“guide: best mechanisms, methods and practices in

1

The “GuardEn” Project

Guardians of Environment Framework:

An Integrated Approach of Strategies for Prevention of Soil

Pollution and Rehabilitation of Harmed Territories

WP3 – IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS

Act.3.3 - Review and Evaluation of Best Practices, Standards and Codes

“Guide: Best Mechanisms, Methods and Practices

in Environmental Risks Management

and in Prevention of Environmental Pollution

at the Regional/Local Level – Benchmarking”

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What are Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) ?

Good Agricultural Practices are specific production procedures and methods which address

environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe and quality

food and non-food agricultural products that also assure a better environmental risk management.

A multiplicity of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) codes, standards and regulations have been

developed in recent years by the agricultural sector and the food industry through the proposal of

producers organizations, aiming to codify agricultural practices at farm level. The concept of Good

Agricultural Practices may serve as a reference tool for deciding, at each step in the production process,

on practices and/or outcomes that are environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable. The

implementation of GAP should therefore contribute to sustainable agriculture and rural development.

GAP could differ from region to region in relation to climatic and soil condition, water availability, type

of crops and cultivation practices that are adopted by farms. They could involve not only agricultural

production but also crop transformation processes for food production especially for the measures

adopted in order to reduce environmental impact due to air, water and soil emissions and to prevent

waste production.

Structure of the report

In the present document are collected the GAPs that were described by GuardEn partners throughout

the compilation of the territorial report of each target region and the answers that each partner gave to

the questionnaire about main GAPs applied in their region that ARPAV, that is the leading partner for

WP3, set up in order to realize the goals stated by the Project Application Form.

The first part consists in a collection of the indications given by the partner about practices that are

applied in different regions to face the environmental risks that are present there; these risks were

identified as soil threats (such as erosion, soil organic matter decline, compaction, salinization,

biodiversity decline, etc.) and water contamination risk (through nitrates and pesticides leaching and

run-off towards groundwater and rivers).

The second part contains all the GAPs form that describe each practice that partners decided to signal

as useful for project development in management of environmental risks highlighted in their territorial

report.

A third part was added to report three examples developed by Veneto Region that regards 3 GAPs that

are testing in some experimental farms on specific techniques related to reduction of nutrient

application, integrated pest control in maize production and fungal disease control in organic viticulture.

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Good Agricultural Practices to face environmental risks in target regions

SOIL THREATS

GAPs related to SOIL EROSION

Codes of Good Agricultural Practices (effective since 2005) and appropriate EU regulations have been

developed in order to regulate cultivation of arable crops and orchard vegetables.

Rural Development programs or other national/regional measures that can affect soil status which are

directed by the Codes of GAP like minimum tillage, strip tillage, Organic matter (OM) supply, Cover crops

for OM incorporation, erosion reduction, Crop rotation, Crop residue management and Buffer strips.

Agri-environmental programs provides good opportunity for further effort preventing soil erosion. New

tillage techniques, revised organic matter management, farm level consultancy are possible supporting

objects. The application of new machineries suitable for soil conservation tillage is a precondition of

spreading these techniques, therefore its acquisition is worth for further support.

Development of farm networks with units that apply operational techniques based on environmental

management systems so as to enhance continuously the cohesion and capacity of farms towards increased

improvement in environmental performance in order to prevent erosion.

In particular providing a protective cover over the soil surface consisting of vegetation or vegetation

residues during the periods of high level of erosivity increase of the infiltration capacity of the soil.

Some hydraulic maintenance of steep soils, such as the realization of furrows sinks and draining networks,

or the creation, especially in the soils tending to clayey, of drains both laterally and in the header of the

land plots.

Slovenian partner gives some more specific measures adopted in the agricultural farms:

• Crop rotation and the correct choice of species may weaken the rate of erosion on exposed surfaces.

Plants with a wide row distance (corn, potatoes, sugar beet) to planting the fields, the slope does not

exceed 8%. If they are planted in areas with a slope greater than 15% they can be planted intercrop. On

surface with an inclination of 20% to 50 % devoted to green areas or areas with a slope greater than

50%, reforestation is preferred. The use of crop rotation can improve the resistance of soil erosion in

otherwise unfavorable crops, such as corn.

• Reduced tillage: mulching and direct sowing under cover crops.

• After harvest, the fields are seeded catch crop (bluebell, mustard,) to the end of the growing season. In

doing so the weeds do not grow and crop residue is introduced into the soil organic matter.

• Instead of herbicides a direct sowing or sowing with mulching could be used. Due to introduction of

organic matter to enhance the infiltration of water into the soil, the less soil sealing surface. There are

two ways of reduced tillage: conservation tillage and direct sowing. In conservation soil treatment

(without plow) at least 30 % of the surface should be covered with crop residue.

• Mulching and putting straw on the floor reduces the impact of raindrops, increases infiltration ability of

soil, reducing runoff and the removal of soil.

• Adding humus and liming materials in better soil structure. Such soils can accept and store more water

and, due to a more even infiltration capacity of the soil makes the runoff below surface smaller. Because

of microorganism’s action the stability of soil aggregates through the clay-mineral complex increases.

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• The appropriate combination of mechanization. With using light and simple devices, and consequently,

changing tools more times, the soil loads are minimized and thus, the soil is not exposed to mechanical

stress and changes (increase) in the density of soil - soil compaction.

• Working towards the contours of the land is an effective measure against water erosion. The efficiency

depands on the slope of soil. Tillage perpendicular to the surface. The positive effects of this treatment

are that the rows catch drainage water, wich means that washed soil has more time to gather around.

Transport capacity of surface runoff and leaching of soil are reduced.

• Erosion prevention with vegetation belts of the properly selected plant.

GAPs related to SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DECLINE

First of all It should be developed a data center for evaluation and monitoring of organic matter to targeted areas of larger degradation.

Conservation tillage and organic farming can increase Soil Organic Matter content.

The GAPs for preserving the SOM have to be integrated with the measures for protecting the soils from erosion and compaction, that are:

• applying appropriate crop-rotation for increasing the soil reserves of organic substances;

• increasing the use of organic fertilizers and compost;

• compliance with the requirements about the quantities of used mineral fertilizers and plant protection preparations;

• applying mixed cultivation, covering crops, etc.

• provision of mixed kinds of grazing – thus avoiding overgrazing, allowing time for recovery of the soil and avoiding the loss of nutrients

• seeding cultures for green manures for soil cover after harvest - in order to protect the soil from erosion and loss of nutrients

• planting of hedges and meadows around the agricultural areas - another method for the prevention of soil erosion and nutrient loss.

In this contest maintenance and management of grasslands (herbaceous land), crop residues management,

cover-crops, manure land-spreading management, crop rotation management, use of compost, sewage

sludge and soil improvers and cultivation management are often recognized as key issues preventing

organic matter decline.

Concerning the use of renewable energy sources, it should be recalled that any combustion of organic

matter (biomass) necessarily impairs possibilities of incorporation of the residues into the stable pool of

organic matter in soils. The suggestion therefore is to mitigate the potential negative effects of such

drawbacks, in particular when using biomass that was not harvested for energy purpose.

In hilly and mountainous regions there is a strong connection between erosion and organic matter decline,

therefore the earlier mentioned measures can be suggested in this case, namely: agri-environmental

programs and supporting the acquisition new machineries. In plain regions the cultivation methods

minimizing soil disturbance have increased importance.

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GAPs related to SOIL COMPACTION

The best way to prevent compaction is by increasing organic matter levels in the way described above.

The good agricultural practices for maintaining and recovering the soil structure have to be integrated with

the measures for protection from erosion, degradation of the soil organic substances, soil deepening and

the use of machines and appliances with smaller pressure.

The key responses to compaction problems are effective precautionary measures for prevention of

compaction. For the aversion of harmful changes to the soil responses are likely to be technical, such as

reducing tyre inflation pressure, different wheel arrangements, tracks instead of wheels or automated low

weight machinery. Other options are drainage (increases soil strength) and minimum tillage systems. User

friendly decision support systems are needed to assist the farmer in selecting the best equipment and

methods to prevent overcompaction.

Some specific measures are the following:

• Use of supplementary crops within the same agricultural plot in order to avoid use of machinery and

pressures to the soil.

• Use of green fences as confinements of cultivation.

• Disruption of large areas of one cultivation providing variety of cultivation species and techniques.

• Use of smaller mechanical devices and vehicles.

• Maintenance of soil structure by limiting heavy tillage practices.

• Systematic monitoring, controlling and reduction of intensive grazing of vulnerable plots and areas

within the territory.

• Monitoring and prediction of the precompression stress in the field as a factor to assess the level of

mechanical stability of by using pedotransfer functions.

• Occasionally included procedures and interventions to reduce subsoil compaction: subloosening and

field traffic management

• Contemporary agricultural technology: precision farming

GAPs related to SOIL SALINISATION

The main principle to control salinization is the prevention. Regular monitoring of soil and irrigation water

is necessary to prevent damages. On salt affected soils the quantity of water usage in irrigation is needed.

In this areas improvements to irrigation infrastructure and technology is required. Avoiding over-irrigation

of crops by using techniques such as drip irrigation, soil moisture monitoring and accurate determination of

water requirements can help in problem solving.

Soil salinity control involves water table control and flushing in combination with tile drainage or another

form of subsurface drainage.

Solving this problem requires considerable capital investments for drainage, chemical amelioration

(introduction of gypsum, phosphogypsum, etc.), deep amelioration loosening combined with suitable

agricultural technical practices.

Possible management practices are: soil deepening, water balance management, growing salinity tolerant

crops, etc.

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GAPs related to NITRATES LEACHING AND RUN-OFF

There is a variety of alternative frameworks that are responsible for this kind of degradation in the

territory. However, there is urgent need to control management of irrigation and fertilization activities and

develop opportunities for increase of organic farming practices.

It has to be assure the compliance with the legally defined limits for mineral and organic fertilizers, also

with the definition of the vulnerable areas where the respect of more stringent limits is required.

Application of some practices, such as as crop-rotation that increase the content of organic substances in

the soil with the purpose of putting limits on the use of mineral fertilizers, diversification of the production

structure and limiting the mono-crop crop-rotations, is required. The inappropriate use of fertilizers and

the insufficient manure storage facilities are the main risk factors. Nutrient management consultancy for

the farmers and further support for the modernizing of storage facilities is suggested.

It is important to increase the efficiency of nitrogen nutrition, through application of fertilizers at

appropriate times and in adequate doses to avoid run-off towards surface water and percolation through

soil into groundwater.

Good practices for proper N management in soil are:

• Recrop rather than fallow

• Reduce tillage

• Diversify to include perennial and/or deep rooted crops

• Consider legumes since don’t need to fertilize w/N

• Use variable rate technology

• Carefully manage irrigation

Plants promote the physico-chemical and biological processes that degrade ammonia, nitrates, nitrites,

nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals, which are absorbed from the water through the roots. In the area

between the roots, where there is no oxygen, anaerobic microorganisms develop enhancing the

denitrification process, which contribute to the cleaning of water.

Vegetation zones in cultivated areas and along streams, wetlands and planted drainage ditches are known

as the remediation method that reduces the entry of pollutants from agricultural soils to groundwater and

watercourses. Although this type of buffer zones are experiencing strong support around the world as the

best form of governance for the protection of surface waters from diffuse sources of pollution, knowledge

of design, performance and maintenance of such systems is relatively poor.

GAPs related to SOIL CONTAMINATION

Metals

Sewage sludge and the final product of the treatment of wastewater, used as fertilizers, are potentially

contaminated by a whole range of pollutants, such as heavy metals and poorly biodegradable trace organic

compounds, that can result in an increase of the soil concentrations of these compounds. Contamination is

prevented by monitoring at source, particularly concerning those metals whose background value is already

high.

Accordingly, the causes, circumstances and the degree of toxicity are selected the proper ways to restore

soil fertility: liming of acid soils, fertilization with high rates of phosphates, organic and green manures,

trenching, intense application of iron chelates with low toxicity and others.

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In some areas it is necessary to strengthen the control and improvement of the air treatment equipment of

KCM (Non-ferrous metal processing factory), introduction of crop-rotation with crops tolerant to heavy

metal contamination.

Pesticides

Reduction of quantity and danger of pesticides could be applied through accurate and near-real-time

monitoring process.

GAPs for reducing the pesticides use are based on the following goals:

• Compliance with the legislation regarding the quantities and types of pesticides, authorized for use,

• distribution and the application of the preparations by qualified persons,

• strict control over the storage of the wastes and the unused preparations,

• applying alternative methods for plant protection,

• dissemination of the methods of the organic agriculture,

• application of the Integrated Pest Management,

• reduction of insecticides use against arable crops parasites,

• reduction of quantity per hectare of copper products for pest control in organic farming (especially

vineyards).

GAPs related to SOIL BIODIVERSITY

Promote build-up of organic matter through conservation tillage including no tillage cropping techniques,

organic farming, permanent grassland, cover crops, strip cropping and contour farming enhance

biodiversity.

The loss of biodiversity can be limited by reducing the processes of degradation of the soil and lands, the

changes in the landscape and the stubble burning. The plant residues can be used in the process of

ploughing, composting, and mulching.

Because of the strong connection between organic matter decline and soil biodiversity the same solutions

are suggested, namely maintenance and management of grasslands (herbaceous land), crop residues

management, cover-crops, manure land-spreading management, crop rotation management. In hilly and

mountainous regions the decrease of soil losses can hinder the organic matter decline, and maintain the

soil biodiversity. In plain regions the cultivation methods minimizing soil disturbance have increased

importance.

To recover or preserve the identity of landscapes and environmental resources through the fragmentation

of land and the establishment of ecological corridors (shrub hedgerows, groups of trees, riparian

vegetation, etc..), the creation of vegetated buffer strips along the hydrographic network (creation of a

permanent vegetal cover of the land consisting of suitable tree species for a width variable from 10 to 30

meters depending on the importance of the watercourse) is suggested.

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List of Good Agricultural Practices indicated by partners for target regions

Partner Title of the Best Practice

LP GEORGIKI ANAPTIKSI S.A: Integrated cultivation of horticultural crops

The group of farmers for integrated olive oil production – NILEAS

ERDF PP1

ERDF PP3

Study of tourism development of the region of liability of the Management Agency of

Lakes Koronia - Volvi

Final project report for the evaluation of 69 Important Bird Areas as Special Protection

Areas - Action Plan for the Special Protection Area «GR1220009 of Lakes Koronia – Volvi,

Rentinas’ Straits and the surrounding area

Revised Restoration Plan of Lake Koronia

ERDF PP4

ERDF PP5

Code of good agriculture practices in order to avoid water pollution by nitrates from

agriculture sources.

The objective of the Code is to reduce the levels of nitrate losses from agriculture and to

restore water quality, and also to prevent further such pollution of ground waters and

surface waters.

Plan Toys create toys which maintain superior quality standards while steadfastly

following a path of environmental and social responsibility.

ERDF PP6

Protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources

Reduction of pesticide consumption by using current, comprehensive information on the

life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment.

Maintenance the organic matter of the soil

Prevention and reduction of the impaction of the agricultural soils

ERDF PP7 “Good Agricultural Practices” of the Basilicata Region

ERDF PP8 ERDF PP9

ERDF PP10

Techniques for proper management of the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, in order

to avoid the dangers of water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorous and ensure an

effective defense and protection of surface and ground water

Reduction of plant protection product use for limiting environmental impact on soil and

water

Reduction of the environmental impact of soil tillage

Increase of organic matter stock in soil impoverished by decades of monoculture

ERDF PP11 “Regions for Recycling “ project

ERDF PP12

Constructed wetlands for co-natural treatment of waste waters

Reduction of the environmental impact of soil tillage - The preservation of extensive karst

pastures

Integrated production of crop, fruit, grapes and wine, vegetables in order to avoid the

dangers water pollution by of nitrogen and phosphorous, ensure an effective defense and

protection of surface and ground water and protection against erosion and compaction

IPA-I PP1 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast (COAST)

9

PELOPONNESE – GREECE (LP)

Title of the Best Practice

Integrated cultivation of horticultural crops (Georgiki Anaptiksi S.A)

Type of Best Practice

• Standard • Code • Production Practice • Management Practice • Strategy at a Business Unit level • Regional/Local Strategy • Policy • Collaborative pattern • Supportive Infrastructure

Organization Initiated – Leading the Best Practice

Georgiki Anaptiksi S.A

Type of Organization

• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Primary Sector’s Company • Secondary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise

Other Entities participated in the Best Practice development processes

The company AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT SA was founded in February 1994 by the agronomists Grivokostopoulos Vassilis, Zogopoulos George, Kostas Theodoropoulos and Koskoletos Nick, to the trade of agricultural supplies (plant protection products, seeds , nutritional products , plastics) in the area of Kyparissias and Filiatron in Peloponnese. Today the company has three stores selling agricultural supplies two in Kiparissia and one in Filiatra. In 2007 the company board took the decision to invest in the production of horticultural products and the production of seedlings. The company’s goal was and still is the production of excellent quality products. Thus the company created in a private land of 60 acre site in the area of VOULIERI Filiatron in Peloponnese a modern greenhouse unit area of 45 acres.

10

Categories of Beneficiaries

(Please quantify, when possible)

Agro farmers, Consumers

Main areas and intensity of impact (Scale: 0 No impact, 1 Low impact, 2 Medium impact, 3 High impact)

• Risks’ prevention • Environmental Rehabilitation • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of

Companies 3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other

Actors • Institutional Building of local Systems • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity 3

Description of the Best Practice and of the process of its development and application

The company, using its own facilities in the area of VOULIERI Filiatron in Peloponnese, has built a greenhouse unit of 45 thousand square meters. In these facilities horticultural products are produced. The vegetable production is 36 acres in extent in which tomatoes are produced. The cultivation takes place by the method of hydroponics. The entire production process is certified by an official body, following the practice of integrated cultivation. The production is available in the Greek market. Rain water is collected via the greenhouse pipe canal system and is made available to the aquifer via a system of four wells

Benefits (Please quantify, when

possible)

- An investment of 45.000 euros per 1.000 sq meter of greenhouse installation makes this amount one of the lowest in the world market.

- Low operational expenses per 1000 sq meter -Quality certified by international standards

Costs – Sources of Funding

The investment cost has been approximately 5 million euros. Funding has been through equity financing and also state grant funding

Project transferability

• High • Medium • Low

Duration

• Long term (> 3 years) • Medium term (1-3 years) • Short term ( less than 1 year)

Main References Region of Peloponnese

Other documents Company Income Statements

11

PELOPONNESE – GREECE (LP)










The Nileas group consists of 170 local producers with 7.000 acres of land and 125.000 olive trees. The yearly production is estimated to be in the range 600 tons.



12


• Risks’ prevention • Environmental Rehabilitation • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of


Actors • Institutional Building of local Systems • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity 3


1. With the adjustment of an integrated environmental management system, NILEAS contributes to the protection of the natural environment.

2. The final product is free from unhealthy chemical residues. 3. The olive oil produced and standardised has the very best

sensory attributes and satisfies the most stringent criteria for quality.

4. The progressive conversion of local agricultural holdings to organic cultivation of olive trees where it is judged feasible.

5. Nileas olive oil has an affordable price in relation to its quality. The Nileas Producers Group, has been certified since 2003 with ISO 14001 for the Environmental Management System that they apply and for the 2006 with AGRO 2.1 & AGRO 2.2 for the Integrated Management System. The operation of Integrated – Environmental Management System is technically supported by “RODAX AGRO”


possible)

For Nileas the environment is the physical space in which the main activity of its members is developed, and this is the cultivation of olive trees. Nileas primarily understands the relationship with the environment as interacting, in which a reduction of the total negative effects to it, with measurable results, contributes to sustainable agriculture, increase the income of its members and offers products with high environmental quality to society. The sincere interest of Nileas to protect the environment is evident through a number of actions it has implemented since the beginning of its operation, but also with initiatives that continually undertakes. In an agriculture being hypnotized by the years of subsidies which now faces uncertainty about the future of the conditions imposed by globalization, Nileas proposed to its members to achieve maximum economic effect per acre at minimum cost and with minimum impact to the environment, towards an environmentally acceptable and economically viable agriculture. Nileas policy through the adjustmen integrated system / environmental management gradual shift to organic farming where this is feasible. Through systematic measurements and programs Nileas adopts and promotes sustainable farming practices to reduce the use of natural resources and chemical inputs, energy saving, recycling and soil management, and the use of materials environmentally friendly. It develops crisis management plans (fires) and ensures

13

awareness of producers of employees, the local community and the public. Nileas proposes as a model the environmental /integrated management implemented and not just proof of practical commitment to environmentally and socially responsible agriculture which also reflects the effort to help improve the quality of life in our country.


N/A



Duration


Main References IQ NET ISO 14001, EMAS'', Agro 2.1, 2.2

Other documents http://gryphon.environdec.com/data/files/6/8059/epd274.pdf

14

CENTRAL MACEDONIA – GREECE (ERDF PP1-PP3)


Study of tourism development of the region of liability of the Management Agency of Lakes Koronia - Volvi




Region of Central Macedonia - Department of Public Works




Private Engineers



Individual and associated farmers, Service and transformation cooperatives, Associations, Private Enterprises

15



Companies • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other

Actors • Institutional Building of local Systems • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Other (please specify)....Ecotourism...............


The major issues of this methodology are related to : • The theoretical / conceptual approach to the subject of

sustainable tourism development and ecotourism . • The ways of collecting, processing and presentation of primary

data and information relevant to the area of interest. • The adequate assessment and evaluation of data and potential of

tourism ( ecotourism ) development in the region . • Undertaking of a thorough SWOT analysis ( Strengths -

Weaknesses , Opportunities - Threats ) on tourism development of the area , combined with analysis PEST.

• Setting overall strategy and specific strategic objectives for tourism in the National Park .

• The specialization and organization strategy in the medium-term, realistic action plan .

• The development of a system of environmental parameters and indicators for tourism development in the region in terms of carrying capacity and assessment of impacts of the proposed actions tourism in fragile environment and development.


possible)

• From this specialization will occur general principles and criteria for ongoing assessment and adjustment of the sustainable tourism development.

• This system of indicators for monitoring environmental pollution , will be available to the Management Agency of Region of Lakes of Koronia-Volvi for lasting impact assessment and taking the necessary measures and actions.

• Creating a recognizable and attractive nationwide alternative tourist destination with quality activities.

• The creation of a new sustainable economy for the local industry, in harmony with the preservation of the natural environment and cultural tradition, which will provide new opportunities for income and employment in the region.

• Reinforcement of interest and awareness at local and national level to protect and preserve the natural environment. Interoperate with the tourist area of Central Macedonia


European Commission, Operational Program "Environment - Sustainable Development" of the Greek Government

16



Duration


Main References Study of Touristic Development of the Region of Lakes Koronia-Volvi

Other documents

17



Final project report for the evaluation of 69 Important Bird Areas as Special Protection Areas - Action Plan for the Special Protection Area «GR1220009 of Lakes Koronia – Volvi, Rentinas’ Straits and the surrounding area


• Standard • Code • Production Practice • Management Practice • Strategy at a Business Unit level • Regional/Local Strategy • Policy • Collaborative pattern • Supportive Infrastructure • Other (please specify)...................


Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Primary Sector’s Company • Secondary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise • Other (please specify)...................

Other Entities participated in the BP development

processes

Hellenic Ornithological Society (NGO)


Individual and associated farmers, service and transformation cooperatives, associations


• Risks’ prevention • Environmental Rehabilitation • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of

Companies

18

• Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other Actors 2

• Institutional Building of local Systems • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making 3 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Other (please specify)....Sport- Nautical activities...............


The aim of the Action Plan is to provide guidelines for the effective protection and conservation of the Special Protection Area (SPA) “GR1220009 Lakes Koronea - bulbs, Straits Rendina and surrounding area", particularly with regard to the conservation of species characterization. So, appropriate measures are proposed based on the ecological requirements and threats to species identification and demarcation of the SPA, with the ultimate aim of achieving satisfactory protection regime in the region.


possible)

Biodiversity enrichment, ecotouristic activities, reduction of agrochemicals, forbiddance of sand extraction or production of aggregates from significant wetland sites, reduction of birds’ poaching. (In the area, there are recorded 248 bird species, a rate equivalent to 58% of the total number of Greece, of which 106 nest within the wetland. The area is important for migrating and wintering waterfowl bird species. Suffice it to say that in the two wetland ponds overwinter on a regular basis over 20,000 waterfowl. In the surrounding area there are a total of 62 bird species listed in Annex I to Directive 79/409/EEC).


No additional costs for farmers – “Environmental Operational Program 2007-2013” of the Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works



Duration


Main References

Panagiotopoulou M. (2009). Action Plan for the Special Protection Area «GR1220009 Limnes Koronia - Volvi, Stena Rentinas kai euruteri perioxi». In: Dimalexis A., Bousbouras D., Kastritis T., Manolopoulos A. & Saravia V. (editors). Final project report for the evaluation of 69 Important Bird Areas as Special Protection Areas. Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, Athens.

Other documents

19



Revised Restoration Plan of Lake Koronia




Prefectural Enterprise of Thessaloniki S.A. - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Agronomy, Laboratory of Applied Soil Science




• NAGREF (National Agricultural Research Foundation) (http://www.nagref.gr/)

• OMIKRON EPE (http://www.omikron-ltd.gr)



Service and transformation cooperatives, Individual and associated farmers, Associations

20



Companies • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other

Actors • Institutional Building of local Systems • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Other (please specify)...................


At the Revised Restoration Plan (RRP) of lake Koronia, the consortium analyzed the pressures on sub-basin area. The aim of this study was to determine the best restoration solution for Lake Koronia based on the current socioeconomic and ecological status of the area. Additionally, restoration projects were designed targeting first at the hydrological restructure through rehabilitation of the hydrological balance from another basin with transfer activities of water resources and not through water management of Mygdonian basin. On the other side, there was a satisfactory approach at the basin level to address the pressures on quality characteristics of the lake. In overall, there was a revision of the specific purposes of rehabilitation plan so as the unified system of the basin Mygdonia to become self sustainable. The RRP of lake Koronia had as main goals: - To determine the optimal scenario, which according to the water

needs of the basin may provide the best conditions for: a) long-term functional and structural restoration of

wetland/lake ecosystem based on availability of natural resources (mainly the water budget of the watershed)

b) maximum diversity of habitats and the conservation of populations of fauna, especially the bird and fish populations.

- To identify projects - measures that contribute to: a) restoration functions of Koronia lake and b) address the sources of degradation at the watershed scale


possible)

− Improvement of hydraulic characteristics and reversible operation of the ditch connecting lakes Koronia and Volvi,

− Construction of urban and industrial wastewater treatment plants,

− Improvement of working and living conditions for 22,400 inhabitants,

− Abolishment of 400 dwells, − Removal of toxic sludge from the bottom of the pond, − Support private sector environmental investments, − Rehabilitation of groundwater aquifer and configuring of wetland

area about 3,800 stremmata (940 acres), − Application of sustainable agricultural practices, use of drip

irrigation, estimation of water savings equal to 22.000.000 m3 annually,

− Promotion of environmental education, awareness and volunteerism,

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− Development of ecotourism.


No additional costs for farmers. National funding through Prefectural Enterprise of Thessaloniki S.A. (80.000.000 euros)



Duration


Main References

Zalidis G.C., V. Takavakoglou and T. Alexandridis. 2004. Revised Restoration Plan of Lake Koronia. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Agronomy,Laboratory of Applied Soil Science. Pages 236 + Annexes. In Greek, English Summary

Other documents

22

SOFIA PROVINCE – BULGARIA (ERDF PP5)


Code of good agriculture practices in order to avoid water pollution by nitrates from agriculture sources. The objective of the Code is to reduce the levels of nitrate losses from agriculture and to restore water quality, and also to prevent further such pollution of ground waters and surface waters.




Ministry of Agriculture and Food Address: Sofia, ZIP Code 1040, Boulevard of "Hristo Botev" № 55 Phone: 985 11 383 Fax: 981 79 55 E-mail: [email protected]




Ministry of Environment and Water of Bulgaria, Ministry of health

23



Individual and associated farmers.


• Risks’ prevention – 3 • Environmental Rehabilitation – 1 • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources – 2 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of

Companies – 1 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other

Actors – 1 • Institutional Building of local Systems – 2 • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making – 3 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity – 1 • Other (please specify)...................


Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers The Standard is a compact two-chapter document with a brief preamble. The background and the prohibitions, comprising the preamble have already been elucidated. The first chapter focuses on the application of nitrogen containing fertilizers while the second addresses storage of mineral and organic fertilizers. The first chapter consists of 23 items saying when to apply organic and chemical fertilizers, giving the appropriate rates of application to land and some precautions to be taken when applying fertilizers, some irrigation and soil cultivation practices. Here are some of the highlights in Chapter 1 dealing with both manures and mineral fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen should be applied to the land shortly before the start of the growing season when the ground and the weather conditions are suitable. As a general rule, nitrogen fertilizer applications should not be applied after early September on established grassland. Applications of nitrogen fertilizer to cultivated crops should not be made after the main growth period of the crop is completed. For most crops this will be before the main summer period of July and August. There is a ban on introduction of fertilizers between 1 November and 31 January. On bare lands with no crops the ban is till 15 February. New orchards can receive organic fertilizers till 15 November. Another important point is the rate of soil input. The input rates of organic manures according to the Code should reflect both the nutrient requirements of the crop being grown and the nutrient status of the soil, provided that the nitrogen content of the applied organic fertilizers does not exceed 170 kg/ha (17 kg/dKa) of active substance annually. Where the recommended nitrogen input rates for crops exceed these limits, the additional nitrogen required may be obtained from chemical fertilizer. In exceptional cases with intensive production the rate of application can go up to 21 kg/dKa annually. When over 12 kg/dKa are introduced the quantity is divided into two parts: 2/3 is introduced before sowing or planting and the remaining 1/3 is used during the growth.

24

Specific precautions must be taken into consideration when applying organic or chemical fertilizers in order to prevent pollution of waters. For example fertilizers should not be applied within 5 m of water bodies in flat areas. Storage of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers The second chapter of the Code lists the rules for storage of organic and mineral fertilizers. Just like the previous chapter it gives sound advice based on science with specific emphasis on protecting the environment and waters. It is a fundamental requirement that proper leak-proof storage facilities of appropriate capacity are available on the farm for the correct management of organic fertilizers. Where animals are housed during the winter or other period, there must be adequate storage capacity to safely contain all the wastes produced by the animals. The rules envisage storage facilities with a capacity of 4 months depending on the number and kind of animals or poultry. All tanks must be leak-proof. All manure pits, silage stores and waste heaps must have collection channels to convey all effluent to suitable storage facilities. There are specific requirements for solid farmyard manures, slurry, soiled water and silage effluents. Storage facilities should be at least 20 m away from water bodies. An essential requirement for all storage facilities like waste heaps, silage pits etc., is that they have good walls or good concrete basis that do not leak nitrates into the soil.


possible)


No additional costs for farmers.



Duration


Main References

Other documents

25

SOFIA PROVINCE – BULGARIA (ERDF PP5)


Plan Toys create toys which maintain superior quality standards while steadfastly following a path of environmental and social responsibility.




Plan Toys Address: Sofia, 65, Knyaz Boris I str. Phone: +359894455954 E-mail: [email protected]






Plan Toys’ concepts reach children and parents and foster their environmental and social awareness.

26


• Risks’ prevention – 2 • Environmental Rehabilitation – 1 • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources – 2 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of

Companies – 3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other

Actors – 3 • Institutional Building of local Systems – 1 • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making – 1 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity – 3 • Other (please specify)...................


Plan Toys practices the "FOUR R's" of green living: Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Their manufacturing processes are designed to reduce waste and save energy. They reuse materials, and have introduced innovative methods to recycle paper and other products. They are always looking for new ways to improve and preserve our environment. Plan Toys uses environmentally-friendly materials. All toys are made with clean, natural rubberwood from rubber trees which no longer produce latex. To keep the rubberwood pure, no fertilizer is added to the soil for three years before the trees are cut. To strengthen the wood, they use a special chemical-free kiln drying process. The toys are assembled using a certified E-Zero glue in place of traditional toxic wood glue. Plan Toys does not use dyes containing lead or any other heavy metals. They use only safe, non-toxic water-based dyes. Plan Toys uses recycled and recyclable material to minimize their impact on the environment. All their products are professional packed. The packaging has been specially designed to optimize packaging materials. They evaluate the environmental attributes of our packaging for hazardous materials as well as the minimization of the storage, shipping efficiency, and waste reduction.


possible)




Duration


Main References

27

Other documents

PlanToys is an environmentally and socially responsible private enterprise. They meet or exceed the following industry standards: • ASTM & EN71 (Toy Safety Standards) – for exceeding

international toy safety standards. • ISO 9001 (Quality Management) – for achieving world-class

product quality and service standards. • ISO 14001 (Environmental Management) – shows commitment to

environmental awareness both locally and globally. • OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health & Safety Management) –

provides a safe and healthy work environment. • SA 8000 (Social Accountability Management) - enhances

employees' quality of life by providing full and equal opportunity to all workers.

• Alternative Energy (Solar Cells & Biomass) - they use solar energy and low emission bio-fuels to power the machinery that kiln-dries the wood and the finished toys.

• Biomass is also used in the curing and plywood molding process. This form of energy helps reduce electricity usage and waste. PlanToys® will soon be using a Biomass Steam Turbine Generator.

28

HUNGARY (ERDF PP6)


Protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources




Ministry of Rural Development, Hungary




National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Plant Protection, Soil Conservation and Agri-environment



Farmers, agricultural enterprises

29


• Risks’ prevention 2 • Environmental Rehabilitation 1 • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 2 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of Companies

1 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other

Actors1 • Institutional Building of local Systems 1 • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making 1 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity 1 • Other (please specify)...................


• Periods when the land application of fertilizer is inappropriate; • The land application of fertilizer to steeply sloping ground; • The land application of fertilizer to water-saturated, flooded,

frozen or snow-covered ground; • The conditions for land application of fertilizer near water courses; • The capacity and construction of storage vessels for livestock

manures, including measures to prevent water pollution by run-off and seepage into the groundwater and surface water of liquids containing livestock manures and effluents from stored plant materials such as silage;

• Procedures for the land application, including rate and uniformity of spreading, of both chemical fertilizer and livestock manure, that will maintain nutrient losses to water at an acceptable level


possible)

The public water supply is covered in 98% from groundwater in Hungary. The preservation of this sources in good state for the future generations is the common interest of all land users. Regarding the low livestock number and the decreased fertilizer rates in the country agriculture can’t considered as the leading contaminant. In spite of this fact the proper use of fertilizers is important.


The construction of manure and slurry storage facilities needs extra financial efforts from the farmers. EU sources are available within the frame of the CAP.



Duration


Main References

Other documents

30

HUNGARY (ERDF PP6)


Reduction of pesticide consumption by using current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment.












31


• Risks’ prevention 3 • Environmental Rehabilitation 1 • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 2 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of


Actors 1 • Institutional Building of local Systems 2 • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making 2 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity 2 • Other (please specify)...................


Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options including, but not limited to, the judicious use of pesticides. In contrast, organic food production applies many of the same concepts as IPM but limits the use of pesticides to those that are produced from natural sources, as opposed to synthetic chemicals.


possible)

Pesticides are often used automatically in the modern agriculture. The fear from economic losses leads to excessive and not always well-founded applications. The observation of the pests can reduce the number of interventions, and the selection of pesticides can be more accurate. This leads to risk reduction to the soil and water contamination.


The additional costs are covered from agri-environmental programs.



Duration


Main References

Other documents

32

HUNGARY (ERDF PP6)


Maintenance the organic matter of the soil



Organization Initiated – Leading theBest Practice





National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Plant Protection, Soil Conservation and Agrienvironment




33






The land user is obliged to maintain the organic matter of the agricultural soil by:

• application of soil conservation cultivation methods • application of crop rotation • cultivation of catch crops • utilization of stubble • usage of organic materials • preservation of humus rich soil layer

Removal of the humus rich layer of the soil is prohibited.


possible)

The fertility of the agricultural soil is closed linked with the functions of the organic matter. The preservation of the upper, humus rich layer of the soil has priority in the Hungarian legislation.


No additional costs for farmers.



Duration


Main References

Other documents

34

HUNGARY (ERDF PP6)


Prevention and reduction of the impaction of the agricultural soils.












35






Land users are obliged to prevent harmful water saturation and coverage with limitation and elimination of soil compaction.


possible)

Soil compaction is one of the most dangerous but hardly detectable soil threats. The location of compacted parts can be mosaic within an agricultural field, and the detection by penetrometer is influenced by the water content of the soil profile. Compaction decreases the permeability of the soil by reducing the capillarity, leads to losses of organic matter on long time, and increasing erosion. The deep loosening in 40-60 cm, and the application of adequate machinery can significantly reduce the area of compacted soils.


The purchase of new equipment is costly, EU sources are available.



Duration


Main References

Other documents

36

BASILICATA (ERDF PP7)


“Good Agricultural Practices” of the Basilicata Region




Basilicata Region, in co-operation with the Regional Agency for the development of agriculture (ALSIA)




ARSIA (Regional Agency for the development and the innovation in agriculture)



Farms working in the filiéres for which have been drawn up agronomic cards and benefiting from the aid scheme provided for under the "Agro-Environmental Measures" of the Rural Development Plan of the Basilicata Region

37


• Risks’ prevention: 3 • Environmental Rehabilitation: 3 • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources: 3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of

Companies: 1 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other

Actors: 0 • Institutional Building of local Systems: 0 • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making: 0 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity: 1 • Other (please specify)...................


The "Good Agricultural Practices", identified in paragraph 1 of art. 28 of EC Regulation 1750/99 as "the standard of farming which a reasonable farmer would follow in the region concerned," were developed by the Basilicata Region to impose on farmers benefiting from the aid scheme provided for by the "Agro-Environmental Measures" the application of a set of agronomic techniques that can reduce the risks of pollution and degradation of soils and waters represented by inadequate farming methods. The description of the main agronomic techniques has been articulated for homogeneous groups of crops, according to technical cards indicating, for each of the groups identified, the farming methods as well as the need of the productive inputs and of the technical means necessary for the cultivation of each crop species. The agronomic cards are a total of 16, and cover both the cereal (cereal crops, industrial crops, annual and multiannual fodder etc..) both vegetables and fruit (citrus fruits, strawberries, etc..) and other cultivations such as medicinal plants and flowers or ornamental plants. For each card are generally treated the following points: soil management, fertilization, pest and weed control, irrigation, harvesting and / or pruning. The agronomic cards were carried out by a working group formed by ALSIA (Regional Agency for the development and the innovation in agriculture) advisers and officials of the Agriculture Department of the Basilicata Region. The same advisers of ALSIA organized at least 60 training courses and guaranteed technical support services to facilitate the application of the agronomic cards. In addition, a measure of RDP 2007/2013 funded services provided by agronomists and consultants for the application of the technical cards by farmers.

38


possible)

For the farmers: possibility to access to the "Agro-Environmental Measures" of the regional RDP; reduction of the need for productive inputs and technical means necessary for the cultivation (estimate: about 10%) For the environment: reduction of the risks of pollution and degradation of soil and water; protection of biodiversity, of local landscape and environmental context


The costs for the application of the agronomic cards are minimal because they do not need important investiments, but the use of alternative agronomic techniques. In addition, besides the consultancy provided by the ALSIA advisers, there is a measure, in the RDP 2007/2013 of the Basilicata Region, which finances to the farmers the costs of an agronomist who can help them to implement the technical cards.



Duration


Main References Annex 3 to RDP of Basilicata Region 2000-2006

Other documents

39

VENETO - ITALY (ERDF PP8-PP9-PP10)


Techniques for proper management of the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, in order to avoid the dangers of water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorous and ensure an effective defense and protection of surface and ground water


• Standard • Code • Production Practice X • Management Practice • Strategy at a Business Unit level • Regional/Local Strategy • Policy • Collaborative pattern • Supportive Infrastructure


Veneto Region, Veneto Agricoltura, ARPAV


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority X • Employers’ Representation Entity X • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Secondary Sector’s Company • Primary Sector’s Company X • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise • Other (please specify)...................


University of Padova - Faculty of Agriculture



Individual and associated farmers, service and transformation cooperatives

40




Actors 2 • Institutional Building of local Systems 2 • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making 2 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity 3


The water is a precious and indispensable good for the survival of living beings, and it is not possible any more to postpone a definitive approach towards the use of this resource, in order to preserve it for the future generations by a correct use. The massive use of inorganic nutrients and animal waste from livestock farms in a quantity that are above the nutrient requirement levels of crops, over the years favored not only superficial, but also deep pollution of the water. The practice consists in a calculation of the cultivation requirements of nutrients and application of mineral and /or organic fertilizers in such a modality that maximizes the efficiency of fertilizer use and reduces the risk of environmental drift. At the farms Vallevecchia and Villiago of Veneto Agricultura experimental protocols are practiced to achieve a nutrient use with less impact as possible. The protocols regard a precise definition of the nutrient needing on the basis of soil carachteristics and the manner and timing of their administering, both on herbaceous and arboreal crops, the best solutions of vegetation cover of the soil that render leaching losses minimum and / or null. The controls will be carried out at every stage of the protocol with withdrawals of water samples and analysis of the present residues.


possible)

The cereals and fruit farming in the Veneto Region represent over than 50% of the utilized agricultural area, so the impact can be very important. It expects to arrive quickly to involvement of at least 50% of the farmers / cereal growers.


No additional costs for farmers. Measure funded by the Regional Development Plan (RDP mis. 214b


• High X • Medium • Low

Duration

• Long term (> 3 years) X • Medium term (1-3 years) • Short term ( less than 1 year)

Other documents

41



Reduction of plant protection product use for limiting environmental impact on soil and water (Integrated Pest Management)


• Standard • Code • Production Practice X • Management Practice • Strategy at a Business Unit level • Regional/Local Strategy • Policy • Collaborative pattern • Supportive Infrastructure • Other (please specify)...................


Veneto Agricoltura


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority X • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Primary Sector’s Company • Secondary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise • Other (please specify)...................


Veneto Region, ARPAV, IRECOOP



Individual and associated farmers, Service and transformation cooperatives

42


• Risks’ prevention 3 • Environmental Rehabilitation 0 • Overall Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 2 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of Companies

3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other



Reduction of the pesticide quantity used for crop protection and thus decrease of their danger to humans, animals and the environment, through adoption of guided, integrated and biologic techniques. In particular, in the Veneto region attention turns towards two specific types of intervention, reducing the use of pesticides for geodisinfestation of the land for cereal crops and the reduction of the copper used for the protection of crops. 1) Demonstration of field tests with the possibility of not using geo-

disinfests in the cultivation of cereals. The protocol provides implementation of comparative tests with plots treated with geo-disinfests and other non-treated plots, embossed with the experimental data at the Farm Vallevecchia of Veneto Agriculture.

2) Reduction of the copper input in biological fruit farming.

Implemented at the Pilot Enterprise Villiago of the Veneto Agriculture by the implementation of experimental tests with a progressive reduction of the use of the copper (Cu) based products in the control of fungal diseases of apple and pear, till the contemplation of the possibility of non-use of copper, replacing it with alternative products (see calcium polysulfide).


possible)

Cereals and fruit farming in the Veneto Region represents more than 50% of agricultural land, therefore the impact can be very important. It is expected to arrive rapidly to involve at least 50% of the farmers / cereal / fruit growers


No additional costs for farmers, PSR Veneto Regione, Measure n. 214



Duration


Other documents

43



Reduction of the environmental impact of soil tillage




Veneto Agricoltura, Veneto Region


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority X • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Primary Sector’s Company • Secondary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise

Other Entities participated in the Best Practice development

processes

Veneto Region, University of Padova - Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Farmers Associations (CIA, Coldiretti, Confagricoltura, Copagri)



Individual and associated farmers, Service and transformation cooperatives

44



Companies 3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of

other Actors 2 • Institutional Building of local Systems 2 • Territorial Strategic Planning – Policy Making 1 • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity 2

Description of the Best Practice and of the process of its

development and application

Reducing the impact on soil compaction resulting from the massive use of mechanical means for the cultivation operations on cereals. The compaction of the soil is one of the downsides that in recent years is affecting more and more the agricultural world and the related research sector. The continuous transit of mechanical means on the ground, the often excessive weight of the same, create a soil compaction which makes difficult the subsequent cultivation, favoring, hydrogeological risks due to loss of permeability of the soil, the soil asphyxiation and destruction of the physical structure of the same with consequent loss of productive potential. Furthermore, the continuous working of the land, in addition to favoring the release of CO2 into the atmosphere, induces a decrease of organic matter and erosion in sloping soil. At the farm Vallevecchia of the Veneto Agriculture some tests of the de-compaction of the land are conducted, minimum tillage and sod seeding on the cultivation of corn, wheat, soy. The comparison will be handled with the same crops with traditional techniques.


possible)

The cereals in the Veneto Region represent about 50% of the agricultural area, so the impact can be very important. It expects to arrive quickly to involve at least 50% of the farmers / cereal growers.


No additional costs for farmers. Extent funded by the Rural Development Plan of the Veneto Region (PSR, mis. 214 g and mis. 214 s)



Duration


Other documents

45



Increase of organic matter stock in soil impoverished by decades of monoculture.




Veneto Region, Veneto Agricoltura


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority X • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Primary Sector’s Company • Secondary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise


University of Padua - Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, ARPAV, IRECOOP



Individual and associated farmers, service and transformation cooperatives, Farmers Associations.

Main areas and intensity of impact (Scale: 0 No impact, 1 Low impact, 2 Medium


46

impact, 3 High impact) Companies 3 • Motivation – Knowledge Transfer - Capacity building of other



The presence of the Organic Matter in soil, is an essential factor for their balanced management and a long-term maintenance of their fertility. The SOM, is essential for a proper and effective water management, for an efficient physical structure, for the correct and accurate management of the crop nutrition and for the life of the soil. In many areas of the Veneto, especially in cultivation of maize where monoculture succeeds almost continuously for decades, the lack of SOM risks to establish the initial processes of decline in fertility, with all the related problematic. Good agricultural practices for the maintenance of the SOM level include crop rotation including the green manure crops, the use of organic fertilizers, the reduction of the processing intensity. At the farms Vallevecchia and Villiago (Veneto Agricultura), some field tests are carried out to verify the gradual recovery of the SOM levels with appropriate agronomic techniques such as: rotation, green manure and appropriate use of cover crops, using of fertilizers such as manure and certificated waste of agro-industrial processing. Over the next few seasons there will be measured the levels of the SOM highlighting the increases and related Best Practices for obtaining them.


possible)

Cereals in the Veneto Region represents more than 50% of agricultural land, therefore the impact can be very important. It is expected to arrive rapidly to involve at least 50% of the farmers / cereal growers


No additional costs for farmers. Measure funded by the Rural Development Programme of the Veneto Region (PSR Mis. 214b)



Duration


Other documents

47

ROMANIA (ERDF PP11)


“Regions for Recycling “ project


• Standard • Code • Production Practice • Management Practice • Strategy at a Business Unit level • Regional/Local Strategy X • Policy • Collaborative pattern • Supportive Infrastructure • Other (please specify)...................


Ilfov County Council


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority X • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Primary Sector’s Company • Secondary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise • Other (please specify)...................


12 entities from 12 countries (from U.E.), local autorities, NGO, etc.



Ilfov County population

48






Support local and regional authorities to fulfill European waste directives and improve performance on this issue. It is proposed to establish a program of exchanges of best practices that will be made to enable regional and local authorities to improve waste management performance. Relying on data available at this point in waste management, it will develop a set of indicators that will allow comparison of relevant waste management performance, which will identify Good Practice.


possible)

- Extension of existing good practice - Creating tools to achieve and optimize performance in recycling - Dissemination of information and communication: events,

seminars, training, publications,website.


- Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism - Ilfov County Council



Duration

• Long term (> 3 years) • Medium term (1-3 years) X • Short term ( less than 1 year)

Main References

Other documents

49

SLOVENIA (ERDF PP12)


Constructed wetlands for co-natural treatment of waste waters



Organization Initiated – Leading theBest Practice

Limnos d.o.o.


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Secondary Sector’s Company • Primary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise • Other (please specify)...................


/



• municipal waste waters (individual homes, settlements, tourist and organic farms, camping sites, tourist residences, hotels, etc.);

• process water (industrial plants, fish farms, food processing industry, agriculture)

• leachate (municipal and industrial landfills, mining waste water);

• non-point source pollution (urban drainage, roadway and

50

agricultural runoff); • tertiary treatment of waste water with the possibility of water

reuse (watering, fire fighting).






Untreated wastewater is directly polluting the environment as well as potential water resources. Constructed wetlands with tertiary treatment protect groundwater, rivers and lakes as well as the human health. A constructed wetland (CW) is an ecological solution for the treatment of waste water by aquatic plants. It is an alternative to conventional sewage system and septic tanks. Its advantage is the ability to purify water which can be routed back to the supply system and used as water for flushing toilets, watering gardens, washing cars, etc. With (re)use of treated wastewater CWs also represent a sustainable ecotechnological application of integrated water management. Development of constructed wetlands (CW) dates back to 1989 and it has continued successfully since the establishment of the LIMNOS Company, which is now the leading company in this field. The LIMNOS constructed wetlands are marketed under the LIMNOWET® brand name. The development of the method is based on extensive research of the application of various plant species, sand substrates and water flow modes, enabling efficient removal of pollutants from water through physical and chemical processes, microbial activity and plant uptake. Operation of CWs is based on the imitation of nature’s self-cleaning capacity. Normally, a CW functions without machinery and electrical equipment, therefore allowing significant savings in the costs of installation, maintenance and operation. The system consists of several successive beds, isolated by foil and filled with substrate, where water flows gravitationally under the surface. The water is treated to the required standards with the cooperation of microorganisms and wetland plants and, as anticipated, an active role of physical and chemical processes. CWs achieve the removal of the following pollutants BOD, COD, suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus, pathogens, heavy metals and organic contaminants. Substantial advantage of constructed wetlands is removal of

51

nutrients and additional purification of bacteria. With this advanced treatment (tertiary treatment) we prevent eutrophication and sediment accumulation in standing waters. The primary objective of most wetland pollution control projects is water quality enhancement through assimilation and transformation of sediments, nutrients, and toxic chemicals. Secondary benefits that can be incorporated in wetland treatment designs include vegetative biodiversity; protection and production of fauna; and aesthetic, recreational, commercial, and educational human uses.


possible)

Individual is exempt from 90% of the cost of environmental taxes. Their high quality effluents can be suitable for reuse in various forms, as water for flushing toilets, watering gardens, washing cars, fire fighting, etc.


EU Funds, Funds from state budget, Funds from Municipality



Duration


Other documents

52



Reduction of the environmental impact of soil tillage - The preservation of extensive karst pastures




Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, Slovenia




Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia; Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation



Individual and associated farmers,

53






Karst pastures are more or less rocky pastures on permeable rocks. They boast a diverse flora and fauna, including many rare and endangered species. Karst pastures are divided into those that occur on dry sunny slopes and extremely shallow ground (central Karst) and those where the soil is deeper and fresh. Especially in dry karst pastures where the soil is shallow and poor in nutrients, special attention is needed for agricultural use. Due to the poor productivity of grasslands can rapidly develop signs of excessive pasture. Also inappropriate and cleaning time of already overgrown areas have a negative impact on nature. Non-native species can grow in a short time a large surface area and worsen the living conditions of indigenous (native) species, so they should be preferably removed. Karst pastures with a variety of flora and fauna are rapidly disappearing in recent decades, and are thus included in the Natura 2000 network. They are threatened by fast and uncontrolled overgrowth, and inappropriate cleaning time of already overgrown areas, and improperly managed grazing. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food (former) supports efforts to maintain extensive karst pastures in Slovenia. Sub-measure EKP 214 - II/10 is designed to encourage the implementation of adapted agricultural practices for the preservation of extensive karst pastures, which in addition to the production of feed is also responsible for the maintenance of traditional karst pastures and present endangered species. The agricultural holding (KMG) and each area must be located within the area where the submeasure can be implemented; Stocking density at KMG-ROM should be 0.2 to 1.9 GVŽ-ja/ha; Fertilization with mineral fertilizers containing nitrogen and use of plant protection products is not permitted; Keeping a log of grazing and all other records of job tasks is necessary; It is necessary to follow the rules in the maintenance of surface cleaning; In the implementation of the sub-measure is necessary to take into account all the other requirements of the Regulation and the RDP

54

2007-2013. Payment may be claimed for extensive karst pasture (GERK with code 1430), which may contains areas that according to the records of actual use falling within the following types of actual use: 1300 - permanent pasture, 1410 - abandoned agricultural land, 1500 - Trees and shrubs, 1600 - untreated agricultural land and 1800 - agricultural land forested by trees. The share of agricultural land with the types of actual use 1300 - permanent pasture and 1800 - agricultural land forested by trees in particular extensive karst pasture must be at least 20%. Minimum area of each of extensive karst pasture must be 1 ha.


possible)

Farmers are paid 191.40 euros / ha per year for the implementation of the sub-measure EKP.


No additional costs for farmers. Measure funded by the Rural Development Programme of the Republic of Slovenia (KP 214 - II/10 the preservation of extensive karst pastures)



Duration


Other documents

55



Integrated production of crop, fruit, grapes and wine, vegetables in order to avoid the dangers water pollution by of nitrogen and phosphorous, ensure an effective defense and protection of surface and ground water and protection against erosion and compaction.




Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, Slovenia


• International Organization • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Secondary Sector’s Company • Primary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise • Other (please specify)...................


Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia



Individual and associated farmers, service and transformation cooperatives

56






Pointless production can lead to erosion and soil compaction. Nature-friendly farming methods have positive impact on the environment as controlled use of fertilizers and plant protection products reduces the potential risk of pollution, increase biodiversity of flora and fauna, maintaining soil fertility and soil structure, soil microbial balance and reduces the leaching of nutrients. Requirements for healthy and quality food without residues of plant protection products, has led to the introduction of integrated production in agriculture. This type of production has become an important part of sustainable development. Integrated production is a balanced use of agro-technical measures, a coherent account of the economic, ecological and toxicological factors. In doing so, they have the same economic impact of natural plant protection measures have priority over and biotechnological measures which take account of the integrated pest management, even within this biological control . Integrated production system based on u - Rules for integrated crop production (Official Gazette of RS , no. 10/ 04 ), Rules - u for the integrated production of vegetables (Official Gazette of RS , no. 63/ 02 ), Rules - u for integrated fruit production (Official Gazette of RS , no. 63/ 02) and the Rules - u for the integrated production of grapes and wine (Official Gazette of RS , no. 63/ 02). The effects of the measure of Integrated crop production are: - long-term protection of the environment in all areas of arable

farm, and especially reduce and control the use of pesticides and fertilizers,

- improve crop production techniques while establishing nature-friendly farming

- maintaining or. improve soil structure and fertility, - production of quality and safe food and. raw materials, which is

acceptable to consumers (fresh, free from pests, nice-looking, properly sized, etc..)

- economically viable use of the means of production, - energy saving in the use of modern machinery. Integrated production of vegetables is nature and consumer-friendly way of production of the key objectives are: - production of healthy vegetables and improve the diet of

57

consumers, - reduced and controlled use of fertilizers and plant protection

products - improved quality of harvested vegetables and providing a potential

consumer health, - protect the environment by reducing the potential production

sources of pollution, - conservation of natural enemies by using appropriate methods of

plant protection - improvement and maintenance of permanent soil fertility and

(micro) biological activity of the soil, - continuous production control and assurance to consumers that

products are constantly under professional supervision, - labeled products that meet the highest standards of production. Integrated fruit production means: - balanced implementation of agro-technical measures, consistent

with the economic, ecological and toxicological factors - selection of natural plant protection measures against, veterinary

pharmaceutical and biotech measures - reduced spending and careful selection of plant protection

products - that fertilizing with organic fertilizers advantage over the use of

mineral fertilizers, - regular analyzes Nmin before fertilization with nitrogen and thus

preventing passage of nitrates in groundwater and accumulation of nitrate in plants

- an organization for the control continuously monitors the production,

- labeled products that meet the highest standards of production. Integrated production of grapes is the manner of which: - ensure the sustainable production of healthy, high-quality grapes

and wines while reducing residues in crops - maintains the natural balance of the soil, - reduces the potential risk to the health of farmers in the use of

plant protection products - promotes and maintains the biodiversity of agroecosystems

vineyard and surrounding areas - giving priority natural regulatory mechanisms, - optimization of production minimizes pollution of water, soil, air

and biotopes - improving the quality and health of harvested grapes and wine - take into account the environmental, social, cultural and tourist

features of viticulture, - maintains agri cultural landscape - under constant surveillance carried out by the designated

organization for control.

58


possible)

Farmers practicing integrated production are eligible to direct payments for: - the integrated production of crop: 151,8 EUR/ha (SKOP) 197,21

EUR/ ha (KOP), - the integrated production of fruit: 265,2 EUR/ha (SKOP) 336,61

EUR/ha (KOP), - the integrated production of grapes: 265,2 EUR/ha (SKOP) 381,71

EUR/ha (KOP) - the integrated production of vegetables: 241,2 EUR/ha (SKOP)

184,91 EUR/ha (KOP).


No additional costs for farmers. Measure funded by the Rural Development Programme of the Republic of Slovenia



Duration


Other documents

59

CROATIA (IPA-I PP1)


Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast (COAST)


• Standard • Code • Production Practice • Management Practice X • Strategy at a Business Unit level • Regional/Local Strategy X • Policy • Collaborative pattern • Supportive Infrastructure X • Other (please specify)...................


United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)


• International Organization X • Public Authority – National level • Regional – local Authority • Employers’ Representation Entity • Employees’ Representation Entity • Socio-economic Development Agency • Knowledge Transfer – Information Entity • Research Institute • Education Institute • NGO • Consumers/Citizens’ Association • Primary Sector’s Company • Secondary Sector’s Company • Tertiary Sector’s Company • Social Enterprise • Other (please specify)...................


Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection of the Republic of Croatia and other competent ministries, four Dalmatian counties (Zadar, Šibenik-Knin, Split-Dalmatia, Dubrovnik-Neretva), and a number of local organizations, companies and individuals.



Authorities, institutions, agencies, business, private sector, scientific community, Civil society, NGOs, general public.

60






The aim of the project - systematically and continuously impact upon economic activities and practical approaches in tourism, agriculture, fisheries and mariculture, and within the banking sector as well, in order to promote and support sustainable development, protecting nature and preserving the natural and cultural heritage of rural Dalmatia. The COAST Project, in cooperation with its partners, including Zadar County, managed to develop a green vision for rural areas of Dalmatia, founded upon the extraordinary natural wealth of the region. The mentioned was performed while at the same time confronting many obstacles in rural areas that suffer from an acute shortage of development possibilities. Notable examples of cases where valuable nature and environment are preserved, while innovative green products and services result in new investment and jobs, can be found in the traditional economic sectors of Dalmatia. The mentioned are agriculture, tourism, fisheries and mariculture. In Northwest Zadar county, traditional agriculture and traditional food production has expanded and has increased in profitability, mariculture and family-run tourist enterprises became biodiversity-friendly, abandoned lands became recultivated with traditional and/or endemic sorts of plants and/or herbs, and critical marine ecosystems became protected.


possible)

Expected global, national and local benefits are the following: protection of the complex mosaic of agricultural, terrestrial, coastal, marine and island habitats;

• protection of the individual habitats within this mosaic, including many globally significant large and small habitats;

• conservation of the connectivity across these habitats; • protection of a healthy population of many important

(endemic, relict or endangered) fauna and flora species, including many species of commercial value to man;

• enhancement and conservation of traditional resource management practices and technologies; and

• conservation of rare agricultural breeds and varieties.


Global Environment Facility (GEF), Environment Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund of Croatia (EPEEF), Split-Dalmatia County (SDC), UNDP, WWF

61



Duration


Main References www.undp.hr

62

Stories of Good Agricultural Practices from Veneto Region

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

1. Introduction

Each soil has its own characteristics with a specific concentration of mineral elements and organic matter.

On the other hand each plant has its needs in the different periods of development and is affected by

climate trends.

Then the definition of fertilization needing is necessarily specific for each soil-plant-climate combination.

The "rational fertilization", i.e. the one that allows the best use of the production factors, must take into

account this specificity.

Using the optimum dose of fertilizer, that is no more nor less than what is needed, farmer can also avoid

the negative consequences for the environment.

If the fertilizer is distributed and immediately absorbed by the plants, then it is not left free to be washed

away or dragged to the groundwater for percolation. In this way the releases of nutrients (run-off, leaching,

evaporation) can be reduced, in particular for nitrogen, which can severely degrade the quality of the water

and cause eutrophication.

With the analysis of physical-chemical and biological soil and subsequent agronomic evaluation of the

results one can identify the optimal doses and type of fertilizer to be used to produce better, save money

and do not cause environmental damage.

The application of this procedure becomes easier and faster with the use of softwares for processing and

interpretation of the results, which, however, can never replace the experience and knowledge of the

technicians and experts.

2. Methodology to define nutrient supply

When the results of soil analysis are available, you are facing the problem of attributing to them a meaning

to draw useful agronomic recommendations for farming practices, and in particular for fertilization . You

need this to perform some consequential operations that allow to process the data correctly and avoid

incurring inaccurate or even erroneous interpretations.

These operations, which are described below, are contained in the procedure Agrelan , developed at the

Regional Soil Survey Office of ARPAV, that is available as web application at the site www.arpa.veneto.it.

The accuracy of the procedure depends on the existence of a calibration agronomic results of analysis: for

this only the results obtained from the analysis performed according to standardized methods , as indicated

by the Decree of Minister of Agriculture 13/09/99 "Approval of the official methods of soil analysis" can be

used

3. Soil evaluation

The procedure is based on the input of soil analysis results that are elaborated following agronomic criteria.

First the data are corrected in order to take into account the methods of analysis perfomed and the

interactions between parameters.

63

Then it is provided a review of each characteristic to better define the status of soil fertility.

For soil texture the results of sand, silt and clay are interpreted using the USDA triangle if the method used

involves separation of silt and sand to 0.05 mm, or one proposed by the ISSS if instead the boundary

between the two classes is set to 0.02 mm.

For pH the interpretation is performed by using the scheme of Figure 1.

For total and active carbonates: using diagrams in figure 1 an informed judgment is given.

Organic matter and nutrients: to provide a review of these features the data are evaluated according to the

general interpretative scheme shown in Figure 2.

4. Fertilization advertisement

Once soil characteristics are completely evaluated and judgment is attributed to each analytical result, it is

possible to draw from this information more precise indications for the practice of fertilizing, especially on

the dose and how best to apply fertilizer . Regarding the optimal doses of N, P2O5 and K2O they can be

define using curves that relate the analytical result with optimal doses and which are schematically

summarized in Table 1 for some crops are most significant for the agriculture of Veneto Region .

If there is any livestock manure or slurry, their contribution as N, P2O5 and K2O supply has to be deducted

by the amount of mineral fertilization supply (see Table 2) .

For the methods of distribution farmer has to follow some general guidelines that have to be adapted farm

by farm:

a) herbaceous crops on soils from clay to medium texture: nitrogen will be distributed in 2 or 3 moments,

once before sowing and then in presence of crop, phosphorus at plowing or, better, localized during

sowing (80 kg/ha approx.) especially in heavy soils, low in phosphorus or high active lime, and

potassium should be given at plowing;

b) herbaceous crops on sandy or skeletal soils, the nitrogen should be split as much as possible taking

into account the availability of equipment and manpower, phosphorus and potassium at plowing;

c) tree crops on soils from clay to medium texture, the nitrogen should be split into three doses during

the rearing phase, while in production takes only two doses, before the vegetative growth and

immediately after flowering, phosphorus and potassium are to be distributed at planting applying

doses of three years, then in production before the vegetative growth;

d) tree crops on sandy or skeletal soils, the nitrogen should be split as much as possible during the crop

cycle until just after fruit set and avoiding the pre-bloom phase , phosphorus and potassium are to be

distributed each year to the early vegetative growth since the planting.

64

REACTION (PH) VALUES

VERY ACID < 5,4

ACID 5,4 - 6,0

SUB-ACID 6,1 - 6,7

NEUTRAL 6,8 - 7,3

SUB-ALKALINE 7,4 – 8,0

ALKALINE 8,1 - 8,6

VERY ALKALINE > 8,6

TOTAL CARBONATES %

NOT CALCAREOUS < 2,5

LIGHTLY CALCAREOUS 2,5 - 5

AVERAGE CALCAREOUS 10-20

SUBSTANTIALLY CALCAREOUS 20 – 30

HEAVILY CALCAREOUS 30 - 50

CALCAREOUS > 50

ACTIVE CARBONATES %

SCARCE <2

MEDIUM 2-3,5

GOOD 3,5-5

RICH 5-7,5

VERY RICH 7,5-10

EXCESSIVE >10

Figure 1 – Scheme to evaluate soil analysis results for pH, total and active carbonates.

SO N P K Mg Ca Fe Mn Zn Cu B

V E R Y P O O R

1,0 0,5 7 40 50 1000 2,5 2 1 1 0,1

S C A R C E

1,6 1,0 14 80 100 2000 5 4 3 3 0,3

M E D I U M

2,4 1,6 20 120 150 3000 10 6 5 5 0,5

G O O D

3,5 2,2 30 180 200 4000 15 8 10 8 1,0

R I C H

5,0 3,5 45 240 250 5000 20 10 100 80 1,5

V E R Y R I C H

Figure 2 – Scheme to evaluate soil analysis results for organic matter (OM as %), total nitrogen (N as part

per thousand) and nutrients (as mg/kg).

65

CROP

L E V E L O F N , P , K I N S O I L

POOR SCARCE MEDIUM GOOD RICH VERY RICH

N U T R I E N T D O S E T O A P P L Y

N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O

Mais 300 200 230 270 150 150 240 120 120 230 90 90 210 60 60 200 40 40

Wheat 180 150 170 160 100 120 150 80 80 140 60 60 130 50 50 120 40 40

Sugabeet 160 150 230 120 130 180 100 100 150 90 80 120 80 60 90 70 40 60

Soybean 0 150 220 0 130 170 0 100 130 0 80 100 0 60 80 0 40 60

Vineyards 150 90 230 120 70 180 100 60 150 90 40 120 80 30 90 70 20 60

Alfalfa 0 150 230 0 130 150 0 100 120 0 80 90 0 60 60 0 40 40

Apple 150 120 230 130 90 150 110 70 120 90 50 90 80 40 60 70 20 40

Pear 150 120 230 130 90 150 110 70 120 90 50 90 80 40 60 70 20 40

Peach 200 120 230 160 90 150 140 70 120 120 50 90 100 40 60 80 20 40

Barley 140 130 170 110 90 120 90 70 80 80 50 60 70 40 50 60 30 40

Silage mais 340 200 230 300 150 150 280 120 120 260 90 90 240 60 60 220 40 40

Tomato 150 250 250 130 180 200 110 150 150 90 120 120 80 90 90 70 60 60

Tabella 13.1 – Relationship between nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium level in soil and optimal dose of

N, P2O5 e K2O to apply for main crops in Veneto Region.

66

Type kg N/q kg P2O5/q kg K2O/q

Dairy cattle manure 0,24 0,24 0,70

Dairy cattle slurry 0,28 0,30 0,51

Beef cattle manure 0,27 0,24 0,70

Beef cattle slurry 0,33 0,29 0,38

Calves manure 0,39 0,24 0,70

Calves slurry 0,32 0,29 0,38

Veal calves manure 0,48 0,24 0,70

Veal calves slurry 0,42 0,22 0,13

Breeding pigs slurry 0,32 0,29 0,25

Breeding pigs manure 0,39 2,18 1,45

Fattening pigs slurry 0,22 0,29 0,25

Fattening pigs manure 0,51 2,18 1,45

Poultry manure 0,65 1,03 0,64

Ground raised poultry manure 1,32 2,06 1,86

Rabbit slurry 0,10 1,03 0,64

Rabbit manure 0,33 2,06 1,86

Compost 1,10 0,80 1,10

Table 2 – Nitrogen content of livestock manure and slurry that has to be computed in calculating

mineral nutrient supply

67

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE CULTIVATION

1. General Objective

Protection of soils and waters from the impacts associated with soil insecticides.

Soil insecticides are used to treat a range of crops, and maize is one of the main arable crops they are used

on; therefore they impact on a large part of cultivated land. Insecticides are designed to protect maize

seeds, seedlings and young plants in the early growing season. However, they have an impact on soil as

they introduce chemical pollution, and affect the development of organic matter and fauna biodiversity;

they may also have a harmful effect on honey bees and wild pollinating species, as well as on water quality

and human health.

2. Sustainable integrated pest management

The EU directive on pesticides approved in 2009 (Directive 2009/128/EC) requires, through different stages,

major changes on the use of pesticides, including the mandatory application of integrated pest

management (IPM) for all crops since at least January 2014.

In consideration of the low profitability of arable crops as well as the limited availability of manpower and

technical traditions in the field, simple and low cost tools are necessary enabling to identify - in a

sufficiently reliable way - if and where control strategies are required. To this end, two scales of

intervention are envisioned:

A) Integrated pest management at the territorial level

B) Integrated pest management at the farm level.

The first (territorial level), by monitoring and evaluating agronomic and climatic conditions on a large scale

will identify, with very low costs per hectare, areas and periods in which appreciable risk of attacks from

pests can occur;

the second (farm level), based on the results and technical criteria of assessment provided by the first level

management, will carry out more in-depth analysis only where and when it is needed. The survey tools

must be easy to use and require low usage times.

They must also pair, when necessary, with low cost control strategies. This is particularly important, as well

as to comply with regulatory obligations, to safeguard:

- The health of farmers by reducing the exposure to various chemicals;

- The farm net income, either directly, with the low cost of protection, or indirectly by emphasizing the

"environmental quality" of the company that EU policies will reward more and more in the future.

Particular emphasis on integrated pest management in Italy and Europe is directed to maize.

3. PRACTICAL APPLICATION

For farmers the practical implementation of the good practice can be summarized as in the flow chart

below.

The path to the practical application of the above principles is summarized in Figure 1.

68

The first strategy consists in the constant monitoring of population levels of potentially harmful parasites so

that the crop protection is primarily based on the selection of plots having populations below the threshold

level of damage as well as in the establishment of agronomic strategies (e.g. changes in crop rotations) to

prevent these populations from increasing when rising trends are identified. In this way, the large part of

the maize hectarage does not require insecticides interventions at sowing.

Information on pests populations must be comprised among those the growers consider for their

fundamental decisions, as the price of products, precessions, machining, etc.

The main risk factors of wireworm damage are:

1. Soil organic matter: high values (> 5 %) significantly increase the risk of damage (, up to 30 % of

fields ) .

2. Previous crops giving continuous soil coverage of fields by grass or double cropping.

Without risk factors the probability of economic crop damge is less than 1% fo the planted maize

surface; the presence of or more risck factor may increase damage risk form 5 to 10 times,

remaining always higher the probability of no damage anyway.

Figure 1: Synthetic scheme for the implementation of integrated pest management of maize

4. HOW TO FAVOR THE SPREAD OF THE GOOD PRACTICE

It is essential to ensure the tranquility of those who will implement the good practice by providing

insurance coverage for the risks that, anyhow, the practice entails. To convince the farmer's convenience

we prove that insurance coverage allows for:

- a net saving per hectare;

69

- covering risks arising from errors and / or objective difficulties in the application of integrated pest

management and then it guarantees the farmer’s income;

- covering other risks such as drought, excessive rain and crust that the insecticide would not cover;

- avoiding negative effects to load micro- mesofauna profit that works in cycles that allow the soil to be

more conducive to plant life (eg cycle of organic matter );

- reducing risks to the health of the operator will not be in contact with harmful substances in any way;

- eliminating the risk of water pollution and the environment in general;

- eliminating the risks to bees and other pollinators , and in general for animals;

- ensuring the risk coverage in all weather conditions, while insecticides cannot give certainty of outcome

(Furlan et al., 2011; Ferro & Furlan, 2012) as they are exposed to biotic and abiotic factors that may

heavily affect their effectiveness up to cancel it, or even result in damage to the plants due to

phytotoxicity; an apparent example is the 2013 season, when the climatic conditions (probably the

prolonged spring rainfall with strong runoff) resulted in all tests with ordinary sowing dates (until May

15) having very low efficacy of insecticides in cases of appreciable populations of click beetles: the

investments in untreated large plot resulted equal to the treated ones due to the missing or very low

control on larvae also for the effect of phytotoxicity caused by a greater presence of the active

substance in the circulating solution.

70

REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF THE USE OF COPPER (CU ) IN THE PROTECTION

OF FRUIT CROPS.

Introduction

The protection of agricultural plants from fungal agents in organic farming is mainly based on the use of

copper-based products. The copper is engaged in the preventive control against many pathogenic fungi ,

exerts a bacteriostatic activity preventing the growth of bacterial colonies, also induces a mechanical

resistance to hardening of the epidermis of the green organs of plants and does not lead to induced

resistance in pathogens.

The positive aspects related to its use have made copper the principal means of protection , especially in

orchards and vineyards, in the last 100 years; however, also the problems, associated with the prolonged

use of copper-based products, are known: phenomena such as residual toxicity, reduction of microflora and

fauna in the soil, phenomena of phytotoxicity on sensitive crops and persistent residues.

Environmental impacts of the copper ion, in particular, have led to the introduction of a regulation that

restricts the use of copper products in viticulture and fruit growing: from 2007 the dose of 6 kg/ha of

copper metal throughout the year cannot be exceeded, up to a maximum of 36 kg/ha in 6 years.

In Italy and in Europe experimental tests have been initiated in order to evaluate possible alternatives to

the use of copper and various studies are in progress on the possibility of use of plant extracts of different

origin, micronised products, copper in combination with synergistic products, and in fruit production is

increasingly catching on the spread of apple cultivars resistant to scab (Venturiae inaequalis).

The ability to overcome the problems associated with prolonged use of copper seems to be close at hand: a

multi-faceted approach can provide good results for the containment of infections while reducing pressure

on the environment. The experience gained in Veneto Agricoltura experimental farms can explain how.

Operational protocol

- Replacement of Copper (Cu), with other organic products (Calcium poly-sulphide, Potassium phosphite,

etc.), in the area covered by the test, while in the “blank” the protocol already in place will be

continued, which includes the use of copper (Cu), despite at reduced rates;

- Control of vegetation to assess disease outbreaks attributable to the lack of copper (Cu), through

periodic measurements and recording of data, both in the test area and in the control. For the purposes

of the surveys specifically arranged forms will be used, which provide for a number of plants (20 plants

per test, divided into 2 blocks of 10 plants).

Control of the fruit and any pathologies attributable to the lack of copper (Cu) . Through observation of the

fruits and detection of anomalies (30 fruits per plant will be considered for each block of plants within the

test and control areas).

71

Area of intervention

Pilot and Demonstration Farm "Villiago" - Veneto Agricoltura . Loc Villiago , Sedico (BL ) Italy , Tel. and fax

0437 / 838 068 , e-mail [email protected]

At the Villiago Farm (conducted entirely organically), an area with fruit trees ( apple and pear ) insists. A

sub-area of about 2,000 square meters with apple trees will be demarcated, on which interventions with

copper (Cu) will not be executed.

The company already has in place since 10 years a reduction process in the use of copper (Cu ) in the

control of the main fungal diseases . Currently the quantities of copper used are of about 0.8-1.0 Kg/ha.

“guide: best mechanisms, methods and practices in

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