guías metodológicas para la iniciatia de la vivienda saludable

41
25*$1,=$&,—13$1$0(5,&$1$’(/$6$/8’ ’,9,6,—1’(6$/8’<$0%,(17( 352*5$0$’(6$1($0,(172%$6,&2 &LXGDGGH/D+DEDQDGLFLHPEUHGHO

Upload: lytruc

Post on 09-Jan-2017

220 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

25*$1,=$&,Ð1�3$1$0(5,&$1$�'(�/$�6$/8'',9,6,Ð1�'(�6$/8'�<�$0%,(17(352*5$0$�'(�6$1($0,(172�%$6,&2

&LXGDG�GH�/D�+DEDQD���GLFLHPEUH�GHO�����

2

3UHSDUDGR�SDUD�236�SRU�'U� &DUORV�%DUFHOy�3pUH]� &RQ�OD�FRODERUDFLyQ�GH'UD� 5DLVD�*X]PiQ� 'U��-RVp�*yPH]

3

,1',&(

&RQWHQLGR 3iJLQD,QWURGXFFLyQ�\�REMHWLYRV �/D�LQLFLDWLYD�GH�YLYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH �/DV� HVWUDWHJLDV� \� SROtWLFDV� GH� VDOXG� S~EOLFD� UHODFLRQDGDV� D� OD� LQLFLDWLYD� GHYLYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH

��

5HFXUVRV�\�KHUUDPLHQWDV�GH�HVWUDWHJLDV�UHJLRQDOHV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�DSOLFDEOHVD OD�YLYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH

��

*XtDV PHWRGROyJLFDV�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFDV�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD� ��%LEOLRJUDItD ��

4

,QWURGXFFLyQ�\�REMHWLYRV/D�HYROXFLyQ�GH�OD�PDWHULD�HQ�QXHVWUR�SODQHWD�DOFDQ]y�FRQ�HO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�OD�YLGD�XQD�IDVH�DYDQ]DGD�GHFRPSOHMLGDG��(OOR�WDO�YH]�KD�FRQVWLWXLGR�OD�UHDOL]DFLyQ�PiV�UHOHYDQWH�DOFDQ]DGD�HQ�����ELOORQHV�GH�DxRV�SRUORV�SURFHVRV�QDWXUDOHV�HQ�HO�GHFXUVDU�GH�ORV�WLHPSRV�

(Q�HO�VHU�KXPDQR��FRPR�HVSHFLH�GH�H[FHOHQFLD��FX\R�DQWHFHGHQWH�HQ�HO�SLWHFDQWURSR�GDWD�GH���������DxRV�OD� DSDULFLyQ� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� DSR\DGD� HQ� HO� GHVDUUROOR� GH� OD� PDQR� GD� OXJDU� D� XQD� QXHYD� FDWHJRUtD� GHIHQyPHQRV�VREUH�ORV�SXUDPHQWH�ItVLFRV��TXtPLFRV��ELROyJLFRV�\�SVtTXLFRV��7DO�HV�HO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�ODV�IRUPDVVRFLDOHV� FRPSOHMDV� TXH� SHUPLWHQ� SURGXFLU� KHUUDPLHQWDV�� WHFQRORJtDV� \� IRUPDV� GH� DSURSLDFLyQ� \UHSURGXFFLyQ� GH� OD� UHDOLGDG� TXH� VXSHUSRQHQ� HVFHQDULRV� DQWUySLFRV� SUHYDOHQWHV� VREUH� ORV� QDWXUDOHV� HQWHUULWRULRV�FDGD�YH]�PiV�YDVWRV��/DV�]RQDV� �GH� LQIOXHQFLD�KXPDQD�HQ�PXFKRV�FDVRV�VRVWLHQHQ�HTXLOLEULRVGHVYHQWDMRVRV� SDUD� HO� PHGLR� QDWXUDO�� HVWH� ~OWLPR� VXHOH� GHJUDGDU� DQWH� ODV� LQWHUDFFLRQHV� FRQ� PD\RULQWHQVLGDG�TXH�IUHQWH�D�ORV�SURFHVRV�WUDQVIRUPDGRUHV�QDWXUDOHV�DJRWDQGR�VXV�UHFXUVRV�QR�UHQRYDEOHV��VDOYRHQ�ODV�HFORVLRQHV�GH�HQHUJtD�OLEHUDGDV�HQ�ORV�GHVDVWUHV�JHROyJLFRV�R�HQ�ORV�SURFHVRV�VHFXODUHV�GH�FDPELRVFOLPiWLFRV�

/D�YLGD�HV�PXOWLIRUPH�\�SURJUHVLYD�HQ�VXV�PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV�SHUR�~QLFD�SDUD�FDGD�LQGLYLGXR�GH�XQD�HVSHFLH�\OD�VDOXG��HQ�HVHQFLD��HV�XQ�HVWDGR��TXH�SURSHQGH�OD�FRQVHUYDFLyQ�\�UHSURGXFFLyQ�GH�ORV�LQGLYLGXRV�\�FRQHOOR� GH� ODV� HVSHFLHV� D� WUDYpV� GH� XQ� FRQMXQWR� GH� IDFWRUHV� \� SURFHVRV� LQGLYLGXDOHV� GHSHQGLHQWHV� GHGHWHUPLQDQWHV�\�PHGLDGRUHV�H[WHUQRV�H�LQWHUQRV��(Q�HO�VHU�KXPDQR�HVWD�FRQVHUYDFLyQ�VXHOH�H[SUHVDUVH�HQWpUPLQRV�HYROXFLRQLVWDV�� OR�TXH�HQIDWL]D� OD�QHFHVLGDG�GHO�GHVDUUROOR� VRFLDO�\�KXPDQR�FRPR� FRQGLFLyQ� GHOSHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR� GH� OD� YLGD� HQ� HO� KRPEUH�� 'H� HVWH� PRGR�� OD� HQIHUPHGDG� HV� OD� SpUGLGD� GH� DFFLyQ� RFDSDFLGDG�GH�DFFLyQ�GH�HVWRV�IDFWRUHV�R�SURFHVRV�SRU�DIHFWDFLyQ�GH�XQ�HTXLOLEULR��KLSyWHVLV�KRPHRVWiWLFD��R

5

OD�LQFDSDFLGDG�GH�DFFHVDU�HVWDGRV��KLSyWHVLV�KRPHRGLQiPLFD��FRPR�UHVSXHVWD�D�XQD�GHPDQGD�R�JUXSRV�GHGHPDQGDV�TXH�SXHGH�SURYHQLU�GHO�LQGLYLGXR�\�GHO�HFRVLVWHPD�

$Vt�IDYRUHFHU�OD�VDOXG�GDUtD�OXJDU�D�OD�H[WHQVLyQ�ELROyJLFD�GH�OD�H[SHFWDWLYD�GH�YLGD�\�D�OD�SUHVHUYDFLyQ�GH�ODHVSHFLH�\�EDMR�XQD�DFHSFLyQ�VRFLDO�HOHYDU�OD�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD��(OOR�VH�FRQVLJXH�PHGLDQWH�HO�FRPEDWH�GH�ODHQIHUPHGDG� SRU� ORV� SURSLRV� PHFDQLVPRV� GH� DXWRGHIHQVD� KHUHGDGRV� R� DGTXLULGRV� SRU� HO� LQGLYLGXR� HLPSOLFDGRV� HQ� HO� VLVWHPD� LQPXQROyJLFR� \� D� WUDYpV� GH� OD� GHIHQVD� FRPSXOVDGD�� SRU� HMHPSOR��PHGLDQWH� ODDWHQFLyQ�DVLVWHQFLDO��HO�GLDJQyVWLFR�\�ODV�WHUDSLDV�EDMR�XQD�YLVLyQ�VRFLDO��6LQ�HPEDUJR��XQD�SURPRFLyQ�GH�ODVDOXG�SXHGH�DOFDQ]DUVH�FRQ�PD\RU�HIHFWLYLGDG�HQ�OD�SUHFHSWLYD�GHO�FRQWURO�GH�ORV�ULHVJRV�\�OD�SUHYHQFLyQ��ORTXH�WUDVODGD�HO�IRFR�GH�DWHQFLyQ�GHVGH�HO�LQGLYLGXR�DLVODGR�KDFLD�ODV�SREODFLRQHV�\�VXV�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�YLGD�PRYLHQGR�OD�DFFLyQ�\�OD�LQWHUYHQFLyQ�GHVGH�OD�HQIHUPHGDG�\�HO�WUDWDPLHQWR�D�ORV�VXMHWRV�HQIHUPRV���D�VXVGHWHUPLQDQWHV�\�FRQGLFLRQDOHV�HQ�HO� LQGLYLGXR��HO� JUXSR�\�HO�PHGLR�PDWHULDO� \�HVSLULWXDO�GRQGH� OD� YLGD�VHGHVDUUROOD��'H�HVWH�PRGR�OD�DWHQFLyQ�DO�GHVDUUROOR�KXPDQR�HQ�VX�LQWHUUHODFLyQ�FRQ�HO�PHGLR�FLUFXQGDQWH�VHFRQVWLWX\H� HQ� REMHWR� GH� LQWHUpV� GH� OD� FRQVHUYDFLyQ� \� SURPRFLyQ� GH� OD� VDOXG�� $Vt� ORV� DPELHQWHV� TXHFRPSHWHQ�DO�KiELWDW� UHVXOWDQ�iUHD�GH�YLJLODQFLD�SDUD� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ��HYDOXDFLyQ�\�PDQHMR�GH�IDFWRUHV�GHULHVJR�D�OD�VDOXG�\�HVFHQDULR�GH�DFFLyQ�SDUD�OD�SURPRFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG�

$ OR�ODUJR�GH�VX�YLGD��ORV�VHUHV�DQLPDGRV�DGRSWDQ�XQ�WUiQVLWR�SRU�XQD�PXOWLSOLFLGDG�GH�DPELHQWHV�GLQiPLFRV�WpPSRUR� GHSHQGLHQWHV�� TXH� SRUWDQ� IDFLOLWDFLRQHV� SDUD� XQ� FRQMXQWR� GH� IXQFLRQHV� FX\D� YDULDELOLGDG� \FRPSOHMLGDG� VH� YLQFXOD� D� ODV� GHPDQGDV� GH� ODV� GLVWLQWDV� HVSHFLHV�� (Q�PXFKRV� FDVRV� HVWH� WUiQVLWR� WLHQHFRPSRQHQWHV�SHULyGLFDV��FRPR�SRU�HMHPSOR�HO�GHVRYH�HVWDFLRQDO�GH�SHFHV�PLJUDWRULRV�HQ�FLHUWRV�UtRV�R�HODSDUHDPLHQWR�DQXDO�GH�ODV��EDOOHQDV�HQ�EDKtDV�R�HVWXDULRV�ILMRV�

6

(VWDV� IDFLOLWDFLRQHV� GH� IXQFLRQHV�� H[SUHVLyQ� GH� QHFHVLGDGHV� GH� VXSHUYLYHQFLD� HQ� HO� GHVDUUROOR�� SXHGHQHQFRQWUDU� HQ� HO� VHU� YLYR� FRQGLFLRQHV� DWHPSHUDGDV� D� LQGHIHQVLyQ�� FRPR� ODV� UHODFLRQDGDV� D� DFWLYLGDGHVELROyJLFDV�HOHPHQWDOHV�GH�OD�QXWULFLyQ��HO�VXHxR��HO�UHSRVR��OD�FRQYDOHFHQFLD�TXH�VH�GDQ�HQ�HO�FXUVR�GH�XQDUHGXFFLyQ� GH� OD� UHVLVWLYLGDG� D� ORV� HVWUHVRUHV� DPELHQWDOHV�� 8Q� FRQMXQWR� GH� HVWDV� IXQFLRQHV� VHQVLEOHVDSDUHFH�HQ�HVSDFLRV�PX\�HVSHFtILFRV��GHVWLQDGRV�D� SURFHVRV� UHFXSHUDWLYRV� TXH�GHPDQGDQ�SURWHFFLyQ� \DORMDPLHQWR�GHO�LQGLYLGXR�HQ�HO�KiELWDW��OXJDU�TXH�HV�GHQRPLQDGR�YLYLHQGD�

/RV� ULWPRV� HQ� OD� HVSHFLH� KXPDQD� HVWiQ� SDUFLDOPHQWH� JREHUQDGRV� SRU� OD� YLGD� VRFLDO� \� SURGXFWLYD� GHOKRPEUH�� OD� TXH� KD� FUHDGR� GLYHUVRV� HVSDFLRV� DQWURSL]DGRV� D� ORV� TXH� UHFXUUHQWHPHQWH� ORV� LQGLYLGXRV� VHPXHYHQ��HQ�PXFKRV�FDVRV�VHJ~Q�FLFORV��7DOHV�VRQ�SRU�HMHPSOR�OD�HVFXHOD��HO�PHUFDGR��HO�OXJDU�GH�WUDEDMR�\OD� FDVD�� � 8QD� DJUXSDFLyQ� UDFLRQDO� GH� ORV� HVSDFLRV� \� VHUYLFLRV� SDUD� PtQLPD� HQWURStD� VRFLDO� \� HQ� FDVRVHFRQyPLFD� VH� GHQRPLQD� YLYLHQGD�SDUD� XQD� FpOXOD� VRFLDO� HOHPHQWDO� FRPR� OD� IDPLOLD� \� XUEDQLVPR� SDUD� ODFRPXQLGDG�

*DUDQWL]DU�FRQGLFLRQHV�VDOXGDEOHV�HQ�HVWRV�HVFHQDULRV�VH�KD�FRQYHUWLGR�HQ�WDUHD�GH�OD�VDOXG�DPELHQWDO�TXHKD�SURPRYLGR� UHJODPHQWDFLRQHV�SDUD� OD�KLJLHQH�GH�FDGD�XQR��GDQGR� OXJDU�D�XQD�SUHFHSWLYD�GLIHUHQFLDGDSDUD�OD�KLJLHQH�HVFRODU��OD�KLJLHQH�GHO�WUDEDMR��OD�KLJLHQH�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD��OD�KLJLHQH�GH�OD�FLXGDG��HQWUH�RWURV�0XFKDV� GH� HVWDV� SUHFHSWLYDV� HQIUHQWDQ� ODV� GHPDQGDV� GH� VDOXG� GH� ORV� JUXSRV� VRFLDOHV� VREUH� ORVHVFHQDULRV�� VLQ� FRQVLGHUDU� HO� SURFHVR� GH� SUHFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR� GH� ODV� SHUVRQDV�� TXH� LQFOX\H� HO� SRVLEOHDJRWDPLHQWR�GH�VXV�IRQGRV�QHXURQDOHV�SRU�HVWUpV�HQ�HO�FXUVR�GH�VX�PRYLPLHQWR��OR�TXH�HV�FRQGLFLRQDGR�SRUOD�ODELOLGDG�\�OD�VXVFHSWLELOLGDG�LQGLYLGXDO�JHQpWLFD�R�DVRFLDGD�DO�WUiQVLWR�HQWUH�HVWRV�HVSDFLRV��$Vt�WHQHPRVTXH�OD�GHPDQGD�GH�VLOHQFLR�GRPpVWLFR�GH�ODV�SHUVRQDV�TXH�WUDEDMDQ�HQ�DPELHQWHV�UXLGRVRV�QR�UHVXOWD�LJXDOD TXLHQHV� ODERUDQ�HQ�DPELHQWHV� WUDQTXLORV��3RU� WDQWR�� OD�KLVWRULD�GH� ODV�H[SRVLFLRQHV�D� ORV�HVWUHVRUHV�VHFRQVWLWX\H�HQ�XQ�FRQGLFLRQDQWH�GH�ORV�YDORUHV�OtPLWHV�GH�FRQVHUYDFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�DQWH� ORV�PLVPRV�HQ�FDGDDPELHQWH��MXQWR�D�OD�WROHUDQFLD�LQGLYLGXDO�SVtTXLFD�\�ELROyJLFD�

/RV�HVWUHVRUHV�DPELHQWDOHV�SXHGHQ�LQIOXLU�FRPR�LUULWDQWHV�LQGLYLGXDOL]DGRV�GDQGR�OXJDU�D�HIHFWRV�DJXGRV�HQUHVSXHVWD�D�HOHYDGDV�GRVLV�GH�H[SRVLFLyQ��SHUR�DVLPLVPR�SXHGHQ�FRQGXFLU�D�HIHFWRV�FUyQLFRV�FRQ�GHWHULRURGH� OD� HFRQRPtD� GHO� RUJDQLVPR� HQ� GRVLV� DFXPXODGDV� PRGHUDGDV�� 7DPELpQ� VH� HVSHUDUtD� XQD� DFFLyQSRWHQFLDOL]DGD� SRU� OD� FRQFRPLWDQFLD� GH� GLYHUVRV� HVWUHVRUHV� DPELHQWDOHV� TXH� FRQFXUUHQ� HQ� XQ� PLVPRHVFHQDULR�R�TXH�VH�PDQLILHVWDQ�HQ�GLVWLQWRV�HVFHQDULRV� WUDQVLWDGRV�VHFXHQFLDOPHQWH��'H�PDQHUD�TXH� ORVQLYHOHV�XPEUDOHV�GH�DFFLyQ�R�UHDFFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUR��IXQFLRQDO�GH�ORV�RUJDQLVPRV�DQWH�FDGD�HVWUHVRU�VH�YHQLQIOXLGRV�SRU�OD�KLVWRULD�GH�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�HQ�YLUWXG�GH�OD�SHUVLVWHQFLD�FRPR�LQHUFLD�R�PHPRULD�GH�ORV�VXFHVRV�

7

SRU� OD�DFFLyQ�FRPELQDGD�D�RWURV�HVWUHVRUHV�\�SRU� ODV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�ELRWtSLFDV�GHO�VXMHWR�H[SXHVWR�\� VXVFRQGLFLRQHV�GH�FRQWLQJHQFLD�

(O� LQWHUpV� FRJQLWLYR� GH� SURIXQGL]DU� HQ� ODV� FDXVDV� GHWHUPLQtVWLFDV� R� SUREDELOtVWLFDV� GH� ORV� VXFHVRVHVSHFtILFRV� GH� VDOXG� \� HQ� ODV� SROtWLFDV� GH� HQIUHQWDPLHQWR� KD� FRQGXFLGR� D� HQIRTXHV� HVWUDWLILFDGRV� RVHFWRULDOL]DGRV�VHJ~Q�HVFHQDULRV�� OR�TXH�PHWRGROyJLFDPHQWH� SDVD�SRU�DOWR� OD� XQLFLGDG�GH� OD� VDOXG�HQ�HOLQGLYLGXR�TXH�HV�FRQVHFXHQFLD�GH�OD�GLQiPLFD�GH�ORV�IHQyPHQRV�HQ�ORV�HVFHQDULRV�\�GH�ODV�SURSLHGDGHV�GHOWUDQVFXUULU�GHO�KRPEUH�SRU�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�D�ORV�PLVPRV��'H�HVWH�PRGR�ORV�SURJUDPDV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�VXHOHQGLUHFFLRQDUVH� D� HVFHQDULRV� HWLPROyJLFDPHQWH� VHJUHJDGRV�� OR� TXH� UHVXOWD� LQVXILFLHQWH� SDUD� � OD� QHFHVDULDLQWHJUDOLGDG�GH�HQIRTXH�GH�ODV�FRPSOHMDV�UHODFLRQHV�PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV�GH�ODV�SHUVRQDV�\�ORV�JUXSRV�\�ORVLPSDFWRV�GH�ORV�IDFWRUHV�GH�ULHVJR��TXH�VH�IRUMDQ�HQ�OD�KLVWRULD�GH�ODV�H[SRVLFLRQHV�D�GLIHUHQWHV�HVWUHVRUHVHQ�ORV�WUiQVLWRV�GHO�LQGLYLGXR��(OOR�FRQGXFH�D�OD�QHFHVLGDG�GH�XQ�UHSODQWHDPLHQWR�UDFLRQDO�GH�ODV�SROtWLFDV�GHSURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG��PDWL]DGR�SRU�OD�QHFHVLGDG�GH�OD�FRRUGLQDFLyQ�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFD�HQ�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�

/D�YLYLHQGD�UH~QH�LQGLYLGXRV�HQ�XQ�PLFURFRVPRV�GH�FRQYLYHQFLDV�ELROyJLFDV��SVtTXLFDV�\�VRFLR�FXOWXUDOHV�$OJXQDV�SHUVRQDV� TXH� FRQFLHUWDQ� WDOHV� UHODFLRQHV� FRQVWLWX\HQ� ³SHU� VH´� JUXSRV� GH� ULHVJR� FRPR� HO� DGXOWRPD\RU�� HO� QLxR�� HO� FRQYDOHFLHQWH�� 6LHQGR� OD� YLYLHQGD� XQ� FRQMXQWR� GH� HVSDFLRV� FX\DV� VHQVLEOHV� IXQFLRQHVHQFXHQWUDQ�XQ�VXMHWR�SDUWLFXODUPHQWH�OiELO��HO�FRPSURPLVR�GH�OD�VDOXG�DGTXLHUH�DOOt�PDWLFHV�GH�IUDJLOLGDG�TXHUHVXOWDQ�GH�HVSHFLDO�FRQFHUQLPLHQWR�HQ� OD�VDOXG�DPELHQWDO��3ODQWHDU� OD�FRRUGLQDFLyQ� LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFD�HQVDOXG�S~EOLFD��HQ�VXV�REMHWLYRV�\�HQ�OD�UDFLRQDOLGDG�GH�OD�H[SORWDFLyQ�FRP~Q�GH�VXV�PHGLRV�\�UHFXUVRV�GHPRGR� FRQVWUXFWLYR� \� VLVWpPLFR� SDUD� SURFXUDU� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD�� HV� REMHWLYR� GH� ODV� FRQVLGHUDFLRQHVH[SXHVWDV�HQ�HO�SUHVHQWH�GRFXPHQWR��3HUR�DVLPLVPR�ORV�SURFHGLPLHQWRV�\�UHVXOWDGRV�TXH�DWDxHQ�VDOXG�HQOD�YLYLHQGD�SXHGHQ�UHVXOWDU�~WLOHV�D�RWURV�FDPSRV�GH�DFFLyQ�HQ�VDOXG�S~EOLFD��H[SUHVDGRV�HQ�SURJUDPDV�\SROtWLFDV�GH�VDOXG��\�HOOR�WDPELpQ�RFXSD�HO�LQWHUpV�GH�QXHVWUD�YLVLyQ�

/D�LQLFLDWLYD�GH�YLYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH(O�IRFR�GHO�SUHVHQWH�HStJUDIH�HV�XQD�YLVLyQ�GH�ODV�QRFLRQHV�\�FRQFHSWRV�GH�OD�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD��GLULJLGD�DFRPSOHPHQWDU�HO�PDUFR�GH�WUDEDMR�GH�ORV�TXH�KDFHQ�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�

/D� VDOXG� HV� XQ� HVWDGR� TXH� VH� SHUILOD� SRU� \� SDUD� XQ� VXMHWR� EDMR� OD� LQIOXHQFLD� GH� XQD� DFFLyQ� FRQMXQWD� RIDFLOLWDFLyQ� GH� RWURV� HVWDGRV�� FRQVHFXHQFLD� GH� ODV� LQWHUDFFLRQHV� GH� ORV� LQGLYLGXRV� FRQ� VXV� HQWRUQRVKROtVWLFRV�� $Vt� SXHGH� FRQVLGHUDUVH� TXH� OD� VDOXG� HQ� FLHUWR�PRGR� GHSHQGH� QR� VyOR� GH� ODV� FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVLQWUtQVHFDV�GH�ODV�SHUVRQDV��OR�TXH�LQFOX\H�VXV�SURSLHGDGHV�ELROyJLFDV��SVtTXLFDV�\�VRFLDOHV�\�ODV�DFFLRQHV

8

±FRQVFLHQWHV�R�LQFRQVFLHQWHV��TXH�PDWL]DQ�VXV�DFWLWXGHV�SDUD�HQIUHQWDU�FDXVDV�HQGyJHQDV�GH�PRUELOLGDG�VLQR�GHO� FDUiFWHU�GH�VXV� UHODFLRQHV�PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV�\� VRFLDOHV�EDMR�XQD�ySWLFD� LQWHJUDO� TXH�DOXGH�D� ODSUHYHQFLyQ�\�FRQWURO�GH�OD�DFFLyQ�GH�ODV�FDXVDV�H[yJHQDV��/D�VDOXG�KXPDQD�FRPR�FRQFHSWR�VXUJH�\�DSOLFDDO�LQGLYLGXR�SHUR�VX�PDUFR�GH�GHILQLFLyQ�HV�VRFLR�HFRQyPLFR�\�HFROyJLFR�DSDUHFLHQGR�HVWUHFKDPHQWH�OLJDGDD P~OWLSOHV�IDFWRUHV�TXH�KDQ�VLGR�GHQRPLQDGRV�DPELHQWHV�GH�VRSRUWH�

'H�PRGR�JHQHUDO��ORV�DPELHQWHV�GH�VRSRUWH�FODVLILFDQ�HQ�ItVLFRV� DOXGLHQGR�DO�HQWRUQR�ELyWLFR�\�DELyWLFR�GHOKiELWDW��VRFLDO� UHIHUHQWHV�D�WRGR�HO�HVSHFWUR�GH�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�ORV�PLHPEURV�GHO�JUXSR�KXPDQR�GHVGH�ODFRPXQLGDG� LQPHGLDWD� D� � ORV� JUXSRV� PiV� DPSOLRV� LGHQWLILFDGRV� SRU� OD� VLPLOLWXG� GH� LGLRPD�� FRVWXPEUHV�WHUULWRULR� \� SDWULPRQLR� FXOWXUDO�� \� HFRQyPLFDV� FRPSDUWLHQGR� IXHQWHV� GH� UHFXUVRV�� PHGLRV� \� PRGRV� GHSURGXFFLyQ��VHUYLFLRV�\�HVWUXFWXUDV�SROtWLFR�DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV�DVRFLDGDV�

(O�HQIRTXH�GH�DPELHQWHV�GH�VRSRUWH�FRQVWLWX\H�XQD�EDVH�SDUD�OD�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�HQ�GLYHUVRV�SDtVHV�9LYLHQGD�� HVFXHOD�� YHFLQGDG�� OXJDU� GH� WUDEDMR�� FLXGDG� VH� FRQVWLWX\HQ� HQ� REMHWR� GH� WDUHDV� SDUD� ODSUHVHUYDFLyQ�\�GHVDUUROOR�GH�OD�VDOXG�HQ�OD�SREODFLyQ��KDVWD�HO�SXQWR�GH�FRQVWDWDU�TXH�HO�HVWDGR�GH�VDOXGHVWi�PiV�GHWHUPLQDGR�SRU�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�WDOHV�DPELHQWHV�TXH�SRU�ORV�VHUYLFLRV�DVLVWHQFLDOHV�GH�VDOXGLPSOHPHQWDGRV������(O�PDQHMR�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHV�GH�VRSRUWH�HQ�IXQFLyQ�GH�OD�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�VH�EDVD�HQHO�FRPSURPLVR�GH�ODV�DXWRULGDGHV��LQVWLWXFLRQHV�\�SHUVRQDO�LQYROXFUDGR�HQ�OD�FUHDFLyQ�GH�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�\FLUFXQVWDQFLDV�DSURSLDGDV�SDUD�IDYRUHFHU�OD�VDOXG�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ��LQIOX\HQGR�\�PRGXODQGR�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�DORV�HVWUHVRUHV�DPELHQWDOHV�

8QR�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHV�GH�VRSRUWH�PiV�VHQVLEOHV�D�OD�VDOXG�HV�OD�YLYLHQGD��GDGR�HO�FDUiFWHU�GH�ODV�IXQFLRQHVTXH�pVWD�DPSDUD������1R�REVWDQWH��UHVXOWD�XQR�GH�ORV�HQWRUQRV�PiV�FRPSURPHWLGRV�HQ�OD�5HJLyQ�D�FXHQWDGH�OD�SUHFDULHGDG�XQLGD�D�OD�SREUH]D�GH�JUDQGHV�VHFWRUHV�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ��(OOR�KD�GDGR�OXJDU�D�LQLTXLGDGHVHQ�VDOXG�TXH�VH�FRQVWLWX\HQ�HQ�XQR�GH� ODV�VHULDV� OLPLWDQWHV�GHO�REMHWLYR�GH�VDOXG� SDUD� WRGRV� >$OPD�$WD�����@�

/DV�YLYLHQGDV�\�ORV�HQWRUQRV�DFWXDOPHQWH�FRQVWLWX\HQ�XQD�SUREOHPiWLFD�FRP~Q�SDUD�WRGRV�ORV�SDtVHV�GH�ODUHJLyQ�� IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH� HQ� ODV� ]RQDV� UXUDOHV� \� XUEDQDV� PDUJLQDOHV�� GRQGH� LQGXGDEOHPHQWH� VHHQFXHQWUDQ�ORV�PD\RUHV�ULHVJRV�GH�ODV�SREODFLRQHV�GH�DGTXLULU�HQIHUPHGDGHV�UHODFLRQDGDV�FRQ�HO�GHWHULRURGHO�PHGLR��(VWH�DVSHFWR�VH�DJXGL]D�HQ�]RQDV�HQGpPLFDV�GH�HQIHUPHGDGHV�WUDQVPLWLGDV�SRU�YHFWRUHV�FRPRGHQJXH��PDODULD�� ILHEUH� DPDULOOD� HQWUH� RWUDV�� $� HVWR� VH� XQH� OD� H[SRVLFLyQ� D� IDFWRUHV� GH� ULHVJR� GH� RWUDVHQIHUPHGDGHV�LQIHFFLRVDV�JDVWURLQWHVWLQDOHV��\�UHVSLUDWRULDV

9

(O�SUREOHPD�GH� OD� YLYLHQGD�FRPR�GHWHUPLQDQWH�\�PRGHUDGRU�GH�VDOXG�PXHVWUD�XQD�HVWUXFWXUD� MHUiUTXLFD�GRQGH�HO�SULPHU�SODQR�GH�DFFLyQ�VH�YLQFXOD�D� OD�GLVSRQLELOLGDG�\� WHQHQFLD�GH� OD�HVWUXFWXUD� ItVLFD�� OODPDGDFDVD��VHJXLGD�GH�OD�VHJXULGDG�GHO�WHUULWRULR�GRQGH�VH�XELFD�±JHRItVLFR�\�VRFLDO���HO�GLVHxR��ORV�PDWHULDOHV�\�ODWHFQRORJtD� \� FDOLGDG� FRQVWUXFWLYD�� OR� TXH� VH� SXHGH� YLQFXODU� D� LPSDFWRV� SRWHQFLDOHV� PiV� VHQVLEOHV� HQGHVDVWUHV� \� DFFLGHQWHV�� (O� DVSHFWR� TXH� VLJXH� LQYROXFUD� ORV� IDFWRUHV� GHO� VDQHDPLHQWR� EiVLFR�� VXPLQLVWURVHJXUR�GH�DJXD�GH�FRQVXPR�HQ�FDOLGDG�\�FDQWLGDG�DSURSLDGDV��GLVSRVLFLyQ�DGHFXDGD�GH�ODV�DJXDV�VHUYLGDVJULVHV�\�QHJUDV��UHFROHFFLyQ�\�WUDWDPLHQWR�VDQLWDULR�GH�ORV�GHVHFKRV�VyOLGRV�\�EDVXUDV��FRQWURO�GH�YHFWRUHVHQ� HO� GRPLFLOLR� \� SHULGRPLFLOLR�� KDELOLWDFLyQ� GH� VDQLWDULRV� KLGUiXOLFRV� H� LPSOHPHQWRV� SDUD� OD� KLJLHQH�� 6HDxDGHQ� OD� KLJLHQH� SHUVRQDO�� IDPLOLDU� \� GRPpVWLFD� SDUD� HQIUHQWDU� ORV� DJHQWHV� HWLROyJLFRV� GH� DIHFFLRQHV�SDUWLFXODUPHQWH� ORV� KiELWRV� \� DFFLRQHV� DGHFXDGRV� SDUD� OD� OLPSLH]D� \� GHVLQIHFFLyQ�� DXVHQFLD� GHKDFLQDPLHQWR�\�YDULHGDG�GH�HVSDFLRV� IXQFLRQDOHV�DSURSLDGRV��HTXLSDGRV�\�DPREODGRV�� OD�FRQVHUYDFLyQ�\PDQLSXODFLyQ� GH� DOLPHQWRV�� VHOHFFLyQ� DSURSLDGD� HQ� QXWULHQWHV� GH� OD� GLHWD�� OD� GHVHQVLELOL]DFLyQ� DQWHDOHUJHQRV�\�YDFXQDFLyQ��HO� GHVDUUROOR�GH�DSURSLDGRV�HTXLOLEULRV�HQ� ODV� UHODFLRQHV� LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV�SDUD� ODHYLWDFLyQ�GH�WHQVLRQHV�\�YLROHQFLD�\�HO�DVHJXUDPLHQWR�GH�LQVXPRV�\�UHFXUVRV�GH�VRVWHQLPLHQWR�\�SURJUHVR�3RU� ~OWLPR�� OD� FDOLGDG� GH� YLGD� VRVWHQLGD� SRU� ORV� HVWLORV� GH� YLGD� \� OD� LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD� GRPLFLOLDULD� \SHULGRPLFLOLDULD�� FX\DV� H[SUHVLRQHV� VRQ� ODV� FRQGXFWDV� GH� ULHVJR� \� KiELWRV� Wy[LFRV�� HO� PLFURFOLPD� \� ODYHQWLODFLyQ��HO�UXLGR�\�ODV�YLEUDFLRQHV��ODV�UDGLDFLRQHV�LRQL]DQWHV�\�QR�LRQL]DQWHV��OD�FDOLGDG�GHO�DLUH�LQWHULRU�±SDUWLFXODUPHQWH�SURGXFWRV�GH�OD�FRPEXVWLyQ�GH�ELRPDVD�\�HPDQDFLRQHV�GH�PDWHULDOHV���ORV�ELRDHURVROHV�\SDWyJHQRV��8QD�FDXVD�GH�DFHQWXDFLyQ�GH� ORV� IDFWRUHV�GH�SHOLJUR�DSDUHFH�FRQ� OD� LQWURGXFFLyQ�GH�QXHYDVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHV�D�OD�YLYLHQGD��SDUWLFXODUPHQWH�FXDQGR�pVWD�VH�WUDQVIRUPD�HQ�KHUUDPLHQWD�SDUD�OD�SURGXFFLyQGH�ELHQHV�\�VHUYLFLRV��FRPR�UHFXUVR�GH�SURGXFFLyQ�GH�UHFXUVRV��(Q�HVWH�~OWLPR�FDVR��HQ�HO�PDUFR�DFWXDO�GHOD�JOREDOL]DFLyQ�DSDUHFH�OD�YLYLHQGD�WDOOHU��OD�YLYLHQGD�DOPDFpQ��OD�YLYLHQGD�FRPHUFLR�

(VWD�HVWUXFWXUD�MHUiUTXLFD�GHO�HQIRTXH�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�FRPR�DJHQWH�GH�VDOXG�±HQIHUPHGDG�HQXPHUD�IDFWRUHVGH� ULHVJR�� ORV�TXH�FRPSUHQGHQ�QR�VyOR� ORV�SHOLJURV�GH�GLVWLQWD�QDWXUDOH]D�GHO�PHGLR�KDELWDFLRQDO� VLQR� ODYXOQHUDELOLGDG�GH�ORV�UHVLGHQWHV�VREUH�ORV�TXH�WDOHV�SHOLJURV�DSOLFD��(O�JUDGR�GH�YXOQHUDELOLGDG�GHSHQGH�GHOQLYHO� GH� GHPDQGD� DPELHQWDO� TXH� LPSRQHQ� ORV� LQGLYLGXRV� TXH� KDELWDQ� OD� FDVD�� OR� TXH� GHSHQGH� GH� ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV� GH� VXV� UHVLGHQWHV�� (VWD� GHPDQGD� ILMD� ODV� FRQGLFLRQHV� H[WUHPDV� GH� H[SRVLFLyQ� D� ORVHVWUHVRUHV�HQ�HO�FRPSURPLVR�GH�OD�VDOXG��3XHGHQ�FLWDUVH�HQ�SULPHU� OXJDU� ORV�GLVFDSDFLWDGRV�H� LPSHGLGRVItVLFRV��ORV�HQIHUPRV�\�FRQYDOHFLHQWHV��ORV�QLxRV�\�DGXOWRV�PD\RUHV�\�HO�JpQHUR��(Q�OD�YXOQHUDELOLGDG�SXGLHUDLQFOXLUVH�XQD�UDPD�GH�FODVLILFDFLyQ�GHSHQGLHQWH�GH� OD�FDUHQFLD�GH� ORV�VHUYLFLRV��GH�HPHUJHQFLD��PpGLFRV�PHUFDGR�� HVFRODUHV�� FRPXQDOHV� \� GH� VHJXULGDG� S~EOLFD��� 3HUR� PiV� LPSRUWDQWH� VHUtD� HVWDEOHFHU� XQDFODVLILFDFLyQ�SRU�HO�SDWUyQ�GH�LQJUHVRV�R�GLVSRQLELOLGDG�GH�UHFXUVRV�TXH�SRWHQFLDOL]D�HO�VRVWHQLPLHQWR�GH�ODYLYLHQGD�\�OD�IDPLOLD��\D�TXH�H[LVWH�XQD�FRQFRUGDQWH�DVRFLDFLyQ�FRQ�OD�FDOLGDG�\�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�D

10

SDUWLU� GH� OD� FREHUWXUD� GH� DFFHVR� D� ORV� ELHQHV� GH� FRQVXPR�� TXH� SXGLHUD� VHU� UHSUHVHQWDGR� HQ� JUXSRVSURGXFWLYRV�SRU�OD�UHJXODULGDG�GHO�LQJUHVR�PHGLR�SHU�FiSLWD�

(VWH�~OWLPR�DVSHFWR�GHO�IOXMR�GH�UHFXUVRV�UHVXOWD�GHWHUPLQDQWH�SDUD�HO�PHUFDGR�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD��FRQVWLWXLGRSRU�XQ�PHFDQLVPR�GH� ILQDQFLDPLHQWR�TXH�RIUHFH� OD� YtD�PiV� LPSRUWDQWH�D� OD� WHQHQFLD�R�GLVSRVLFLyQ�GH� ODYLYLHQGD� IRUPDO�� /DV� OLPLWDFLRQHV� GH� DFFHVR� D� HVWH� PHUFDGR� GH� ORV� JUXSRV� SREODFLRQDOHV� GH� PHQRUHVLQJUHVRV� HVWDEOHFHQ� XQ� FLHUWR� GLYRUFLR� HQWUH� OD� PHQRU� GHPDQGD� PHUFDQWLO� \� OD� GHPDQGD� PD\RU� SRUQHFHVLGDGHV�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD��OR�TXH�FRDG\XYD�D�OD�DSDULFLyQ�GH�XQ�PHUFDGR�LQIRUPDO�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD��HO�FXDOQR�DMXVWD�HVWiQGDUHV�UHFRQRFLGRV�GH�FDOLGDG�FRQVWUXFWLYD�\�GD�OXJDU�D�VROXFLRQHV�KDELWDFLRQDOHV�SUHFDULDVFRPR�ODV�FLXGDGHODV�±HQ�ODV�TXH�P~OWLSOHV�IDPLOLDV�DGDSWDQ�\�FRPSDUWHQ�HVSDFLRV�\�VHUYLFLRV�RULJLQDOPHQWHPRQRIDPLOLDUHV�GH� IRUPD�FROHFWLYD��\� OD�YLYLHQGD�PDUJLQDO�� HQ� DVHQWDPLHQWRV�FDUHQWHV� GH� UHGHV� WpFQLFDVDSURSLDGDV��HQ�FRQGLFLRQHV�OHJDO�\�JHROyJLFDPHQWH�LQVHJXUDV��(Q�GLVWLQWRV�PRPHQWRV�ORV�JRELHUQRV�GH� OD5HJLyQ� KDQ� EXVFDGR� SDOLDWLYRV� DO� SUREOHPD� HQ� OD� IRUPD� GH� SURJUDPDV� GH� YLYLHQGD� VRFLDO�� WRWDO� RSDUFLDOPHQWH�ILQDQFLDGRV�SRU�HO�HVWDGR��HVTXHPD�HVWH�~OWLPR�TXH�LQYROXFUD�PHFDQLVPRV�GH�HPSUpVWLWR��HQFDVRV�PLFURFUpGLWR��D�WUDYpV�GH�XQD�EDQFD�HVSHFLDOL]DGD��DSR\R�HQ�SROtWLFDV�GH�H[HQFLyQ�LPSRVLWLYD��FDMDVGH� DKRUUR� \� ORWHUtD�� 1R� REVWDQWH�� OD� XELFDFLyQ�� UHGHV�� HVSDFLRV� \� FDOLGDG� GH� HVWH� WLSR� GH� YLYLHQGDVXEYHQFLRQDGD�KD�VLGR�HQ�FDVRV�FXHVWLRQDGD��HQ�HO�FRPSURPLVR�HQWUH�OD�UHGXFLGD�LQYHUVLyQ�SRU�XQLGDG��D�ODE~VTXHGD�GH�PiV�QXPHURVRV�EHQHILFLDULRV��\�OD�FDOLGDG�GHO�SURGXFWR�

/RV�DVHQWDPLHQWRV�LQIRUPDOHV�GH�ORV�SDtVHV�HQ�GHVDUUROOR�KDQ�GDGR�OXJDU�D�XQD�PD\RU�H[SDQVLyQ�XUEDQDGH�ODV�FLXGDGHV�TXH�ORV�DVHQWDPLHQWRV�IRUPDOHV��SHUR�QR�KDQ�FRQVHJXLGR�VROXFLRQDU� OD�SDYLPHQWDFLyQ�GHFDOOHV�� � WHQGLGR� GH� GUHQHV� \� DOFDQWDULOODGRV�� DJXD� SRU� WXEHUtD�� UHFROHFFLyQ� GH� EDVXUD� \� VHUYLFLRVDVLVWHQFLDOHV��/DV�YLYLHQGDV�HULJLGDV�PD\RUPHQWH�VH�FRQVWUX\HQ�FRQ�PDWHULDOHV� LQDSURSLDGRV�� VLQ�GLVHxRFDOLILFDGR�QL�PDQR�GH�REUD�FDSDFLWDGD��SULQFLSDOPHQWH�SRU�HVIXHU]R�SURSLR�\�JXLDGR�SRU� OD� LPSURYLVDFLyQ�/RV�FDVRV�GH�HVWXGLR�UHYHODQ�TXH�HQ�GLYHUVDV�FLXGDGHV�GH�XQ����D�XQ������GH�OD�SREODFLyQ�SXHGH�YLYLU�HQDVHQWDPLHQWRV� LOHJDOHV� FRQ� HVFDVD� SURYLVLyQ� GH� LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD� \� VHUYLFLRV� \� HQ� YLYLHQGDV� GHWHULRUDGDV�VREUHFDUJDGDV�\�KDFLQDGDV��8Q�FXDUWR�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ�XUEDQD�GH�ORV�SDtVHV�HQ�GHVDUUROOR�QR�FRQWDEDQ�HQ�����FRQ�DJXD�VHJXUD�\�OD�PLWDG�QR�WHQtDQ�VLVWHPDV�GH�GLVSRVLFLyQ�GH�H[FUHWDV�����

3DUD� OD�5HJLyQ�GH� ODV�$PpULFDV��SDUWLFXODUPHQWH�$PpULFD�/DWLQD� \�HO�&DULEH� TXH�DOEHUJDQ� FHUFD� GH����PLOORQHV�GH�KDELWDQWHV��VH�SUHVHQWy�HQ�ORV���V�XQ�GpILFLW�GH�DOUHGHGRU�GH�ORV����PLOORQHV�GH�YLYLHQGDV��\�VHKD�LQGLFDGR�TXH�VyOR�XQ�����GH�ODV�H[LVWHQWHV�UHVXOWDQ�DGHFXDGDV�\�XQ�����LUUHFXSHUDEOHV�FRQ�FRQWUDVWHVHQWUH� SDtVHV�� GRQGH� GHVWDFDQ� SRU� OD� SUHFDULHGDG� %ROLYLD�� 3HU~�� (O� 6DOYDGRU�� 1LFDUDJXD� � ����� (OORFRPSURPHWH�VHYHUDPHQWH� OD�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD�HQ�VDOXG�VXVWHQWDGD�HQ� ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�KDELWDFLRQDOHV�\�VH

11

H[SUHVD�FRQ�XQ�SDWUyQ�UHIOHMR�GH�PRUEL�PRUWDOLGDG��YLQFXODGR�D�HQIHUPHGDGHV�WUDQVPLVLEOHV��GHJHQHUDWLYDV\ FUyQLFDV�TXH�UHVXOWD�FRQVHFXHQFLD�GH�OD�SUHFDULHGDG�HQ�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�YLGD������$Vt�OD�HVSHUDQ]D�GHYLGD�DO�QDFHU�VLJXH�ORV�LQGLFDGRUHV�GH�OD�SREUH]D��PHQRV�GH����DxRV�HQ�+DLWt�\�%ROLYLD�\�PiV�GH����DxRV�HQ%DUEDGRV��&RVWD�5LFD�\�&XED�����

3HUR�VLJXLHQGR�OD�HVFDOD�GH�LQJUHVRV�GH�ODV�FODVHV�VRFLDOHV��XQD�SDUWH�GHO�SDUTXH�KDELWDFLRQDO�VH�HQFXHQWUDHQ�PHMRU�HVWDGR�\�HQ�PHQRU�SURSRUFLyQ�VH�GLVIUXWD�GH�YLYLHQGDV�GH�H[FHSFLRQDOHV�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�FRQIRUW�\OXMR��$�HVFDOD�XUEDQD��OD�FDOLGDG�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�VH�HVWUDWLILFD�SRU�VHFWRUHV�HQ�ODV�FLXGDGHV��9LYLHQGDV�PRQR�\ PXOWLIDPLOLDUHV�GHVSOLHJDQ�DPSOLD�YDULHGDG�GH�FRQGLFLRQHV�

6H� KDFH� HYLGHQWH� TXH� SDUD� HO� DPSOLR� HVSHFWUR� GH� VLWXDFLRQHV� FDGD� XQR� GH� ORV� QLYHOHV� MHUiUTXLFRV� GHSUREOHPiWLFD�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�FRPR�DJHQWH�GH�OD�VDOXG�±�HQIHUPHGDG�UHTXHULUi�XQ�SODQWHDPLHQWR�UHVROXWLYRSDUWLFXODUL]DGR�TXH�SURSHQGD�HO�HQIRTXH�GH�ULHVJRV��FRQVLVWHQWH�HQ�XQD�LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�\�SRQGHUDFLyQ�GH�VXVIDFWRUHV� \� HO� DQiOLVLV� GHO� LPSDFWR� HQ� VDOXG� HQ� HVFDODV� GLUHFWDV� H� LQGLUHFWDV� ±� HIHFWR� SRU� H[SRVLFLyQ� DOHVWUHVRU� \� HIHFWR� GH� IDFWRUHV� VREUH� HO� PHGLR� \� GHO� PHGLR� VREUH� ORV� VXMHWRV��� DVt� FRPR� ODV� PHGLGDV� \SROtWLFDV�GH�OD�JHUHQFLD�GHO�ULHVJR�EDMR�XQD�ySWLFD�GH�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�

(O�FRQFHUQLPLHQWR�DPELHQWDO�GH�XQD�YLYLHQGD�� UHVSRQVDEOH�GHO� LPSDFWR� LQGLUHFWR�HQ�VDOXG�� �GLPDQD�GH�VXSDSHO�FRPR�HVWUXFWXUD�ItVLFD�LPSXHVWD�D�XQ�HQWRUQR�QDWXUDO��GHO�FXDO�VH�H[WUDHQ�\�HODERUDQ�ORV�PDWHULDOHV�GHHGLILFDFLyQ� \�PDQWHQLPLHQWR� \� DO� FXDO� UHWRUQDQ� WDOHV�PDWHULDOHV� FXDQGR� OD� HVWUXFWXUD� FXPSOH� VX� FLFOR� GHH[LVWHQFLD� FRPR� HQWLGDG�� (VWD� YLYLHQGD� HQ� PXFKRV� FDVRV� FRPSRQH� OD� WUDPD� GHO� XUEDQLVPR� HQ� ORVDVHQWDPLHQWRV� KXPDQRV�� DPSOLILFDQGR� OD� HVFDOD� GH� OD� WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ� GHO� SDLVDMH�� FDUDFWHUL]DGD� SRU� ODH[SORWDFLyQ�\�DJRWDPLHQWR�GH�VXV� UHFXUVRV��HQ�FX\R�FDVR�HO�iUHD�GHJUDGDGD�VH�H[WLHQGH�FDGD�YH]�D�XQWHUULWRULR�PiV�YDVWR�

12

&RQ� LQGHSHQGHQFLD� GHO� SULQFLSLR� GHO�PHWDEROLVPR� FHUUDGR�� TXH� VXVWHQWD� OD� LGHD�GHO� UHFLFODMH� WRWDO� GH� ORVPDWHULDOHV�GH� FRQVWUXFFLyQ�� SXHGH� GHFLUVH� TXH�D~Q� GXUDQWH� VX� FLFOR� GH� H[LVWHQFLD� HO� XVR� GH� OD� YLYLHQGDFRQILHUH� XQ� FDUiFWHU� GH� VLVWHPD� DELHUWR� DO�PHGLR� KDELWDFLRQDO�� FX\D� ILQDOLGDG� HV� OD� WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ� GH� ODPDWHULD�\�OD�HQHUJtD�TXH�WUDVSDVD�VXV�IURQWHUDV�

$ OD�YLYLHQGD� IOX\H�GHO�PHGLR�FRPEXVWLEOH�GH�FRFFLyQ�� FDOHIDFFLyQ�H� LOXPLQDFLyQ�\�R� IXHU]D� HOHFWURPRWUL]�DJXD��SURGXFWRV�QDWXUDOHV��VHPL�HODERUDGRV�R�HODERUDGRV��HQWUH�ORV�TXH�VH�FXHQWDQ�XQ�JUXSR�FX\R�FDUiFWHUHV�PiV�SHUPDQHQWH�� FDVR�GH� ORV�ELHQHV�GH� XVR�GXUDEOH� FRPR� HO�PRELOLDULR�� HTXLSDPLHQWR�� OHQFHUtD� \� HOYHVWXDULR�� \� RWUR� JUXSR� FX\R� FDUiFWHU� HV�PiV� SHUHQWRULR� FRPR� ORV� DUWtFXORV� GH� GHVLQIHFFLyQ� � OLPSLH]D� \HPEHOOHFLPLHQWR��DOLPHQWRV���SDSHO��FDUWyQ�\�RWURV�PDWHULDOHV��'H� OD�YLYLHQGD�DO�HQWRUQR�IOX\HQ�HQ�FDPELRDJXDV�VHUYLGDV�FRQ�GLIHUHQWHV�WHQRUHV�GH�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�TXtPLFD�\�PLFURELROyJLFD��UHVLGXDOHV�RUJiQLFRV�HLQRUJiQLFRV�� KXPRV�� SROYRV� \� DHURVROHV�� JDVHV�� YDSRUHV�� IUDJPHQWRV� \� EDVXUDV�� REMHWRV� \� SDUWHVGHVHFKDGRV��HQHUJtD�GHJUDGDGD�HQ�IRUPD�GH�UXLGR��YLEUDFLyQ��FDORU��KXPHGDG�\�FDPSRV�GH�IXHU]D�

/D�UHVXOWDQWH�GH�HVWH�SURFHVR�HV�XQD�FRQWULEXFLyQ�QHWD�D�OD�HQDMHQDFLyQ�GHO�HQWRUQR�QDWXUDO��FX\D�UHVLOHQFLDVH�YH�FRPSURPHWLGD�\�HQ�FX\D�GHJUDGDFLyQ�HVWiQ�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV��FLUFXQVWDQFLDV��FDXVDOHV�\�PHGLDGRUHVGHO� LPSDFWR� LQGLUHFWR� HQ� VDOXG� GH� OD� H[LVWHQFLD� GH� XQ� PHGLR� KDELWDFLRQDO�� %DMR� HVWD� HQDMHQDFLyQ� VHDGXOWHUDQ�ORV�HFRVLVWHPDV�\�HQ�HOORV�VXV�FDGHQDV�WUyILFDV��ODV�HVSHFLHV�PiV�GpELOHV�VH�DOHMDQ�R�VXFXPEHQ

13

HQ�OD�GLILFXOWDG�GH�DGRSWDU�QXHYRV�HTXLOLEULRV�FRQ�XQ�PHGLR�GHVIDYRUDEOHPHQWH�FDPELDQWH��/DV�IXHU]DV�GHUHVLVWHQFLD� \� UHVWDXUDWLYDV� GH� OD� QDWXUDOH]D� WLHQHQ� XQ� SRGHU� GH� UHFXSHUDFLyQ� OLPLWDGR� \� VX� PDJQLWXGGHSHQGH�HQ�VX�DFHSFLyQ�PiV�DPSOLD�GHO� SDLVDMH� JHRJUiILFR� GRQGH� OD� LUUXSFLyQ� DQWUySLFD� WRPD� OXJDU��'HHVWH�PRGR�HO�GHVDUUROOR�XUEDQR�LQFRQWURODGR��FDUDFWHUtVWLFR�GH�PXFKDV�JUDQGHV�FLXGDGHV��SXHGH�FRQOOHYDU�DOD� GHVWUXFFLyQ� GH� OD� SDUWH� GHO�PHGLR� QDWXUDO� FX\RV� UHFXUVRV� VRQ�PRYLOL]DGRV�� WpFQLFDPHQWH� GHQRPLQDGR³KLQWHUODQG´��LQYROXFUDQGR�HO�PHWDEROLVPR�OLQHDO�DVRFLDGR�DO�FUHFLPLHQWR�VLQ�SODQLILFDFLyQ�UDFLRQDO�GHO�XVR�GHOVXHOR�

/D�FRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQ�GHO�HQIRTXH�GH�ORV�HIHFWRV�GLUHFWRV�H�LQGLUHFWRV�EDMR�XQD�VLVWHPDWLFLGDG�GD�OXJDU�D�XQDSUHFHSWLYD� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� VDOXGDEOH�� (YLWDU� ORV� HIHFWRV� GLUHFWRV� H� LQGLUHFWRV� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� \� VX� HQWRUQRLQPHGLDWR� R� SHULGRPLFLOLR� VREUH� OD� VDOXG� GH� ORV� UHVLGHQWHV�� SURPRYLHQGR� FDOLGDG� GH� YLGD� HQ� VDOXG� HQ� HOPHMRUDPLHQWR�GH�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�GHO�PHGLR�KDELWDFLRQDO��VH�KD�WUDQVIRUPDGR�HQ�REMHWLYR�GH�WUDEDMR�LQVHUWRHQ�HO�PDQHMR�DPELHQWDO�\�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�

/RV�SUROHJyPHQRV�GH�OD�SUHFHSWLYD�IXHURQ�HQXQFLDGRV�SRU�XQ�&RPLWp�GH�([SHUWRV�GH�OD�206��TXLHQ�YDORUyXQ�FRQMXQWR�GH�SULQFLSLRV�\�OtQHDV�GH�DFFLyQ�SDUD�HO�WUD]DGR�GH�XQD�HVWUDWHJLD�HQ�VDOXG�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�����/RV� IDFWRUHV�GHO�DPELHQWH�GH� OD�YLYLHQGD�TXH� LPSDFWDQ� OD�VDOXG�PHQWDO�\� ItVLFD� IXHURQ� LGHQWLILFDGRV� ����DSDUWLU�GHO�

• 3DSHO� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� FRPR� HVWUXFWXUD� \� DEULJR� �SURWHFFLyQ� FRQWUD� ORV� H[WUHPRV� FOLPiWLFRV�DLVODPLHQWR�GHO�UXLGR��SHQHWUDFLyQ�GH�SROYR��OOXYLD��LQVHFWRV�\�URHGRUHV��

• $GHFXDFLyQ�GHO�VXPLQLVWUR�FXDOLWDWLYR�\�FXDQWLWDWLYR�GH�DJXD�• (IHFWLYLGDG�GH�OD�GLVSRVLFLyQ�GH�H[FUHWDV��DOEDxDOHV�\�UHVLGXRV�VyOLGRV�• &DOLGDG�GHO�VLWLR�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD��VHJXULGDG�HVWUXFWXUDO�\�SURWHFFLyQ�GH�OD�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ��

14

• (IHFWRV� DVRFLDGRV� FRQ� HO� KDFLQDPLHQWR�� DFFLGHQWHV� GRPpVWLFRV� H� LQFUHPHQWR� GH� OD� WUDQVPLVLyQDpUHD�GH�LQIHFFLRQHV��HQIHUPHGDGHV�LQIHFFLRVDV�UHVSLUDWRULDV�DJXGDV��QHXPRQtD��WXEHUFXORVLV�

• &RQWDPLQDFLyQ�GHO�DLUH�LQWHULRU�DVRFLDGR�FRQ�FRPEXVWLEOHV�XVDGRV�SDUD�FRFLQD�\�FDOHIDFFLyQ�• 6HJXULGDG�GH� ORV�DOLPHQWRV��PHGLGD�HQ�TXH� OD�FDVD� IDFLOLWD�HO�DOPDFHQDPLHQWR�GH� ORV�DOLPHQWRV�

SURWHJLpQGRORV�GH�OD�GHVFRPSRVLFLyQ�\�OD�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�• 9HFWRUHV�\�KXpVSHGHV�GH�HQIHUPHGDGHV�DVRFLDGRV�FRQ�HO�DPELHQWH�GRPLFLOLDULR�\�SHULGRPLFLOLDULR�• (O�KRJDU�FRPR�OXJDU�GH�WUDEDMR�±�FRQ�FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV�D�ORV�SHOLJURV�TXtPLFRV���DOPDFHQDPLHQWR

GH�VXVWDQFLDV�Wy[LFDV�\�VHJXULGDG�GHO�HTXLSDPLHQWR�

'H�DTXt�SXHGH�DSUHFLDUVH�SULPHUR�TXH�ORV�IDFWRUHV�GH�ULHVJR�LGHQWLILFDGRV�HVWiQ�LQPHUVRV�HQ�OD�MHUDUTXtD�GHOD� SUREOHPiWLFD� SODQWHDGD� DO� LQLFLR� GHO� SUHVHQWH� HStJUDIH�� <� VHJXQGR�� VH� QRWD� OD� LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHGDG� \WUDQVGLVFLSOLQDULHGDG� GH� ORV� PLVPRV�� LQWHUFRQHFWDQGR� FRQ� HVFDODV� PiV� DPSOLDV� GH� FRQFHUQLPLHQWRDPELHQWDO��HFRQyPLFR�\�VRFLDO��EDMR�OD�OtQHD�UHFWRUD�GH�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD��(OOR�VH�LOXVWUD�HVTXHPiWLFDPHQWH�HQOD�VLJXLHQWH�ILJXUD��

�´$UHDV�GH�LQWHUFRQH[LyQ�GH�OD�GLVFLSOLQD�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGDµ

/D�IRUPD�HQ�TXH�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�OOHJD�D� OD�YLYLHQGD�VH�H[SUHVD�HQ�XQD�PXOWLSOLFLGDG�GH�SURJUDPDV��FX\DRSRUWXQLGDG� HV� PXFKDV� YHFHV� FRQWLQJHQWH�� 1R� REVWDQWH�� OD� YLYLHQGD� GHEH� VHU� FRQVLGHUDGD� XQ� iUHD� GHDFFLyQ�FRQIOXHQWH�GRQGH�ORV�GLYHUVRV�SURJUDPDV�DSOLFDQ�

15

¾ 7RPDQGR�HQ�FXHQWD�TXH�HO� IDFWRU�SULQFLSDO�GH�PRUWDOLGDG�HQ� ORV�GHVDVWUHV�HV� OD�YLYLHQGD��HOOD�SXHGHFRQYHUWLUVH� HQ� REMHWR� GH� LQWHUpV� GH� XQ� SURJUDPD� GH� SUHSDUDFLyQ� GH� GHVDVWUHV� \� SUHYHQFLyQ�� 6HUtDWDPELpQ�GH�FRQFHUQLPLHQWR�HVWDEOHFHU�QRUPDWLYDV�VDQLWDULDV�SDUD�YLYLHQGDV�WHPSRUDOHV�

¾ 1LxRV� \� PDGUHV� SXHGHQ� GHYHQLU� HQ� REMHWLYRV� GH� SUHYHQFLyQ� HQ� HO� LQWHUpV� GHO� DJXD� VHJXUD� \VDQHDPLHQWR��FDOLGDG�GHO�DLUH�LQWHULRU�\�UHGXFFLyQ�GH�DFFLGHQWHV��(Q�ORV�DFFLGHQWHV�GRPpVWLFRV�VH�KDOODLQWHUpV� HQ� HO� DERUGDMH� GH� ULHVJRV� TXtPLFRV�� 2EVHUYDQFLD� GH� HVWiQGDUHV� GH� KLJLHQH� \� HGXFDFLyQVDQLWDULD�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�UHVXOWD�GH�LQFXPEHQFLD�GH�OD�FDOLGDG�DPELHQWDO�

¾ /RV� SUREOHPDV� GH� LQLTXLGDG� HQ� VDOXG� YLQFXODGRV� D� OD� YLYLHQGD�� SDUWLFXODUPHQWH� KDFLQDPLHQWR� \SUHFDULHGDG���SRGUtDQ�VHU�H[SORUDGRV�PiV�SURIXQGDPHQWH�HQ� ODV�HQFXHVWDV�GH�KRJDUHV��YDORUDQGR� ODVLWXDFLyQ�GH�ORV�DOEHUJXHV�WUDQVLWRULRV��3DUD�VX�HQIUHQWDPLHQWR�GHEHUtD�LQFOXLUVH�OD�QRFLyQ�GH�YLYLHQGDVDOXGDEOH�HQ�OD�OHJLVODFLyQ�PRGHOR�GH�OD�UHIRUPD�GH�ORV�FyGLJRV�GH�VDOXG�\�WUDEDMDU�FRQ�ORV�SDUODPHQWRVSDUD� OD� UHYLVLyQ� \� GHVDUUROOR� GH� QXHYDV� OHJLVODFLRQHV�� LGHQWLILFDQGR� YDFtRV� \� SURSRQLHQGR� QXHYRVFyGLJRV�\�DFWXDOL]DFLRQHV��OR�TXH�FRQFLHUQH�D�SROtWLFDV�S~EOLFDV�\�VDOXG�

¾ 9LYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH� LQWHUFRQHFWD�FRQ�HVFHQDULRV�TXH�UHSUHVHQWDQ�RWUDV�HVFDODV�GHO�HQIRTXH�GH�VDOXG�WDOHV�FRPR�HVFXHODV� VDOXGDEOHV��PXQLFLSLRV� SRU� OD� VDOXG� \� FLXGDGHV� VDOXGDEOHV�� OR� TXH� FRQFLHUQH�DSURPRFLyQ�\�SURWHFFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG��LQFOX\HQGR�HO�iUHD�GH�OD�VDOXG�PHQWDO�

¾ /RV�DVSHFWRV�GH�JpQHUR�SXHGHQ�VHU�YDORUDGRV�HQ�HO�PDUFR�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD��GRQGH�MXHJD�XQ�SDSHO�GHSUHHPLQHQWH�LPSRUWDQFLD��OR�TXH�DWDxH�D�PXMHU��VDOXG�\�GHVDUUROOR�

¾ (O� DPELHQWH� KLJLpQLFR� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� \� VX� SHULGRPLFLOLR� GHEH� VHU� FRQVLGHUDGR� HQ� HO� PDUFR� GH� ODGLQiPLFD�GH�OD�HVWUXFWXUD�GH�OD�IDPLOLD�\�HO�XVR�GHO�HVSDFLR��D�ORV�ILQHV�GH�FRQWURODU�\�SUHYHQLU�OD�DFFLyQGH�ORV�YHFWRUHV��3DUD�OD�UHJLyQ�UHVXOWD�GH�SDUWLFXODU�LQWHUpV�HO�FRPEDWH�GHO�GHQJXH�\�GHO�&KDJDV��$�ODFUHDFLyQ� GH� XQD� FXOWXUD� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� VDOXGDEOH� SXHGH� FRQWULEXLU� XQ� SURJUDPD� GH� HQIHUPHGDGHVWUDQVPLVLEOHV�

¾ 3UHYHQFLyQ� GH� OD� YLROHQFLD�� SDUWLFXODUPHQWH� FRQWUD� QLxRV�� \� IDFWRUHV� GH� ULHVJR� GH� HQIHUPHGDGHVFDUGLRYDVFXODUHV�GHVGH�XQD�ySWLFD�LQWHJUDGRUD�SXHGHQ�VHU�YDORUDGDV�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�SRU�XQ�SURJUDPDGH�HQIHUPHGDGHV�QR�WUDQVPLVLEOHV�

¾ /RV�XVRV�SURGXFWLYRV�\�GH�VHUYLFLR�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�SXHGHQ�VHU�DERUGDGRV�SRU�XQ�SURJUDPD�GH�VDOXG�GHOWUDEDMDGRU�

'H�DTXt�TXH�OD�WUtDGD�GH�OR�LQWHUVHFWRULDO��OR�PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULR�\�OD�SDUWLFLSDFLyQ�FRPXQLWDULD��DQWHV�UHVHxDGDFRPR�HMH�RSHUDWLYR�GH�OD�LQLFLDWLYD��VH�FRPSOHPHQWH�FRQ�XQD�HVWUDWHJLD�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFD�HQ�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�(Q� HVWD� HVWUDWHJLD� SXHGHQ� HQFRQWUDU� EHQHILFLRV� GLYHUVRV� SURJUDPDV� GH� VDOXG� S~EOLFD�� TXLHQHV� SXHGHQKDOODU�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�XQ�iUHD�GH�DSOLFDFLyQ�VHQVLWLYD�SDUD�VXV�SROtWLFDV�

16

$FRUGH�D� OD� FRQJUXHQFLD�GH�HVWRV�SULQFLSLRV��HQ������ OD�2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH� OD�6DOXG� �236�GHFLGH�SURPRYHU�XQD�LQLFLDWLYD�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�SDUD�OD�5HJLyQ�$PHULFDQD��/D�LQLFLDWLYD�WHQGUtD�FRPRREMHWLYRV�ORJUDU�XQD�GLVPLQXFLyQ�GH�OD�PRUEL�PRUWDOLGDG�GH� ODV�HQIHUPHGDGHV� WUDQVPLVLEOHV�\� ODV�FUyQLFDVQR�WUDQVPLVLEOHV��DVt�FRPR�OD�HOLPLQDFLyQ��\�R�PLWLJDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR��WRPDQGR�HQ�FRQVLGHUDFLyQ�ORV�IDFWRUHVELR�SVLFR�VRFLDOHV�DVt�FRPR�ORV�ItVLFRV�\�TXtPLFRV��ORV�FXDOHV�VRQ�HVWUHVRUHV�TXH�LQIOX\HQ�HQ�HO�ELHQHVWDU�\FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD�GH�ODV�SREODFLRQHV�TXH�KDELWDQ�ODV�YLYLHQGDV8Q� SULPHU� SDVR� IXH� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ� GH� ODV� LQVWLWXFLRQHV� \� ORV� JUXSRV� TXH� YHQtDQ� GH� XQ� PRGR� X� RWURGHVDUUROODQGR� LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV�� GRFHQFLD� H� LQWHUYHQFLyQ� FRPXQLWDULD� D� IDYRU� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� FRPR� DJHQWHSURPRWRU� GH� VDOXG��&RQ�HO� DSR\R�GH� ORV�&HQWURV�&RODERUDGRUHV� GH� OD�206� GH� OD�5HJLyQ� HQ� HO� WHPD�� �&HQWUR�&RODERUDGRU�GH�OD�206�GH�OD�8QLYHUVLGDG�GH�1HZ�<RUN��HQ�%XIIDOR�GHVGH�HO�DxR�������VHJXLGR�GHO,QVWLWXWR� 1DFLRQDO� GH� +LJLHQH� (SLGHPLRORJtD� \� 0LFURELRORJtD� HQ� /D� +DEDQD�� &XED� GHVGH� ������ VHLQWHUFDPELDQ� H[SHULHQFLDV� \� VH� DFXHUGD� IRUWDOHFHU� ODV� FDSDFLGDGHV� QDFLRQDOHV� SDUD� HQIUHQWDU� ODVSUREOHPiWLFDV� ORFDOHV�� DVXPLHQGR� �� JUXSRV� OD� GHFLVLyQ� GH� WUDQVIRUPDUVH� HQ� &HQWURV� GH� 6DOXG� HQ� OD9LYLHQGD�\�YLQFXODUVH�D�WUDYpV�GH�XQD�5HG�,QWHUDPHULFDQD�FRQ�ILQHV�GH�FRPSOHPHQWDFLyQ�GH�FDSDFLGDGHV�/D�5HG�IXH�FUHDGD�HQ������\�HQ�HO�������FRQ�HO�DXVSLFLR�GH� OD�2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH� OD�6DOXG�FRQWDED� FRQ� ��� SDtVHV� DILOLDGRV� ±� &KLOH�� $UJHQWLQD�� %ROLYLD�� 3HU~�� (FXDGRU�� 9HQH]XHOD�� 1LFDUDJXD�� (O6DOYDGRU��+DLWt��&XED��0p[LFR���(VWDGRV�8QLGRV���\�RWURV�FXDWUR��%UDVLO��3DUDJXD\��&RVWD�5LFD��*XDWHPDOD�HQ�SURFHVR�GH�FRQIRUPDFLyQ�GH�VXV�LQLFLDWLYDV�QDFLRQDOHV�

(VWD�5HG�KD�WUDEDMDGR�HQ�GLYHUVRV�WHPDV�HQWUH�ORV�TXH�SRGHPRV�PHQFLRQDU��HO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�DFFLRQHV�GHSURPRFLyQ� \� DSOLFDFLRQHV� GH� HVWUDWHJLDV� R� SROtWLFDV� GH� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD� HQ� XQ� FDPSR� GRQGHLQWHUDFFLRQDQ�PXFKRV� IDFWRUHV� �TXH�GHWHUPLQDQ�HO�SURFHVR�VDOXG�HQIHPHGDG��HO�ELHQHVWDU�\� OD�FDOLGDG�GHYLGD�GH�ORV�LQGLYLGXRV��ODV�IDPLOLDV�\�ODV�FRPXQLGDGHV�

$OJXQRV� GH� ORV� FHQWURV� RULJLQDULRV� VH� FRQIRUPDURQ� DVRFLDGRV� D� SUR\HFWRV� GH� LQVWLWXFLRQHV�� DFWLYLGDGHVGRFHQWHV�R�D�SHUVRQDOLGDGHV�\�OtGHUHV�TXH�ORV�FRQGXFtDQ��OD�PD\RUtD�EDMR�XQ�UXEUR�DFDGpPLFR��(O�F~PXORGH�H[SHULHQFLDV�JDQDGDV�HQ�XQ�TXLQTXHQLR�KD�LGR�WUDQVIRUPDQGR�OD�FRPSRVLFLyQ�GH�ORV�QXHYRV�FHQWURV�HQXQD�FRQFHUWDFLyQ�GH�HQWLGDGHV�TXH�FRPSDUWHQ�ORV�LQWHUHVHV�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH��GHVGH�HO�GLVHxR�\�ODPLFURORFDOL]DFLyQ�� OD� VHOHFFLyQ� GH� ORV� PDWHULDOHV� \� WHFQRORJtDV�� OD� HGLILFDFLyQ�� HO� � PDQWHQLPLHQWR� \� ODUHPRGHODFLyQ�� ORV� VHUYLFLRV�� UHGHV� WpFQLFDV� \� HO� XVR� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD�� GHVGH� HO� SXQWR� GH� YLVWD� GH� ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ�� OD� GRFHQFLD�� OD� DVHVRUtD� \� ORV� SUR\HFWRV� GH� LQWHUYHQFLyQ�� (VWR� KD� FRQYHUWLGR� ORV� FHQWURVRULJLQDOHV�GH�OLPLWDGD�FREHUWXUD�VRFLDO�HQ�UHGHV�QDFLRQDOHV�TXH�JDUDQWL]DQ�XQ�PiV�DPSOLR�FRPSURPLVR�GHDFWRUHV�\�IXHU]DV�GH�OD�VRFLHGDG�HQ�SURFXUDV�GH�PHWDV�GH�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG��7DPELpQ�LPSULPLy�XQ�VHOOR

17

GH�LQWHUVHFWRULDOLGDG�\�HQIRTXH�PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULR�PiV�DFHQWXDGR��OR�TXH�XQLGR�D�OD�SDUWLFLSDFLyQ�FRPXQLWDULD�QHFHVDULD� SDUD� HO� HQIUHQWDPLHQWR� GH� ORV� SUREOHPDV� ORFDOHV�� FRQIRUPy� XQD� WUtDGD� TXH� KR\� FRQVWLWX\H� HOIXQGDPHQWR�RSHUDFLRQDO�GH�ODV�HQWLGDGHV�PLHPEURV�GH�OD�5HG��'H�HVWD�VXHUWH��VH�LQYROXFUDQ�HVSHFLDOLVWDV�LQYHVWLJDGRUHV�\�GRFHQWHV��FRQ�DXWRULGDGHV�ORFDOHV��OtGHUHV�LQIRUPDOHV��SURPRWRUHV�VRFLDOHV�\�OD�FRPXQLGDGHQ� XQD� DOLDQ]D� TXH� FRPSUHQGH� HO� JRELHUQR� ORFDO�� LQVWLWXFLRQHV�� ORV� VHUYLFLRV� FRPXQDOHV� GH� VDOXG� \FRQVWUXFFLyQ�� HPSUHVDV�� 21*V� FRQ� HYHQWXDOHV� IXHQWHV� GH� ILQDQFLDPLHQWR� SDUD� FRQVWUXLU� R� PHMRUDU� ODYLYLHQGD�

/D�DFWLYLGDG�GH�OD�5HG�SURPXHYH�OD�FRRSHUDFLyQ�GH�VXV�HQWLGDGHV�PLHPEURV�HQ�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ�\�GRFHQFLDSULQFLSDOPHQWH��SDUD� OR�FXDO�FRQFLHUWD�XQD�SROtWLFD�GH�HODERUDFLyQ�GH�SUR\HFWRV�GRQGH� OD�FRRUGLQDFLyQ�GHWUDEDMR� HQWUH� SDtVHV� UHVXOWD� XQ� FRURODULR�� ([SUHVLyQ� GH� HVWH� SULQFLSLR� IXH� OD� FUHDFLyQ� GHO� 3UR\HFWR0XOWLFHQWUR� ³$OWHUQDWLYDV� GH� SURPRFLyQ� GH� YLYLHQGD� VDOXGDEOH� SDUD� OD� 5HJLyQ� $PHULFDQD”, GH FX\RFRPSRQHQWH�UHJLRQDO�WRPDQ�SDUWH���SDtVHV�\���GHO�FRPSRQHQWH�QDFLRQDO��FX\R�REMHWLYR�VH�HQXQFLDFRPR�³UHGXFLU�OD�SUHFDULHGDG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�GH�LQWHUpV�VRFLDO��GLVPLQX\HQGR�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�D�ORV�IDFWRUHV�GHULHVJR�GH�HQIHUPHGDG��HQ�HO�LQWHUpV�GH�HOHYDU�OD�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD�HQ�VDOXG�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ�UHVLGHQWH”. �'HRWUD� SDUWH��KDQ� VLGR� DSUREDGRV�DOJXQRV� FRQYHQLRV�ELODWHUDOHV� GH�FRRSHUDFLyQ� WpFQLFD� HQWUH� SDtVHV� HQ�HOIRUPDWR� GH� 1DFLRQHV� 8QLGDV�� ORV� FXDOHV� KDQ� VHUYLGR� DO� IRUWDOHFLPLHQWR� GH� DOJXQRV� QXHYRV� FHQWURV�� (OORFRQWULEX\H�DO�IOXMR�GH�H[SHULHQFLDV�\�WHFQRORJtDV��HODERUDFLyQ�GH�SUR\HFWRV�\�GLVHxRV�GH�LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV�\�DOD� IRUPDFLyQ� GH� FDSDFLGDGHV� FRQ� OD� RUJDQL]DFLyQ� GH� WDOOHUHV� \� FXUVRV�� DPSDUDQGR� HO� LQWHUFDPELR� GHHVSHFLDOLVWDV�� HO� WUDEDMR� FRRSHUDWLYR� \� HO� GHVDUUROOR� GH� LQGLFDGRUHV� GH� VDOXG� DPELHQWDO� \� PDWHULDOHV� GHHGXFDFLyQ�SDUD�OD�VDOXG�

/D�2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG�KD�LPSXOVDGR�OD�HODERUDFLyQ�GH�GLDJQyVWLFRV�QDFLRQDOHV�HQ�ORVSDtVHV� GH� OD� 5HG� \� D~Q� RWURV�� DVt� FRPR� VX� FRQVROLGDFLyQ� HQ� LQIRUPHV� UHJLRQDOHV� SDUD� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQHVFDODGD� GH� ORV� SULQFLSDOHV� SUREOHPDV� TXH� ORV� SDtVHV� FRQIURQWDQ� HQ� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD�� FRQ� YLVWDV� DIDYRUHFHU� HO� HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR� GH� SULRULGDGHV� GH� DFFLyQ�� 7DPELpQ� KD� SURGXFLGR� WH[WRV� PDJLVWUDOHV� GHUHIHUHQFLD�VREUH�OD�GLVFLSOLQD��GRFXPHQWRV�ELEOLRJUiILFRV�UHIHUDWLYRV�\�PHWRGROyJLFRV�HVSHFLDOL]DGRV�\�JXtDVGH� DFFLyQ�� 'H� RWUD� SDUWH� KD� FRQWULEXLGR� FRQ� HO� SDWURFLQLR� GH� OD� HGXFDFLyQ� FRQWLQXDGD� HQ� OD� WHPiWLFD�SUHVHQFLDO�\�D�GLVWDQFLD�

/D�LQIRUPDFLyQ�RUJDQL]DWLYD�\�WpFQLFD�\�OD�GRFHQFLD�HVSHFLDOL]DGD�KD�FRQWDGR�FRQ�OD�SURGXFFLyQ�PXOWLPHGLD�HGLFLyQ� GH�&'�5RPV�� GRFXPHQWDQGR� ODV�PHPRULDV� GH� ODV� UHXQLRQHV� ELHQDOHV� \� VLPSRVLRV� GH� OD�5HG� \GLIXQGLHQGR�ORV�PDWHULDOHV�GRFHQWHV�GH�FXUVRV�D�GLVWDQFLD�GH�OD�6HULH�6DOXG�HQ�OD�9LYLHQGD�

18

6H� KD� FUHDGR� HQ� HO� SRUWDO� GHO� &HQWUR� 3DQDPHULFDQR� GH� ,QJHQLHUtD� 6DQLWDULD� XQ� VLWLR� :(%� GH� 9LYLHQGD6DOXGDEOH� TXH� DEUH� DFFHVR� D� GLYHUVRV� GRFXPHQWRV� WpFQLFRV� FRUUHODWLYRV� \� SXEOLFDFLRQHV� HQ� FRSLDHOHFWUyQLFD��IDFLOLWD�XQD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�JOREDO�GH�OD�LQLFLDWLYD�\�GH�OD�5HG�\�GDWRV�GH�VXV�HQWLGDGHV�PLHPEURVFRPR�OD�GHVFULSFLyQ�GH�VXV�REMHWLYRV��OLQHDPLHQWRV��HVWUXFWXUD��ORJURV��OtQHDV�\�SODQHV�GH�WUDEDMR��DVt�FRPRPHQFLyQ�GH�ODV�LQVWLWXFLRQHV�FRPSRQHQWHV��GLUHFWLYRV�\�PLHPEURV��7DPELpQ�FROHFFLRQD�ODV�PHPRULDV�GH�ODV5HXQLRQHV� %LHQDOHV�� ODV� SRQHQFLDV� GH� ORV� VLPSRVLRV� WpFQLFRV� \� ORV� GLDJQyVWLFRV�� DQXQFLRV� GH� FXUVRV� \HYHQWRV� \� HQODFHV� D� RWUDV� IXHQWHV�� &RQWLHQH� ODV� KHUUDPLHQWDV� SDUD� ORV� )yUXPV� 9LUWXDOHV� SHULyGLFRV�� HOVRSRUWH�GH�XQD�OLVWD�GH�GLVFXVLyQ�H�PDLO�SHUPDQHQWH�\�XQD�SODWDIRUPD�SDUD�FXUVRV�HQ�OtQHD�����

'H�WRGR�HOOR�VH� LQILHUH�TXH�VH�KDQ� LGR�FUHDQGR�XQ�FRQMXQWR�GH�KHUUDPLHQWDV�TXH�SXHGHQ�UHVXOWDU�~WLOHV�DRWURV� SURJUDPDV� GH� VDOXG� S~EOLFD�� (VWDV� KHUUDPLHQWDV� SXGLHUDQ� VHU� FODVLILFDGDV� SRU� iUHD� GH� DFWLYLGDG�VHJ~Q�OD�WDEOD���

19

&XDGUR���+HUUDPLHQWDV�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�SRU�iUHD�GH�DFWLYLGDG

'RFHQFLD ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ ,QWHUYHQFLyQ VHUYLFLR(675$7(*,$6�<�35,1&,3,26

,QWHUSURJUDPiWLFD ; ; ; ;,QWHUVHFWRULDO ; ; ; ;0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDULD ; ; ; ;&UHDFLyQ�GH�UHGHV ; ; ; ;3DUWLFLSDFLyQ�FRPXQLWDULD ; ; ; ;

$&&,21(6(YDOXDFLyQ�GH�ULHVJR�DPELHQWDO�HQ�VDOXG ; ;(VWXGLR�GH�LPSDFWR�DPELHQWDO ; ;(VWXGLR�GH�LPSDFWR�HSLGHPLROyJLFR ; ;(VWXGLRV�WR[LFROyJLFRV�\�HQVD\RV ;3URSXHVWDV�GH�YDORUHV�OtPLWHV�GH�H[SRVLFLyQ�LQGLFDGRUHV�\�GHVDUUROOR�GH�LQVWUXPHQWRV ;3UR\HFWRV�GH�LQWHUYHQFLyQ�\�GH�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ��DFFLyQ ; ;(YDOXDFLyQ�GH�H[SHULHQFLDV�\�OHFFLRQHVDSUHQGLGDV ; ;9DORUDFLyQ�\�GLIXVLyQ�GH�PHMRUHV�SUiFWLFDV ; ;9LJLODQFLD��SUHYHQFLyQ�\�FRQWURO ; ; ;(GXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�HQ�ODFRPXQLGDG ;'HVDUUROOR�GH�FDSDFLGDGHV ;

0LHQWUDV� ODV� HVWUDWHJLDV� \� SULQFLSLRV� VRQ� FRPXQHV� D� ODV� iUHDV� GH� DFWLYLGDG� GHILQLGDV�� HQ� ODV� DFFLRQHVSUHGRPLQD�HO� iUHD� GH� LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV�� VHJXLGD� SRU� GRFHQFLD� \� VHUYLFLRV� \� ILQDOPHQWH� LQWHUYHQFLRQHV��1RREVWDQWH�� VH� GHVWDFD� TXH� PXFKDV� GH� ODV� KHUUDPLHQWDV� FRQGXFHQ� D� RWUDV� R� GHEHQ� VHU� XVDGDVVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH� HQ� WDUHDV� FRPSOHMDV� TXH� FRPSRUWDQ� FRPSRQHQWHV� GH� GLVWLQWR� WLSR�� &RQGLFLyQ� SDUD� HOGHVDUUROOR� GH� ODV� DFFLRQHV� UHVXOWD� OD� LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ� GH� XQD� SROtWLFD� GH� PRYLOL]DFLyQ� GH� UHFXUVRV� HLQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ�GH�DOLDQ]DV�

20

(VWDV�KHUUDPLHQWDV�QR�UHVXOWDQ�FLHUWDPHQWH�H[FOXVLYDV�GH�OD�GLVFLSOLQD��VLQR�FRPSDUWLGDV�FRQ�RWUDV�iUHDV�GHOD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD��3RU�GHPiV��VLHQGR�OD�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�SDUWH�GH�OD�VDOXG�DPELHQWDO��H[LVWHQ�HVWUDWHJLDV�\SROtWLFDV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�TXH�OH�VRQ�DSOLFDEOHV�����

Las estrategias y políticas de salud pública relacionadas a la iniciativa de

vivienda saludable

(O�IRFR�GHO�SUHVHQWH�HStJUDIH�HV�XQD�YLVLyQ�GH�ODV�QRFLRQHV�\�FRQFHSWRV�GH�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD��GLULJLGD�DFRPSOHPHQWDU�HO�PDUFR�GH�WUDEDMR�GH�ORV�TXH�KDFHQ�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�

1R�REVWDQWH�OD�VDOXG�VH�PDQLILHVWD�LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH��OD�LGHD�GH�OD�VDOXG�GH�ORV�LQGLYLGXRV�HQ�ORV�JUXSRV�\�HQODV�HVSHFLHV�SXHGH�VHU�YLVXDOL]DGD�\�DERUGDGD�FRQ�SULQFLSLRV�\�PpWRGRV�GH�FRQMXQWRV�SDUD�D\XGDU�GH�PRGRPiV�HILFD]�\�HILFLHQWH�D�OD�VDOXG�LQGLYLGXDO�\�FRQ�HOOD�D�OD�GH�ORV�FRQJORPHUDGRV�GH�LQGLYLGXRV�\�DO�REMHWLYRGH�OD�SUHVHUYDFLyQ�GH�OD�HVSHFLH�

/D�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�� FRPR�GLVFLSOLQD�GLQiPLFD�GH�DPSOLR�FRPSURPLVR�VRFLDO�� WUDWD�GH� ODV�DFWLYLGDGHV�TXH� ODVRFLHGDG� DVXPH� FROHFWLYDPHQWH� SDUD� DVHJXUDU� ODV� FRQGLFLRQHV� HQ� ODV� FXDOHV� OD� SREODFLyQ� SXHGH� H[LVWLUVDOXGDEOHPHQWH��(VWR�LQFOX\H�ORV�HVIXHU]RV�RUJDQL]DGRV�GH�OD�FRPXQLGDG�SDUD�SUHYHQLU��LGHQWLILFDU��DSURSLDU\ UHVSRQGHU�D� ODV�DPHQD]DV�D� OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD��3+,3��������� �'H�HVWD�VXHUWH��VH�KD�GHILQLGR�XQD�PLVLyQSDUD�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�HQ�³FXPSOLPHQWDU�HO�LQWHUpV�GH�OD�VRFLHGDG�GH�DVHJXUDU�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�HQ�ODV�FXDOHVOD�JHQWH�SXHGH�VHU�VDOXGDEOH´���������� (VWD�PLVLyQ�VH�OOHYD�D�FDER�D�WUDYpV�GH�HVIXHU]RV�PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULRVRUJDQL]DGRV�KDFLD�ORV�LQWHUHVHV�GH�OD�VDOXG�ItVLFD��PHQWDO�\�DPELHQWDO�GH�ODV�FRPXQLGDGHV�\�SREODFLRQHV�HQULHVJR�GH�HQIHUPHGDG�\�OHVLyQ�\�DOFDQ]D�VXV�REMHWLYRV�HQ�OD�DSOLFDFLyQ�GH�OD�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�\�FRQ�ODVWHFQRORJtDV� GH� SUHYHQFLyQ� GH� HQIHUPHGDGHV� H� LQWHUYHQFLRQHV� GLVHxDGDV� SDUD� PHMRUDU� \� HQULTXHFHU� ODFDOLGDG�GH�YLGD��3RU�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�VH�HQWLHQGH�OD�FLHQFLD�\�HO�DUWH�GH�D\XGDU�D�ODV�SHUVRQDV�D�FDPELDUVXV�HVWLORV�GH�YLGD�SDUD�PRYHUODV�KDFLD�XQ�HVWDGR�GH�VDOXG�ySWLPR��GRQGH�VDOXG�ySWLPD�VH�GHILQH�FRPR�XQEDODQFH� GH� VDOXG� ItVLFD�� HPRFLRQDO�� VRFLDO�� HVSLULWXDO� H� LQWHOHFWXDO� �$-3+�� ������� (OOR� FRQFXHUGD� FRQ� ODGHILQLFLyQ� GH� VDOXG� GH� OD� 206� FRPR� ³XQ� HVWDGR� GH� FRPSOHWR� ELHQHVWDU� ItVLFR�� PHQWDO� \� VRFLDO� \� QRPHUDPHQWH�OD�DXVHQFLD�GH�XQD�HQIHUPHGDG�R�GHELOLGDG´��:+2��������

3URPRFLyQ� GH� VDOXG� \� WHFQRORJtDV� GH� SUHYHQFLyQ� GH� HQIHUPHGDGHV� DEDUFDQ� XQ� DPSOLR� FRQMXQWR� GHIXQFLRQHV�\�SHULFLDV��LQFOX\HQGR�OR�TXH�KD�VLGR�OODPDGR�ODV�WUHV�IXQFLRQHV�QXFOHDUHV�GH�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�������������

21

¾ 9DORUDFLyQ� \� PRQLWRULR� GH� OD� VDOXG� GH� ODV� FRPXQLGDGHV� \� SREODFLRQHV� HQ� ULHVJR� SDUD� LGHQWLILFDUSUREOHPDV�\�SULRULGDGHV�GH�VDOXG

¾ )RUPXODFLyQ�GH�SROtWLFDV�S~EOLFDV��HQ�FRODERUDFLyQ� FRQ� OtGHUHV� GH�JRELHUQR�\� FRPXQLGDG�� GLVHxDGDVSDUD�UHVROYHU�SUREOHPDV�\�SULRULGDGHV�GH�VDOXG�LGHQWLILFDGDV�ORFDO�\�QDFLRQDOPHQWH�

¾ $VHJXUDU�TXH�WRGDV�ODV�SREODFLRQHV�WHQJDQ�DFFHVR�D�DWHQFLyQ�DSURSLDGD�\�FRVWR�HIHFWLYD��LQFOX\HQGRSURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�\�VHUYLFLRV�GH�SUHYHQFLyQ�GH�HQIHUPHGDGHV�FRQ�HYDOXDFLyQ�GH�OD�HIHFWLYLGDG�GH�ODDWHQFLyQ�

3DUD�HOOR��XQ�&RPLWp�GH�'LUHFFLyQ�GH�IXQFLRQHV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�GH�ORV�(VWDGRV�8QLGRV���������HQXQFLy�ORTXH�GHQRPLQy�ORV����VHUYLFLRV�HVHQFLDOHV�GH�6DOXG�3~EOLFD�¾ 0RQLWRUHDU�HVWDGR�GH�VDOXG�SDUD�LGHQWLILFDU�SUREOHPDV�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�FRPXQLGDG¾ 'LDJQRVWLFDU�H�LQYHVWLJDU�SUREOHPDV�GH�VDOXG�\�SHOLJURV�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�FRPXQLGDG¾ ,QIRUPDU��HGXFDU�\�IDFXOWDU�ODV�SHUVRQDV�DFHUFD�GH�SUREOHPDV�GH�VDOXG¾ 0RYLOL]DU�DVRFLDFLRQHV�GH�OD�FRPXQLGDG�SDUD�LGHQWLILFDU�\�UHVROYHU�SUREOHPDV�GH�VDOXG¾ 'HVDUUROODU�SROtWLFDV�\�SODQHV�SDUD�DSR\DU�ORV�HVIXHU]RV�GH�VDOXG�LQGLYLGXDO�\�FRPXQDO�¾ 3RQHU�HQ�YLJRU�OH\HV�\�UHJXODFLRQHV�TXH�SURWHMDQ�OD�VDOXG�\�JDUDQWLFHQ�VHJXULGDG¾ 8QLU�ODV�SHUVRQDV�D�ORV�VHUYLFLRV�GH�VDOXG�\�DVHJXUDU�OD�SURYLVLyQ�GH�DWHQFLyQ�PpGLFD�FXDQGR�QR�HVWp

GLVSRQLEOH�GH�RWUR�PRGR�¾ $VHJXUDU�XQD�IXHU]D�GH�WUDEDMR�FRPSHWHQWH�HQ�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�\�DWHQFLyQ�PpGLFD�SHUVRQDO¾ (YDOXDU�HIHFWLYLGDG��DFFHVLELOLGDG�\�FDOLGDG�GHO�SHUVRQDO�\�VHUYLFLRV�GH�VDOXG�EDVDGRV�HQ�OD�SREODFLyQ�¾ ,QYHVWLJDU�QXHYDV�YLVLRQHV�\�VROXFLRQHV�LQQRYDWLYDV�D�ORV�SUREOHPDV�GH�VDOXG6LHQGR� OD� FRPXQLGDG� KXPDQD� HO� REMHWR� VREUH� HO� TXH� DSOLFD� OD� SUiFWLFD� GH� OD� VDOXG� S~EOLFD�� UHVXOWDFRQYHQLHQWH�GHILQLU� OD�FRPXQLGDG�HQ� WpUPLQRV�GH�XQ�JUXSR�GH�KDELWDQWHV�TXH�YLYHQ�HQ�XQ�iUHD�GH�FLHUWRPRGR�ORFDOL]DGD��UHJLGR�SRU�UHJXODFLRQHV�JHQHUDOHV��FRQ�LQWHUHVHV�\�RUJDQL]DFLRQHV�FRPXQHV��(Q�WpUPLQRVGH�VDOXG�\�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG��UHVXOWDQ�GHWHUPLQDQWHV�ORV�LQWHUHVHV�\�OD�DFFLyQ�FRP~Q�PiV�TXH�HO�WHUULWRULRVREUH� HO� TXH� VH� DVLHQWD�� $QWH� ORV� HVWUHVRUHV� DPELHQWDOHV� ORV� LQGLYLGXRV� \� ODV� FRPXQLGDGHV� GHVDUUROODQHVIXHU]RV�GH�DGDSWDFLyQ��HQ�FDVRV�HO�REMHWLYR�HV�OD�WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�GHO�PHGLR��FRQ�DSURSLDFLyQ�\�XVR�GH�ORVUHFXUVRV�HQ�IXQFLyQ�GH�PHWDV�SURSLDV�GH�GHVDUUROOR�\�SURJUHVR�

/D�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�KD�PRVWUDGR�GLYHUVRV�KLWRV�KLVWyULFRV�GHVGH�OD�DQWLJ�HGDG��SHUR�HQ�OD�HUD�PRGHUQD�VH�ODUHFRQRFH� FRPR� GLVFLSOLQD� GHVGH� ORV� DxRV� ������ 6X�SULPHU� SHUtRGR�� H[WHQGLGR� KDVWD� ������ IXH� FRQRFLGRFRPR�IDVH�GH�ODV�PLDVPDV��GRQGH�HO�FRQWURO�GH�ODV�HQIHUPHGDGHV�VH�EDVy�HQ�OD�HUUyQHD�FRQFHSFLyQ�GH�ORVPDORV� RORUHV� \� OD� VXFLHGDG� FRPR� HWLRORJtD� GH� ODV� GROHQFLDV�� 8QD� IDVH� GH� FRQWURO� GH� HQIHUPHGDGHV� VH

22

H[WHQGLy�GHVGH������KDVWD�������LQLFLDGD�SRU�ORV�WUDEDMRV�GH�.RFK�\�3DVWHXU��OD�TXH�VH�FDUDFWHUL]y�SRU�ODKLSyWHVLV� EDFWHULROyJLFD� TXH� PRVWUy� TXH� FLHUWRV� YHKtFXORV� VHUYtDQ� FRPR� PHGLR� GH� WUDQVPLVLyQ� GHHQIHUPHGDGHV�SURGXFLGDV� SRU�PLFUR�RUJDQLVPRV�� /D� IDVH� GH� SURPRFLyQ� GH� VDOXG�� GH� ����� D� ������ TXHUHWRPy�DO�LQGLYLGXR�FRPR�HMH�GH�OD�VDOXG�LQWURGXFLHQGR�DO�FRQFHSWR�GH�FDOLGDG�YLGD��GLy�pQIDVLV�QR�VyOR�D�ODSURORQJDFLyQ�GH��OD�YLGD��VLQR�DO�QLYHO�DO��FXDO�VH�YLYH������$FWXDOPHQWH�VH�HQXQFLD�OD�IDVH�GH�OD�LQJHQLHUtDVRFLDO��TXH�YDORUD�ODV�LQLTXLGDGHV�VRFLDOHV�HQ�ORV�DFFHVRV�D�ORV�VHUYLFLRV�GH�VDOXG�FRQ�QXHYR�pQIDVLV���������

(Q� ORV� RUtJHQHV� GH� OD� VDOXG� S~EOLFD� VH� REVHUYDED� OD� SUHVHQFLD� GH� WUHV� HOHPHQWRV� EiVLFRV�� VHUYLFLRVFHQWUDOHV�GH�LQIRUPDFLyQ�\�HODERUDFLyQ�GH�SROtWLFDV��HVTXHPD�MXUtGLFR�EiVLFR�\�HVWUXFWXUDV�WHUULWRULDOHV�SDUDVDQHDPLHQWR�DPELHQWDO��RUJDQL]DFLyQ�GH�ORV�VHUYLFLRV�SUHYHQWLYRV�\�DSR\R�DO�GHVDUUROOR�VRFLDO�����������+R\HQ�GtD�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�TXH�FRPSRQHQ�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�KDQ�HYROXFLRQDGR�\�VXHOHQ�DPSDUDU�HO�VRVWHQLPLHQWRGH�XQ� VLVWHPD� GH� YLJLODQFLD� HSLGHPLROyJLFD� DPELHQWDO�� LQWHUpV� HQ� JUXSRV�GH� ULHVJR�� QRUPDFLyQ� VDQLWDULD�LQWHUYHQFLyQ�HQ�ODV�FRPXQLGDGHV��HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG�\�DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG�SDUD�ORFXDO� LQVWUXPHQWDQ� OD� LQYHVWLJDFLyQ�GLULJLGD�D� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�GH� IDFWRUHV�GH� ULHVJR��DO�HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR�GHYDORUHV� OtPLWHV� GH� H[SRVLFLyQ� D� ORV� HVWUHVRUHV� DPELHQWDOHV�� GLDJQyVWLFR�� SURQyVWLFR� H� LQWHUYHQFLyQ�� ODGRFHQFLD��OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�\�ORV�VHUYLFLRV�FLHQWtILFR�WpFQLFRV�\�RUJDQL]DWLYR��JHUHQFLDOHV�

(O� HQIRTXH� PRGHUQR� GH� OD� VDOXG� S~EOLFD� GHVFDQVD� HQ� JUDQ� PHGLGD� HQ� HO� HVWXGLR� GHO� SDSHO� GH� ODVLQWHUDFFLRQHV� GHO� KRPEUH� FRQ� HO� PHGLR� QDWXUDO� \� DQWUySLFR�� FRQ� OD� VRFLHGDG� \� FRQVLJR� PLVPR� HQ� ODFRQIRUPDFLyQ�GH�VX�HVWDGR�GH�VDOXG��HVWDEOHFLHQGR�DVt�XQD�EDVH�GH�HFRORJtD�KXPDQD�SDUD�OD�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ�SUHYHQFLyQ�\�FRQWURO�GH�ODV�HQIHUPHGDGHV��/D�HFRORJtD�KXPDQD�HV�HO�HVWXGLR�GH�ODV�UHODFLRQHV�RUJiQLFDV�\GH�LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD�HQWUH� ORV�VHUHV�KXPDQRV�\�VXV�DPELHQWHV��GRQGH�HVWRV�~OWLPRV�FODVLILFDQ�HQ� ItVLFRV�TXtPLFRV��ELROyJLFRV�\�FRQGXFWXDOHV�VRFLROyJLFRV��(O�DPELHQWH�VRFLDO��SDUWH�GHO�DPELHQWH�KROtVWLFR��DSDUHFHHQ�GLVWLQWDV�HVFDODV�±HQ�ORV�JUXSRV��YHFLQGDGHV��OXJDUHV�GH�WUDEDMR��HQ�HO�SODQR�SROtWLFR��H��LQIOX\H�ODV�YtDVGH�SDVR�GH�OD�HQIHUPHGDG�����������(O�DPELHQWH�PRGXOD�\�HQ�FDVRV�GHWHUPLQD�OD�VDOXG�\�OD�YLGD�GHO�KRPEUH�DVt� WDPELpQ�HO�KRPEUH�DOWHUD�HO�DPELHQWH�FRPSXOVDGR�SRU� ORV� LQVWLQWRV�GH� OD�VXSHUYLYHQFLD�\� OD�DFFLyQ��DYHFHV�LUUDFLRQDO��SRU�HO�GRPLQLR�GH�OD�QDWXUDOH]D�\�OD�VRFLHGDG��(OOR�GD�OXJDU�D�LPSDFWRV�GH�GHWHULRUR�GH�ODFDOLGDG� GHO� SDLVDMH�� OD� UHGXFFLyQ� GH� ORV� UHFXUVRV� QR� UHQRYDEOHV� \� OD� DOLHQDFLyQ� \� DGXOWHUDFLyQ� D� YHFHVLUUHYHUVLEOH� GH� ORV� HFRVLVWHPDV�� OR� TXH�HPSREUHFH�SDXODWLQD� SHUR� GUDPiWLFDPHQWH� OD� FDOLGDG�GHO� KiELWDW�����

/D� LQYHVWLJDFLyQ� GH� ORV� SUREOHPDV� DPELHQWDOHV� HQ� VDOXG� DEDUFD� \� HQWUHFUX]D� GLVWLQWDV� GLVFLSOLQDV�� HOFRQVHQVR� HV� TXH� OD� FRQVHUYDFLyQ� GH� ORV� UHFXUVRV� QDWXUDOHV� \� GHO� SDLVDMH� FRQWULEX\H� D� OD� VDOXG� GH� ODV

23

DFWXDOHV�\�IXWXUDV�JHQHUDFLRQHV��&RQ�HVWH�ILQ�VH�LQWURGXFH�HO�WpUPLQR�GHVDUUROOR�VXVWHQWDEOH�TXH�UHVXOWD�HOFUHFLPLHQWR�HFRQyPLFR�FRQ�HTXLGDG�VRFLDO��HO�FXDO�VH�GHVJORVD�HQ�XQ�HQIRTXH�HFRQyPLFR�±RSWLPL]DFLyQ�\HILFLHQFLD�HFRQyPLFD�HQ�HO�XVR�GH�ORV�UHFXUVRV���XQR�HFROyJLFR�±�HVWDELOLGDG�GH�ORV�VLVWHPDV��YLDELOLGDG�GHVXEVLVWHPDV��FRQVHUYDFLyQ�GH�OD�ELRGLYHUVLGDG��\�RWUR�VRFLDO�±HTXLGDG�LQWUD�H�LQWHUJHQHUDFLRQDO�SUHVHUYDQGROD�GLYHUVLGDG�FXOWXUDO���������������

$O�HVWXGLR�GH�ORV�IDFWRUHV�GH�ULHVJR�HQ�HO�DPELHQWH�VH�OR�GHQRPLQD�VDOXG�DPELHQWDO��TXH�FRPR�GLVFLSOLQD�VHQXWUH�GHO�HVWXGLR�GH� OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�\� OD� LQWHUYHQFLyQ�SDUD� UHGXFLU�HO�HVWUpV�DPELHQWDO�HQ� IDYRU�GH� OD�VDOXGKXPDQD��6XV�SUHPLVDV�EiVLFDV�SDUWHQ�GHO�KHFKR�GH�TXH�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�D�DJHQWHV�DPELHQWDOHV�±FRQWDFWR�GHORUJDQLVPR� FRQ� HO� SHOLJUR� DPELHQWDO��� TXH� SXHGH� RFXUULU� SRU� LQKDODFLyQ�� LQJHVWLyQ�� FRQWDFWR� GpUPLFR�WUDQVSODFHQWDULR�H� LQ\HFFLyQ�GDQGR� OXJDU�D�XQD�GRVLV�TXH�HV� OD�FDQWLGDG�GH�SHOLJUR�TXH�HO�FXHUSR� UHFLEH�SXHGH�SURGXFLU�XQ�HIHFWR��GHILQLGR�FRPR�FXDOTXLHU�FDPELR�HQ�HVWDGR�GH�VDOXG�R� IXQFLyQ�RUJiQLFD�TXH�VHDSOLFD�D�XQ�LQGLYLGXR�R�D�OD�H[SHULHQFLD�SURPHGLR�GH�XQD�SREODFLyQ��/RV�HIHFWRV�SXHGHQ�VHU�ORFDOHV�±HQ�HOSXQWR�GH�FRQWDFWR�FRQ�HO�LUULWDQWH��R�VLVWpPLFRV�±�HQ�HO�WHMLGR���DJXGRV�±UiSLGR�GHVDUUROOR��R�FUyQLFRV�±OHQWRGHVDUUROOR���WHPSRUDOHV�±FRQFOX\HQ�OXHJR�GH�FHVDU�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ��R�SHUPDQHQWHV�±SHUVLVWHQWHV�OXHJR�GH�ODH[SRVLFLyQ��� )DFWRUHV� GH� ULHVJR� LQGLYLGXDOHV� R� H[SRVLFLRQHV� FRPELQDGDV� SXHGHQ� GDU� OXJDU� D� HIHFWRVP~OWLSOHV��TXH�UHVXOWDQ�FRPSOHMRV�HQ�VX�QDWXUDOH]D�

/RV�FULWHULRV�GH�FDXVDOLGDG��EDVDGRV�HQ�OD�LQIHUHQFLD��GHEHQ�PRVWUDU�OD�H[LVWHQFLD�GH�XQD�DVRFLDFLyQ�HQWUHOD� DFFLyQ�GHO� HVWUHVRU� \� OD� UHVSXHVWD� GHO� VXMHWR� �JUXSR�� H[SXHVWR�� (VWD� DVRFLDFLyQ� VH� FDUDFWHUL]D� SRU� HOKHFKR�GH�TXH�VHJXLGR�D�XQ�FDPELR�HQ�OD�IUHFXHQFLD��FDOLGDG�R�FDUDFWHUtVWLFD�GH�XQD�H[SRVLFLyQ�D�XQ�IDFWRUGH� ULHVJR� VLJXH� XQD� YDULDFLyQ� FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH� HQ� OD� IUHFXHQFLD� R� VHYHULGDG� GH� XQD� HQIHUPHGDG� X� RWURUHVXOWDGR�GH� LQWHUpV��/D� UHODFLyQ�GHEH�VHU� WHPSRUDO�±OD�FDXVD�SUHFHGH�HO�HIHFWR���SODXVLEOH�±DSR\DGR�HQKLSyWHVLV�FLHQWtILFDV�GHELGDPHQWH� IXQGDPHQWDGDV���FRQVLVWHQWH�±GLYHUVDV� LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV�DSXQWDQ� LJXDOHVUHVXOWDGRV���FRQ�IRUWDOH]D�GH�DVRFLDFLyQ��UHODFLyQ�GRVLV�±�UHVSXHVWD�HVWDEOHFLGD��UHYHUVLELOLGDG�±UHPRYHU�ODVFDXVDV�LPSOLFD�UHGXFFLyQ�GH�OD�PRUELOLGDG��\�DGHFXDGD�FRPSUREDFLyQ�D�WUDYpV�GH�DSURSLDGRV�GLVHxRV�\�FRQHYLGHQFLDV�GHVGH�GLVWLQWRV�WLSRV�GH�LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV�

/D� VDOXG� DPELHQWDO� DEDUFD� HO� VDQHDPLHQWR� \� OD� FDOLGDG� GH� YLGD�� (O� SULPHUR� HV� OD� DFFLyQ� SDUD� HOPHMRUDPLHQWR� GHO� DPELHQWH� \� FRPSUHQGH� OD� GLVSRVLFLyQ� DSURSLDGD� GH� ORV� UHVLGXDOHV� OtTXLGRV� \� VyOLGRV�UHFROHFFLyQ�\�GLVSRVLFLyQ�GH��EDVXUDV�\��FRQWURO�GH�YHFWRUHV��KLJLHQH�GH�ORV�DOLPHQWRV�\�QXWULFLyQ�DSURSLDGD�(VWi�SUHVHQWH� OD� LQWHQFLyQ� GH�DJXD�GH� FRQVXPR� VHJXUD� \� � HO� HVWXGLR� GH� OD� KLJLHQH�GH� ORV� FRPSRQHQWHVDPELHQWDOHV�� DVHQWDPLHQWRV� KXPDQRV�� VXHORV�� DLUH�� PHGLR� UHVLGHQFLDO�� HVFRODU�� ODERUDO�� KRVSLWDODULR�UHFUHDFLRQDO�� DJUtFROD�� $VLPLVPR� ODV� VLWXDFLRQHV� GH� DFFLGHQWHV� \� GHVDVWUHV� TXH� FRPSURPHWHQ� GLYHUVDV

24

GLPHQVLRQHV� GHO� HQWRUQR� VH� FRQYLHUWHQ� HQ� REMHWLYR� GH� OD� VDOXG� DPELHQWDO������ &RQ� HOOR�� WDPELpQ� ODVGLPHQVLRQHV�VRFLR�SROtWLFDV� � UH~QHQ��XQ�FRQMXQWR�GH�SRWHQFLDOHV�GH�GDxR�TXH�VH�PDQLILHVWDQ�HQ� OD�VDOXGItVLFD�\�PHQWDO�GH�ORV�LQGLYLGXRV�\�TXH�VH�H[SUHVDQ�HQ�LQFRPSDWLELOLGDGHV�GH�GLVWLQWR�JUDGR�PDQLILHVWDV�HQ�ODJXHUUD��OD�YLROHQFLD��ORV�HVWLORV�GH�YLGD�GHVDMXVWDGRV��FRQGXFWDV�GH�ULHVJR�\�ORV�KiELWRV�Wy[LFRV��'H�LQWHUpVSULRULWDULR�HQ�ORV�SDtVHV�HQ�YtDV�GH�GHVDUUROOR�UHVXOWDQ�ODV�GHILFLHQFLDV�HQ�HO�VDQHDPLHQWR�\�VX�LPSDFWR�HQODV� HQIHUPHGDGHV� DJXGDV� \� WUDQVPLVLEOHV�� HQ� WDQWR� HQ� ORV� SDtVHV� GHO� SULPHU� PXQGR� ORV� IDFWRUHV� GH� ODFDOLGDG� GH� YLGD� WRPDQ� XQ� SDSHO� SUHHPLQHQWH� FRQ� LPSDFWR� HQ� ODV� HQIHUPHGDGHV� FUyQLFDV� QRWUDQVPLVLEOHV������ 3DUD� ORV� SDtVHV� SREUHV� OD� SURYLVLyQ� GH� DJXD� HQ� FDQWLGDG� \� FDOLGDG� DSURSLDGDV�� ODGLVSRVLFLyQ�GH�ODV�DJXDV�VHUYLGDV�\�ODV�EDVXUDV��OD�OXFKD�FRQWUD�URHGRUHV��LQVHFWRV�\�DUWUySRGRV�FRQVWLWX\HQODV�SULRULGDGHV�HQ�OD�VDOXG�DPELHQWDO��HQ�WDQWR�HO�FRQWURO�GH�OD�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�\�OD�DWHQFLyQ�D�ORV�HVWLORV�GHYLGD� HV� REMHWR� GH� SULQFLSDO� LQWHUpV� HQ� HO� SULPHU�PXQGR�� OR� TXH� QR� HV� yELFH� SDUD� TXH� HQ� WRGR� JUDGR� GHGHVDUUROOR� VH� PDQLILHVWH� HQ� GLIHUHQFLDGD� PHGLGD� OD� GLYHUVLGDG� GH� ORV� SRWHQFLDOHV� GH� ORV� DJHQWHV� GHHQIHUPHGDG�TXH�VH�HQJOREDQ�FRQ�HO�WpUPLQR�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�GHO�PHGLR�±GHO�DLUH��GHO�DJXD��GH�ORV�DOLPHQWRV�GH�ORV�DVHQWDPLHQWRV�KXPDQRV��GH�OD�HQHUJtD��GH�OD� LQGXVWULD��������������������(O�SDVR�GH�XQ�HVWDGtR�GHHIHFWRV� DO� RWUR�� GH� XQ� SHUILO� GH� PRUEL�PRUWDOLGDG� FRQ� SUHGRPLQLR� GH� HQIHUPHGDGHV� WUDQVPLVLEOHV� D� RWURGRPLQDGR�SRU�ODV�FUyQLFDV�QR�WUDQVPLVLEOHV��VH�KD�GHQRPLQDGR�WUDQVLFLyQ�HSLGHPLROyJLFD�

'H�HVWH�PRGR�VXUJH� OD�QHFHVLGDG�GH�TXH� OD�GLVFLSOLQD�VH�FRQGX]FD�D� OD�E~VTXHGD�GH�KHUUDPLHQWDV�SDUDPHGLU� OD� FDOLGDG� DPELHQWDO�� OD� H[SRVLFLyQ� KXPDQD�� ORV� ULHVJRV� \� ORV� HIHFWRV� VREUH� OD� VDOXG�PHGLDQWH� HOHPSOHR�GH�QXHYDV�WHFQRORJtDV�DQDOtWLFDV��DGTXLVLFLyQ�GH�GDWRV�\�PRGHODFLyQ����������� &RQ�HOOR�VH�LQWURGXFHOD� HYDOXDFLyQ� \� HO�PDQHMR� GH� ORV� ULHVJRV� FRPR�PpWRGR�� SURFHGLPLHQWR� TXH� DERUGD� HO� WUDWDPLHQWR� GH� ODUHODFLyQ�HQWUH� ORV�SHOLJURV�DPELHQWDOHV�\� OD�VDOXG�FX\DV�HWDSDV�FRQVLVWHQ�HQ� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�GHO�SHOLJUR�HYDOXDFLyQ� GRVLV� ±� UHVSXHVWD� TXH� GD� OD� PHGLGD� HQ� TXH� HO� SHOLJUR� DJUHGH� XQ� VXMHWR�� HYDOXDFLyQ� GH� ODH[SRVLFLyQ� FRQVLGHUDQGR� YtDV�� LQJUHVRV� \� SREODFLyQ� DIHFWDGD� \� FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ� GHO� ULHVJR� TXH� HV� ODUHVXOWDQWH�GHO�SURFHVR�\�VXHOH�LQFOXLU�XQ�DQiOLVLV�GH�VHQVLELOLGDG�������(Q�HVWH�SXQWR�OD�GLVFLSOLQD�FRQYHUJH�DOD�(SLGHPLRORJtD�$PELHQWDO�

/D�(SLGHPLRORJtD��FRPR�³HVWXGLR�GH�OD�GLVWULEXFLyQ�\�ORV�GHWHUPLQDQWHV�GH�ORV�HVWDGRV�R�HYHQWRV�GH�VDOXGHQ� SREODFLRQHV� HVSHFtILFDV�� \� OD� DSOLFDFLyQ� GH� HVWH� HVWXGLR� D� ORV� SUREOHPDV� GH� VDOXG´� �/DVW�� ������PDQLILHVWD�HQ�VX�UDPD�GH�OD�(SLGHPLRORJtD�$PELHQWDO�HO�HQIRTXH�GH�ORV�SHOLJURV�DPELHQWDOHV�FRPR�SRVLEOHVGHWHUPLQDQWHV�� OR�TXH� FRQVLJXH�DSRUWDQGR�XQD�FROHFFLyQ� GH�PpWRGRV�GH� HVWXGLR� TXH� WRPDQ� DO� LQGLYLGXRFRPR�XQLGDG�GH�DQiOLVLV�R�D�ODV�FROHFWLYLGDGHV�������(Q�HO�SULPHU�FDVR��VH�FXHQWDQ�ORV�HVWXGLRV�GHVFULSWLYRV�EDVDGRV�HQ�UHJLVWURV�GH�PHGLFLRQHV�GHO�SDVDGR��ORV�WUDQVYHUVDOHV��VXEVWDQFLDGRV�HQ�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�DFWXDO�ORV� SURVSHFWLYRV� GH� FRKRUWH�� HIHFWXDQGR� XQ� VHJXLPLHQWR� GH� OD� H[SRVLFLyQ� HQ� HO� WLHPSR� IXWXUR�� FRKRUWH

25

KLVWyULFD��FRQ�SUR\HFFLyQ�VHFXHQFLDGD�KDFLD�HO�SDVDGR�\�H[SHULPHQWDOHV�R�GH�LQWHUYHQFLyQ�FRQ�H[SRVLFLyQFRQWURODGD� R� FRQRFLGD�� (O� ULHVJR� HV� FXDQWLILFDGR� HQ� SREODFLRQHV� GH� UHIHUHQFLD� HQ� WpUPLQRV� GH� ULHVJRUHODWLYR�� TXH� LQGLFD� HO� FRFLHQWH� GH� OD� SUREDELOLGDG� GH� HQIHUPDU� TXH� WLHQHQ� ORV� H[SXHVWRV� FRQWUD� ODSUREDELOLGDG�GH�ORV�QR�H[SXHVWRV�\�OD�UD]yQ�GH�GLVSDULGDG��TXH�HV�OD�DSUR[LPDFLyQ�XWLOL]DGD�HQ�ORV�HVWXGLRVGH�FDVRV�\�FRQWUROHV�� �����2WUDV�PHGLGDV�VRQ� OD�GLIHUHQFLD�GH� ULHVJR�±PLGH�HO�H[FHVR�GH� ULHVJR�SRU�XQDFDXVD��\�OD�IUDFFLyQ�DWULEXLEOH�HQ�H[SXHVWRV�\�HQ�SREODFLRQHV��TXH�DOXGH�D�OD�SURSRUFLyQ�GH�LQGLYLGXRV�TXHQR� HQIHUPDUtD� VL� OD� FDXVD� IXHUD� HOLPLQDGD�� (Q� HO� VHJXQGR� FDVR�� VH� KDOODQ� ORV� HVWXGLRV� HFROyJLFRV� FX\DXQLGDG�GH�DQiOLVLV�HV�XQ�JUXSR�SREODFLRQDO��RSHUDQGR�FRQ�YDULDEOHV�FRPR�ODV�WDVDV�

/D�HYDOXDFLyQ�GH� ORV�HIHFWRV�HQ�VDOXG��SURGXFWR�GH� OD�H[SRVLFLyQ�D� ORV� HVWUHVRUHV� DPELHQWDOHV�� FXEUH� HODPSOLR�UDQJR�TXH�WUDQVFXUUH�GHVGH�ORV�HIHFWRV�ILVLROyJLFRV�VXWLOHV�\�ORV�FDPELRV�ELRTXtPLFRV�DVLQWRPiWLFRV�SDVDQGR� SRU� ODV� SHUFHSFLRQHV� \� ORV� VtQWRPDV� GH� HQIHUPHGDG�� KDVWD� OD� HQIHUPHGDG� FOtQLFDPHQWHGLDJQRVWLFDGD�\�ILQDOPHQWH�OD�PXHUWH��/D�WR[LFLGDG��FRPR�JUDGR�SRWHQFLDO�GH�LPSDFWR�GH�XQ�HVWUHVRU��HV�ODFDSDFLGDG�GH�XQ�DJHQWH�Wy[LFR�GH�SURGXFLU�GDxR�D�XQ�RUJDQLVPR��/D�VHYHULGDG�GH�OD�WR[LFLGDG�GHSHQGH�GHOD�UXWD�\�PDJQLWXG�GH�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ��DVt�FRPR�GH�OD�GRVLV�UHFLELGD�SRU�HO�VLVWHPD�GH�yUJDQRV�EODQFR��3HURWDPELpQ�GHSHQGH�GH�OD�VXVFHSWLELOLGDG�GHO�RUJDQLVPR�DO�SHOLJUR��FRQGLFLRQDGR�SRU�OD�SHUWHQHQFLD�D�XQ�JUXSRGH�ULHVJR�R�FDUDFWHUtVWLFD�GH�OD�SHUVRQD���\�HQ�FDVR�GH�DJHQWHV�TXtPLFRV��GHO�PHWDEROLVPR�\� OD� UD]yQ�GHH[FUHFLyQ�� ([LVWHQ� SHUVRQDV� KLSHUVHQVLEOHV� H� KLSHU�UHDFWLYDV�� SHUR� WDPELpQ� VXFHGH� OR� FRQWUDULR�� 3XHGHLJXDOPHQWH�GHILQLUVH�XQD� WR[LFLGDG�VXEFOtQLFD�FDUDFWHUL]DGD�SRU�HIHFWRV�QR�FOtQLFDPHQWH� UHFRQRFLEOHV�� �/DWR[LFLGDG�SXHGH�VHU�DJXGD�R�UHWDUGDGD��/D�GHPRUD�HQ�OD�DSDULFLyQ�GH�ORV�VtQWRPDV��GHQRPLQDGD�SHUtRGR�GHLQGXFFLyQ�±SHUtRGR�GH�ODWHQFLD�SDUD�DJHQWHV�ELROyJLFRV���UHILHUH�HO�LQWHUYDOR�WUDQVFXUULGR�HQWUH�OD�H[SRVLFLyQDO�DJHQWH�FDXVDO�\� OD�DSDULFLyQ�GH�OD�HQIHUPHGDG��SHUtRGR�GH� ODWHQFLD�HV�HO� LQWHUYDOR�WUDQVFXUULGR�HQWUH�HOLQLFLR�GH�OD�HQIHUPHGDG�\�VX�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ�FOtQLFD�

/DV� HQIHUPHGDGHV� UHODFLRQDGDV� D� OD� H[SRVLFLyQ� D� ORV� DJHQWHV� DPELHQWDOHV� FODVLILFDQ� FRPRJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOHV�±FDXVDGDV�SRU�EDFWHULDV�\�YLUXV�HQ�DJXDV�\�DOLPHQWRV���FiQFHU�±LQGXFLGR�SRU�KXPR�GHWDEDFR�� PHWDOHV�� UDGLDFLyQ�� KLGURFDUEXURV� \� RWURV� FRPSXHVWRV� TXtPLFRV� DLVODGRV� R� VLQHUJL]DQGR��UHVSLUDWRULDV� ±UHODFLRQDGDV� DO� FOLPD�� ODV� SDUWtFXODV� DpUHDV�� HO� R]RQR�� ORV� VXOIDWRV�� HO� KXPR� \� RWURVFRQWDPLQDQWHV���UHSURGXFWLYDV�±�YLQFXODGDV�D�PH]FODV�TXtPLFDV��VROYHQWHV��PHWDOHV��KLGURFDUEXURV��KXPRGH�WDEDFR��\�QHXUROyJLFDV�±LPSXWDEOHV�DO�SORPR�\�VROYHQWHV�RUJiQLFRV�����������

1R�REVWDQWH��OD�FRPSOHMLGDG�GH�ODV�UHODFLRQHV�DPELHQWH�±�VDOXG�KDFH�SUHFLVR�UHGXFLU�OD�GLPHQVLRQDOLGDG�GHOVLVWHPD�EDMR�DQiOLVLV�SDUD�EXVFDU�PHMRUHV�IRUPDV�GH�LQWHUYHQFLyQ��(OOR�VH�FRQVLJXH�FRQ�OD�LQWURGXFFLyQ�GHLQGLFDGRUHV�GH�VDOXG�DPELHQWDO��TXH�SDUWHQ�GH�GDWRV�DPELHQWDOHV�R�GH�VDOXG�SUH�H[LVWHQWHV�\�GH�FDOLGDG

26

FRQILDEOH� \� IRU]RVDPHQWH� GH� XQD� UHODFLyQ� FRQRFLGD� HQWUH� DPELHQWH� \� VDOXG�� OR� TXH� DILDQ]D� XQ� PDUFRFRQFHSWXDO�TXH�SDUWH� GH� IXHU]DV�PRWULFHV� \�SUHVLRQHV� TXH�DOWHUDQ�HO� HVWDGR�GHO�PHGLR� DPELHQWH��GDQGROXJDU�D�ORV�QLYHOHV�GH�H[SRVLFLyQ�\�ULHVJR�SDUD�OD�VDOXG�KXPDQD�����������'HVGH�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�GH�VDOXGVH� LQWURGXFHQ� FRQWURYHUVLDOPHQWH� FRPR� LQGLFDGRUHV� ODV� FDUJDV� GH� PRUWDOLGDG�� GH� HQIHUPHGDG� \� GHGLVFDSDFLGDG�� H[SUHVDGDV� FRPR� DxRV� GH� YLGD� SHUGLGRV�� ODV� TXH� QR� JXDUGDQ� XQD� UHODFLyQ� GLUHFWD� FRQ� ODFDOLGDG�GH�YLGD��SDUD�OR�FXDO�VH�GHILQHQ�LQGLFDGRUHV�GHQRPLQDGRV�4XDOL��/RV�LQGLFDGRUHV�GH�FDUJD�PXHVWUDQTXH�ODV�HQIHUPHGDGHV�FDUGtDFDV�\�FDUGLRYDVFXODUHV��TXH�DWDFDQ�SULQFLSDOPHQWH�DO�DGXOWR�PD\RU���UHVXOWDQODV� FDXVDV� PiV� IUHFXHQWHV� GH� HQIHUPHGDG� HQ� ORV� SDtVHV� GHVDUUROODGRV�� HQ� WDQWR� ODV� LQIHFFLRQHV�UHVSLUDWRULDV�\�GLDUUHLFDV��TXH�DIHFWDQ�SULQFLSDOPHQWH�D�ORV�QLxRV��LQFLGHQ�PiV�HQ�ORV�SDtVHV�HQ�GHVDUUROOR�(O� LQGLFDGRU� ³DxRV�GH�YLGD�SHUGLGRV�HQ� IXQFLyQ�GH�GLVFDSDFLGDG´� WLHQH�XQ�HIHFWR� LQWHJUDGRU�GH�GLIHUHQWHVDIHFFLRQHV�FRPR�HVWLPDFLyQ�GH�OD�³FDUJD�GH�HQIHUPHGDG´�

/D� (SLGHPLRORJtD� $PELHQWDO� WLHQH� OD� FDSDFLGDG� GH� SURYHHU� LQIRUPDFLyQ� SDUD� FRQWULEXLU� D� XQ� SURFHVR� GHGHFLVLRQHV�DQWH�ODV�FRQWLQJHQFLDV�GH�ODV�DPHQD]DV�DPELHQWDOHV�D�OD�VDOXG�\�SXHGH�DUJXPHQWDU�FRQ�UHODFLyQD OD�XELFDFLyQ�GH�ORV�UHFXUVRV��HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR�GH�UHJXODFLRQHV�\�QRUPDWLYDV��OR�TXH�LPSOLFDUtD�XQ�VXVWUDWRLQWHUVHFWRULDO� TXH� DEDUFD� DVSHFWRV� VRFLDOHV�� OHJDOHV�� HFRQyPLFRV� \� SROtWLFRV�� (OOD� FRQWULEX\H� DOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR�GH�SULRULGDGHV�SDUD�OD�SUHYHQFLyQ�

�/D�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�SXHGH�FRQWULEXLU�D� OD� IRUPDFLyQ� GH�XQD� FXOWXUD� GHO� ULHVJR�HQ� OD�SREODFLyQ�DSR\DQGR� ODHVWUDWHJLD�GH�OD�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG��(VD�FXOWXUD�VH�UHIOHMD�HQ�OD�SHUFHSFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR��OD�TXH�GHSHQGH�GHOVLVWHPD�GH� YDORUHV� GH� OD� VRFLHGDG�� SHUR� SXHGH� VHU� LQIOXLGD� SRU� HO� SRWHQFLDO� FDWDVWUyILFR� GHO� HVWUHVRU�� VXFDUiFWHU� GHVDFRVWXPEUDGR�� HO� JUDGR� GH� FRPSUHQVLyQ� GHO� PLVPR�� OD� ODWHQFLD�� HTXLGDG�� FRQILDQ]D� HQ� ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV�� EHQHILFLR� SHUFLELGR� GH� WRPDU� HO� ULHVJR�� YXOQHUDELOLGDG�� FXDQWLILFDFLyQ�� SRWHQFLDO� GH� FRQWUROYROLWLYR��YROXQWDULHGDG�GH�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ��QLYHO�GH�FHUWLGXPEUH��HIHFWRV�HQ�ODV�IXWXUDV�JHQHUDFLRQHV��DxRV�GHYLGD�VDOXGDEOH�SHUGLGRV��SUHYHQFLyQ�GH�ORV�PHGLRV��KLVWRULD�GH�RWUDV�FDWiVWURIHV��RULJHQ�QDWXUDO�\�SREODFLyQH[SXHVWD�����������(Q�OD�SHUFHSFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR�LQIOX\H�OD�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR��OD�TXH�FDPELD�FRQ�HO�QLYHOVRFLDO��HO�WLSR��SURSyVLWR��PpWRGRV�\�SHUVRQDV�D�OD�TXH�YD�GHVWLQDGD��/D�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�VHUi�HIHFWLYD�FXDQGRORV�PHQVDMHV�UHVXOWDQ�FRKHUHQWHV�\�VH�LQYROXFUDQ�GLYHUVDV�IXHQWHV��WRPDQGR�HQ�FXHQWD�OD�KHWHURJHQHLGDGHGXFDFLRQDO� GH� ORV�GHVWLQDWDULRV�� HO� FRQWH[WR� VRFLR�FXOWXUDO� \� OD� SRVLFLyQ� GH� OD�DXGLHQFLD� FRQ� UHVSHFWR� DOREMHWR�GHO�PHQVDMH�

3DUD� IDYRUHFHU� XQD� DFFLyQ� VLVWHPiWLFD� \� FRQFHUWDGD� GHO� KRPEUH� SRU� VX� VDOXG� DO� QLYHO� SREODFLRQDO�� TXHSXHGD�VHU�FDWDORJDGD�GH�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG��VH�SUHFLVD�XQ�IOXMR�SODQLILFDGR�GH�LQIRUPDFLyQ�DO�S~EOLFR�R�DDOJ~Q�VHFWRU�HVSHFLDO�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ�VREUH�KLJLHQH��FRQ�HVWtPXOR�SDUD�OOHYDU�D�FDER�DFWLYLGDGHV�HQ�IDYRU�GH

27

OD�VDOXG�LQGLYLGXDO�R�GH�OD�FROHFWLYLGDG��TXH�HV�FRQRFLGR�FRQ�HO�QRPEUH�GH�HGXFDFLyQ�SDUD�OD�VDOXG��(Q�XQSURJUDPD�GH�HGXFDFLyQ�SDUD�OD�VDOXG�VH�UHTXLHUH�EDVH�FLHQWtILFD�SDUD�HO�PDWHULDO�TXH�VH�SUHVHQWD��GH�PRGRTXH�UHIOHMH�LQIRUPDFLyQ�VyOLGD��FRQVWUXFWLYD�\�DSOLFDEOH��3RU�GHPiV��OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�GHEH�VHU�FRPSUHQVLEOH�\VHQFLOOD��LQFRUSRUDQGR�DFLFDWH�D�OD�DFFLyQ�FRQ�UHVSDOGR�GH�UHFXUVRV��'LIHUHQWHV�GLVFLSOLQDV�SXHGHQ�DSR\DU�ODDFFLyQ�FRPR�OD�PHGLFLQD��OD�SHGDJRJtD��OD�SVLFRORJtD��ODV�KXPDQLGDGHV��OD�SXEOLFLGDG�\�OD�SURSDJDQGD���������

/D�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�FRQVWLWX\H�XQD�KHUUDPLHQWD�GH�DFFLyQ�SDUD�PRGLILFDU� ORV�HQWRUQRV�GHO�KRPEUH�\� ODYLGD�PLVPD�GH�ORV�LQGLYLGXRV�HQ�IXQFLyQ�GHO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�OD�VDOXG�HQ�ODV�FRPXQLGDGHV��6H�OD�FRQFLEH�FRPRXQD� LQWHUIDVH�HQWUH� OD�PHWD� GH� 6DOXG� SDUD� 7RGRV� \� ORV� HVFHQDULRV� GH� OD� YLGD�� GHILQLGRV� FRPR� HVSDFLRVVDOXGDEOHV������3URPXHYH�DFWLYLGDGHV�GH�GLVHPLQDFLyQ�GH�LQIRUPDFLyQ��SRU�OR�FXDO�LQFRUSRUD�HO�FRQFHSWR�GHHGXFDFLyQ� SDUD� OD� VDOXG�� FRPXQLFDFLyQ� \� HGXFDFLyQ�� PRYLOL]DFLyQ� GH� UHFXUVRV� SDUD� SURPRYHU� XQDFRQFHUWDFLyQ�FRQVFLHQWH�GH� OD� FRPXQLGDG�FRQ� ODV�RUJDQL]DFLRQHV�S~EOLFDV�\�SULYDGDV�HQ�SURFXUD� GH�XQDDFFLyQ�SRU�OD�VDOXG����������

3XHGH�REVHUYDUVH�TXH�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�VX�SHULGRPLFLOLR�FRQVWLWX\HQ�XQ�FDPSR�GH�FRQFHUQLPLHQWR�\�DSOLFDFLyQIRFDO� GH� OD� VDOXG� S~EOLFD�� GRQGH� UHVDOWDQ� VXV� SULQFLSDOHV� SROtWLFDV� \� HVWUDWHJLDV�� (VWi� SUHVHQWH� OD� VDOXGDPELHQWDO�FRQ�OD�LGHQWLILFDFLyQ��HYDOXDFLyQ�\�PDQHMR�GH�ORV�IDFWRUHV�GH�ULHVJR���FRQFHELGRV�HQ�HO�PDUFR�GHOD� HFRORJtD� KXPDQD� FRPR� SULQFLSLR�� &RQWULEX\H� FRQ� KHUUDPLHQWDV� SDUD� PHGLU� OD� FDOLGDG� DPELHQWDO�� ODH[SRVLFLyQ�\�ORV�ULHVJRV��,QFRUSRUD�OD�HSLGHPLRORJtD�DPELHQWDO�LQYHVWLJDQGR�OD�HWLRORJtD�GH�ODV�DIHFFLRQHV�\ORV�LPSDFWRV�HQ�VDOXG��SDUWLFXODUPHQWH�FRQ�HO�HVWXGLR�GH�OD�FDXVDOLGDG�D�P~OWLSOHV�QLYHOHV����������TXH�GDOXJDU�HQ�PXFKRV�FDVRV�D�XQD�PHMRU�FRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQ�GH�ORV�IUiJLOHV�HTXLOLEULRV�GH�OD�VDOXG�HQ�OD�HFRORJtDKXPDQD��OR�TXH�KD�SHUPLWLGR�REVHUYDU�OD�LQIOXHQFLD�GHO�DPELHQWH�VRFLDO�HQ�OD�SUHVLyQ�GH�OD�VDQJUH����������\HQ�FDVR�GH�ODV�YHFLQGDGHV�SHUFLELU�FLHUWDV� LQIOXHQFLDV�GH� OD�HVWUXFWXUD�VRFLDO�\� OD�HFRORJtD�VREUH� OD�VDOXG����� ����� (VWi� SUHVHQWH� HQ� WRGR� FDVR� HO� HQIRTXH� PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULR� H� LQWHUVHFWRULDO�� OD� SHUFHSFLyQ� \FRPXQLFDFLyQ� GHO� ULHVJR�� OD� HGXFDFLyQ� \� OD� SURPRFLyQ� GH� VDOXG�� ODV� WHFQRORJtD� GH� SUHYHQFLyQ� \� ODVLQWHUYHQFLRQHV��(O�HMH�GH� LQWHUpV�FRQ� OD�FRPXQLGDG�HQ� OD�YLYLHQGD� UHVXOWD�XQ�SULQFLSLR� FRPSDUWLGR�� OR�TXHFRQGXFH� D� FRQILUPDU� TXH� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD� HV� iUHD� GH� WUDEDMR� GRQGH� VH� DGRSWDQ� ODV� HVWUDWHJLDV� \SULQFLSLRV�GH�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�

6LHQGR�OD�YLYLHQGD�XQR�GH�ORV�PiV�VHQVLEOHV�HVFHQDULRV�GH�OD�YLGD�GHO�KRPEUH��SUHFLVDPHQWH�SRU�HO�FDUiFWHUGH�ODV�IXQFLRQHV�HVHQFLDOHV�TXH�FXPSOH�FRQ�HO�LQGLYLGXR�\�OD�VRFLHGDG�\�SRU�OD�YXOQHUDELOLGDG�HQ�VDOXG�GHVXV� UHVLGHQWHV� LPSXWDEOH� D� OD� QDWXUDOH]D�GH� WDOHV� IXQFLRQHV�� SDUHFHUtD� DSURSLDGD� XQD� UHIOH[LyQ� VREUH� HOSDSHO� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� FRPR� VLJQLILFDWLYR� GHWHUPLQDQWH� GH� VDOXG� \� OD� SURSXHVWD� GH� TXH� OD� YLYLHQGD� SXHGD

28

FRQVWLWXLUVH�HQ�XQ�SLYRWH�GH�OD�DFFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�HQ�EHQHILFLR�GHO�GHVDUUROOR�KXPDQR��HQ�OD�LGHD�GHTXH� OR� TXH� SXHGD� KDFHUVH� SRU�PHMRUDU� OD� VDOXG� GH� OD� SREODFLyQ� GHVGH� HOOD� SXHGH� UHVXOWDU�PiV� HILFD]� \HIHFWLYR�TXH�GHVGH�RWURV�HVFHQDULRV�

(OOR�WRPD�PD\RU�UHOHYDQFLD�D�OD�OX]�GH�OD�FRQVLGHUDFLyQ�GH�OD�VLWXDFLyQ�DFWXDO�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�FRPR�HQWLGDGHQ�OD�5HJLyQ�$PHULFDQD��GRQGH�HO�FUHFLPLHQWR�XUEDQR�VLQ�SODQLILFDFLyQ�KD�FRQGXFLGR�DO�HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR�GHEDUULRV�SREUHV�HQ� OD�SHULIHULD�H� LQWHULRU�GH�FLXGDGHV�� OR�TXH�DFRPSDxD�HO�GDWR�GH�XQ������GH�OD�SREUH]DDFWXDO� XELFDGD� HQ� ]RQDV� XUEDQDV�� HQ�PXFKRV� FDVRV� FRQ� FDUHQFLD� GH� VHUYLFLRV� EiVLFRV�� FRQWDPLQDFLyQDWPRVIpULFD��GHVHFKRV�LQGXVWULDOHV�\�GRPpVWLFRV�YHUWLGRV�VLQ�WUDWDPLHQWR��SRU�OR�TXH�VH�KD�SODQWHDGR�TXH�ODSULPHUD�SULRULGDG�DPELHQWDO�GH�OD�5HJLyQ�VHUtD�KDOODU�VROXFLyQ�D�ORV�SUREOHPDV�GHO�PHGLR�DPELHQWH�XUEDQR�TXH�DOEHUJD�FDVL�ODV�WUHV�FXDUWDV�SDUWHV�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ��GHVWDFDQGR�OD�QHFHVLGDG�GH�LQWURGXFLU�PHMRUDV�D�ODYLYLHQGD� ����� ����� FRQVLGHUDQGR� D~Q� ODV� DFWXDOHV� FLUFXQVWDQFLDV� \� FRQGLFLRQHV� HQ� ODV� FXDOHV� SREUH]D� \GHFOLQDFLyQ�DPELHQWDO�HVWiQ�FRPSURPHWLGDV�SURIXQGDPHQWH�HQ�ORV�VLVWHPDV�HFRQyPLFRV�GH�KR\� ���������(VWDV�PHMRUDV��GH�LQFRUSRUDU�ODV�QHFHVLGDGHV�LQWHJUDOHV�GHO�UHVLGHQWH��GHEHQ�FRDG\XYDU�D�HOHYDU�OD�FDOLGDGGH�YLGD�HQ�VDOXG�GH�ORV�PLHPEURV�GH�OD�IDPLOLD��D�SXQWR�GH�SDUWLGD�GHO�PHMRUDPLHQWR�GH�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�GHORV�DPELHQWHV�GH�VX�YLYLHQGD�\�HO�SHULGRPLFLOLR�

(Q� OD� UHJLyQ� GH� ODV� $PpULFDV� � \� � HQ� OD� PD\RU� SDUWH� GHO� UHVWR� GHO� PXQGR�� QR� VH� HVWUXFWXUDQ� SROtWLFDVLQWHJUDGDV�GH�GHVDUUROOR� XUEDQR� � GH� IRUPD� WDO� TXH� VH� IDYRUH]FD� � XQD� FRUUHODFLyQ� HQWUH� ORV� REMHWLYRV� GHOGHVDUUROOR� GH� OD� VDOXG�� HO� PHGLR� DPELHQWH� \� ODV� QHFHVLGDGHV� H[LVWHQWHV� �� (VWDV� SROtWLFDV� GHEHUtDQ� VHUGLULJLGDV�D�PLQLPL]DU�ODV�LQLTXLGDGHV�H[LVWHQWHV���ODV�FXDOHV�VH�PDQLILHVWDQ�SRU�HMHPSOR�HQWUH�ORV�UHVLGHQWHVGH�ODV�]RQDV�XUEDQDV�\�UXUDOHV��HQ�VXV�GLIHUHQWHV�QLYHOHV�HFRQyPLFRV���HQWUH�ODV�PXMHUHV�\�ORV�KRPEUHV��ORVWUDEDMDGRUHV�GH�ORV�VHFWRUHV�IRUPDO�H�LQIRUPDO���SRU�FLWDU�DOJXQDV��(VWH�DVSHFWR�UHSHUFXWH�GLUHFWDPHQWH�HQ�HOSURFHVR�VDOXG��HQIHUPHGDG��\D�TXH�FRQVWLWX\H�XQD�IXHU]D�PRWUL]�LPSRUWDQWH�HQ�HO�GHWHULRUR�GH�OD�VDOXG�GHODV�SREODFLRQHV�

/D�FRQFHQWUDFLyQ�GH�ORV�VHUYLFLRV�HQ�ODV�FLXGDGHV�HV�XQD�GH�ODV�FDXVDV�DWULEXLEOHV�GH�OD��HPLJUDFLyQ�UXUDOKDFLD� ORV� �PHGLDQRV� \� JUDQGHV�DVHQWDPLHQWRV� KXPDQRV��(VWR�FRQWULEXLUtD�D� XQ� DXPHQWR� GH� OD� GHQVLGDGSREODFLRQDO�� OR� FXDO� IDYRUHFHUtD� HQWUH�RWURV�DVSHFWRV�D� ODV� GLILFXOWDGHV� FRQ�HO� DEDVWR� GH� DJXD�� YLYLHQGDVLQDSURSLDGDV��LQVXILFLHQWHV�VHUYLFLRV��VRFLDOHV�\�GH�VDOXG���LQFOX\HQGR�ORV�GH�VDQHDPLHQWR�

$ OR�DQWHULRUPHQWH�SODQWHDGR�VH�XQH�HO�DFHOHUDGR�\�GHVRUGHQDGR�FUHFLPLHQWR�GHO�VHFWRU� LQGXVWULDO��FRQ�HOLQFUHPHQWR�\�GLVSRVLFLyQ� LQDGHFXDGD�GH� ORV� UHVLGXRV�� FRQVWLWX\HQGR�XQD�GH� ODV�SULQFLSDOHV� FDXVDV�GH� ODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ� ItVLFD�� TXtPLFD� \� ELROyJLFD� GHO� PHGLR�� 'H� HVWR� VH� GHULYD� HO� GHWHULRUR� GH� OD� FDOLGDG� GHO

29

DPELHQWH�QDWXUDO�\�DQWUySLFR��FRQ�OD�GHJUDGDFLyQ�GH�ORV�HFRVLVWHPDV���OR�FXDO��LQIOX\H�GH�PRGR�QHJDWLYR�HQHO�ELHQHVWDU�\�OD�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD�GH�ODV�SREODFLRQHV�$ SDUWLU� GH� OD� &RQIHUHQFLD� GH� 5tR�� ������ ORV� SDtVHV� KDQ� LGHQWLILFDGR� OD� PHWD� GHO� GHVDUUROOR� VRVWHQLEOH�KDFLHQGR�pQIDVLV�HQ�OD�HOLPLQDFLyQ�GH�OD�SREUH]D���OD�SURPRFLyQ�\�OD�SURWHFFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG�FRPR�HOHPHQWRVLPSRUWDQWHV�

(O� SDSHO� GHO� VHFWRU� VDOXG� HV� IXQGDPHQWDO� SDUD� DOFDQ]DU� XQ� GHVDUUROOR� VRVWHQLEOH�� (VWi� GLULJLGR�� HQ� ORVDVSHFWRV� GH� SUHYHQFLyQ� D� YLJLODU�� WRPDU� PHGLGDV� \� � DERJDU� SRU� XQ� DPELHQWH� VHJXUR�� WDQWR� ItVLFR� FRPRQDWXUDO�R�VRFLDO��'H�RWUD�SDUWH� UHVXOWD�GH�VX�FRQFHUQLPLHQWR� OD�YLJLODQFLD�GH� ODV�DFWLYLGDGHV�GH�GHVDUUROOR�WRPDQGR�HQ�FRQVLGHUDFLyQ�HO�LPSDFWR�HQ�OD�VDOXG�GH�ORV�IDFWRUHV�DPELHQWDOHV�\�VRFLDOHV�

5HFXUVRV� \� KHUUDPLHQWDV� GH� HVWUDWHJLDV� UHJLRQDOHV�GH� VDOXG�S~EOLFD� DSOLFDEOHV�D� OD� VDOXG� HQ� ODYLYLHQGD

(O�IRFR�GHO�SUHVHQWH�HStJUDIH�HV�XQD�YLVLyQ�RUJiQLFD�UHVXPLGD�GH�ODV�HVWUDWHJLDV��SURJUDPDV�H�LQLFLDWLYDV�GHOD�2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG�SDUD�OD�5HJLyQ�TXH�DSOLFDQ�D�OD�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�

(Q�OD�DFWXDOLGDG�H[LVWHQ�GLYHUVDV�VLWXDFLRQHV�DPELHQWDOHV�TXH�FRQVWLWX\HQ��SULRULGDGHV�SDUD�ORV�HVWXGLRV�HLQWHUYHQFLRQHV�HQ� ORV� GLIHUHQWHV� SDtVHV� GH� ODV�$PpULFDV��(OHPHQWRV� FRPR� OD� FDOLGDG�GH� ORV� VHUYLFLRV�GHDJXD�\�VDQHDPLHQWR�� ODV�FRQVHFXHQFLDV�GH�OD�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�TXtPLFD�\�ItVLFD�GHO�DPELHQWH�� ORV�GHVDVWUHVQDWXUDOHV�� ORV�FXDOHV�VH�DJXGL]DQ�SRU� ODV� LQLTXLGDGHV�\� ODV�GHVLJXDOGDGHV�VRFLRHFRQyPLFDV�KDFHQ�TXH� ODVLWXDFLyQ�VH�WRUQH�PiV�FRPSOHMD��SRU�OR�TXH�SDUD�OD�HYDOXDFLyQ�\�PDQHMR�GH�OD�PLVPD�VH�KDFH�QHFHVDULR�XQDERUGDMH�LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULR�H�LQWHUVHFWRULDO��TXH�LQFOX\D�OD�SDUWLFLSDFLyQ�FRPXQLWDULD�

/D�VLWXDFLyQ�JHQHUDO�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�5HJLyQ�GH�/DWLQRDPpULFD�\�HO�&DULEH�PXHVWUD�FRQWUDVWHV�HQWUH�SDtVHV�\iUHDV� GH� GLIHUHQFLDGR� JUDGR� GH� GHVDUUROOR� VRFLR�HFRQyPLFR�� FRQILUPDQGR� XQ� YtQFXOR� JHQHUDOPHQWHDFHSWDGR�HQWUH�GLVSRQLELOLGDG�HTXLWDWLYD�GH�UHFXUVRV�\�VDOXG��6H�HQFXHQWUDQ�WHUULWRULRV�GRQGH�OD�SREODFLyQFRQIURQWD� PD\RUHV� GLILFXOWDGHV� GH� DFFHVR� D� ORV� ELHQHV� EiVLFRV� ������ DOOt� FRQYHUJH� HO� SUHGRPLQLR� GH� ODLQVDOXEULGDG�\�OD�SULPDFtD�GH�ODV�HQIHUPHGDGHV�WUDQVPLVLEOHV�\�FDUHQFLDOHV��FRQ�PiV�UHGXFLGD�H[SHFWDWLYDGH� YLGD�� \� OXJDUHV� GRQGH� VH� DSUHFLD�PHQRV� LQLTXLGDG� HQ� OD� GLVWULEXFLyQ� GH� ORV� UHFXUVRV� EiVLFRV� SDUD� ODVREUHYLYHQFLD��DOOt�VH�KD�LQVWDODGR�OD�WUDQVLFLyQ�HSLGHPLROyJLFD��GRQGH�HO�SHUILO�GH�PRUEL�PRUWDOLGDG�WLHQGH�DVHU�GRPLQDGR�SRU� ODV� FUyQLFDV� QR� WUDQVPLVLEOHV�� UHODFLRQDGDV�DO� HVWUpV�� � LQFOX\HQGR� ORV� DFFLGHQWHV�\� ODV

30

HQIHUPHGDGHV�PHQWDOHV��(Q�OtQHDV�JHQHUDOHV�VH�KD�REVHUYDGR�XQD�WHQGHQFLD�HQ�ODV�~OWLPDV�GpFDGDV�D�ODPHMRUtD�GH�ORV�LQGLFDGRUHV�GH�VDOXG��FRLQFLGHQWH�FRQ�LQFUHPHQWRV�GH�OD�FREHUWXUD�\�FDOLGDG�GH�ORV�VHUYLFLRVGH�VXPLQLVWUR�GH�DJXD�GH�FRQVXPR�\�SHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR�GH�ORV�GH�VDQHDPLHQWR��SHUR�VLQ�HPEDUJR�OD�VDOXGHQ� HO� FRQWLQHQWH�� FRQ� D~Q� VHQVLEOHV� WDVDV� GH� HQIHUPHGDGHV� SUHYHQLEOHV� R� FXUDEOHV�� DFRPSDxD� HO� SHUILOHVSHUDGR�GH�ORV�SDtVHV�HQ�YtDV�GH�GHVDUUROOR���������

3RU�HOOR��HQ�FRQFLHUWR�FRQ� ODV�SROtWLFDV�QDFLRQDOHV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�� OD�2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH� OD6DOXG� KD� WUD]DGR� \� SHUVLJXH� REMHWLYRV� FRQFRUGDQWHV� D� OD� PHWD� GH� 6DOXG� SDUD� 7RGRV�� SRVWXODGD� SRU� OD2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�\�HQ�SUR�GH�HVWRV�REMHWLYRV�KD�LQVWUXPHQWDGR�HVWUDWHJLDV��SURJUDPDV�H�LQLFLDWLYDV�TXHVH�PDWHULDOL]DQ�HQ�HVWUHFKD�DOLDQ]D�FRQ�ODV�DXWRULGDGHV�QDFLRQDOHV�GH�VDOXG�GH�OD�5HJLyQ�

(Q� OR� UHIHUHQWH�DO� DPELHQWH�\� OD� VDOXG�� QR�SXHGHQ� VRVOD\DUVH� ORV�SODQWHDPLHQWRV� GH� OD�$JHQGD���� FX\DLQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ�SRQH�HQ�OD�PLUD�REMHWLYRV�HVWUDWpJLFRV�D�ODUJR�SOD]R�SDUD�OD�FRQVHUYDFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG�HQ�HOGHVDUUROOR�KXPDQR��&LQFR�GH�ORV�VHLV�SURJUDPDV�HQ�ORV�FXDOHV�HO�VHFWRU�VDOXG�VH�LPSOLFDED�HQFRQWUDEDQ�HFRHQ�HO�HVFHQDULR�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�XQR�SODQWHDED�H[SUHVDPHQWH�OD�E~VTXHGD�GH�VROXFLyQ�GHO�SUREOHPD�GH�ODVDOXEULGDG�XUEDQD������(VRV�REMHWLYRV�HVWUDWpJLFRV�VH�UHVXPHQ�HQ�PHMRUDU�HO�ELHQHVWDU�\�HOHYDU�OD�FDOLGDG�GHYLGD� HQ� VDOXG� GH� OD� SREODFLyQ�� FRPR� FRQGLFLyQ� QHFHVDULD� SDUD� TXH� ORV� PLHPEURV� GH� ODV� FRPXQLGDGHVKXPDQDV�DOFDQFHQ�QXHYDV�DVSLUDFLRQHV�GH�GHVDUUROOR��6LQ�HPEDUJR��HVWRV� ILQHV�QR�DWDxHQ�VyOR�DO�VHFWRUVDOXG��FRQ�OD�LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ�GHO�GHUHFKR�GH�WRGRV�D�ORV�VHUYLFLRV�DVLVWHQFLDOHV�\�VDQLWDULRV��(Q�SULPHU�OXJDUGHEH�KDFHUVH�FRLQFLGHQWH�XQ�SURJUDPD�\�XQD�YROXQWDG�SROtWLFD�FRQ�XQ�PDUFR�VRFLR�HFRQyPLFR�GH�GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH� TXH�SULYLOHJLH� OD� HTXLGDG�GH� ORV�FLXGDGDQRV�HQ�HO� DFFHVR�D� ORV� UHFXUVRV� \� ORV� VHUYLFLRV�� SHURWDPELpQ� PXOWLSOLFDU� ODV� IXHQWHV� UHDOHV� GH� HPSOHR� \� WUDEDMR� TXH� GHEHQ� VHU� SURYLVWDV� SRU� XQ� VDOXGDEOHGHVDUUROOR�HFRQyPLFR��IDYRUHFHU�OD�HOHYDFLyQ�GH�OD�FXOWXUD��HO�SDSHO�GH�ODV�DUWHV��ORV�PHGLRV�GH�GLIXVLyQ�\�HODFFHVR� DPSOLR� D� OD� HGXFDFLyQ� \� DO� GHSRUWH�� OD� UHYDORUL]DFLyQ� GHO� SDSHO� GHO� JpQHUR� HQ� OD� VRFLHGDG�� ODUHLQVHUFLyQ� GH� ORV� GHVSOD]DGRV�� LQPLJUDQWHV�� PLQRUtDV� pWQLFDV� HQ� ORV� GHUHFKRV� SROtWLFRV� \� FLYLOHV�PHMRUDPLHQWR� GHO� KiELWDW�� UDFLRQDOLGDG� GH� ORV� DVHQWDPLHQWRV� KXPDQRV� \� VROXFLyQ� GHO� SUREOHPD� GH� ODYLYLHQGD�� (VWDV� GHPDQGDV� SXHGHQ� SDUHFHU� XWySLFDV�� SHUR� VLQ� VDWLVIDFHUVH� VyOR� ORJURV� SDUFLDOHV� VHUtDQDOFDQ]DEOHV�������

(Q� OD� LQWHQFLyQ� GH�PDWHULDOL]DU� ELHQHVWDU� \� FDOLGDG� GH� YLGD� HQ� VDOXG� SDUD� OD� SREODFLyQ� FRQYHUJHQ� SXHVGLIHUHQWHV�DFWRUHV�\�VHFWRUHV�MXQWR�D�YDULDGDV�GLPHQVLRQHV��FRQGLFLRQHV�\�FLUFXQVWDQFLDV�GH�OD�YLGD�VRFLDO�(Q� RWUDV� SDODEUDV� HV� XQD� PHWD� GHO� FRQMXQWR� GH� OD� VRFLHGDG�� GHVGH� VXV� QLYHOHV� SROtWLFRV� KDVWD� ORVHVWDPHQWRV��HQ�XQ�PRPHQWR�KLVWyULFR�GDGR�\�DSR\DGD�SRU�XQ�JUDGR�GH�GHVDUUROOR�HFRQyPLFR�VRVWHQLGR�\HVHQFLDOPHQWH�VXVWHQWDEOH��(QWUH�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�FRQYHUJHQWHV��TXH�SURSLDPHQWH�UHVXOWDQ�YtDV�GH�DFFHVR�\

31

GH�VRSRUWH�GH�ORV�REMHWLYRV���ORV�SURJUDPDV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�SDUWLFLSDQ�GH�GRV�GH�HOODV��HO�PHGLR�DPELHQWH�\HO�QLYHO�ORFDO�/DV�UHODFLRQHV�GH�OD�HVWUXFWXUD�VRFLDO�HQ�IXQFLyQ�GH�ELHQHVWDU�\�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD�

3DUD�DPERV�VH�SODQWHDQ�HOHPHQWRV�GH�PDQHMR��(Q�HO�FDVR�GHO�QLYHO� ORFDO�HVWRV�VRQ�KHUUDPLHQWDV�\�HQ�HOPHGLR�DPELHQWH��UHVXOWDQ�HVWUDWHJLDV�\�SURJUDPDV�

6H�HVWDEOHFH�FRPR�SULQFLSLR�OD�DFFLyQ�ORFDO�SDUD�REWHQHU�ODV�PHWDV�JOREDOHV��(Q�OD�5HJLyQ�GH�/DWLQRDPpULFD\ HO� &DULEH� VH� LPSOHPHQWDQ� QXHYDV� HVWUXFWXUDV� SROtWLFDV�� TXH� HQ� HO� PDUFR� GHPRFUiWLFR� KDQ� SXHVWR� HQPDUFKD�XQ�SURFHVR�GH�GHVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQ�GHO�HVWDGR�FRQ�XQ� UHIRU]DPLHQWR�GH� ORV�yUJDQRV�DGPLQLVWUDWLYRVORFDOHV�\�XQ�UHSODQWHDPLHQWR�GHVDJUHJDGR�GH�ORV�VHUYLFLRV��(VWD�PDJQLILFDFLyQ�GHO�QLYHO�ORFDO�HQ�OD�GHFLVLyQSROtWLFD�HV�XWLOL]DGD�SRU�ORV�SUR\HFWRV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD��/DV�KHUUDPLHQWDV�DSOLFDGDV�DO�QLYHO�ORFDO��TXH�SRQHQHQ�MXHJR�ODV�HVWUDWHJLDV�\�SURJUDPDV�GH�VDOXG�VRQ�SULQFLSDOPHQWH�

D� SDUWLFLSDFLyQ�FRPXQLWDULDE� PRYLOL]DFLyQ�GH�UHFXUVRV

• H[WHUQD• LQWHUQD

F� IRUPDFLyQ�GH�FDSDFLGDGHVG� LQWHU�\�WUDQVHFWRULDOLGDG

32

H� PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULHGDGI� FRQFLHUWR�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFRJ� VRVWHQLELOLGDGK� DOLDQ]DV�VRFLDOHV�\�UHGHV

/DV�HVWUDWHJLDV�\�SURJUDPDV�GH�VDOXG�VH�GHVDUUROODQ�FRPR�XQD�DFFLyQ�VLVWpPLFD�VREUH�HO�PHGLR�DPELHQWH�SHUR�FRQ�XWLOL]DFLyQ�GH�ODV�KHUUDPLHQWDV�DO�QLYHO�ORFDO��'H�HVWH�PRGR�ODV�SULQFLSDOHV�HVWUDWHJLDV�UHJLRQDOHV�TXH�DSOLFDQ�D�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�UHVXOWDQ�

�� 0XQLFLSLRV�SRU�OD�VDOXG�� 6DOXG�HQ�OD�9LYLHQGD�� $WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO

• (FRFOXEHV�� (PHUJHQFLDV�\�GHVDVWUHV�� 0XMHU��VDOXG�\�GHVDUUROOR�� 3URJUDPD�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�GHO�DLUH�� 3URJUDPD�GH�VDOXG�GHO�WUDEDMDGRU

5HVXOWD� XQiQLPH� OD� LQWHUFRQH[LyQ� GH� ODV� HVWUDWHJLDV� \� SURJUDPDV� GH� VDOXG� SDUD� HO� DPELHQWH� \� ODVKHUUDPLHQWDV�HPSOHDGDV�DO�QLYHO�ORFDO�

0XQLFLSLRV�SRU� OD�6DOXG�HV�XQD�HVWUDWHJLD�GHVWLQDGD�D�RSHUDU�XQ�PHFDQLVPR�VREUH�XQ�HVFHQDULR��TXH�HQHVWH�FDVR�HV�XQD�XQLGDG�SROtWLFR�DGPLQLVWUDWLYD�ORFDO��FRQ�HO�SURSyVLWR�GH�PHMRUDU�HO�DPELHQWH�VRFLDO�\�ItVLFR�PRYLOL]DU�OD�FRPXQLGDG�HQ�HO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�VXV�SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV��LQWHJUDU�HVIXHU]RV�SDUD�OD�HTXLGDG�HQ�VDOXGFRQ�OD�LQWHUYHQFLyQ�VREUH�VXV�GHWHUPLQDQWHV�H�LQIOXLU�HQ�OD�WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�GH�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�YLGD�GH�ODVSHUVRQDV� SRU� DFFLyQ� LQWHUVHFWRULDO� \� SDUWLFLSDFLyQ� VRFLDO�� (O� PHFDQLVPR� HVWi� EDVDGR� HQ� XQ� SULQFLSLR� GHFRQFHUWDFLyQ�HQWUH�ODV�DXWRULGDGHV�SROtWLFDV��ODV�RUJDQL]DFLRQHV�ORFDOHV�\�ORV�FLXGDGDQRV��TXH�GHFLGHQ�OOHYDUDGHODQWH�XQ�SODQ�GH�DFFLyQ��������������

(O� KHFKR� HVHQFLDO� GH� FRPSOHPHQWDULHGDG� HQWUH� OD� LQLFLDWLYD� GH� YLYLHQGD� VDOXGDEOH� \� OD� HVWUDWHJLD� GHPXQLFLSLRV� SRU� OD� VDOXG� HV� OD� FRQWLQXLGDG� GH� HVFDODV� EDMR� HO� UXEUR� GH� XQ� REMHWLYR� FRP~Q�� 1R� UHVXOWDUtDSRVLEOH�D�PXQLFLSLRV�SRU�OD�VDOXG�DOFDQ]DU�VXV�PHWDV�GH�PHMRUDPLHQWR�DPELHQWDO�\�HOHYDFLyQ�GH�OD�FDOLGDGGH� YLGD� HQ�VDOXG� GH� OD� FRPXQLGDG� VLQ� JDUDQWL]DU� TXH�HQ� OD�HVFDOD� GHO� SHULGRPLFLOLR� \� ODV� YLYLHQGDV�� TXHFRPSRQHQ�HVWD�HVWUXFWXUD�SROtWLFR�DGPLQLVWUDWLYD��VH�KDOODQ�DOFDQ]DGR�HVWRV�ILQHV��SXHV�DPEDV�HVFDODV�GHDFFLyQ�VH�KDOODQ�VXSHUSXHVWDV��GH�PRGR�TXH�HO�PXQLFLSLR�UHVXOWD�OD�VXPD�GH�VXV�YLYLHQGDV�\�SHULGRPLFLOLRV

33

EiVLFDPHQWH�� MXQWR� FRQ� RWURV� DPELHQWHV� XUEDQRV� \� HQ� FDGD� XQR� GH� HOORV� VHUi� SUHFLVR� DOFDQ]DU� LJXDOHVPHWDV� SRU� OD� UHODFLyQ� GHO� WRGR� \� ODV� SDUWHV�� 3RU� GHPiV�� SXHGH� GHVWDFDUVH� TXH� ODV� KHUUDPLHQWDV� GH� ODVHVWUDWHJLDV�VRQ�FRPXQHV�\� VH� FRUUHVSRQGHQ�HQ� ORV� SULQFLSLRV�PHWRGROyJLFRV� GH� OD� VDOXG� S~EOLFD�� OR� TXHDEUH� OD� SRVLELOLGDG� GH� RSWLPL]DU� HO� HPSOHR� GH� ODV�PLVPDV� H[WHQGLHQGR� HO� DOFDQFH� GH� VXV� ILQDOLGDGHV�� $JUDQGHV� UDVJRV�� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD� DSRUWD� D�PXQLFLSLRV� SRU� OD� VDOXG� KHUUDPLHQWDV� SDUD� OD� HYDOXDFLyQ�YLJLODQFLD�\�PDQHMR�GH�ORV�IDFWRUHV�GH�ULHVJR�HQ�OD�HVFDOD�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�HO�SHULGRPLFLOLR�\�FRPSDUWH� ODVKHUUDPLHQWDV�GH�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR��HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�DO�QLYHO�FRPXQLWDULR�HQ�ORV�ILQHVGH� OD� VDOXG�HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD��'H�RWUD�SDUWH��PXQLFLSLRV� SRU� OD� VDOXG� FRQWULEX\H�D� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD� FRQVDQHDPLHQWR�EiVLFR��DFFLyQ�FRPXQLWDULD�\�FRQFHUWDFLyQ�LQWHUVHFWRULDO�ORFDO��FRPSDUWLHQGR�DQiORJDPHQWH�ODVKHUUDPLHQWDV�GH�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR��HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�DO�QLYHO�FRPXQLWDULR�HQ�ORV�ILQHVGH�PXQLFLSLRV�SRU�OD�VDOXG�����������

$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO��GH�RWUD�SDUWH��FRQVWLWX\H�XQD�DVLVWHQFLD�VDQLWDULD�HVHQFLDO�TXH��EDVDGD�HQ�ORVSULQFLSLRV�GH�DFFHVLELOLGDG��UHJLRQDOL]DFLyQ�\�MHUDUTXL]DFLyQ�GH�OD�DWHQFLyQ�HQ�VDOXG��SHUPLWH�XQ�UH�HQIRTXHGH�OD�PLVPD�KDFLD�OD�SUHYHQFLyQ��OD�DWHQFLyQ�GH�OD�FRPXQLGDG��OD�LQWHUVHFWRULDOLGDG��OD�GHVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQ�\�ODUHVSRQVDELOLGDG�LQGLYLGXDO�SRU�OD�VDOXG�����������3XHGH�LQWHUSUHWDUVH�FRPR�XQ�PpWRGR�GH�WUDEDMR�GHVWLQDGR�DSURSLFLDU� XQ� DPELHQWH� VDOXGDEOH� \� FRQ� HOOR� D� XQ�PHMRUDPLHQWR� GH� OD� FDOLGDG� GH� YLGD�� LQYROXFUDQGR� D� ODFRPXQLGDG� GH� IRUPD� DFWLYD� HQ� OD� LGHQWLILFDFLyQ� \� VROXFLyQ� GH� ORV� SUREOHPDV� DPELHQWDOHV�� EDVDGR� HQFDSDFLWDFLyQ�HQ�DPELHQWH�\�VDOXG�\�HQ�XQ�SULQFLSLR�GH�LQWHUVHFWRULDOLGDG��&RPSDUWH�HO�PDUFR�FRQFHSWXDO�GHDWHQFLyQ�SULPDULD�HQ�VDOXG��LPEULFDQGR�HYDOXDFLRQHV�GH�VDOXG�DPELHQWDO�\�HSLGHPLROyJLFDV�FRQGXFHQWHV�DGLDJQyVWLFRV�SDUWLFLSDWLYRV�GHO�HQWRUQR�FRQ�XQD�EDVH�ORFDO��LPSOLFDQGR�OD�HVIHUD�SROtWLFR�±�DGPLQLVWUDWLYD�\�HOXVR�GH�LQGLFDGRUHV�GH�FDOLGDG�DPELHQWDO��������������

([SUHVLyQ� GH� HVWD� HVWUDWHJLD� HV� OD� FUHFLHQWH� 5HG� GH� (FRFOXEHV�� FRRUGLQDGD� KR\� GHVGH� $UJHQWLQD� \FRQVWLWXLGD� SRU� 21*V� GH� ��� SDtVHV�� HQ� GRQGH� JUXSRV� GH� MyYHQHV� \� QLxRV� DUWLFXODQ� DFFLRQHV� FRQ� RWUDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV� GH� OD� FRPXQLGDG� SDUD� PHMRUDU� OD� FDOLGDG� GH� YLGD� GH� OD� SREODFLyQ� D� SDUWLU� GH� REMHWLYRVHFROyJLFRV�� FRLQFLGLHQGR�FRQ�HQIRTXHV�GH�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO� ��������� �����(O� SUR\HFWR� XVD� ODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHV��QXHYD�YLVLyQ�\�SRGHU�GH�FRPSURPLVR�GH�OD�QXHYD�JHQHUDFLyQ��8QD�(VFXHOD�,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH� (FRFOXEHV� HVWi� H[WHQGLHQGR� LQWHUpV� SURPRFLRQDO� \� PDWHULDOL]D� \D� XQ� VHJXQGR� FXUVR�� 5HDOL]DQDFWLYLGDGHV� GH� FDSDFLWDFLyQ�� LQWHJUDFLyQ�� VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ� GH� OD� FRPXQLGDG�� GLIXVLyQ�� RUJDQL]DFLyQ� \SURPRFLyQ��(Q�$UJHQWLQD�VH�UHSRUWD� OD�SDUWLFLSDFLyQ�GH������MyYHQHV� LQFRUSRUDGRV�D�����XQLGDGHV�HQ���SURYLQFLDV��FX\RV�SURJUDPDV�HQ�GHVDUUROOR�DEDUFDQ�• 8WLOL]DFLyQ�SURGXFWLYD�GH�UHVLGXRV• 0DWHULDOHV�UHFLFODEOHV�GH�OD�FRPXQLGDG�D�FDPELR�GH�DERQRV• 3URWpJHWH�GHO�VRO• 7DEDTXLVPR• 3UHYHQFLyQ�GHO�GHQJXH

34

• &XLGDGR�GHO�DJXD

(O�KHFKR�HVHQFLDO�GH�FRPSOHPHQWDULHGDG�HQWUH�6DOXG�HQ� OD�9LYLHQGD�\�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO�HV� ODIRFDOL]DFLyQ�FRP~Q�GH�OD�FDOLGDG�GHO�DPELHQWH�\�VXV�UHODFLRQHV�FRQ�OD�VDOXG�KXPDQD��DVXPLGR�JOREDOPHQWHSRU�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO��SHUR�SDUWLFXODUL]DGR�HQ�ORV�HQWRUQRV�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�VX�SHULGRPLFLOLR�SRUVDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD��1R�UHVXOWDUtD�SRVLEOH�D�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO�DOFDQ]DU�VXV�PHWDV�GH�DPELHQWHVVDOXGDEOHV�HQ�OD�FRPXQLGDG�VLQ�JDUDQWL]DU�TXH�HQ�OD�HVFDOD�GHO�SHULGRPLFLOLR�\�ODV�YLYLHQGDV�WDOHV�DPELHQWHVVHDQ�DOFDQ]DGRV���SXHV�HO�DPELHQWH�HQ�OD�FRPXQLGDG�UHVXOWD�OD�VXPD�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHV�GH�VXV�YLYLHQGDV�\SHULGRPLFLOLRV� EiVLFDPHQWH�� MXQWR� FRQ� RWURV� DPELHQWHV� XUEDQRV� \� HQ� FDGD� XQR� GH� HOORV� VHUi� SUHFLVRDOFDQ]DU� LJXDOHV�PHWDV� ������3RU� GHPiV��SXHGH�GHVWDFDUVH�TXH� ODV�KHUUDPLHQWDV� GH� ODV� HVWUDWHJLDV� VRQFRPXQHV�\�VH�FRUUHVSRQGHQ�HQ�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�PHWRGROyJLFRV�GH�OD�VDOXG�S~EOLFD��OR�TXH�DEUH�OD�SRVLELOLGDGGH�RSWLPL]DU�HO�HPSOHR�GH�ODV�PLVPDV�H[WHQGLHQGR�HO�DOFDQFH�GH�VXV�ILQDOLGDGHV� $ JUDQGHV�UDVJRV��VDOXGHQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�DSRUWD�D�DWHQFLyQ�SULPDULD�DPELHQWDO�KHUUDPLHQWDV�SDUD�OD�HYDOXDFLyQ��YLJLODQFLD�\�PDQHMR�GHORV� IDFWRUHV� GH� ULHVJR� HQ� OD� HVFDOD� GH� OD� YLYLHQGD� \� HO� SHULGRPLFLOLR�� FRQ� OR� FXDO� PHWRGROyJLFDPHQWHFRQWULEX\H�D�GHILQLU�FDOLGDG�DPELHQWDO��\�FRPSDUWH�ODV�KHUUDPLHQWDV�GH�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR��HGXFDFLyQ\ SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�DO�QLYHO�FRPXQLWDULR�HQ� ORV� ILQHV�GH�OD�VDOXG�HQ� OD�YLYLHQGD��'H�RWUD�SDUWH��DWHQFLyQSULPDULD� DPELHQWDO� FRQWULEX\H� D� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD� FRQ� HYDOXDFLRQHV� \� DFFLRQHV� GH� VDQHDPLHQWRIRFDOL]DGDV��FRQWULEX\HQGR�D�OD�DFFLyQ�FRPXQLWDULD�\�FRQFHUWDFLyQ�LQWHUVHFWRULDO� ORFDO�� OD�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHOULHVJR��HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�HQ�IXQFLyQ�GHO�PHMRUDPLHQWR�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHV�SDUD� OD�VDOXG����������(Q�SDUWLFXODU�6DOXG�HQ�OD�9LYLHQGD�HQFXHQWUD�HQ�ORV�(FRFOXEHV�XQD�SXMDQWH�IXHU]D�MRYHQ�DO�QLYHO�ORFDOTXH�SXHGH�DSR\DU�HO�GLDJQyVWLFR�\�HO�PDQHMR�GHO�DPELHQWH��IDYRUHFLHQGR�FDOLGDG�DPELHQWDO�

$ PRGR�GH�UHVXPHQ�VXFLQWR�VH�SUHVHQWDQ�HQ�OD�WDEOD���ORV�EHQHILFLRV�TXH�REWLHQHQ�GH��\�EULQGDQ�D�VDOXG�HQOD� YLYLHQGD� ODV� SULQFLSDOHV� HVWUDWHJLDV� UHJLRQDOHV� GH� VDOXG� S~EOLFD� DSR\DGDV� SRU� OD� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG�

35

&XDGUR��6DOXG� HQ� OD� 9LYLHQGD� GHQWUR� GH� ODV� HVWUDWHJLDV� UHJLRQDOHV� GH� VDOXG� S~EOLFD�� HQ� HO� HMHPSOR� GH0XQLFLSLRV�SRU�OD�6DOXG�\�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO

(VWUDWHJLD %HQHILFLRV�GH�VDOXG�HQ�ODYLYLHQGD�SDUD�OD�HVWUDWHJLD %HQHILFLRV�GH�OD�HVWUDWHJLD�SDUDVDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD0XQLFLSLRV�SRU�OD�VDOXG • )DFLOLWD�XQ�GLDJQyVWLFRPDFUR��GH�FRQJORPHUDGRV�HLQGLYLGXDO�GH�OD�YLYLHQGDVDOXGDEOH��OR�TXH�LQWURGXFHXQD�HYDOXDFLyQ�HQ�VDOXGDPELHQWDO�DO�QLYHO�GH�ODVEDVHV�GH�OD�HVWUXFWXUDFRPXQDO�

• ([WLHQGH�HO�VLVWHPD�GHYLJLODQFLD�HSLGHPLROyJLFDDPELHQWDO�D�ODV�FpOXODVVRFLDOHV• 3URYHH�KHUUDPLHQWDV�SDUD�HOPHMRUDPLHQWR�KLJLpQLFR�\VRFLDO�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHVGRPLFLOLDULRV�\SHULGRPLFLOLDULRVFRQWULEX\HQGR�D�OD�FDOLGDG�GHYLGD�HQ�VDOXG�GHVGH�OD�IDPLOLD• ,QWHJUD�\�RSWLPL]D�OD�DFFLyQGH�OD�FRPXQLGDG�\�VXVFRQFHUWDFLRQHV�LQFRUSRUDQGRPLFURHVFDODV��FRQKHUUDPLHQWDV�FRPXQHV�GHFRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR�HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GHVDOXG

• ,PSXOVD�DFFLRQHV�GHVDQHDPLHQWR��PDFUR��PHMRUDGH�VHUYLFLRV�FRPXQDOHV�\UHGHV�WpFQLFDV�TXH�LQFLGHQHQ�OD�VDOXEULGDG�GH�ORVDPELHQWHV�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�HOSHULGRPLFLOLR• $SRUWD�RUJDQL]DFLyQFRPXQLWDULD��SODQHV�\FRRUGLQDFLyQ�GH�DFFLRQHV�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR�HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GHVDOXG�TXH�DEUH�YtDV�GHPRYLOL]DFLyQ�VRFLDO�SDUDVDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD• ,QWHJUD�\�RSWLPL]D�OD�DFFLyQGH�OD�FRPXQLGDG�\�VXVFRQFHUWDFLRQHV�LQFRUSRUDQGRODV�PDFURHVFDODV��GH�DFFLyQGH�OD�HVWUDWHJLD�TXH�DSR\DQOD�FRQVHFXFLyQ�GH�ORVREMHWLYRV�SXQWXDOHV

$WHQFLyQ�SULPDULD�DPELHQWDO��(FRFOXEHV • 2IUHFH�LQVWUXPHQWRV�GHHYDOXDFLyQ�GH�IDFWRUHV�GHULHVJR�HQ�ORV�DPELHQWHV�GH�ODYLYLHQGD�\�HO�SHULGRPLFLOLR��ORTXH�IDFLOLWD�GHVFULELU�ODFDOLGDG�DPELHQWDO�DO�QLYHO�GHODV�EDVHV�GH�OD�HVWUXFWXUDFRPXQDO�• 7UD]D�OLQHDPLHQWRV�WpFQLFRVGH�YLJLODQFLD�HSLGHPLROyJLFDDPELHQWDO�HQ�PLFURHVFDOD• 3URYHH�KHUUDPLHQWDV�SDUD�HOPHMRUDPLHQWR�KLJLpQLFR�\VRFLDO�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHVGRPLFLOLDULRV�\

• ,PSXOVD�DFFLRQHV�GHVDQHDPLHQWR��PLFUR�\HYDOXDFLRQHV�DPELHQWDOHVIRFDOL]DGDV��TXH�LQFLGHQ�HQ�ODVDOXEULGDG�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHVGH�OD�YLYLHQGD• $SRUWD�FRQWULEXFLyQ�MXYHQLO�LQLFLDWLYDV�\�FRRUGLQDFLyQ�GHDFFLRQHV��HGXFDFLyQ�\SURPRFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�TXH�DEUHYtDV�GH�PRYLOL]DFLyQ�VRFLDOSDUD�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD• (QULTXHFH�OD�DFFLyQ�GH�ODFRPXQLGDG�\�VXVFRQFHUWDFLRQHV�D�IDYRU�GH

36

SHULGRPLFLOLDULRVFRQWULEX\HQGR�D�OD�FDOLGDG�GHYLGD�HQ�VDOXG�GHVGH�OD�IDPLOLD• $SRUWD�HOHPHQWRV�GHFRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR�HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GHVDOXG

DPELHQWHV�VDOXGDEOHV�FRQWULEX\HQGR�D�ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ�GHO�ULHVJR�HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�GHVDOXG

*XtDV�PHWRGROyJLFDV�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFDV�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD

3RU�WRGR�OR�YLVWR��VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�HQ�OD�5HJLyQ�$PHULFDQD�HV�XQ�FDPSR�GH�DSOLFDFLyQ�GH�ODV�LQLFLDWLYDV�SURJUDPDV�\�SUR\HFWRV�UHJLRQDOHV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�TXH� LQYROXFUDQ�DPELHQWH�\�SHUVRQD��(VWH�FDPSR�HVWiFRQVWLWXLGR�SRU�XQ�HVFHQDULR�GH� IXQFLRQDOLGDGHV�HOHPHQWDOHV�\�EiVLFDV�TXH�HQFXHQWUDQ�XQ� LQGLYLGXR�R�XQJUXSR�VRFLDO�QXFOHDU�HQ�XQ�HVWDGtR�OiELO��UD]yQ�SRU�OD�TXH�FRQVWUXLU�HQ�pO�OD�VDOXG�GH�VXMHWRV�IDPLOLDUPHQWHYLQFXODGRV�\�FRQ�HOOR�FRQWULEXLU�D�OD�VDOXG�HQ�OD�FRPXQLGDG�SXHGH�WHQHU�VLQJXODU�LPSRUWDQFLD��([SUHVDGR�GHRWUR�PRGR��OD�FRPXQLGDG�YHQGUtD�REOLJDGD�D�DWHQGHU�OD�VDOXG�\�VXV�GHWHUPLQDQWHV�HQ�OD�FpOXOD�EiVLFD�GH�ODVRFLHGDG�TXH�HV�OD�IDPLOLD�\�HQ�VX�HQWRUQR�LQPHGLDWR�GH�JHQHUDFLyQ�TXH�HV�OD�YLYLHQGD�

3RU� HOOR� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD� HV� XQD� LQLFLDWLYD� GH� VDOXG� \� DPELHQWH� PHWRGROyJLFDPHQWH� EDVDGD� HQ� ODFRPXQLGDG� \� FRQ� SDUWLFLSDFLyQ� GH� OD� FRPXQLGDG�� %DMR� HVWD� ySWLFD�� VDOXG� HQ� OD� YLYLHQGD� DVXPH� ODLQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ�DFWXDO�GH�ORV�SURJUDPDV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�SDUD�OD�FRPXQLGDG��GRQGH�OD�JHVWLyQ�GH�SUR\HFWRYD�DFRPSDxDGD�GH� OD�PRYLOL]DFLyQ� GH� UHFXUVRV� D� GLVWLQWRV� QLYHOHV� \� DO� WUDEDMR� HQ� UHGHV�� TXH� UHFRJH� XQFRPSURPLVR�FRPSDUWLGR�\�XQD�DFFLyQ�PDQFRPXQDGD��(O�FRPSOHMR�PDUFR�GH�SUREOHPDV�GHO�DPELHQWH�\� ODVDOXG��SRU�VX�FDUiFWHU�KROtVLWLFR��HQFXHQWUD�HQ�HO�SURFHGLPLHQWR�LQWHU�\�WUDQVHFWRULDO�\�HQ�HO�HQIRTXH�WpFQLFRPXOWLGLVLFLSOLQDULR�WHUUHQR�IpUWLO�SDUD�DOFDQ]DU�ORV�REMHWLYRV�GH�VDOXG�DO�QLYHO� ORFDO��OR�TXH�HV�DYDODGR�SRU�HOXVR� GH� LQGLFDGRUHV� GH� SURFHVR� H� LPSDFWR������ 2SWLPL]DFLyQ� GHO� HVTXHPD� VH� FRQVLJXH� FXDQGR� ODFRRUGLQDFLyQ�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFD�HQ�HO�iUHD�GH�VDOXG�\�DPELHQWH��R�WUDQVSURJUDPiWLFD�FRQ�RWUDV�GLVFLSOLQDV�GHOD�WpFQLFD�\�ODV�KXPDQLGDGHV��DSR\D�HO�GHVDUUROOR�GHO�SUR\HFWR�HQULTXHFLHQGR�FRQ�QXHYDV�SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV�HOHVSHFWUR� GH� DFFLRQHV� D� GHVSOHJDU�� (VWD� FRRUGLQDFLyQ� SXHGH� VHU� PXOWLODWHUDO�� SHUR� PiV� IUHFXHQWHPHQWHDOFDQ]D�D�VHU�ELODWHUDO������

(Q�OR�UHODWLYR�D�OD�FRRUGLQDFLyQ�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFD��IDFLOLWDGD�SRU�OD�FRPXQLGDG�GH�KHUUDPLHQWDV�\�SULQFLSLRVDQWHV� GHVFULWRV�� GH� PRGR� VXFLQWR� VH� SODQWHDQ� JXtDV� PHWRGROyJLFDV� SDUD� FRQVLGHUDU� OD� SDUWLFLSDFLyQ� GHGLVWLQWRV�SURJUDPDV�HQ�HO�iUHD�GH�WUDEDMR�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�������ODV�TXH�VH�LQWURGXFHQ�HQ�HO�FXDGUR�������� ����� (Q� HVHQFLD� VH� SURSRQH�� HQ� OD� FROXPQD� GHUHFKD�� HYDOXDU� VL� VH� FXPSOH� XQD� FRQGLFLyQ� R

37

FLUFXQVWDQFLD� TXH� LQYROXFUD� YLYLHQGD�� UHVLGHQWH� �JUXSR� GH� ULHVJR�� \� SHULGRPLFLOLR� HQ� XQ� FDVR� GH� HVWXGLR�XQLYHUVR� GH� LQWHUpV� REMHWR� GH� SUR\HFWR�� FRQ� OR� FXDO� HO� SURJUDPD� DVRFLDGR�� PHQFLRQDGR� HQ� OD� FROXPQDL]TXLHUGD��XELFDUtD�LQWHUpV�HQ�FRQFHUWDU�XQD�DFFLyQ�LQWHUSURJUDPiWLFD�FRQ�OD�LQLFLDWLYD�GH�YLYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH�OD�TXH�SXHGH�VHU�LQYHVWLJDWLYD��QRUPDWLYD��GRFHQWH��GH�LQWHUYHQFLyQ��GH�VHUYLFLR��HQ�FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD�FRQ�ORVREMHWLYRV�GH�SUR\HFWR�

&XDGUR���*XtDV�PHWRGROyJLFDV�SDUD�RULHQWDU� OD�FRRUGLQDFLyQ�ELODWHUDO�GH�SURJUDPDV�GH�VDOXG�S~EOLFD�FRQ� ODLQLFLDWLYD�GH�VDOXG�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD

3URJUDPDV *XtDV�0HWRGROyJLFDVFDOLGDG�DPELHQWDO

DJXD�VHJXUD�\�VDQHDPLHQWRFDOLGDG�GHO�DLUH�LQWHULRU� UHGXFFLyQ�GH�DFFLGHQWHV

$PELHQWHV�\�PHGLRV�GHWHULRUDGRV�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD\ HO�SHULGRPLFLOLR�SRU�FRQWDPLQDQWHV�ItVLFRV�TXtPLFRV�R�ELROyJLFRV�\�R�FRQGLFLRQHVHVWUXFWXUDOHV�\�GH�PLFURORFDOL]DFLyQ�LQVHJXUDVHQIHUPHGDGHV�WUDQVPLVLEOHV 9HFWRUHV��KRVSHGHURV�\�DJHQWHV�HWLROyJLFRV�LQFOXLGDV�]RRQRVLV��YLUXV�\�EDFWHULDV�SDWyJHQDV�SUHVHQWHV�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�HO�SHULGRPLFLOLRHQIHUPHGDGHV�QR�WUDQVPLVLEOHV $OHUJHQRV��LUULWDQWHV��HVWUHVRUHV�ELR�SVLFR�VRFLDOHV��LQFOXLGRV�FRQWDPLQDQWHV�ItVLFRV�\TXtPLFRV�\�YLROHQFLD��HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�HOSHULGRPLFLOLRSUHSDUDFLyQ�GH�GHVDVWUHV�\�SUHYHQFLyQ 5LHVJR�GH�GHVDVWUHV�QDWXUDOHV�\�DQWUySLFRV�FRQLPSOLFDFLyQ�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�HO�SHULGRPLFLOLRPXMHU��VDOXG�\�GHVDUUROOR *pQHUR�FRPSURPHWLGR�SRU�FRQGLFLRQHV�\�HVWLORV�GHYLGD�HQ�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�HO�SHULGRPLFLOLRVDOXG�GHO�WUDEDMDGRU 8VRV�HQDMHQDGRV�SRU�IXQFLRQHV�SURGXFWLYDV�\�GHVHUYLFLRV�GH�ORV�DPELHQWHV�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�\�HOSHULGRPLFLOLRSURPRFLyQ�\�SURWHFFLyQ�GH�OD�VDOXG ,QWHUFRQH[LyQ�GH�HVFDODV�HQ�HVSDFLRVVDOXGDEOHV�SDUD�RSWLPL]DU�OD�SURPRFLyQ�GHVDOXGSROtWLFDV�S~EOLFDV�\�VDOXG ,QLTXLGDGHV�HQ�VDOXG�HQ�HO�PDUFR�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD\ HO�SHULGRPLFLOLR5HODFLRQHV� GH� FRRSHUDFLyQ� GH� PiV� GH� GRV� SURJUDPDV� LJXDOPHQWH� SRGUtDQ� VHU� FRQVLGHUDGDV�YDORUDQGR�OD�FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD�GH�ORV�HQXQFLDGRV�GH�ODV�JXtDV��/D�LQLFLDWLYD�GH�YLYLHQGD�VDOXGDEOH

38

HV SURSLDPHQWH�XQD�HVWUDWHJLD�VHJXLGD�SRU�HO�3URJUDPD�GH�6DQHDPLHQWR�%iVLFR�GH�OD�'LYLVLyQ�GH6DOXG�\�$PELHQWH�GH�OD�2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG�

%LEOLRJUDItD�� :RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��%XLOGLQJ�D�+HDOWK\�&LW\��D�SUDFWLFLRQHUV�JXLGH��*HQHYD��:+2�������

�:+2�(26���������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��'RFXPHQWR�GH�5HIHUHQFLD�236�VREUH�3ROtWLFDV�GH�6DOXG

HQ�OD�9LYLHQGD��3XEOLFDFLyQ�(OHFWUyQLFD�&(3,6��ZZZ�FHSLV�RSV�RPV�RUJ���:DVKLQJWRQ�\�/D+DEDQD�������

�� :RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��5HSRUW�RI�WKH�3DQHO�RQ�8UEDQL]DWLRQ��*HQHYD��:+2��������� &RQVHMR�(FRQyPLFR�SDUD�$PpULFD�/DWLQD��$ORMDU�HO�GHVDUUROOR��XQD�WDUHD�SDUD�ORV�DVHQWDPLHQWRV

KXPDQRV��/&�/�����&21)������5HY�����6DQWLDJR�GH�&KLOH��������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��/D�VDOXG�HQ�ODV�$PpULFDV��9RO�����:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236

������� &RQVHMR�(FRQyPLFR�SDUD�$PpULFD�/DWLQD��$QXDULR�(VWDGtVWLFR�GH�$PpULFD�/DWLQD�\�HO�&DULEH�

6DQWLDJR�GH�&KLOH��������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��8QD�DJHQGD�SDUD�OD�DFFLyQ��*LQHEUD��206�������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��3ULQFLSLRV�GH�OD�+LJLHQH�GH�OD�9LYLHQGD��*LQHEUD��206�������9. &HQWUR�3DQDPHULFDQR�GH�,QJHQLHULD�6DQLWDULD��3RUWDO�:(%��ZZZ�FHSLV�RSV�RPV�RUJ� 2SFLyQ�6DOXG

HQ�OD�9LYLHQGD��/LPD�������10. 9HUEHNH�GH�&DQWD�0��&KDGD�GHO�0��*DUFtD�GHO�9DOOH�-��0DQ]XU�%��3DUWLFLSDFLyQ

&RPXQLWDULD��2ULHQWDFLRQHV�SDUD�FRQVWUXLU�XQD�PHMRU�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD��3ROtWLFDV�JOREDOHV�GHSURPRFLyQ�GH�OD�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD��6DQ�/XLV������

��� ,QVWLWXWH�RI�0HGLFLQH��&RPPLWWHH�IRU�WKH�6WXG\�RI�WKH�)XWXUH�RI�3XEOLF�+HDOWK��'LYLVLRQ�RI�+HDOWK&DUH�6HUYLFHV��������7KH�)XWXUH�RI�3XEOLF�+HDOWK��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�3UHVV��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&�

��� 8 6�:DVKLQJWRQ�'SW��2I�(GXFDWLRQ��3XEOLF�+HDOWK�DQG�+HDOWK�&DUH�$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ��(OHFWURQLF3XEOLFDWLRQ��������:DVKLQJWRQ�http://depts.washington.edu/hsic/resource/glossary.html#h

��� *UDQD 5��(FRORJtD�\�FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD��(GLWRULDO�(VSDFLR��%XHQRV�$LUHV��������� /XFDV�&5��'HILQLFLyQ�GH��FDOLGDG�GH�YLGD���HG���������206��5(*21������15. $QGHUVRQ��&�/��&RPPXQLW\�+HDOWK��7KH�&�9��0RVE\�&RPSDQ\��6DLQW�/RXLV�������

39

��� 0DQ]DQHUD��5��HW�DO��6DOXG�3~EOLFD��UHWRV�SDUD�HO�VLJOR�;;,��,QVWLWXW�0XQLFLSDO�GH�6DOXW�3~EOLFD�GH%DUFHORQD��������

��� <HQ��,��+���6\PH��6��/���7KH�6RFLDO�(QYLURQPHQW�DQG�+HDOWK��$QQX��5HY��3XEOLF�+HDOWK���������������±�����

��� 6FKDHIHU�0��6DOXG�0HGLR�$PELHQWH�\�'HVDUUROOR���(QIRTXHV�SDUD�OD�SUHSDUDFLyQ�GHHVWUDWHJLDV�D�QLYHO�GH�SDtVHV�SDUD�HO�ELHQHVWDU�KXPDQR��VHJ~Q�OD�$JHQGD�����,QWHUDFFLRQHV�EiVLFDV��:DVKLQJWRQ�'&�206��236������

��� 7ROHGR��*��-���6DOXG�3~EOLFD����5LHVJRV�GHO�DPELHQWH�\�OD�VDOXG��(GLWRULDO�&LHQFLDV�0pGLFDV��/D+DEDQD��������

��� 2UJDQL]DFL^RQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��3ODQ�1DFLRQDO�GH�6DOXG�\�$PELHQWH�HQ�HO�'HVDUUROOR6XWHQWDEOH�������MXOLR��5wR�GH�-DQHLUR��%UDVLO��:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��236�������

��� :HOVK�2IILFH�1+6�'LUHFWRUDWH�+HDOWK\�(QYLURQPHQWV�:HOVK�K�2IILFH�1+6�'LUHFWRUDWH����������� )XUQWUDWW�)ORHS��&DOLGDG�GH�OD�YLGD�GHVGH�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�GH�OD�JHQWH�FRP~Q�

&5($57������23. <DVVL��$��HW�DO��6DOXG�$PELHQWDO�%iVLFD��3URGXFFLRQHV�*UiILFDV�GHO�0,15(;��/D�+DEDQD�

�������� 2UJDQL]DFL^RQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG�,QIRUPH��$QXDO�GHO�'LUHFWRU���*HQWH�VDQD�HQ�HQWRUQRV

VDOXGDEOHV��(O�SURJUDPD�GH�FRRSHUDFLyQ�WpFQLFD��:DVKLQWRQJ��'&��236��������� :RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��:KR��FRPPLVVLRQ�RQ�KHDOWK�DQG�HQYLURQPHQW��5HSRUW�RI�WKH�SDQHO�RQ

XUEDQL]DWLRQ��6WUDWHJLHV�DQG�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�IRU�XUEDQ�KHDOWK�FDUH��5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV�WRJRYHUPPHQWV�DQG�ORFDO�DXWKRULWLHV��*HQHYD��:+2���������:+2�(+(�������

��� *RFKIHOG�0���*ROGVWHLQ�%���/HVVRQV�LQ�HQYLURQPHQWDO�KHDOWK��+HDOWK�LQ�WKH�7ZHQW\�&HQWXU\��$QQX�5HY��3XEOLF�+HDOWK�����������������

��� :RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��3DQHO�RI�H[SHUWV�RQ�HQYLURQPHQWDO�PDQDJHPHQW�IRU��YHFWRUFRQWURO ��5HSRUW�RI�WKH�QLQWK�PHHWLQJ�������VHSWHPEHU����B����*HQHYD���5HSRUW�RI�WKHWHQWK�PHHWLQJ������VHSWHPEHU������5RPH���:RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ�������3���

��� &DVWHOODQRV�3�/��(SLGHPLRORJtD��VLWXDFLyQ�GH�VDOXG�\�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�YLGD�&RQVLGHUDFLRQHV�FRQFHSWXDOHV��6HPLQDULR��/DWLQRDPHULFDQR�VREUH�FRQGLFLRQHV�GH�YLGD�\VDOXG� ������'LF��������6DQWD�&DVD��6DR�3DXOR��%UDVLO������

��� %DNHU��'��HW�DO��(QYLURQPHQWDO�(SLGHPLRORJ\��:RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��8QLWHG�6WDWHV(QYLURQPHQWDO�3URWHFWLRQ�$JHQF\��*HQHYD��:+2�������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��/D�VDOXG�\�HO�DPELHQWH�HQ�HO�GHVDUUROOR�VRVWHQLEOH�:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236����������3XEOLFDFLyQ�&LHQWtILFD������

40

��� 0XVWDUG��+�6���6WHEELQV��(�(���,QWURGXFFLyQ�D�OD�6DOXG�3~EOLFD��/D�3UHQVD�0pGLFD�0H[LFDQD�&LXGDG�0p[LFR�������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLRQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��0DQXDO�GH�&RPXQLFDFLyQ�6RFLDO�SDUD�3URJUDPDV�GH6DOXG��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236�������

��� 6FKZDUW]�6���6XVVHU�(���6XVVHU�0���$�IXWXUH�IRU�(SLGHPLRORJ\���$QQX��5HY��3XEOLF�+HDOWK����������������

��� 0HUOR�-���HW�DO��'LDVWROLF�EORRG�SUHVVXUH�DQG�DUHD�RI�UHVLGHQFH��PXOWLOHYHO�YHUVXV�HFRORJLFDO�DQDO\VLVRI�VRFLDO�HTXLW\��-��(SLGHPLRO��&RPPXQLW\�+HDOWK������������������

��� 3LFNHWW�.��(���3HDUO��0���0XOWLOHYHO�DQDO\VLV�RI�QHLJKERUKRRG�VRFLRHFRQRPLF�FRQWH[W�DQG�KHDOWKRXWFRPHV��D�FULWLFDO�UHYLHZ��-��(SLGHPLRO���&RPPXQLW\�+HDOWK������������������

��� 3URJUDPD�GH�1DFLRQHV�8QLGDV�SDUD�HO�0HGLR�$PELHQWH��3HUVSHFWLYDV�GHO�0HGLR�$PELHQWH�0XQGLDO������*(2�������(GLFLRQHV�0XQGL�3UHQVD��0DGULG�������

��� %URZQ�/�5���HW�DO���6WDWH�RI�WKH�:RUOG�������:��:���1RUWRQ��&RPSDQ\��1HZ�<RUN���������� 1DFLRQHV�8QLGDV��(VWXGLRV�H�,QIRUPHV�GH�OD�&(3$/��$JXD�3RWDEOH�\�6DQHDPLHQWR

$PELHQWDO�HQ�$PpULFD�/DWLQD�������������6DQWLDJR�GH�&KLOH��1DFLRQHV�8QLGDV��������� /LVWRUW�-$��(QYLURQPHQWDO�+HDOWK�&RPSRQHQWV�IRU�:DWHU�6XSOt��6DQLWDWLRQ��$QG�8UEDQ�3URMHFWV�

:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��7KH�:RUOG�%DQN���������� :RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��$�&DVH�6WXG\�RI�+HDOWK�LQ�+RXVLQJ��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��:+2�

�������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��0XQLFLSLRV�VDOXGDEOHV��:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��236���������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��7KH�(DUWK�6XPPLW�6WUDWHJ\�WR�VDYH�2XU�3ODQHW�

:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236���������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��9LGDV�VDQDV�\�SURGXFWLYDV�HQ�DUPRQtD�FRQ�OD

QDWXUDOH]D��8QD�(VWUDWHJLD�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�206�SDUD�OD�6DOXG�\�HO�PHGLR�$PELHQWH�*LQHEUD �206���������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��3UR\HFWRVVREUH VDOXG��0HGLR�$PELHQWH�\�/XFKD�FRQWUD�OD�3REUH]D���UD�UHXQLyQ�,QWHUQDFLRQDO�GH(YDOXDFLyQ�������(QHUR��&DOL��&RORPELD�236�206�������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO��$3$���OD�HVWUDWHJLD�GHDWHQFLyQ�SULPDULD�DPELHQWDO��XQ�HQIRTXH�FUtWLFR�KROtVWLFR��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236�������

��� 25*$1,=$&,Ï1�3$1$0(5,&$1$�'(�/$�6$/8'��5HXQLyQ�5HJLRQDO�VREUH�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD$PELHQWDO�������(QHUR��B���6DQWLDJR�GH�&KLOH��&KLOH��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236�������

41

��� %DUDKRQD�&/��(VWUDWHJLD�GH�HGXFDFLyQ�\�SURPRFLyQ�HQ�DWHQFLyQ�SULPDULD�DPELHQWDO�$SOLFDFLyQ�GHO�SURJUDPD�0DUFR�GH�DWHQFLyQ�DO�0HGLR�$PELHQWH��3URSXHVWD�(GXFDWLYD�SDUD(QIHUPHUtD��$QWHFHGHQWHV�GH�OD�$D3$$�FRPR�(VWUDWHJLD�GH�$FFLyQ�/RFDO��'LYLVLyQ�6DOXG�\$PELHQWH������

��� 25*$1,=$&,Ï1�1$&,21$/�'(�(&2&/8%(6��6LWLR�:(%���%XHQRV�$LUHV���������� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��6REUH�OD

(VWUDWHJLD�GH�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO��5HXQLyQ�6XEUHJLRQDO�$QGLQD�GH�$WHQFLyQ3ULPDULD��$PELHQWDO�������-XOLR�����%DUDUTXLOODV��&RORPELD��:DVKLQJWRQ�'&�236�206������

��� %DNHU�)��&RPXQLFDFLyQ�GH�ULHVJR�VREUH�SHOLJURV�DPELHQWDOHV��-RXUQDO���RI����3XEOLF�+HDOWK3ROLF\����������������������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��6REUH�OD(VWUDWHJLD�GH�$WHQFLyQ�3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO��5HXQLyQ�6XEUHJLRQDO�$QGLQD�GH�$WHQFLyQ3ULPDULD�$PELHQWDO�������-XOLR������%DUUDTXLOODV��&RORPELD���:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236�206��������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��/D�6DOXG�HQHO SURJUDPD�����)RPHQWR�GHO�GHVDUUROOR�VRVWHQLEOH�GH�ORV�DVHQWDPLHQWRV�KXPDQRV�:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��236�206���������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��&RQWURO�GH�ODHQIHUPHGDG�GH�&KDJDV��D�WUDYpV�GHO�PHMRUDPLHQWR�GH�OD�YLYLHQGD�UXUDO��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&�236�������

��� 2UJDQL]DFLyQ�3DQDPHULFDQD�GH�OD�6DOXG��2UJDQL]DFLyQ�0XQGLDO�GH�OD�6DOXG��3ODQ�GHDFFLyQ FHQWURDPHULFDQR�HQ�HFRORJtD�\�VDOXG��'HVDUUROOR�VRVWHQLEOH�\�VDOXG��0HPRULD�6HJXQGD�&RQIHUHQFLD�&HQWURDPHULFDQD�VREUH��(FRORJtD�\�6DOXG�������6HSWLHPEUH�����7HJXFLJDOSD��+RQGXUDV��(GLWRU��-HQNLV�0ROLHUL�-��236��������