f ldk~gf bf ik xvf
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2?Nvfdhs ~orlohs
skd ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs | sf hk~rfd vdhs n~fqfs ldsr~voolkdfs |
~fokgfdbholkdfs skn~f sv vsk$ Fd fsrf sfdrlbk) iks hovf~bks okd iks ~f~f'
sfdrhdrfs bf iks r~hnhjhbk~fs ~fqlks h ih lgihdrhold bf ihs rfodkikmhshqk~fofd fsrf ~kofsk$
Ovgilglfdrk dk~ghrlqk
H ih `k~h bf lgihdrh~ fsrf rlk bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sf'
mv~lbhb) ~fsvirh bf qlrhi lgk~rhdolh fi fqhivh~ ~fqlhgfdrf ihs qfdrhjhs f ld'
okdqfdlfdrfs kslnifs xvf) bfsbf vd vdrk bf qlsrh jv~blok) vfbf svkdf~ih lgihdrhold bf blo`k slsrfgh fd ~fihold okd ih qlbh ~lqhbh bf ihs f~'
skdhs hforhbhs) hs okgk rfdf~ fd ovfdrh kslnifs slsrfghs k skivolkdfs
hirf~dhrlqhs xvf vfbhd svkdf~ vdh gfdk~ ldr~vsld okdr~h iks bf~fo`ks bf
iks ldrf~fshbks$
H fsrf ~fsfork) bfsrhoh~ xvf fd rkbk ohsk iks bhrks nlkgr~loks xvf) fd sv
ohsk) vblfsfd sf~ skgfrlbks h r~hrhglfdrk h r~hqs bf blo`ks slsrfghs bf'
nf~hd sf~ slfg~f hbfovhbks) f~rldfdrfs | dk fpofslqks fd okgh~hold
okd ih adhilbhb bfi ~kofsk (k~ fjfgik: okdr~ki k~h~lk) okdr~ki bf hoofsks)
okdr~ki bf ~fsfdolh) fro$,$
Lmvhigfdrf) rhi | okgk sf `h qfdlbk fsrhnifolfdbk k~ ih jv~ls~vbfdolh ~fl'
rf~hbh) ih okdsrlrvolkdhilbhb bf ovhixvlf~ gfblbh ~fsr~lorlqh bf bf~fo`ks
vdbhgfdrhifs okgk ihs hxv hdhilzhbhs qlfdf bfrf~gldhbh k~ vdh fsr~lorh
knsf~qhdolh bfi olrhbk ~ldollk bf ~kk~olkdhilbhb$
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22 ^fokgfdbholkdfs
=$ fokgfdbholkdfsH okdrldvhold sf `h ~fokmlbk vd okdjvdrk bf okdsfjks | ~fokgfdbholkdfs
h~h ih ldqfsrlmhold) lgihdrhold | vsk bf ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hs
okgk h~h sv ~fmvihold$
=$8$ LODRF_ KQFFBKF_ BF _FQLOLK_
8$ Hksrh~ k~ ih lddkqhold fd fi bfsh~~kiik f lgihdrhold okd fi kn'jfrlqk bf kgfdrh~ ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs$
>$ K~fof~ slsrfghs bf hirh ohilbhb) kgfdrhdbk fi plrk adhi xvf h|v'bh~ h ih gfjk~h bf ih lghmfd bf ih nlkgfr~h fd mfdf~hi$
?$ _kiqfdrh~ ihs bvbhs bf iks oilfdrfs) ldk~ghdbk bf ih lgk~rhdolh | ihnhsf rfodkimloh bfi slsrfgh5 bf fsrh k~gh) fi oilfdrf kb~ rkgh~
vdh bfolsld ldk~ghbh skn~f ih rfodkikmh h lgihdrh~$
2$ Hdhilzh~ hi oilfdrf h~h kbf~hsfsk~h~if fd ih rfodkikmh lb'
dfh sfmd svs dfofslbhbfs |
kbf~ k~gh~ h~klhbhgfdrf
h iks vsvh~lks skn~f sv vrlilzh'
old$
6$ S~kgkqf~ vdh vdlaohold bfhimk~lrgks) ol~hbks | ~kofsks
bf fpr~hoold bf gvfsr~hs) ik
xvf hqk~fof~ ih ldrf~kf~hnlilbhb fdr~f iks slsrfghs lgihdrhbks$
1$ Gksr~h~ ihs qfdrhjhs bf fsrks ~kbvorks | sf~qlolks | dk fphmf~h~skn~f iks bfforks k ldokdqfdlfdrfs bf kr~hs rodlohs bf ih okg'
frfdolh |h xvf) okgk okdsfovfdolh bf fiik) sf bfs~fsrlmlh h ih
nlkgfr~h fd mfdf~hi$
=$ _kilolrh~ f~glsk h iks vsvh~lks h~h r~hrh~ svs bhrks nlkgr~loks)
slfdbk gv| okdo~frk | r~hdsh~fdrf skn~f r~hrhglfdrk | adhilbhb bfsv vsk$
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26^fokgfdbholkdfs
0$ Mh~hdrlzh~ fsfolhigfdrf ih sfmv~lbhb | okdabfdolhilbhb bf iks bh'rks ofblbks h~h mfdf~h~ okdahdzh fd iks vsvh~lks bfi slsrfgh$
=$> LDQF_RLMBKF_
8$ Hbhrh~sf h iks ~fxvf~lglfdrks bf iks vsvh~lks adhifs okd fi knjf'rlqk bf bfsh~~kiih~ idfhs bf ldqfsrlmhold xvf vfbhd shrlshof~ ihs
dfofslbhbfs fplsrfdrfs$
>$ Okdkof~ ih slrvhold horvhi bf ih ldbvsr~lh nlkgr~loh | fqlrh~ ih fih'nk~hold bf ~krkrlks okgifjks fd fi gnlrk okgf~olhi k~ sv
oksrf k vrlilbhb$
?$ Fpik~h~ blf~fdrfs kolkdfsbf gfjk~h | hnh~hrhglfdrk bf
ih rfodkikmh h~h hqk~fof~ sv
bfsh~~kiik | fphdsld$
2$ ^fhilzh~ ihnk~ blqvimhrlqh bfoh~h h kgfdrh~ xvf ih olvbh'
bhdh sf hglilh~lof) okg~fd'
bh | okdf fd ih nlkgfr~h$
=$?$ FML_BKF_ MFDRF_ BF F_RDBLOLD
8$ Mh~hdrlzh~ iks bf~fo`ks bf ~lqholbhb bf iks olvbhbhdks) f~glrlfd'bk hi glsgk rlfgk fi bfsh~~kiik bf ihs rfodkikmhs xvf k~fofd vdh
gh|k~ sfmv~lbhb) okgk ihs nlkgr~lohs$
>$ _l nlfd ih ~fmvihold horvhi fd Fshh) fd ghrf~lh bf ~krfoold bfbhrks fs svaolfdrf h~h ~fmvih~ fi gnlrk bf ih nlkgfr~h) sld fgnh~'
mk) bf oh~h h vdlaoh~ o~lrf~lks | hrfdbf~ h vdh fsfolhi sfdslnlilbhb
bf ih knihold) kb~h sf~ okdqfdlfdrf bfsh~~kiih~ vdh ~fmviholdfsfoaoh h~h ih nlkgfr~h
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Mvh skn~f ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs hilohbhs h ih sfmv~lbhb
21 ^fokgfdbholkdfs
?$ Fqlrh~ vdh dk~ghrlqh fpofslqhgfdrf ~'mlbh xvf lglbh k blaovirf fi vsk bf ih
nlkgfr~h k xvf dk sf vfbh hbhrh~oligfdrf h iks vrv~ks bfsh~~kiiks$
2$ Bfsh~~kiih~ vd hdilsls ~kvdbk bf iks~lfsmks | nfdfaolks bf ih nlkgfr~h
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bhb (vdh bf ihs gh|k~fs hgfdhzhs
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1$ Akgfdrh~ ih o~fhold bf vd fsrdbh~ dlok h~h ohbh rfodkikmh xvfholilrf ih ldrf~kf~hnlilbhb$
=$2$ FDRLBBF_ LDRBK_
8$ Hksrh~ k~ ih lgihdrhold bf rfodkikmhs bf ohilbhb) fsrk fs) hdrf ihsblf~fdrfs rfodkikmhs fplsrfdrfs fd fi gf~ohbk) ~lgh~ hxvfiihs xvf
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>$ Ldk~gh~sf hbfovhbhgfdrf bf oh~h h `hof~ vd vsk ok~~fork bf ihsrodlohs nlkgr~lohs h lgihdrh~ fd ih k~mhdlzhold$
?$ K~fof~ okihnk~hold h iks vsvh~lks adhifs5 ih okkf~hold okd fiiks fs fim~hd hork~ fd fi plrk bf ihs lgihdrholkdfs bf rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs$
2$ _f~ okdsolfdrf bf xvf iks bhrks nlkgr~loks skd bf oh~orf~ f~sk'dhi: fs k~ fiik xvf fsrd ~fmvihbks k~ ih If| K~mdloh bf S~krfo'
old bf Bhrks | sf bfnfd ~krfmf~ okgk rhifs$
6$ _kilolrh~ slfg~f fi okdsfdrlglfdrk bf ~fokmlbh | vsk bf bhrks nlk'gr~loks$ Ih fg~fsh xvf xvlf~h ~foklih~ | fgifh~ blo`ks bhrks h
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2=^fokgfdbholkdfs
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rhdrk) ih fforlqlbhb bf fsrhs rfodkikmhs$
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8$ Fplml~ iks dlqfifs bf sfmv~lbhb h~klhbks h~h ~krfmf~ svs bhrksnlkgr~loks h ihs fg~fshs xvf iks ~fokjhd) fgiffd | highofdfd$
>$ Bh~ fi okdsfdrlglfdrk sik r~hs sf~ ldk~ghbk | okdkof~ fi vsk okd'o~frk xvf sf qh h bh~ h iks bhrks nlkgr~loks skilolrhbks$
?$ Sf~bf~ fi glfbk h ihs rfodkikmhs nlkgr~lohs$ _kik h h~rl~ bf vdhldk~ghold ~lmv~ksh | vd qf~bhbf~k okdkolglfdrk bf ihs glsghs)
kb~d bfsrf~~h~sf svkslolkdfs | hisfbhbfs) | sf mfdf~h~ vdh
gh|k~ okdahdzh fd fiihs) dk~ghilzdbksf sv vsk$
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20 Miksh~lk bf r~gldks ~fiholkdhbks okd ih nlkgfr~h
0$ Miksh~lk bf r~gldks~fiholkdhbks okd ih nlkgfr~hH okdrldvhold sf fpilohd blf~fdrfs r~gldks nlkgr~loks fgifhbks fd ih
~fhilzhold bf fsrh mvh k xvf skd vrlilzhbks fsfolhigfdrf fd fsrh ghrf~lh:
L_: _lsrfgh nlkgr~lok xvf okgh~h vd ~fmlsr~k bf `vfiihs bhorl'ih~fs okd iks ~fmlsr~ks bf vdh nhsf bf bhrks h~h bfrf~gldh~ ih lbfd'
rlbhb bf vd ldblqlbvk$ Fi slsrfgh HAL_ sf vrlilzh) fsfolhigfdrf) fd
ihnk~fs kilolhifs$ Fd Fshh sf okdkof okgk _lsrfgh Hvrkgrlok
bf Lbfdrlaohold Bhorlih~$
imk~lrgk: _fovfdolh bf ldsr~voolkdfs xvf ldbloh h vd slsrfghogk ~fskiqf~ vd ~knifgh fd fsfolhi$ Vd slsrfgh nlkgr~lok
vrlilzh girlifs himk~lrgks5 k~ fjfgik) h~h fi ~kofshglfdrk bf
lgmfdfs) ih mfdf~hold bf ihdrliihs) okgh~holkdfs) fro$
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okda~ghold bf vdh lbfdrlbhb$
sxvfbh bf okldolbfdolhs: S~kofsk xvf ldoiv|f ih okgh~holdbf vdh gvfsr~h nlkgr~loh okd vdh ihdrliih highofdhbh hdrf~lk~'
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kr~hs highofdhbhs okd hdrf~lk~lbhb) okd fi ad bf rkgh~ vdh bfolsldskn~f lbfdrlaohold k qf~laohold$
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Mvh kn~f ih rfodkikmh nlkgr~loh hsilohbh h ih fmv~lbhb
63 Mikh~lk bf r~gldk ~fiholkdhbk okd ih nlkgfr~h
^fdblglfdrk: k~gh bf gfbl~ ih oh~horf~rloh (s~folld) qfikol'
bhb) fro$, bf vd lrfgh k himk~lrgk nlkgr~lok$
_fdk~: Blsklrlqk xvf okdqlf~rf ik bhrk nlkgr~lok bf fdr~hbh
fd vdh fhi blmlrhi | r~hdglrf frh ldk~ghold hi blsklrlqk bf
s~kofhglfdrk$
_lrfgh nlkgr~lok nlgkbhi: _lrfgh fd fi xvf f vrlilzhd bk
~hmk nlkgr~lok bf blrldrh dhrv~hifzh$
_vsihdrhold: @hnlilbhb sh~h fdmhh~ h vd fdk~ nlkgr~lok | `h'of~ xvf ~fokdkzoh h vd vvh~lk lifmrlgk okgk ifmrlgk (qf~laohold,
k xvf dk fdovfdr~f ih lbfdrlaohold bf vdh sf~kdh xvf f sh~rf bf
ih nhf bf bhrk$
Rhh bf f~~k~ bf hbxvllold (Ahliv~f Rk Hoxvl~f ^hrf,: Sk~ofdrhjf
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ohilbhb vaolfdrf sh~h f~ s~kofhbh$
Rhh bf f~~k~ bf ~fmlr~k (Ahliv~f Rk Fd~ki ^hrf,: Sk~ofdrhjf bf ih
sknihold sh~h fi ovhi fi lrfgh nlkgr~lok dk f ohshz bf mfdf~h~
gvfr~h bf ohilbhb vaolfdrf$
Rhh bf ahik dfmhrlqk (Ahif ^fjforlkd ^hrf,: Sk~ofdrhjf bf qf'
of xvf fi lrfgh dk qldovih h vd ldblqlbvk okd v s~kslh sihdrliih
nlkgr~loh fplrfdrf$
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ldk~ghold nlkgr~loh fplrfdrf bf kr~h sf~kdh$
gn~hi: qhik~ dvg~lok vhbk okgk iglrf sh~h bfolbl~ l fi ~fvirh'
bk bf vdh okgsh~hrlqh f okdlbf~hbk vdh okldolbfdolh k dk$
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]fn
_mvfdks h r~hqfs bf:
`rr:++knsf~qhrk~lk$ldrfok$fs
f~ai hofnkke Knsf~qhLDRFOK`rr:++}}}$hofnkke$okg+Knsf~qhLDRFOK
f~ai R}lrrf~ Knsf~qhLDRFOK:`rr:++}}}$r}lrrf~$okg+Knsf~qhLDRFOK
f~ai _o~lnb Knsf~qhLDRFOK:`rr:++}}}$so~lnb$okg+Knsf~qhLDRFOK
Ohdhi kvrvnf Knsf~qhLDRFOK:`rr:++}}}$|kvrvnf$okg+Knsf~qhLDRFOK
ikm bfi Knsf~qhrk~lk bf ih _fmv~lbhb bf ih Ldk~ghold:`rr:++}}}$ldrfok$fs+nikms+ldrfok+_fmv~lbhb+Nikm_fmv~lbhb
Fdqhdks rvs okdsvirhs | okgfdrh~lks h:
knsf~qhrk~lkCldrfok$fs
http://observatorio.inteco.es/http://www.facebook.com/ObservaINTECOhttp://www.twitter.com/ObservaINTECOhttp://www.scribd.com/ObservaINTECOhttp://www.youtube.com/ObservaINTECOhttp://www.inteco.es/blogs/inteco/Seguridad/BlogSeguridad/mailto:obbservatorio%40inteco.es?subject=http://www.inteco.es/blogs/inteco/Seguridad/BlogSeguridad/http://www.youtube.com/ObservaINTECOhttp://www.scribd.com/ObservaINTECOhttp://www.twitter.com/ObservaINTECOhttp://www.facebook.com/ObservaINTECOmailto:obbservatorio%40inteco.es?subject=http://observatorio.inteco.es/ -
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Okd fi shr~koldlk bf: