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CEDEFOP REFERNET THEMATIC PERSPECTIVE SERIES
GUIDANCE AND OUTREACH FOR INACTIVE AND UNEMPLOYED
SPAIN
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Please cite this publication as: Fundae (2018). Guidance and outreach for inactive and unemployed – Spain. Cedefop ReferNet thematic perspectives series. http://libserver.cedefop.europa.eu/vetelib/2018/guidance_outreach_Spain_Cedefop_ReferNet.pdf
Authors: Inés Sancha Gonzalo and Sofía Gutiérrez Dewar Contributors: Dirección General de Formación para el Empleo de Extremadura [Directorate General for Training in Employment in Extremadura región; Fundación Santa María la Real [Santa Maria la Real Foundation, NGO]; Injuve [Spanish Institute of Youth, Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports] Reviewed by Cedefop . © Fundae – Fundación Estatal para la Formación en el Empleo (Cedefop ReferNet Spain), 2018. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. The thematic perspectives series complements the general information on vocational education and training (VET) systems provided in ‘VET in Europe’ reports. The themes presented in the series feature high on the European agenda. Thematic perspectives provide national overviews of specific themes in a common format and offer comparative dimension across the EU Member States, Iceland and Norway. They are available at: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/networks/refernet/thematic-perspectives This thematic perspective was prepared based on data/information from 2017. The opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Cedefop. Thematic perspectives are co-financed by the European Union and ReferNet national partners. ReferNet is a network of institutions across Europe representing the 28 Member States, plus Iceland and Norway. The network provides Cedefop with information and analysis on national vocational education and training (VET). ReferNet also disseminates information on European VET and Cedefop’s work to stakeholders in the EU Member States, Iceland and Norway. http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/networks/refernet
/cedefop @cedefop refernet
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Guidance and outreach for inactive and unemployed Many countries across the European Union (EU) have high levels of
unemployment and of inactive adults. These phenomena are frequently associated with low levels of qualification and insufficient basic skills. They may also reflect lack of adjustment between skills demanded in the labour market and skills developed in formal education and training. In both cases up-skilling and re-skilling solutions could be explored to increase the employability of adults.
The national reports developed by ReferNet partners reflect efforts done by Member States to reach vulnerable groups affected by unemployment and inactivity and help them reengage in learning and employment. The reports refer, in particular, to measures which may include young adults not in employment, education or training (NEET) and adults undergoing long term unemployment (LTU), given their persistence in many countries and the high challenges these groups face.
The policy strategies and initiatives in focus shed light over ways to support the most vulnerable to find learning and qualifying solutions. Career guidance and counselling support to people with decaying skills, low levels of motivation and insufficient basic skills are addressed. Its instrumental role in providing information, identifying skills needs, clarifying career options and developing positive attitudes towards learning is made clear.
Whenever possible, outreach measures were described, addressing the ones who fall out of the scope of standard policies to support registered unemployed or recent education drop-outs. Many reports entertain an important discussion on the entitlement to social protection and its effectiveness in addressing the challenges of all demographic groups.
Lastly, Cedefop trusts that these reports will provide an important characterisation of current opportunities and challenges across the EU in establishing appropriate upskilling pathways for adults. Current European policy initiatives urge MS to integrate skills assessment measures with flexible learning and validation solution, where guidance services and outreach will necessarily play a key role.
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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1. RELEVANT INDICATORS AND ISSUES RELATED TO THE NEET’S AND LONG-
TERM UNEMPLOYED .................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. YOUNG PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT IN EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT OR TRAINING (NEET) .................. 5 1.2. THE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED ...................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2. OUTREACH SERVICES IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING .............................. 11
2.1. SPECIFIC OUTREACH MEASURES FOR NEETS .................................................................... 13 2.2. SPECIFIC OUTREACH MEASURES FOR THE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED .................................... 15 2.3. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 17
CHAPTER 3. EXAMPLES OF PRACTICES ........................................................................ 20
3.1. ÍTACA PROJECT, EXTREMADURA REGION, SPAIN ............................................................... 20 3.2. LAUNCH PADS FOR EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ..................................... 24
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................... 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 30
ANNEXES ......................................................................................................................... 40
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CHAPTER 1. Relevant indicators and issues related to the NEET’s and long-term unemployed Spain was deeply hit by the global crisis that began in 2008, but since 2015, it is showing more positive developments than the EU in certain economic indicators, though the impact of the crisis is still more negative for Spain in terms of unemployment, poverty and exclusion.
The first quarter of 2017 (1) yields an unemployment rate of 18.75%, 12 cents higher than in the previous quarter; 2.31 million people are jobseekers for more than one year; unemployment rate among those under 25 years stands at 41.65%; and the percentage of NEET is 18.7%.
1.1. Young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET)
Young people in Spain, compared with their European neighbours, show a higher rate of early school leaving (ESL), a higher incidence of temporary and part-time employment, and those groups at risk of social exclusion face even more difficulties in finding a job.
Early school leaving in education and training (ESL) reaches 19% of the population aged 18-24 in 2016 (2). Although there has been a significant decline since 2008 (31.7%), there is still a long way to go to reach the 2020 target of 15% for Spain (Annex-Table A).
ESL affects men (22.7%) more than women (15.1%), and the foreign population (37.7%). There are also great differences among the Spanish regions, spanning from 26.8% in the Balearic Islands to 7.9% in the Basque Country.
Similarly to the European labour market, young people in Spain have traditionally low activity rates, almost half of those presented by the population as a whole (3).
(1) INE (2017). EPA I Trimestre 2017 [Spain’s Labour Force Survey Ist Quarter 2017]. Madrid:
INE.
(2) Eurostat
(3) MEYSS. Informes Jóvenes y Mercado de Trabajo [Reports on Youth and Labor Market].
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Spain was among the first member states to avail themselves of the European Youth Guarantee initiative (4), however the results to date have not been as expected (5) and youth unemployment is currently the second highest in Europe, 44.4% compared to the average of 18.7% in EU-28 (see Annex-Table B).
NEETs are a very heterogeneous population of diverse subgroups very different from each other and with various family, social, educational, etc. profiles, and not all of them have the same probability of being not in education, employment or training. Studies carried out reveal that NEET status is very persistent among young people who dropped out of school in the years prior to the crisis (6).
In 2016, 18.1% of young people aged 15-29 neither study nor work, a figure that is 4.4 points lower than in 2013 (22.5%) (Annex-Table C). The percentage is very similar for both sexes, although slightly lower in men (17.4%) than in women (18.7%) (Figure 1). It shows an improvement from the figures recorded previously (7).
(4) MEYSS (2013b). Spanish National Youth Guarantee Implementation Plan: Annex. Context.
http://www.empleo.gob.es/ficheros/garantiajuvenil/documentos/plannacionalgarantiajuvenilanexo_en.pdf
(5) European Commission (2016b). The Youth Guarantee and Youth Employment Initiative three years on: communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM(2016) 646 final. https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/1-2016-646-EN-F1-1.PDF
(6) Jansen, M.; Jiménez, S.; Gorjón; L.(2016). El legado de la crisis: El mercado de trabajo español y las secuelas de la gran recesión [The legacy of the crisis: The Spanish labour market and the aftermath of the great recession]. Madrid: Fedea. http://documentos.fedea.net/pubs/eee/eee2016-09.pdf
(7) See ReferNet Spain news item Spain - OECD stresses benefits of education on employment. http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/news-and-press/news/spain-oecd-stresses-benefits-education-employment
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Figure 1 Evolution of the percentage of the NEET population aged 15 to 29 by gender and level of education
Source: MECD, from Spain´s Labour Force Survey, 2016
According to the level of education attained, the percentage drops to 14.1%
for young people with second stage of secondary education or higher and for those at a lower level, the percentage reaches 26.5% (8).
The latest published data in Spain shows that 18.7% of 16-29 year olds neither study nor work (see Annex-Table D).
1.2. The long-term unemployed Despite Spain’s economic recovery and the steady lowering of
unemployment rate from a peak of 26.1% (over active population) in 2013 to 19.6% in 2016, long-term unemployment - number of people who are out of work and have been actively seeking employment for at least a year- remains stubbornly high and a problem to be addressed.
In 2007, before the start of the economic downturn, long-term unemployment (LTU) in Spain was relatively low. Although, according to Eurostat, unemployment rate was slightly higher in Spain at 8.2% than in the EU-28
(8) MECD (2017). Explotación de las variables educativas de la Encuesta de Población Activa: Nivel de
Formación y Formación Permanente. Resultados 2016 [Exploitation of the educational variables of the Survey of Active Population: Level of Formation and Permanent Formation. Results 2016]. https://www.mecd.gob.es/dms/mecd/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/educacion/mercado-laboral/explotacion-de-las-variables/2016/notaresu2016.pdf
21% 22% 22%
21% 19% 18%
27% 28% 28%
30% 29%
27%
15% 16% 17% 15% 15% 14%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Men WomenTOTAL Below lower second. ed.Lower second. ed and higher
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(7.2%), LTU rate at 1.7% was lower than the 3% of LTU in EU28. However, the impact of the crisis was especially felt in Spain, and in 2013 LTU rate had risen dramatically to 13%, that is, an increase of more than 11 points, while in the EU28 the figure had only risen 2.1 points. Although since 2013 figures show an improvement, it is still a major concern, as LTU rate more than doubles the EU rate (4%) and is the second highest after Greece.
Figure 2 Long-term unemployment rate -% of active population in Spain and EU28
Source: Authors´ elaboration from Eurostat data.
According to Spain´s Labour Force Survey in the first quarter of 2017, LTU
rate stands at 10.5% and represents more than half of all unemployed. Very long term unemployment – out of work for more than two years – is also very high: nearly four out of ten unemployed have been so for more than two years.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Long-term unemployment 2007-2016
EU28 Spain
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Table 1 Unemployment rate and duration in unemployment by gender, age group, education level and nationality.
UNEMPLOYMENT
RATE DURATION IN UNEMPLOYMENT
< 1 YEAR FROM 1 TO 2 YEAR OVER 2 YEARS
TOTAL 18.8 8.3 2.7 7.8
Gender
Men 17.2 7.8 2.2 7.2
Women 20.5 8.8 3.3 8.4
Age
16-24 years 41.7 27.6 6.5 7.6
25-34 years 20.8 10.9 3.0 6.9
35-44 years 16,0 7,4 2,5 6,1
45-54 years 16.9 6.4 2.4 8.1
55-64 years 16.2 4.2 1.9 10.0
Max. education
Primary studies 37.7 12.9 4.2 20.6
Lower secondary 31.8 12.0 3.9 15.8
Upper secondary 23.0 10.2 3.3 9.4
Tertiary and more 19.4 8.8 2.8 7.8
Nationality Spanish 17.6 7.5 2.6 7.5
Foreign 24.8 11.9 3.2 9.7
Source: Authors´ elaboration from Spain’s Labour Force Survey IQ2017 Table 1 shows that LTU affects groups of workers in different ways: the very
young are very affected by unemployment as their rate more than doubles the general rate, however they are in a relatively better position in terms of duration in unemployment, as only a third of the unemployed in this age are LTU. On the other hand, older workers whose unemployment rate is lower than the country average, are more affected by long-term unemployment. That is, workers between 55 and 64 years are less likely to be unemployed, but if they do lose
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their job, the chances of finding a new one are slim: more than seven out of ten unemployed spend more than a year looking for a job, and six out of ten of the jobless are unemployed for more than two years.
Workers with a lower education level are also in a more vulnerable position in regards to duration of unemployment. Not only do workers with only primary studies present higher general unemployment rate (37.7%) but their LTU rate at 24.8% more than doubles general LTU in Spain. In this case, more than 6 out of 10 unemployed are LTU. The situation is similar for workers up to lower secondary education who show higher levels of unemployment and of LTU than the average.
Regarding nationality, foreigners have a higher unemployment rate than Spaniards, but the proportion of LTU over total unemployed in that group is a little lower, that is, when they lose their job they tend to find a new one in less time than nationals.
Regionally, LTU rate in Spain presents certain differences: while in Navarra and the Balearic Islands LTU rate is under 5% (similar to the EU rate), in Melilla, Extremadura and Andalucía it is over 15%. On the other hand, in all regions except the Balearic Islands and Navarra, more than 50% of the unemployed are LTU (see Annex-Table F).
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CHAPTER 2. Outreach services in education and training
In the education sphere, the organizational and management model of guidance services derives from the 1990 education Act (9), which contemplated two types of services: external zone based services, consisting of Educational and Psychopedagogical Counselling Teams; and an internal one with guidance departments in secondary education centres. Regions with competences in educational matters, although they have developed their own systems of educational and professional career guidance, follow a similar organizational structure.
The ministry of education has two web portals, a specific one on vocational education and training (VET) (10) which includes a section on vocational guidance and a tool (11) designed to support adults in the process of guidance and counselling throughout life.
On the employment sphere, career guidance is a main active policy, included in the Employment Act of 2015, in the annual employment policy plans (PAPE) (12) and in the 2014-16 Spanish Activation Strategy for Employment (13). The goal is to provide individualized services to the working population aimed at facilitating their entry, permanence and progress in the labour market, with a special focus on young people and of those groups with the greatest difficulties in gaining access to the labour market, such as the long-term unemployed LTU.
(9) Head of State (2006). Ley Orgánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación [Organic Act
2/2006 of 3 May on Education]. Boletín Oficial del Estado, No 106, 4.5.2006, pp. 17158-17207. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2006/05/04/pdfs/A17158-17207.pdf , known as LOGSE in the national context
(10) MECD. TodoFP.es [National Website on vocational training]. http://www.todofp.es/
(11) MECD. InFórmate [Online educational guidance tool]. http://www.mecd.gob.es/alv/informate.html
(12) MEYSS (2016g). Plan Anual de Política de Empleo 2016 [Annual Plan for Employment Policy 2016]. Madrid: SEPE. https://www.sepe.es/contenidos/que_es_el_sepe/publicaciones/pdf/pdf_empleo/pape_2016.pdf
(13) MEYSS (2014b). Estrategia Española de Activación para el Empleo 2014-2016 [Spanish Strategy for Employment Activation]. Madrid: SEPE. https://www.sepe.es/contenidos/que_es_el_sepe/publicaciones/pdf/pdf_empleo/estrategia_14_16.pdf
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All Spanish PES have agreed the setting of common services (14) ensuring access on equal terms to a free public employment service throughout the state.
Career guidance, vocational training for employment, hiring incentives, promotion of equal opportunities in access to employment and support for entrepreneurship, among other policies, are developed and implemented by the regional governments and the State Public Employment Service. They are funded through State funds, the European Social Fund and regional government resources. The services can be delivered directly by the employment centres or with the collaboration of other providers, such as non-profit entities, local administrations, trade unions, businesses, etc. There can also be agreements with placement agencies.
There are a series of guidance services which are offered by all Spanish regions through their employment bodies: firstly, the unemployed is subject to an individual diagnosis and profiling, then a counsellor will help him/her in the implementation of a personalized re-integration programme (Itinerario Personalizado de Inserción, IPI), which consists of a counselling plan and personalized training to try to get the unemployed worker to (re)enter the job market. The counsellors also monitor the development of the plan and fulfilment of commitments. Apart from other guidance and information activities, counsellors help the unemployed with the management of job offers through the matching of vacancies and possible candidates. They also provide information and advice on recruitment and measures to support activation and placement in a company.
The personalized re-integration programme may include a recommendation and reroute the person to another active employment measure, such as a training programme, for example to obtain a vocational qualification.
The regional employment offices also offer other kind of guidance services, although they must all be included in the PAPE so they can be measured and evaluated. For example, the Basque Country has included in the services they provide two mobile guidance offices (similar to a motorhome) which move through different villages in two provinces providing people with information and guidance activities in order to reach those places or villages that are slightly remote. Three other regions have adopted the “Launch pads for employment and social entrepreneurship” initiative explained at the end of this article, as an active employment policy, seeing it is a useful measure in fighting unemployment. At
(14) MEYSS (2015a). Cartera Común de Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Empleo [Common
Services Portfolio of the National Employment System]. Madrid: SEPE. https://www.sepe.es/contenidos/que_es_el_sepe/publicaciones/empleo/cartera_comun_servicios_sne.html
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national level, there are also several webpages to provide guidance and help the unemployed find a new job (15).
2.1. Specific outreach measures for NEETs Youth Guarantee (YG) in Spain (16) is aimed at young people under 30 who neither study, nor work, nor receive training.
The Young Entrepreneurship and Employment Strategy, which includes the Youth Guarantee, comprises some 100 measures, in line with those from the European Youth Employment Initiative (YEI), supplementing its funding with additional funds from the ESF (17). Young people enrolled in the Youth Guarantee can benefit from four types of measures: a) professional guidance, job information and accompanying measures for job seeking; b) Improved employability, training and internships in companies; c) Reductions and bonuses in social security contributions; d) Flat rate for self-employed and other measures to support entrepreneurship.
The coordination of the Youth Guarantee rests with the ministry of employment (MEYSS). Young people had to register to benefit from its measures and public employment services (PES) acted as the main point of entry. A specific web portal for the Youth Guarantee was developed (18) (see Annex-Table G for number of people in the YG Register). However, registration numbers did
(15) SEPE. Empléate [Employment website Empléate] https://www.empleate.gob.es/empleo/#/
SEPE. EURES: Encontrar empleo en Europa [EURES: Find a job in Europe]. https://www.sepe.es/contenidos/personas/encontrar_empleo/empleo_europa.html
SEPE. Reconocimiento de las competencias profesionales adquiridas [Web portal on validation of skills acquired through work experience]
https://sede.sepe.gob.es/portalSedeEstaticos/flows/gestorContenidos?page=recexIndex
European Commission. Eures: The European Job Mobility Portal. https://ec.europa.eu/eures/public/es/homepage
(16) European Commission (2016a). Factsheet: Youth Guarantee & Youth Employment Initiative in Spain. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=16290&langId=en
(17) The different Operational Programmes on Youth Employment of the Spanish regions can be consulted in http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/atlas/programmes?countryCode=ES
(18) The national youth guarantee website has several goals, one of which is promotion and awareness raising. Young people registered are given an access to a specific private area where it is possible to check offers of employment, participate in e-learning activities and update personal information. MEYSS. Garantía juvenil [National website for Youth Guarantee]. http://www.empleo.gob.es/es/garantiajuvenil/home.html
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not reach the expected figures, which led in December 2016 (19) to introduce significant modifications to the previous legislation, in accordance with EU guidelines. Thus, alternative providers, such as chambers of commerce, youth centres, training and educational centres and municipalities, are now able to participate in the registration process through dedicated online platforms of the Youth Guarantee. In addition, registration criteria have been relaxed so that practically all young NEETs can benefit from these measures (20).
Public administrations at different levels issue public calls for funding measures addressing young people registered in the Youth Guarantee. These calls are published in the official bulletins. Possible beneficiaries are usually aware of where to get this information. The a beneficiary entity (subcontractor), normally has the responsibility for implementing actions, outreaching and engaging end users, identify the most appropriate training programmes and encourage them to find employment. Programmes have an implementation time of around a year, and can be developed by public entities (from municipalities to higher territorial structures), associations, foundations and other non-profit organizations, as well as training providers.
In the hardest period of the crisis (2011-15), the state public employment service annually published specific calls (21) for the qualification and improvement of employability of young people under the age of thirty. All of these calls included the financing of training schemes (with special attention to those who were unemployed and with low qualifications) that included vocational training actions for employment, professional non-work placements in companies and training actions with hiring commitments. Since 2014, training actions were also
(19) Head of State (2016). Real Decreto-ley de medidas urgentes para el impulso del Sistema
Nacional de Garantía Juvenil [Royal Decree-Law of urgent measures to promote the National Youth Guarantee System]. Boletín Oficial del Estado, No 310, 24.12.2016, pp. 90342-90353. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2016/12/24/pdfs/BOE-A-2016-12266.pdf
(20) Check news item from ReferNet Spain sent in January 2017 but not published yet
(21) MEYSS (2012): Convocatoria para la concesión, con cargo al ejercicio presupuestario de 2012, de subvenciones públicas para la ejecución de un programa específico de ámbito estatal de cualificación y mejora de la empleabilidad de jóvenes menores de treinta años [Call for the granting of public subsidies for the implementation of a specific state programme for qualification and improvement of the employability of young people under the age of 30]. Boletín Oficial del Estado, No 249, 16.10.2012, pp. 73723-73763. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2012-12938
2013: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2013/07/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2013-8038.pdf
2014: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/08/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-8979.pdf
2015: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/08/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-9472.pdf
and https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/08/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-9473.pdf
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aimed at obtaining key competences for early school leavers who did not meet the education entry requirements for qualifications in the labour sphere, or linked to ICT or foreign languages. In short, subsidized training evolved over the years to prioritize that which led to some kind of qualification (see Annex-Table H)
In 2015, a collaboration agreement between the Spanish Institute of Youth (Injuve) and MEYSS, the SIJ + Youth Guarantee Project was launched to provide information on the Youth Guarantee and the registration process. This project generated a national network that reached 332 information and registration centres (22) in 2016, 601 trained youth workers (public employees), developed various informational tools (YG posters and leaflets), and a section on the Injuve website: http://www.Injuve.es/garantiajuvenil. These actions were complemented with communication and dissemination campaigns through social networks (80 000 users on Facebook and more than 21 000 followers on twitter). The December 2016 amendments forces the SIJ network to reformulate its mission so that, in the immediate future, it remains as a powerful outreach tool.
2.2. Specific outreach measures for the long-term unemployed
There are three special benefits for long-term unemployed people who lack income and who have exhausted all regular allowances and benefits. These three aids are the Active Insertion Income (RAI), the PREPARA Plan and the Employment Activation Programme (PAE) for the long-term unemployed with family responsibilities. (For more detailed information on these measures, see Annex 10.)
All three have in common that they can only be requested if there is a lack of income, all subsidies and ordinary unemployment benefits have been exhausted and the person proves he/she has been actively looking for a job by sending CVs, applying for job interviews, etc.
In all three cases, in addition to providing financial assistance, the employment services provide the person with what are known as "labour entry activities” including the implementation of the aforementioned personalized re-integration programme (Itinerario Personalizado de Inserción, IPI). The IPI is a right but in these cases also an obligation for the LTU person during all the time he/she receives the financial aid.
(22) There are in Spain about 3 000 youth information centres (SIJ), dependent on the
autonomous communities, town councils and various social initiatives. Injuve made two public calls to all SIJs in Spain to join this network.
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The challenge with all three measures is that they do not reach all the long-term unemployed, (according to the Annual Labour Force Survey during the first quarter of 2017 only 30% of the unemployed received some kind of benefit), are limited in time and also that despite the name, the support is not individualized nor adapted to each person´s needs.
Apart from the measures which are common to all the country, the regions can fund other outreach services or programmes. For example, in December 2016, the region of Madrid published two programmes which were specifically for LTU: The “Vocational recovery programme for LTU persons over 30 years old” (23) which basically consists in a series of subsidies to encourage the hiring of LTU persons to work in activities of public or social interest, in order to reinforce their professional competences and activate them for the subsequent job search. The other initiative “Vocational qualification programme for LTU persons over 30 years old” (24) consists in a series of subsidies to combine training to obtain an occupational standards certificate and job placements, for LTUs over 30 who have no qualification for that occupation. LTU who are not receiving any other kind of financial aid, will have priority to participate. Other regions offer similar kind of services.
Conscious of the seriousness of LTU and following the Council Recommendation on the integration of LTU into the labour market (25), in December 2016, Spain allocated EUR 515 million over three years to a new joint action plan (26) to support employment services in providing better and more
(23) Government of Madrid. Programa de reactivación profesional para personas desempleadas
de larga duración mayores de 30 años [Professional reactivation programme for long-term unemployed persons over 30 years old]. https://gestionesytramites.madrid.org/cs/Satellite?c=CM_ConvocaPrestac_FA&cid=1354636910601&language=es&noMostrarML=true&pageid=1142687561271&pagename=ServiciosAE%2FCM_ConvocaPrestac_FA%2FPSAE_fichaConvocaPrestac&vest=1142687561271
(24) Government of Madrid. Programa de cualificación profesional para personas desempleadas de larga duración mayores de 30 años [Professional qualification programme for long-term unemployed persons over 30]. https://gestionesytramites.madrid.org/cs/Satellite?c=CM_ConvocaPrestac_FA&cid=1354636889424&language=es&noMostrarML=true&pageid=1142687561271&pagename=ServiciosAE%2FCM_ConvocaPrestac_FA%2FPSAE_fichaConvocaPrestac&vest=1142687561271
(25) Council of the European Union (2016). Council Recommendation of 15.2.2016 on the
integration of the long-term unemployed into the labour market. Official Journal of the
European Union, C 67, 20.2.2016, pp. 1-5. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/
HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016H0220(01)&from=EN (26) MEYSS (2016h). Programa de acción conjunta para la atención a desempleados de larga
duración [Joint action programme for the care of long-term unemployed]. Boletín Oficial del
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personalized services to the LTU. The target is to reach one million long-term unemployed until 2018.
In order to make these services more adapted to the person´s individual needs, each counsellor will have a maximum of 120 unemployed people to attend (27). They will be in charge of the development and follow up of the individualized employability profile. The plan also includes the option of carrying out activities to train staff from the employment services or to improve management systems that have an impact on the unemployed.
2.3. Conclusion Overall, Spain rather than opting for the establishment of one-stop-shops, is
implementing a partnership network and referral system strategy (28), where each agent, depending on the target group, territorial scope, source of funding, etc. sets in motion different outreach strategies for contacting and re-engaging potential beneficiaries. Public-private partnerships and networks, both formal and informal, social services, youth information centres, NGOs catering for groups at risk of exclusion, etc., along with training providers, play a significant accompanying role to public employment services.
Taking into account the outreach strategies outlined by ILO (29), Spain has an extensive and varied offer of reintegration programmes and, to a lesser extent, for contacting and engaging young people and some supportive schemes which include aids and reintegration programmes for the LTU. However, there is still a long way to go in terms of identification and monitoring, issues that the development of the common services portfolio for all regional PES and its outcomes´ approach may help to palliate.
Estado, No. 295, 07.12.2016, pp. 85556- 85742. https://www.boe.es/buscar/ doc.php?id=BOE-A-2016-11658
(27) MEYSS (2016e). Nota de prensa. El Gobierno aprueba el Programa de Acción Conjunto para la mejora de la atención a las personas paradas de larga duración [Press release. Government approves the Joint Action Programme for the improvement in attention to the long-term unemployed]. http://prensa.empleo.gob.es/WebPrensa/noticias/laboral/ detalle/2937
(28) ILO (2015). The Youth Guarantee in Europe: Outreach strategies targeting young people neither in employment, education or training. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_544350.pdf
(29) ILO (2015). The Youth Guarantee in Europe: Outreach strategies targeting young people neither in employment, education or training. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_544350.pdf
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Spain is placing great resources in raising the level of education and training of the population to combat unemployment, as recent reforms in both areas show: implementation of basic and dual VET, flexible VET itineraries, introduction of e-learning to facilitate access to education and training, an extensive number of initiatives for the activation of the unemployed (young or long-term), the use of online portals and social media, reforms in the training for employment subsystem, etc. (30).
However, identification of inactive and detached youth strategies such as tracking and data exchange approaches are uncommon and require special provisions on data protection and confidentiality. On the other hand, the performance monitoring indicators implemented, especially through the common portfolio of services are not sufficiently focused in terms of the transition of the young person/long term unemployed from one labour market status to another, and skip qualitative approaches.
The main employment counselling instrument is the personalized re-integration programme and although its original intention was to improve the unemployed person´s employability based on their professional experience, the reality is that Spanish regional employment agencies do not have enough resources or personnel to deliver this type of services in a personalized way. In most cases, it consists of a couple of interviews and a multi-session programme dealing with issues such as job search techniques, writing a curriculum, managing job interviews, etc. In some cases, the person may be referred to regional training schemes in order to obtain a VET qualification, but these programmes are also not adapted to individual needs nor are available throughout the year.
A study carried out at the Andalusian employment service (31) through interviews to users shows some Spanish PES weaknesses: insufficient information, which should be better adapted to the demands of users, excessive bureaucracy with regard to guidance actions and limited infrastructure to serve the end users (limited staffing services, with minimum temporary availability, limited and rigid timetables).
(30) Further information see at Cedefop ReferNet Spain (forthcoming). VET in Europe - Spain
Country report 2016.
(31) Suárez-Ortega, M.; Sánchez-García, M.F.; García-García, M.C. (2016). Caracterización de buenas prácticas y necesidades de mejora en los servicios de orientación para el empleo [Characterization of good practices and needs for improvement in the employment guidance services]. REOP, Vol. 27, No 3, pp. 43- 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.27.num.3.2016.18799
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Other challenges to be addressed are improving coordination between public employment services, social services and municipalities to ensure continuity and consistency of the support offered by different agencies, a more reliable information system on the labour market so counsellors can guide the unemployed in a useful and effective way, and the counsellors´ monitoring of the personalized re-integration programme, among others.
The diversity of situations means that support should be tailored to the needs of each person or group. In this sense, a recent study from FEDEA (32) recommends the development of profiling instruments to be able to classify the LTU in different groups and in that way be able to design different instruments depending on the characteristics of that particular group.
(32) Jansen, M. (2016). El reto de la inserción de los desempleados de larga duración [The
challenge of insertion of the long-term unemployed]. Madrid: Fedea. http://documentos.fedea.net/pubs/fpp/2016/12/FPP2016-26.pdf
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CHAPTER 3. Examples of practices
3.1. Ítaca Project, Extremadura region, Spain The Ítaca project is the response of the current regional administration to the
problems of high rates of early school leavers and unemployment in the region. It combines a variety of measures and schemes, mainly aimed at the young NEETs, committed to the integration of education and employment policies.
In Extremadura there are more than 30 000 people registered in the regional employment services (SEXPE) who do not hold the compulsory secondary education diploma (ESO Diploma). Of these, approximately 18 600 are under the age of 30 and 2 000, between 16 and 18 years old, register each year in SEXPE without ESO diploma.
Ítaca project was born in May 2016 with the signing, by the new regional government and the main social partners, of the Extremadura Employment Strategy 2016-2019 and the Employment Plan of Extremadura 2016-17. It replaces another initiative of the previous regional government, which offered € 1 000 to young people aged 18 to 25 to obtain the ESO diploma through a specific programme, but which did not achieve the desired success.
Ítaca addresses youth registered in regional employment centres, encompassing a strategy to integrate the unregistered (see below, on incorporation measures). One of its objectives is the acquisition of generic and transversal competences for people between 16 and 18 years of age in unemployment situation and who lack a minimum qualification to enter the labour market. Generic competences are defined in this context as the "set of skills and attitudes that the person must have to be trained for their optimal adaptation to the personal, work and social environment" (33). Transversal competences, on the other hand, are "all those that enable you to optimally develop on a personal, social and work level" (34), that is, both types of competencies are related and are complementary.
(33) SEXPE (n.d.). Proyecto Ítaca [Itaca Project].
http://extremaduratrabaja.gobex.es/webfm_send/5808
(34) SEXPE (n.d.). Proyecto Ítaca [Itaca Project] . http://extremaduratrabaja.gobex.es/webfm_send/5808
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From September 2016, different provisions have been published (35) culminating in April 2017 with the publication of a call (36) for proposals addressed to private non-profit entities based in the region, with experience in carrying out activities for the age group 16-18 or in skill improvement for work.
The proposals approved (after the evaluation phase) will have a year to carry out of the actions, which are as follows:
Incorporation (including outreach): contact with target group and initial accompaniment, which includes advice for registration, if required by the person, in the Youth Guarantee Register. Outreach strategies are developed by the beneficiary organisations to establish contact with populations and facilitate integration.When the target population is informed about the characteristics of the Itaca programme, unregistered candidates are redirected to the employment centre of SEXPE to be registered. Alongside diverse actions developed by subcontractors SEXPE itself has launched a campaign for the dissemination and registration of young people in regions as from 21 March 2017. Actions include information sessions i locations without employment centres, informing about the youth guarantee and facilitating registration http://www.expansion.com/extremadura/2017/04/03/58e25963e5fdeab9028b4637.html
(35) Government of Extremadura (2016). Decreto 155/2016, de 20 de septiembre, por el que se
establecen las bases reguladoras para la concesión de subvenciones para la realización de acciones de orientación y actuaciones complementarias [Decree 155/2016, of 20 September, establishing the regulatory bases for the granting of subsidies for the carrying out of guidance and complementary actions]. DOE, No 185, 26.09.2016, pp. 25228- 25262. http://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2016/1850o/16040174.pdf
Government of Extremadura (2017a). Decreto 30/2017, de 14 de marzo, por el que se establecen las bases reguladoras para la concesión de subvenciones para la realización de acciones de incorporación, orientación y adquisición de competencias genéricas y transversales de personas demandantes de empleo al amparo del Proyecto Ítaca en la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura. [Decree 30/2017, of March 14, establishing the regulatory bases for the granting of subsidies to carry out actions of incorporation, guidance and acquisition of generic and transversal competences of jobseekers under the Ítaca Project in The Autonomous Community of Extremadura]. DOE, No 55, 21.03.2017, pp. 6974-7000. http://doe.gobex.es/pdfs/doe/2017/550o/17040035.pdf
(36) Government of Extremadura (2017b). Orden de 19 de abril de 2017 por la que se aprueba la convocatoria de subvenciones para la realización de acciones de incorporación, orientación y adquisición de competencias genéricas y transversales de personas demandantes de empleo al amparo del Proyecto Ítaca en la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura, correspondiente al ejercicio 2017 [Order of April 19, 2017 approving the call for grants to carry out actions for incorporation, guidance and acquisition of generic and transversal skills of jobseekers under the Ítaca Project in the Autonomous Community of Extremadura, corresponding to the 2017 financial year]. DOE, No 80, 27.04.2017, pp. 13239-13253. http://doe.gobex.es/pdfs/doe/2017/800o/17050140.pdf
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Numbers of integrated youth have risen from 15 616 young people registered in March of 2017 to 29 879 beginning of November.
Guidance: according to the Common Employment Services Portfolio: i) Diagnosis of employability in which each participant´s competence level of will be measured. ii) Design of a personalized re-integration programme with a proposal of concrete actions. iii) Signing of the Personal Employment Agreement (EPA). This action is to be coordinated by the employment centres staff with guidance functions.
Acquisition of generic and transversal competences: 150 hours of training for at least 50% of the participants, either individually or in groups, split as follows: (a) 100 hours for the skills to be acquired and/or improved: self-confidence,
communication, task orientation, mathematical reasoning, interest in learning, outcome orientation, time management, social skills, creativity and innovation, initiative and teamwork, problem solving, flexibility, tolerance to frustration;
(b) 50 hours of group work developing a community project, as a mean to implement the skills acquired and for coaching.
The incorporation actions are for young unemployed between 16 and 18 years old and the guidance and acquisition of generic and transversal skills are for young unemployed between 16 and 18 years old and registered as jobseekers in the SEXPE.
The Ítaca project also combines a series of specific schemes targeting people with low levels of education and/or low or inadequate qualifications, to re-engage them in education or training, either to achieve a qualification or to acquire the necessary skills to enter the labour market.
The integration of educational and labour policies in the same department is easing the coordination and connection of both management systems as well as the optimization and use of existing infrastructures and human teams. Team composition is variable and depends on each specific programme, with the possibility of including teachers from VET institutes, adult education centres and the guidance staff of the SEXPE Employment Centres.
An educational and professional guidance protocol (37) outlines the role to be played by each of the members of the system and the methodology of work in each area, which will be under permanent review and updating to fit the needs of
(37) SEXPE (n.d.). Protocolo de orientación educativa y profesional de Extremadura
[Educational and career guidance Procedure in Extremadura]. http://extremaduratrabaja.gobex.es/webfm_send/6658
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the target people. It encompasses all stages, starting at preventing ESL in schools to the completion of an analysis and itinerary that either returns them to the education system, or gives them employability tools to join the labour market.
An interdisciplinary group of educational and labour administrations have defined this protocol, which has already been presented to the educational community and staff from employment centres. Some dissemination events have taken place with professionals from both areas to start working together with the detection and anticipation of activities for the next school year.
In addition, a database has been created which will enable young people leaving or completing the education system to be monitored: if they visit the employment centre, if they are working, the duration and continuity of their contracts, or if they return to the education system.
The guidance model has been designed from a long-life approach, establishing a common path for all measures and actions. It comprises the following types of actions: basic, transversal and optional.
Source: Ítaca project, adapted by the authors
1. Basic actions: equal for all. They consider the creation, accompaniment and follow-up of the personalized re-integration programme, in which several stages are established.
Guidance
Tutoring
Mediation and job placementMonitoring
Reception
Generic skills Coaching
1.Basic actions
2.Transversal skills
3.Optional actions
5 Training Programmes
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2. Transversal actions: for all people participating in the Itaca programme, according to participants’ age, level of qualification, interests and motivations, needs and strengths and taking into account the market situation. They include two types of actions, training in generic skills and coaching, and can be complemented by the optional actions.
3. Optional actions: they are offered according to the personalized re-integration programme and are organised around 5 programmes to provide the qualifications and skills that people may need.
Source: Ítaca project, adapted by the authors
A summary of these programmes, including the one for young people aged
16-18, can be found in Annex Table J.
3.2. Launch pads for Employment and Social Entrepreneurship
The project “Launch Pad for Employment and Social Entrepreneurship” (Lanzaderas de Empleo y Emprendimiento Solidario) began in April 2013 as a new philosophy in the social intervention of unemployment. This programme was created by Peridis, a well-known Spanish architect, cartoonist and founder of the
16-18 youngters with
2. Lower second. Ed. certificate
programme for adults (level II,
4. Validation of prior in/non formal
Occupational
Standards Certificate
programmes (4 pilot
Itaca’s model for Guidance
25
Santa Maria la Real Foundation. a private not-for-profit institution, which in the 1980s created the Workshop schools. This scheme was a very successful initiative to fight unemployment and at the same time recover Spain´s historical heritage. Currently the Workshop schools are all over the country and part of all regions´ active employment policies.
This new project proposes a change of approach and way of addressing labour entry policies developed so far.
The project is not aimed exclusively at the long-term unemployed but, according to project manager Álvaro Retortillo, approximately 75% of the participants belong to this group. In some Launch pads there are specific criteria for participation, depending on which institution finances it.
The underlying idea of this project is empowerment: Launch pads for Employment try to help unemployed people regain their self-confidence, enthusiasm and motivation, and allow them to discover all the skills and abilities they possess in order to be able to find a job and / or develop their business project. Two other ideas on which the project is based are proactiveness of the unemployed person and the importance of teamwork.
To achieve this change of approach, Launch pad´s methodology is based on collaborative techniques, with a coach who is in charge of leading and motivating a team, although the jobseekers themselves are at the centre of their employability processes. The coaching model ensures that the main and active role remains with the jobseeker. The coach´s role is also to build a climate of trust and mutual help, maintain coaching sessions to help the unemployed discover or be aware of their abilities and skills, work on emotional intelligence, communication and creativity; share new techniques for developing and presenting curricula, analyse how to deal with job interviews through various dynamics, develop employability maps and help the unemployed person to work on their personal mark and learn to differentiate and better position themselves in the labour market. The final aim is for the unemployed to improve their employability placing them in an active, committed and supportive position.
A Launch pad consists of a group of 20 unemployed people aged 20 to 60, who participate voluntarily and agree to work together to help each other find a job, start a new activity or improve their professional qualifications. Co-ordinated by a coach, they reinforce their competences, generate collective knowledge, become visible and collaborate in the pursuit of a common goal: to find a job. The team is essential to overcome the isolation of unemployment, to recover motivation and to undertake a more active, professional and effective job search.
Each Launch pad has to organize at least one professional event and can also, if they choose to, organize a charity event. These tasks help them to develop management, organization and teamwork skills, as well as other
26
techniques developed with the coach, such as creativity or communication skills and may, in some cases, help them find jobs for somebody in the team. For example, they organise meetings with employers of the area to show them the skills they have acquired and how the group has developed. Others organise workshops to discuss with employers and HR managers the possibilities offered by the current market when it comes to finding work. There are also events held with other unemployed people in their area to share what the Launch pad has learnt and motivate them in their own job-search process.
A Launch pad is adapted to the area where it takes place but in most cases the group meets for coaching sessions three days a week for 5 hours at a time during 5 months. The sessions usually take place at a venue lent by the town hall or a regional employment service or another public institution. La Fundación Santa María finances the Launch pad normally with a private company who chooses to support the project, so it is an interesting example of private-public collaboration.
Each launch pad has its own strategy to reach candidates in collaboration with other public/private entities such as local employment services, council information centres, local business and media. Among the usual means used by launch pads to reach candidates are media/press conferences, open events and traditional posters, notes on noticeboards and advertisements. Launch-pads might publish posters (38) and announce it through local newspapers or through a press release.
The selection of participants is done by the coach who values motivation, and chooses a varied group to make sure participants do not compete for the same job and also have different backgrounds and skills so they share different experiences and knowledge. Each participant will also have individual sessions with their coach, who will guide and assist the person in a more personalized way.
The coaches who are normally recruited by the Fundación Santa Maria la Real preferably in the area where the launch pad will take place, need to have a degree in Social Sciences and complementary training in human resources, coaching, entrepreneurship, etc. They also need skills in managing, training and
(38) Some examples: https://i0.wp.com/www.empleoencantabria.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/ 09/cartel-lanzadera-2017-2018.jpg https://asociacionredel.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Cartel-Pared_Lanzaderas_ M%c3%b3stoles.jpg
http://www.lanzaderasdeempleo.es/sites/default/files/cartel_lees_segovia.jpg
27
teamwork and in employment or entrepreneurship programmes. Once they are recruited, they receive 40 hours of training before the start of the Launch pad.
Depending on qualifications and experience of team members, participants may be advised to continue his/her studies in order to complete or obtain a certain qualification. In other cases, the team manages to find a job for a participant due to their network of contacts with professionals and enterprises who collaborate in different kind of activities organised by the Launchpad. Connection with companies is developed by work both at micro (Launchpads in specific sites) and macro level (the Fundación Santa María has an alliance department which contacts companies). The team also try to ensure that the relationship does not only consist in letting companies know about the existence of the “launchpad”, but also encouraging their active collaboration in workshops and mentoring. During the programme there’s also a lot of "crowdlearning", that is, the people of the launchpad train and teach each other.
The project started in 2013 with five pilot experiences in the regions of Palencia and Cantabria. Since then the initiative has rapidly expanded through all the country due to its good results, reaching 43 Launch pads in 2014, 83 in 2015 (ie. over 1 600 unemployed) and 182 in 2016. The Regions of Aragon, Asturias and Cantabria have adopted the model as a public employment policy and the success of the project led Cantabria to create 13 new groups in 2016.
In any case, the expansion of the model took place especially during the year 2015, thanks to the collaboration and financing of public administrations, companies and private entities, such as Fundación Telefónica who is the largest contributor with EUR 4 million to the project, (in their case the project aims to fight youth unemployment, so participants must be under 35).
Since 2016 the “Launch pad for Employment and Social Entrepreneurship” project has joined the Operational Programme for Social Inclusion and Social Economy of the ESF, which selects organizations that promote sustainability and quality employment in the EU. The financial aid will be EUR 12.8 million for the next four years to start up more than 500 Lanzaderas until the end of 2019.
By the end of April 2017 there have been 364 Launch pads with more than 8 000 participants, more than 50% of job placements or entry into education and currently there are 93 Launch pads taking place. Fifty more will start in the second part of the year 2017.
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List of acronyms and abbreviations
APE Acuerdo Personal de Empleo [Personal employment agreement]
BOE Boletín Oficial del Estado [Official State Gazette] CC.AA. Comunidades Autónomas [Autonomous Communities] CES Consejo Económico y Social[Spanish Economic and Social Council] DOE Diario Oficial de Extremadura [Official Journal of Extremadura] EPA Encuesta de Población active [National Labour Force Survey] ESF European Social Fund ESL Early school leaving
ESO Educación Secundaria Obligatoria [Lower secondary compulsory education]
EU European Union
FEDEA Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada [Foundation of Applied Economics Studies]
Fundae Fundación Estatal para la Formación en el Empleo [State Foundation for Training in Employment]
ICT Information and communication technologies ILO International Labour Organization INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística[National Statistics Institute] Injuve Instituto de la Juventud [Institute of Youth]
IPI Itinerario Personalizado de Inserción [Personalized re-integration programme]
ISCED International Standard Classification of Education IVET Initial vocational education and training
LOGSE Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo [Organic Act of General Management of the Educational System]
LOMCE Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa [Organic Act for the Improvement of Educational Quality]
LTU Long-term unemployment
MECD Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes[Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport]
29
MEYSS Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social[Ministry of Employment and Social Security]
NEET Young person who is "Not in Education, Employment, or Training" NGOs Non-governmental organisations OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAE Programa de Activación de Empleo[Activation Plan for Employment] PAPE Plan Anual de Política de Empleo [Annual Plan for Employment Policy] RAI Renta Activa de Inserción [Active Insertion Income]
SEPE Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal[National Public Employment Service]
SEXPE Servicio Extremeño Público de Empleo [Extremadura’s Public Employment Service]
SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises
SNGJ Sistema Nacional de Garantía Juvenil [National System of Youth Guarantee]
VET Vocational education and training UC Unidad de Competencia [Unit of Competence] YEI Youth Employment Initiative YG Youth Guarantee
30
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Government of Extremadura (n.d.). Estrategia de Empleo de Extremadura 2016-2019 y Plan de Empleo de Extremadura 2016-2017 [Employment Strategy of Extremadura 2016-2019 and Employment Plan of Extremadura 2016-2017]. https://admin.extremaduracumple.es/media/compromisos/58_160506.._Estrategia_y_Plan_Empleo_Extremadura_2016-17_.pdf
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35
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MEYSS (2016f). Orden ESS/1857/2016, de 5 de diciembre, por la que se distribuyen territorialmente para el ejercicio económico de 2016, para su gestión por las comunidades autónomas con competencias asumidas, subvenciones del ámbito laboral financiadas con cargo a los Presupuestos Generales del Estado, incluyendo aquellas destinadas a la ejecución del Programa de Acción Conjunto para la Mejora de la Atención a las Personas Paradas de Larga Duración [Order ESS / 1857/2016, of 5 December, to territorially distribute, in the financial year 2016 and managed by the Autonomous Communities with responsibilities assumed, financial aids from the General State Budgets, including those for the implementation of the Joint Action Programme for the Improvement of Care for Long-term Unemployed Persons]. Boletín Oficial del Estado, No 295, 07.12.2016, pp. 85556-85742. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2016/12/07/pdfs/BOE-A-2016-11658.pdf
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38
approving the 2017 call for assistance from the European Social Fund, provided for in the Youth Employment Operational Programme AP-POEJ), aimed at the sustainable integration of young people in the labour market, in the context of the National System of Youth Guarantee]. Boletín Oficial del Estado, No 36, 11.02.2017, pp. 10138-10139. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2017/02/11/pdfs/BOE-B-2017-8528.pdf
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Serrano, L.; Soler, Á. (2015). La formación y el empleo de los jóvenes españoles.
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ANNEXES
Annex 1.
Table A. Early leavers from education and training by sex and NUTS 2 regions
GEO/TIME 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU-28 14.7 14.2 13.9 13.4 12.7 11.9 11.2 11.0 10.7
Spain 31.7 30.9 28.2 26.3 24.7 23.6 21.9 20.0 19.0
Andalucía 37.9 37.2 34.6 32.1 28.8 28.7 27.7 24.9 23.1
Aragón 25.8 25.0 23.8 22.8 20.4 18.9 18.4 19.5 19.1
Asturias, P. 20.0 21.3 22.2 21.9 19.8 19.1 13.6 16.8 16.6
Balears, Illes 42.5 40.3 36.5 29.7 28.9 29.8 32.1 26.7 26.8
Canarias 34.1 30.7 29.8 30.9 28.0 27.5 23.8 21.9 18.9
Cantabria 22.9 24.2 23.9 21.4 14.2 12.1 9.7 10.3 8.6
Castilla y León 26.4 26.9 23.4 27.5 21.7 19.2 16.8 16.7 17.3
Castilla-la Mancha 38.4 34.6 33.4 31.5 27.5 27.4 22.2 20.8 23.2
Cataluña 32.9 31.9 28.9 26.2 24.2 24.7 22.2 18.9 18.0
Extremadura 33.8 34.1 31.6 30.1 32.6 29.2 22.9 24.5 20.4
Galicia 23.6 25.8 22.8 20.4 22.7 20.2 18.5 17.0 15.2
Madrid, C. 27.1 26.2 22.3 19.5 21.5 19.7 18.3 15.6 14.6
Murcia, R. 40.6 36.8 34.9 30.3 26.9 26.3 24.1 23.6 26.4
Navarra, C. F. 18.8 18.7 16.8 12.0 13.0 12.9 11.8 10.8 13.4
País Vasco 14.8 16.6 13.1 13.8 12.4 9.9 9.4 9.7 7.9
Rioja, La 37.0 31.9 27.2 30.6 24.3 21.7 21.1 21.5 17.8
Valenciana, C. 32.6 31.9 28.4 26.7 25.9 21.7 23.4 21.4 20.2
Ceuta, C. A. 42.7 34.1 45.8 38.9 38.5 33.5 29.5 29.8 21.5
Melilla, C. A. 35,5 36,7 35,4 19,3 32,6 33,1 19,6 24,1 24,4
Males 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU-28 16.6 16.1 15.8 15.3 14.5 13.6 12.8 12.4 12.2
Spain 38.0 37.4 33.6 31.0 28.9 27.2 25.6 24.0 22.7
Females 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU-28 12,7 12,3 11,9 11,5 10,9 10,2 9,6 9,5 9,2
Spain 25,1 24,1 22,6 21,5 20,5 19,8 18,1 15,8 15,1
Source of Data: Eurostat, Early leavers from education and training by sex and NUTS 2 regions
[edat_lfse_16], Last update 27.04.17. Extracted on 04.05.17
41
Annex 2.
Table B. Youth unemployment rate – % of active population aged 15-24
GEO\TIME 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Belgium 18 21.9 22.4 18.7 19.8 23,7 23,2 22,1 20,1 Bulgaria 11.9 15.1 21.9 (i) 25 28.1 28,4 23,8 21,6 17,2 Czech Republic 9.9 16.6 18.3 18.1 19.5 18,9 15,9 12,6 10,5 Denmark 8 11.8 13.9 14.2 14.1 13 12,6 10,8 12 Germany 10.4 11.1 9.8 8.5 8 7,8 7,7 7,2 7 Estonia 12 (i) 27.4 32.9 22.4 20.9 18,7 15 13,1 13,4 Ireland 13.3 24 27.6 29.1 30.4 26,8 23,9 20,9 17,2 Greece 21.9 25.7 33 44.7 55.3 58,3 52,4 49,8 47,3 Spain 24.5 37.7 41.5 46.2 52.9 55,5 53,2 48,3 44,4 France 19 23.6 23.3 22.7 24.4 24,9 24,2 24,7 24,6 Croatia 23.6 25.4 32.3 36.6 42.2 49,9 44,9 42,3 31,1 Italy 21.2 25.3 27.9 29.2 35.3 40 42,7 40,3 37,8 Cyprus 9 13.8 16.6 22.4 27.7 38,9 36 32,8 29,1 Latvia 13.6 33.3 36.2 31 28.5 23,2 19,6 16,3 17,3 Lithuania 13.3 29.6 35.7 32.6 26.7 21,9 19,3 16,3 14,5 Luxembourg 17.3 16.5 15.8 16.4 18 16,9 22,3 16,6 19,2 Hungary 19.5 (i) 26.4 26.4 26 28.2 26,6 20,4 17,3 12,9 Malta 11.7 14.5 13.2 13.3 14.1 13 11,7 11,8 11,1 Netherlands 8.6 10.2 11.1 10 11.7 13,2 12,7 11,3 10,8 Austria 8.5 10.7 9.5 8.9 9.4 9,7 10,3 10,6 11,2 Poland 17.2 20.6 (i) 23.7 25.8 26.5 27,3 23,9 20,8 17,7 Portugal 21.6 25.3 28.2 30.2 38 38,1 34,7 32 28,2 Romania 17.6 20 22.1 23.9 22.6 23,7 24 21,7 20,6 Slovenia 10.4 13.6 14.7 15.7 20.6 21,6 20,2 16,3 15,2 Slovakia 19.3 27.6 33.9 33.7 (i) 34 33,7 29,7 26,5 22,2 Finland 16.5 21.5 21.4 20.1 19 19,9 20,5 22,4 20,1 Sweden 20.2 25 24.8 22.8 23.7 23,6 22,9 20,4 18,9 United Kingdom 15 19.1 19.9 21.3 21.2 20,7 17 14,6 13
Source of data: Eurostat, last update: 10.05.2017, date of extraction: 29 May 2017:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tipslm8
0
42
Annex 3.
Table C. Young People (15-29 years old) not in employment, education or training (NEETs) (% of population, 15-24)
GEO/TIME 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU-28 13.1 14.7 15.2 15.4 15.8 15.9 15.4 14.8 14.2
Belgium 12.0 12.8 13.0 13.8 14.4 14.9 14.1 14.4 13.0
Bulgaria 18.5 20.8 23.5 24.7 24.7 25.7 24.0 22.2 22.4
Czech Republic 10.7 12.7 12.9 12.1 12.9 12.8 12.1 11.8 11.1
Denmark 5.0 6.5 7.3 7.6 8.2 7.5 7.3 7.7 7.4
Germany 11.0 11.4 10.8 9.7 9.3 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.8
Estonia 11.4 18.3 18.1 14.7 15.1 14.3 13.8 12.5 13.8
Ireland 16.2 20.3 21.5 22.0 21.3 18.6 18.1 16.8 15.2
Greece 14.8 15.9 18.6 23.0 26.8 28.5 26.7 24.1 22.2
Spain 15.3 19.9 20.0 20.6 22.2 22.5 20.7 19.4 18.1
France 12.6 14.7 14.8 14.7 15.1 13.8 14.2 14.7 14.4
Croatia 13.0 14.9 17.6 19.1 19.7 22.3 21.8 19.9 19.5
Italy 19.3 20.5 22.0 22.5 23.8 26.0 26.2 25.7 24.3
Cyprus 10.9 11.5 12.9 14.8 17.3 20.4 19.5 18.5 17.9
Latvia 13.6 20.8 20.7 19.1 17.2 15.6 15.2 13.8 13.3
Lithuania 11.9 15.0 17.0 14.7 13.9 13.7 12.9 11.8 10.7
Luxembourg 9.2 7.5 6.1 6.6 7.6 7.2 6.5 7.6 6.8
Hungary 15.9 17.9 17.7 17.6 18.7 18.4 16.4 15.1 14.1
Malta 11.4 12.6 12.2 12.1 11.7 11.3 11.7 11.4 8.8
Netherlands 4.6 5.3 5.7 5.9 6.5 7.5 7.6 6.7 6.3
Austria 8.9 9.6 9.1 8.5 8.2 8.6 9.3 8.7 8.9
Poland 12.7 14.0 14.8 15.2 15.7 16.2 15.5 14.6 13.8
Portugal 11.9 12.5 13.6 13.9 15.6 16.4 14.6 13.2 12.8
Romania 13.2 15.7 18.9 19.5 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.9 20.2
Slovenia 7.5 9.3 9.4 9.4 11.8 12.9 12.9 12.3 10.9
Slovakia 15.3 17.3 19.0 18.7 18.8 19.0 18.2 17.2 15.9
Finland 8.9 11.3 10.5 10.0 10.4 10.9 11.8 12.4 11.7
Sweden 8.0 9.9 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.1
United Kingdom 13.1 14.4 14.6 15.4 15.3 14.6 13.4 12.7 12.3
Iceland 5.3 9.7 10.1 7.6 7.0 6.4 6.9 5.3 4.6
Norway 5.2 6.2 6.7 6.6 6.4 7.0 7.1 7.0 7.1
Turkey 39.2 38.1 35.2 32.7 31.7 29.3 28.4 27.9 27.8
Males EU-28 10.2 12.7 13.3 13.5 14.0 14.1 13.6 13.0 12.2
Spain 14.0 20.4 20.3 20.8 22.8 22.8 20.5 19.2 17.4
Females EU-28 16.0 16.8 17.2 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.2 16.7 16.3
Spain 16.6 19.5 19.7 20.4 21.6 22.1 20.9 19.7 18.7 Source: Eurostat, Participation rate of young people in education and training by sex, age and labour status
(incl. NEET rates) [edat_lfse_18]. Last update 25.04.17. Extracted on 29.05.17
43
Annex 4.
Table D. NEET rate in Spain
Source: MEYSS, Informe Jóvenes y Mercado de Trabajo, junio 2016, Updated by the authors
with data from the Spain’s Labour Force Survey, IQ 2017.
6 494 700 YOUNG PEOPLE BETWEEN 16-29 YEARS OLD
2 971 600 INACTIVE (45.8% of the young
population)
3 523 100 ACTIVE (54% of the young
population)
2 410 500 OCCUPIED:
working (37,1% of the
young population
and 68,4% of the active
ones
1 112 700 UNEMPLOYED:
(wishing to work and available) 17.1% of the young population and 31.6% of the active
ones
2 522 200 STUDENTS: not
seeking employment
because they are in education or
training (38.8% of the young
population and 84.9% of the
inactive)
449 300 NON-STUDENT INACTIVES: not looking for
employment because of other causes: disability,
housework, think that they will not find it ... (6.9% of the young population and
14.6% of the inactive)
NOT IN EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT OR
TRAINING = NEET
349 900 STUDENTS:
31.4% of unemployed
young people = NO NEET
1 212 100 NEET: young people 16-29 unemployed or inactive people not In (formal or non-formal) education or training 18.7% of the young population.
NEET rate: 18.7% of young people: 11.7% unemployed (wish to work and are available) + 6.9% of inactive people (want to work but do not seek work or do not want to work)
762 800 NON STUDENTS:
69.5% of young
unemployed = NEET
44
Annex 5.
Table E. Long-term unemployment rate – % of active population
GEO/TIME 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 EU-28 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.8 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.0 Belgium 3.8 3.3 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.0 Bulgaria 4.0 2.9 2.9 4.7 6.3 6.8 7.4 6.9 5.6 4.5 Czech Republic 2.8 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.7 Denmark 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.4 Germany 4.9 3.9 3.5 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.7 Estonia 2.3 1.7 3.7 7.6 7.1 5.5 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.1 Ireland 1.4 1.7 3.5 6.8 8.6 9.0 7.8 6.6 5.3 4.2 Greece 4.2 3.7 3.9 5.7 8.8 14.5 18.5 19.5 18.2 17.0 Spain 1.7 2.0 4.3 7.3 8.9 11.0 13.0 12.9 11.4 9.5 France 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 Croatia 6.0 5.3 5.1 6.6 8.4 10.2 11.0 10.1 10.2 6.6 Italy 2.9 3.0 3.4 4.0 4.3 5.6 6.9 7.7 6.9 6.7 Cyprus 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.6 3.6 6.1 7.7 6.8 5.8 Latvia 1.6 1.9 4.5 8.8 8.8 7.8 5.7 4.6 4.5 4.0 Lithuania 1.4 1.3 3.3 7.4 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.0 Luxembourg 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.2 Hungary 3.5 3.6 4.2 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.9 3.7 3.1 2.4 Malta 2.7 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.4 1.9 Netherlands 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.5 Austria 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 Poland 5.1 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.2 Portugal 3.8 3.6 4.2 5.7 6.2 7.7 9.3 8.4 7.2 6.2 Romania 3.2 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.0 Slovenia 2.2 1.9 1.8 3.2 3.6 4.3 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.3 Slovakia 8.4 6.7 6.6 9.3 9.3 9.4 10.0 9.3 7.6 5.8 Finland 1.5 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.3 Sweden 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 United Kingdom 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.2 1.6 1.3 Iceland : : : 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.0 : : : Norway 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 Turkey 2.3 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2
Source: Eurostat
45
Annex 6.
Table F. Long-term unemployment by regions in Spain
REGIONS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
DURATION IN EMPLOYMENT
LESS THAN A YEAR
OVER A YEAR - LTU
Andalucía 26.9 11.3 15.6
Aragón 13.3 6.4 6.9
Asturias (Principado de) 14.2 5.7 8.6
Balears (Illes) 16.7 12.0 4.7
Canarias 25.6 11.6 14.0
Cantabria 14.1 6.9 7.2
Castilla y León 15.1 7.1 8.1
Castilla-La Mancha 22.4 8.8 13.5
Cataluña 15.2 7.4 7.9
Comunidad Valenciana 19.7 8.1 11.6
Extremadura 29.2 11.9 17.3
Galicia 17.3 7.6 9.8
Madrid (Comunidad de) 14.2 6.2 8.0
Murcia (Región de) 19.3 9.1 10.2
Navarra (Com. Foral de) 10.2 5.6 4.6
País Vasco 11.8 4.4 7.4
Rioja (La) 12.9 5.4 7.5
Ceuta 23.3 9.6 13.7
Melilla 29.5 7.7 21.8
Total 18.7 8.3 10.5
Source: Authors´ elaboration from Spain’s Labour Force Survey IQ2017
46
Annex 7.
Table G. Registered people in the Spanish Youth Guarantee System
Registration data 31/12/2014 21/12/2015 31/12/2016 30/04/2017 Applications 23 557 200 299 439 009 583 567 Inscriptions (positive resolutions) 20 660 179 161 404 841 547 721
Applications Men 13 776 105 883 227 342 301 592
Women 9 781 94 416 211 667 281 975 Inscriptions (positive resolutions)
Men 8 601 94 617 209 355 282 753 Women 6 268 84 544 195 486 264 968
Source: MEYSS, Datos de inscripción en el Sistema de Garantía Juvenil
Annex 8.
Table H. Summary of state calls for proposals for the qualification and improvement of the employability of young people under the age of thirty managed by Fundae
Calls by year Funding (€) Participants *
Youth programme (registered in Youth Guarantee) 2015 19 817 153 9 675 **
Youth programme 2015 (not in Youth Guarantee) 39 994 900 21 107 ** Youth programme 2014 32 736 179 12 357 Youth programme 2013 41 317 613 18 859 Youth programme 2012 41.669.015 21 324 Youth programme 2011 85 305 201 32 598
* Each person attending a training course is a participant. People taking part in more than
one course would be counted as many times as courses taken ** Number of participants committed by the beneficiary/applicant, as the scheme is still
running some months in 2017 Source: Fundae, data on 30.05.2017
47
Annex 9.
Table I. Unemployment rates by age and educational attainment level (%) in 2016
ISCED LEVELS EU-28 ES
From 15 to 19 years
0-2 21.6 62.7
3-4 22.4 49.1
5-8 - -
From 20 to 24 years
0-2 28.4 48.9
3-4 14.8 35.5
5-8 13.8 33.4
From 25 to 29 years
0-2 22.7 30.9
3-4 10.0 24.3
5-8 8.2 18.5
From 15 to 24 years
0-2 25.0 52.7
3-4 16.2 37.4
5-8 13.8 33.4
Source: Eurostat, Unemployment rates by sex, age and educational attainment level (%)
[lfsq_urgaed]. Last update 17.05.17, Extracted on 22.05.17
48
Annex 10.
Specific outreach measures for the long-term unemployed
Information on the Active Insertion Income (RAI), the PREPARA Plan and the Employment Activation Program (PAE) for the long-term unemployed with family responsibilities
If a person is a long-term unemployed person over 45 years old or disabled (33% or more), he/she may apply for the Active Insertion Income (RAI) which is a 426 euros per month aid granted for 11 months renewable up to three times (in total 33 months).
If the person does not meet RAI requirements, he/she can request the PREPARA Plan (t is not possible to benefit from the PREPARA plan if the person has already benefited from the RAI). The PREPARA plan is a financial aid of EUR 2 400 or 2 700 (if there are family responsibilities) paid in instalments of 400 euros per month (or 450) for six months (non-extendable).
The Council of Ministers agreed that this plan will remain in place until unemployment rate falls below 18% (currently it is in force until August 2017 as the unemployment rate according to the latest Labour Force Survey, stood at 18.63% in the fourth quarter of last year).
Since its implementation in 2011, 693 336 people have benefited from this plan.
According to data from the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, from December 2011 to January 2017, Andalusia is the region with the highest number of beneficiaries (173 694), followed by Cataluña with 86 092 and Comunidad Valenciana with 83 121.
If the unemployed person has already benefited from the RAI or the PREPARA plan or has used up all employment benefits and is not entitled to any other assistance, the third option is the Employment Activation Program (PAE) for the long-term unemployed with family responsibilities, which began in 2015 and has recently been extended until May 2018. .It is a 6 month (non-extendable) aid of 426 euros per month for the long-term unemployed with family responsibilities.
Up to January 31, 2017, 217 721 people have taken part in the programme, and of them, 140 139 (64.4%) have received the aid of 426 euros the programme includes. In 2015 when the programme came into force, the estimation was to reach 400 000 people.
The regions with the largest number of beneficiaries are: Andalucia with 49 856 (35% of the total), the Comunidad Valenciana 19 071 (14%) and Canary Islands with 13 358 beneficiaries (10%). 18% of the programme´s beneficiaries
49
left it due to finding a job. By regions these percentages vary from 16% in Andalucia to 27% in the Comunidad Foral de Navarra and 26% of La Rioja.
The analysis of data for the last full year (2015) taking into account the monitoring indicators in the Annual Employment Plan shows that one in three beneficiaries (33.7%) of the Employment Activation Programme had at least one job placement in the 12 months following his or her incorporation into the programme.
One of the novelties the programme introduces is the possibility of making the aid compatible with having a job, allowing the employer to deduct the amount of the aid from the worker´s salary. Until January 2017, of the people who had found a job since the beginning of the programme, 16% had combined working with receiving the aid. 88% of beneficiaries who combined having a job with receiving the aid, kept the job after the end of the programme.
50
Annex 11.
Table J. Summary of Itaca’s programme
PROGRAMME TARGET GROUP DESCRIPTION FUNDS IMPLEMENTATION Schedule
1. Generic Skills
Estimated 2 000 young unemployed (16-18 yoa), registered in the regional employment service (SEXPE), with no secondary school leaving qualification. First public call issued to attend around 750 young people in one year
1) incorporation of those people who lack skills to join the labour market, diagnostic and design of an personalized re-integration programme, signing of a personal employment agreement (APE) and, 2) generic and transversal skills training: 50h basic skills (self-confidence, communication, time management, ..)+ 50 h Promotion of initiative and entrepreneurial spirit (innovation, time management, problem solving, ...) + 50h group community project
750 000 €, State Transfers from active employment policies allocated to NGOs working in the field.
Public call to select NGOs in charge of outreach and upskilling measures. SEPEX contacts target group/NGOs hold Group briefings /skills assessment /Individual itinerary / 150 training.
Public call released April 2017, 1 year to implement
2. Obtaining the Secondary Diploma
1 020 students, + 18 yoa. So far, 421 people enrolled.
Three learning areas: Scientific-technological (Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Technologies and aspects related to health and the natural environment). Communication: (Spanish Language and Literature and Foreign First Language). Social (Social Sciences, Geography and History, Education for Citizenship, Visual and Visual Education and Music)
Over 1,3million € in two years: 432 thousand in 2016 and 877 thousand in 2017, from ESF
Outreach measures implemented by joint efforts from education and employment authorities: regional PES sending sms and letters to registered unemployed people meeting requirements, plus web and social media info; Both authorities provided info in their webs and social media 21 Adult education centres + 34 classrooms involved
School year starting 2016
3. Key competences for Occupational Standards Certificates
1 650 students, 18-30 yoa who do not meet qualification entry requirements (secondary qualifications) So far, 953 people enrolled
Learning programme: Language (120h), Maths (120h), in some cases foreign language (120h)
3 million € from ESF
Same as Programme 2. 21 Adult education centres + 34 classrooms. Recruitment and training of 116 teachers 5 new guidance counsellors in the Adult education centres.
October 16-February 17 January 17-June 17
51
PROGRAMME TARGET GROUP DESCRIPTION FUNDS IMPLEMENTATION Schedule
4. Validation of prior learning
According to public call requirements for the procedure for validation, usually older than 18. Over 2 000 people to follow the procedure. Qualification of 160 new assessors and evaluators in 5 professional branches
Procedure for validation of informal and non-formal learning is carried out by public calls which lay down Units of Competence (UC) to be validated and sector branches involved. Assessors and evaluators for each UC are key elements to carry out the procedure (39). 137 new assessors and evaluators.
Assessors and evaluators training has been funded by the Ministry of Employment. Public calls are funded by different sources, depending on the nature of UC to be validated: Regional funding, ESF
Calls published; 16 May 2016: 452 places for Socio-Health Care for dependents in Social Institutions. 24 August 2016:112 places for Services for Pest Control and Management of Harmful Organisms 6 February 2017: 200 places for Machining by chip removal 30 Dec 2016 and 23 March 2017: 555 places for Social and health care for people at home Other calls pending of publishing
At different moments
5. Occupational Standards Certificates Programmes
60-80 students, < 30 yoa, unemployed
4 Occupational Standards Certificates linked to green economy and circular economy
280 000 € from ESF Secondary education centres, in evening classes
From Sep. 2016
(39) For further information on the Procedure for validation of informal and non-formal learning see Cedefop (2016a). Country report Spain: 2016 update to the
European inventory on validation of non-formal and informal learning.https://cumulus.cedefop.europa.eu/files/vetelib/2016/2016_validate_ES.pdf