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AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000 An American National Standard

Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe

STD-AWS D10-12M/D10·12-ENGL 2000

Key WordS-Mild steel pipe, tubing, shielded metal arc welding, oxyacetylene welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding

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AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000 An American National Standard

Approved by American National Standards Institute

July 20, 2000

Guide for Welding

Mild Steel Pipe

Supersedes ANSI/AWS D10.12-89

Prepared by AWS DlO Committee on Piping and Tubing

Under the Direction of AWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved by A WS Board of Directors

Abstract

This document presents recommended practices for welding mild steel pipe. It is intended to cover piping systems such as for low pressure heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, water supplies, as well as some gas or chemical systems. It provides welding techniques for oxyacetylene, shielded metal arc, gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc, and flux cored arc welding. This document does not address the needs of pipe steels or service conditions which may require Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT).

STD·AWS D10·12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519035 020 ..

Statement on Use of AWS American National Standards

All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.

International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-551-1

American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126

© 2000 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While A WS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.

AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe­cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. A WS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.

In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.

This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.

Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use or reliance on this standard.

Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.

Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writ­ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex E). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpre­tations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing. It must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tub­ing and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee's response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.

Photocopy Rights

Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http://www.copyright.com.

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Personnel

AWS DlO Committee on Piping and Thbing

W. J. Sperko, Chair M. C. Shepard, 1st Vice Chair D. J. Connell, 2nd Vice Chair

T. R. Potter, Secretary

•Advisor

F. G. Armao R. E. Avery W. L. Ballis

C. J. Bishop C. R. Brashears

K. Brazzell H. W. Ebert

W. R. Etie A. L. Farland

S. Find/an G. Frederick

*E. A. Harwart G. K. Hickox

J. Hill

J. E. Hinkel * R. B. Kadiyala

M.P. Lang B. B. MacDonald

L.A. Maier, Jr. J. W. McEnerney

P. A. Michalski * J. W. Moeller

W. F. Newell, Jr. J. S. Pastorok

L. Seum G. K. Sosnin

P. A. Tews L. Thompson

J. Tidwell J. Tucker

D. F. Weaver R. R. Wright

iii

Sperko Engineering Services Raytheon Engineers and Constructors Detroit Edison American Welding Society The Lincoln Electric Company Avery Consulting Associates, Incorporated Consultant Medical Gas Management, Incorporated Alyeska Pipeline Service Company Liburdi Dimetrics Corporation Exxon Research and Engineering Company W. R. Etie Consultants Brookhaven National Laboratory Electric Power Research Institute Electric Power Research Institute Consultant Consultant Philip Technical Services (formerly Hill Technical Services, Incorporated) Consultant, Lincoln Electric Company Techalloy Company United Association Local 501 United Association Consultant Gibson Tube East Ohio Gas Consultant W. F. Newell and Associates, Incorporated Perry Nuclear Power Plant Bragg Crane and Rigging Company Consultant CRC-Evans Automatic Welding RPS Incorporated Fluor Daniel AIM Testing Laboratory Fluor Daniel Consultant

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*Advisor

AWS Subcommittee on Mild Steel Pipe

P. A. Michalski, Chair T. R. Potter, Secretary

W. L. Ballis H. W. Ebert J. E. Hinkel M.P. Lang

J. S. Pastorok * W. J. Sperko

P. A. Tews J. Tidwell

iv

East Ohio Gas American Welding Society Consultant Exxon Research and Engineering Company Consultant, Lincoln Electric Company United Association Local 501 Perry Nuclear Power Plant Sperko Engineering Services CRC-Evans Automatic Welding Fluor Daniel

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Foreword

(This Foreword is not a part of AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, but is included for information purposes only.)

The AWS Committee on Piping and Tubing has, during its more than forty years of service, contributed much useful information to the pipe welding field. One important item in this regard was the publishing in 1979 of the original ver­sion of AWS D1 0.12-79, Recommended Practices and Procedures for Welding Plain Carbon Steel Pipe.

D1 0.12-79 standard was intended as a teaching/learning aid for the welder with little or no pipe welding experience. It also presented detailed procedures for pipe welding with the shielded metal arc (SMAW), oxyacetylene (OAW), gas tungsten arc (GTAW), and gas metal arc (GMAW) welding processes.

The next revision, ANSI/AWS D10.12-89, Recommended Practices and Procedures for Low Carbon Steel Pipe, includes new welding procedures for flux cored arc welding (FCAW). It is the result of several years of discussion aimed at pro­ducing a revised standard which is more accurate and easier to understand. It also contains an annex which explains the use of the "nick break" test, which can be of great value in quickly determining the ability of a welding procedure or a welder to produce sound welds.

This present version, AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, is written with hard metric units and U.S. Customary Units and includes new welding filler materials.

Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, DtO Committee on Piping and Tubing, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.

v

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Table of Contents

Page No.

Personnel .................................................................................................................................................................... iii Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................... viii

1. Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Reference Documents ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2.1 AWS Pipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifications ............................................................................... 2

3. General .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 3.1 Pipe Steels ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Cleanliness .................................................................................................................................................... 2 3.3 Preheating ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 3.4 Joint Preparation ........................................................................................................................................... 2 3.5 Alignment and Tack Welding ....................................................................................................................... 2 3.6 Welding Positions ......................................................................................................................................... 2 3. 7 Weld Appearance .......................................................................................................................................... 2 3.8 Small Diameter Piping .................................................................................................................................. 3 3.9 Welding Fittings ............................................................................................................................................ 4 3.10 Safety and Health .......................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using £6010 Electrode and the Downhill Method .................................. .4 4.1 Application .................................................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 Setting the Current ........................................................................................................................................ 4 4.3 Tack Welding ................................................................................................................................................ 4 4.4 Root Pass (First Pass) .................................................................................................................................... 7 4.5 Manipulating the Electrode ........................................................................................................................... 7 4.6 Cleaning Between Passes .............................................................................................................................. 7 4.7 Second Pass (Hot Pass) ................................................................................................................................. 7 4.8 Fill, Stripper, and Cap Passes ........................................................................................................................ 7

5. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E6010 or E6011 Electrodes and the Uphill Method ....................... 7 5.1 Application .................................................................................................................................................... 7 5.2 Joint Preparation ......................................................................................................................................... 10 5.3 Setting the Current ...................................................................................................................................... 10 5.4 Root Pass ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 5.5 Cleaning Between Passes ............................................................................................................................ 10 5.6 Fill and Cap Passes ..................................................................................................................................... 10

6. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E7018 Low Hydrogen Electrodes ................................................. 11 6.1 Application .................................................................................................................................................. 11 6.2 Striking the Arc ........................................................................................................................................... 11 6.3 Welding Technique ..................................................................................................................................... 11 6.4 Slag Removal .............................................................................................................................................. l2

7. Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW) of Pipe ................................................................................................................. 12 7.1 Application .................................................................................................................................................. 12 7.2 Safe Practices .............................................................................................................................................. 12

vi

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7.3 Welding Techniques .................................................................................................................................... 12 7.4 Appearance of Finished Weld ..................................................................................................................... 15

8. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Pipe ........................................................................................................ 15 8.1 Application .................................................................................................................................................. 15 8.2 Purging ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 8.3 Electrode Shape .......................................................................................................................................... 15 8.4 Welding Technique ..................................................................................................................................... 15 8.5 Joint Preparation and Alignment ................................................................................................................ 15 8.6 Appearance of Finished Welds ................................................................................................................... 15

9. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) of Steel Pipe ............ 15 9.1 Application of the GMAW Process ............................................................................................................ 15 9.2 Application of the Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) Process ......................................... 17 9.3 Initiating the Arc ........................................................................................................................................ 17 9.4 Travel Speed ................................................................................................................................................ 17 9.5 Gas Shielding .............................................................................................................................................. 18 9.6 Cleaning ...................................................................................................................................................... 18

10. Flux Cored Arc Welding-Self-Shielded (FCAW-S) ............................................................................................ 18 10.1 Application .................................................................................................................................................. 18 10.2 Root Pass Techniques Using 1.7 mm (0.068 in.) E71T-13 Electrode ......................................................... 18 10.3 Welding Techniques for Balance of Weld ................................................................................................... 20

11. Nick Break Test .................................................................................................................................................... 23

12. Safety and Health ................................................................................................................................................ 23 12.1 Fumes and Gases ........................................................................................................................................ 23 12.2 Radiation ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 12.3 Electrical Hazards ....................................................................................................................................... 24 12.4 Fire Prevention ............................................................................................................................................ 24 12.5 Burn Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 25 12.6 Further lnformation ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Annex A-Pipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifications ..................................................................................... 27 Annex 8--Glossary of Terms ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Annex C-Required Filler Metal per Joint for Mild Steel Pipe .................................................................................. 31 Annex D--lnspection and Testing ............................................................................................................................... 35 Annex £--Guidelines for Preparation ofTechnical1nquiries for AWS Technical Committees .................................. 37

A WS List of Documents on Piping and Tubing Welding ............................................................................................. 39

vii

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List of Tables

Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process Using E6010 Electrode with Electrode Pressure for Root Pass ........................................................................................... 6

2 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process Using E6010 Electrode ............ lO 3 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process Using E6010

and E7018 Electrodes ................................................................................................................................... 13 4 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with OFW Process ..................................................... 16 5 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with GTAW Process ................................................... 17 6 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with GMAW Process ................................................. 18 7 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with GMAW Process for Root Pass

and Gas Shielded FCAW Process for Fill and Cap Passes .......................................................................... 19 8 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with Self-Shielded FCAW Process ............................ 21 9 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process for Root Pass

and Self-Shielded FCAW Process for Fill and Cap Passes .......................................................................... 22 C1 Filler Metal Required per Joint for Mild Steel Pipe ..................................................................................... 32

List of Figures

Figure Page No.

Terminology for Butt Joint ............................................................................................................................. 2 2 External Pipe Clamps ..................................................................................................................................... 3 3 Welding Position-Pipe Welds ...................................................................................................................... 4 4 Socket Joint .................................................................................................................................................... 4 5 Typical Welding Fittings and Flanges ............................................................................................................ 5 6 Picture of Large Hole at End of Tack Weld ................................................................................................... 7 7 Keyhole Size Controls Weld Quality ............................................................................................................. 8 8 Typical Pass Sequence and Terminology for Downhill Welding ................................................................... 8 9 Effect of Electrode Work Angle on Pass Shape ............................................................................................. 9

10 Effect of Electrode Travel Angle on Joint Penetration .................................................................................. 9 11 Grinding to Improve Root Pass Contour ........................................................................................................ 9 12 Electrode Movement for Uphill Welding-Root Pass ................................................................................. 11 13 Electrode Movement for Uphill Fill Passes ................................................................................................. 12 14 Typical Side-to-Side Weave Used for Uphill Last Pass (Cap Pass) ............................................................. 12 15 One-Pass Forehand Oxyacetylene Welding ................................................................................................. 14 16 One-Pass Backhand Oxyacetylene Welding ................................................................................................ 14 17 Position of Gas Nozzle, Contact Tip, and Pipe (GMAW or FCAW-G) ....................................................... 20 18 Position of Gun Nozzle, Contact Tip, and Work Piece (FCAW-S) .............................................................. 23 C1 Typical Joint ................................................................................................................................................. 31

viii

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Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe

1. Scope

This guide is intended to cover such piping systems as low pressure heating, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and water supply, as well as some gas and chemical systems. These procedures include detailed welding process tech­niques that may be useful for teaching welders. Pro­cesses included are Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tung­sten Arc Welding (GTAW), Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) Flux Cored Arc Welding-Self­Shielded (FCAW-S), and Oxyfuel Welding (OFW). Qualification of these procedures to any welding stan­dard is the responsibility of the user. This document does not address the needs of pipe steels or service conditions which may require post weld heat treatment (PWHT).

This standard makes use of both the International Sys­tem of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The mea­surements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The standard with the designation Dl0.12:2000M uses Sl Units. The standard designation 01 0.12M:2000 uses U.S Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in ta­bles and figures. Pipe sizes are listed as ON (diameter nominal) and NPS (nominal pipe size). The exact pipe diameters are in Table Cl.

2. Reference Documents

A WS D 10.11, Recommended Practices for Root Pass Welding of Pipe Without Backing

AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions

ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (available from the American Welding Society)

AWS Safety and Health Facts Sheets

AWS A5.1, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding

AWS A5.2, Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Welding

AWS A5.12/A5.12M, Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding and Cutting

AWS A5.18, Specification for Carbon Steel Elec­trodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

AWS A5.20, Specification for Carbon Steel Elec­trodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

AWS A5.32/A5.32M, Specification for Welding Shielding Gases

AWS 81.10, Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Welds

A WS 81.11, Guide for the Visual Inspection of Welds

A WS 82.1, Standard for Welding Procedure and Per­formance Qualification

AWS 84.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds

AWS F4.1, Recommended Safe Practices for Prepa­ration for Welding and Cutting of Containers and Piping

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code; Section IX, Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Pro­cedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing Operators1

API 1104, Standard for Welding Pipelines andRe­lated Facilities2

1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, (212) 591-8500. 2. Available from the American Welding Society and from the American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Washington DC 20005, (202) 682-8000.

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AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

ASME Code for Pressure Piping, 831 1

2.1 AWS Pipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifica­tions. Pipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifications for pipe are found in Annex A.

3. General With different welding processes, certain terminology,

specifications, preparations, and practices apply. This in­cludes the types of steel, joint preparation, joint align­ment, tack welding, and welding positions used.

3.1 Pipe Steels. These procedures are intended to be used for welding piping systems composed of such car­bon steels as ASTM A 53, A 106, A 135, A 179, A 524, A 587, and API-5L, Grades A25, A and B, and X42. Pipe sizes to be welded with these procedures are not greater than DN 200 (NPS 8) maximum, with wall thicknesses up to 13 mm (0.5 in.) maximum. If this information is applied to larger diameters, or greater wall thicknesses, consideration should be given to service conditions which may go beyond the scope of this document.

3.2 Cleanliness. Cleanliness is important in all welding. Care should be taken to ensure that both members of the joint are properly cleaned. Each side of a weld joint should be mechanically cleaned of all paint, scale, rust or other hydrocarbon containing materials (i.e., oils) for a distance of approximately 25 mm (1 in.) from the end of the expected toe of the weld. Pipe joints should be cleaned on both the inside and outside surfaces. Grinding and cleaning should be done just prior to joint alignment. Improper or insufficient cleaning can result in disconti­nuities such as porosity, undercut, incomplete fusion, and cracks.

3.3 Preheating. Preheating is not normally required when welding the pipe, fittings and other components of similar nominal composition to those listed in paragraph 3.1 except when the ambient temperature is below 0°C (32°F) or there is visible moisture on the pipe. In these cases, the pipe should be heated using a fuel gas torch or by other suitable methods to 38°C (100°F) minimum.

Where the parts welded are: (1) greater than 13 mm (0.5 in.) in thickness and (2) the carbon content of the steel exceeds 0.30% or

the carbon equivalent (CE) exceeds 0.45%, where:

CE=%C+

%Mn + %Si + %Cr + %Mo + %V + %Ni + %Cu 6 5 15

2

Preheating to 107°C (225°F) is recommended. In ad­dition, use of a low-hydrogen welding process or, when E6010 or E6011 is used for root pass welding, use of a low-hydrogen process or electrodes for fill passes is rec­ommended for metals meeting the above conditions.

3.4 Joint Preparation. The joint preparation details and dimensions given in the following procedures are neces­sary to attain the required quality. Figure 1 shows the proper terminology for describing joint preparation.

3.5 Alignment and Tack Welding. The use of clamps to secure proper alignment is highly recommended. For pipe diameters covered in this document, external lineup clamps are usually employed. A few representative de­signs have been illustrated in Figure 2.

External clamps with typical cross bars will not allow access for welding around the full circumference of the pipe. For this reason, tack welds should be made in three or four locations between the cross-bars. Tack welds should be of sufficient size to hold the pipe together after the clamp is released and before the root pass is com­pleted. If the shape and size of tack welds are not condu­cive to their subsequent inclusion in the root pass without risking areas of incomplete fusion or incomplete joint penetration, they should be ground to a contour that will permit complete fusion and penetration.

3.6 Welding Positions. Pipe can be welded in all posi­tions. Welders may be qualified in one or more of the po­sitions shown in Figure 3. Each position is identified by a "G" number in Figure 3 where "G" stands for groove.

3.7 Weld Appearance. The completed weld should be reasonably smooth and even, with a minimum of external undercut. Grinding, filing, and brushing may be used to remove smoke residue, slag, and spatter. The weld needs to be at least flush with the outside surface of the pipe. Any reinforcement should not exceed that permitted in the applicable standard.

BEVEL\~ ANG,LE

ANGLE\ i l{ \j{ ;>

ROOT FACET --11--ROOT OPENING

Figure !-Terminology for Butt Joint

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Figure 2-External Pipe Clamps

3.8 Small Diameter Piping. Butt and slip-on joints are regularly used for large diameter piping systems, but socket joints, as illustrated in Figure 4, frequently are used for joining pipe ON 60 (NPS 2) and smaller in size.

Most, if not all, socket joint alignment specifications require a spacing of about 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) between the end of the pipe and the seat of the coupling, fitting, or valve. Shrinkage during welding will push the pipe deeper into the socket. With no spacing, the additional stresses of differential expansion between the pipe and the fitting can initiate cracks at the root of the fillet weld.

3

Depending upon the severity of the stresses, such cracks can propagate through the fillet weld.

Thus, it is important to establish and maintain proper spacing during welding.3 This can be accomplished by (1) partial withdrawal after inserting the pipe, or (2) by

3. The face of most socket weld fittings is flat and perpendicu­lar to the pipe axis. How ever, if a socket weld fitting is received with a beveled or rounded ace, special techniques may need to be used to ensure the fillet weld is the adequate size.

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-(A) HORIZONTAL ROLLED POSITION-1G POSITION

(B) VERTICAL FIXED POSITION-2G POSITION

-(C) HORIZONTAL FIXED POSITION-5G POSITION

(D) INCLINED FIXED POSITION--6G POSITION

Figure 3-Welding Position-Pipe Welds

4

General Notes: 1. A 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) gap should be left between the pipe end

and socket fitting before welding. 2. The size of the fillet weld may have to be increased if the face

of the socket weld fitting is not perpendicular to the pie axis.

Figure 4-Socket Joint

providing compressible spacers or metallic spring-type devices.

3.9 Welding Fittings. Welding fittings and flanges are commercially available in all of the common pipe sizes (see Figure 5). Groove weld fittings are supplied with beveled ends which will permit welding with any of the common welding processes.

3.10 Safety and Health. All processes and procedures have potentially and health hazards. Refer to Section 12 for details.

4. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E6010 Electrode and the Downhill Method

4.1 Application. Downhill welding is primarily used to weld relatively thin walled pipe since it alloys fast travel speeds.

4.2 Setting the Current. Current ranges are given in Table 1. Within the range noted, the welder should adjust the current to obtain the optimum setting. Appropriate protective clothing such as gloves, boots and overalls will protect the welder from electric shock. Protect face and eyes using a suitable welding shield equipped with eye protection filter. Protect the body by wearing suitable clothing. Protect persons in the vicinity of the arc by means of non-reflective curtains or screens The arc can generate three types of radiation: ultraviolet, visible, and infrared (heat) radiation, which can be injurious.

4.3 Tack Welding. Tack welds are considered part of the root pass and shall be of sufficient number and length to maintain the root opening and joint alignment. If a tack

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0 a () go• LONG RADIUS ELBOW go• SHORT RADIUS ELBOW 45• ELBOW 180• RETURN BEND

TEE REDUCING TEE

D D CONCENTRIC REDUCER ECCENTRIC REDUCER

CAP

SOCKET FLANGE SLIP-ON FLANGE

LATERAL STRAIGHT

LAP JOINT FLANGE AND STUB END

WELDING NECK FLANGE

Figure 5-Typical Welding Fittings and Flanges

weld cracks, it shall be removed. Tack welds of excessive thickness shall be thinned with a power grinder or round nose chisel.

One other purpose of tack welding is to hold the root opening to the correct dimension and to hold the two joint members together. If the root opening is too wide, it can result in a hole, or melt-through. If the root opening is too tight, it can result in incomplete joint penetration. Most welding procedures specify the root opening, but do not state what the root opening should be just before each tack weld is made. Experienced welders know that

5

tack welds will draw the two pipe ends closer together; therefore, they allow for the shrinkage of the tack welds. Furthermore, the first tack weld should be no longer than 25 mm (1 in.) since the longer the tack weld, the more the pipe ends will be pulled out of alignment. The second tack weld should be approximately 180 degrees around the pipe circumference from the first tack weld. In small diameter pipe, two tack welds may suffice, but large di­ameter pipe will require several tack welds spaced 0.2 to 0.3 m (8 to 12 in.) apart. Homemade spacing tools, which are simple steel wedges, sometimes are driven into root

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Table 1 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with SMAW Process

Using E601 0 Electrode with Electrode Pressure for Root Pass

30°-37-1/2°

t A{; : 1.6mmcg•mm

+ 0 --j 1- ( 0.06 in. ~ g.o2 in.) 1.6 mm_ 0.4mm

( 0.06 in. ~ 8.02 in.)

Pipe Wall Thickness, "T" E6010 Electrode Size2

Pass1 Amperes Direction mm (in.) Passes No. mm (in.) (DCEP)3 of Travel

5 and (0.20 and 2 1 2.4 (3/32) 55-60 Vertical-down thinner thinner) 2 2.4 (3/32) 60-75

5-6 (0.20-0.24) 3 1, 2, 3 3.2 (1/8) 80-120 Vertical-down

fr-10 (0.24-0.39) 5 1, 2 3.2 (1/8) 90-115 Vertical-down 3, 4, 5 4.0 (5/32) 110-125

10-13 (0.39--D.51) 7 1 4.0 (5/32) 130-140 Vertical-down 2 4.0 (5/32) 150-160

3-7 4.8 (3/16) 160-175

5 and (0.20 and 3 1 2.4 (3/32) 55-60 Horizontal thinner thinner) 2-3 2.4 (3/32) 60-75

5-6 (0.20-0.24) 4 1 3.2 (1/8) 90-115 Horizontal 2,3,4 3.2 (1/8) 80-115

fr-10 (0.24-0.39) 7 1, 2, 3 3.2 (1/8) 90-115 Horizontal 4, 5, 6, 7 4.0 (5/32) 110-125

10-13 (0.39--D.51) 9 1, 2 4.0 (5/32) 130-140 Horizontal 3-9 4.8 (1/8) 160-180

General Notes: I. Where two electrode sizes are shown, the smaller size may be used for all beads. 2. E6011 may be used if a DC welding machine is not available. Refer to manufacturers recommendations for storage and handling of electrodes. 3. DCEP =direct current electrode positive. DCEN (electrode negative) may also be used for root pass welding with E6010 provided specifications

permit such. This will give a finer spray transfer with lower arc force. The resultant root pass will be thinner than that produced with DCEP in vertical­down welding and an immediate cover (hot) pass with DCEP may be required to develop sufficient weld thickness to prevent cracking of this thinner root pass.

openings when they are too tight. These wedges are sometimes left in place to hold the root opening until the tack weld is completed.

Inexperienced or poorly trained welders will usually leave a large hole at the end of the tack weld (see Figure 6). This hole size can be minimized by utilizing the fol­lowing technique: The welder should be prepared, when reaching the end of the tack weld, to increase the pressure on the electrode and, at the same time, flip the electrode out of the pipe joint with the free hand. This prevents the

6

keyhole from increasing in size. The advantage of the small hole is that it is easier for the welder to make the root pass. Also, the quality of the root pass is usually im­proved with no slag inclusions or incomplete fusion.

The start and the end of all tack welds must be ground thin and tapered back to the main body of the tack weld. The reason for this feathering is that it is then easier for the welder to fuse the root pass to the tack weld.

When making fixed position welds such as the 5G (pipe horizontal), the welder can make this job easier by

STD.AWS D10.12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 II 0784265 0519048 789 II AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

Figure 6-Picture of Large Hole at End of Tack Weld

placing a wide root opening (if one exists) at the three and nine o'clock locations while any tight root opening should be placed at the top or twelve o'clock location. The reason for this is the effect of gravity on the molten weld pool. That is, it is easier to get complete joint pene­tration at the top and bottom locations of a SG position weld than on the sides.

4.4 Root Pass (First Pass). The root pass is made using a drag technique consisting of the following steps:

(1) Strike electrode on groove face at start location.

(2) Withdraw electrode to establish welding arc.

(3) Quickly push electrode into contact with groove faces.

(4) Drag electrode along the groove.

(5) Maintain electrode pressure against groove faces during welding.

The electrode covering rests on the groove face as the electrode is dragged downhill around the circumference of the pipe. Assuming proper alignment and welding technique, the current is adjusted until a small keyhole is visible (Figure 7). If the keyhole closes, the current is too low. If the keyhole becomes too large to maintain and properly fill, then the current is too high. The size of the keyhole is an indication of the quality of the root surface. While it is possible to get a good root surface without a visible keyhole, greater skill is required to do so.

7

Insufficient root opening or low welding current can result in incomplete joint penetration or incomplete fu­sion between weld metal and base metal. Excessive root opening or high current can cause a series of holes in the root pass. A recommended root pass trouble-shooting guide, indicating general tendencies, is presented in Fig­ure 8. For example, to reduce undercut at the weld root, reduce the welding current, decrease the root opening, or increase the root face. Pass sequence and terminology for downhill welding are also shown in Figure 8.

4.5 Manipulating the Electrode. Figures 9 and 10 show techniques for controlling the quality of the root pass by electrode manipulation. This includes corrective actions to compensate for the effect of magnetic field (which is also known as arc blow). The effects of arc blow can also be reduced by moving the ground, grounding both sides of the weld and moving the ground away from the joint.

4.6 Cleaning Between Passes. The root pass must be thoroughly cleaned before the second pass is started. Power wire brushing may be sufficient, but disc grinding is sometimes necessary to remove root pass areas with excessive thickness or to improve root pass contour be­fore the second pass is applied (see Figure 11 ).

4.7 Second Pass (Hot Pass). The second pass must be made with sufficient heat to float any remaining slag to the surface. A rapid oscillation (maybe referred to as step­ping, or whipping technique) is helpful in removing slag, especially at the twelve and six o'clock locations. The welding current should be higher than that used on the root pass, since the hot pass must be fused into both groove faces and the root pass, plus float slag to the surface.

4.8 Fill, Stripper, and Cap Passes. All of these passes are made with weave techniques to reach the full width required for each pass. The required width of the weave will vary with the diameter of the electrode, and ideally the electrode diameter should be increased as the wall thickness increases, as shown in Table 1. Slag must be re­moved after each pass to eliminate the possibility of its being trapped in the weld metal (see Annex C).

5. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E6010 or E6011 Electrodes and the Uphill Method

5.1 Application. This method is preferred for welding thick walled pipe. When pipe is welded uphill, several changes in joint preparation and welding technique from those used for downhill welding are in order:

(1) The root opening is increased slightly. (2) The root face is increased slightly. (3) Smaller diameter electrodes are used.

STD.AWS D10.12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519049 615 .. AWS D1 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

<

i\~1

""'

v\ (A) SMALL KEYHOLE, GOOD PROCEDURE

>

?

(B) LARGE KEYHOLE, EXCESSIVE CURRENT, POOR PROCEDURE

Figure 7-Keyhole Size Controls Weld Quality

CLOCK FACE USED FOR PIPE LOCATIONS ROOT BEND TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

WELD PASSES FROM 1 O'CLOCK TO 5 O'CLOCK

AND 7 O'CLOCK TO 11 O'CLOCK

TO ELIMINATE

INTERNAL UNDERCUT

INCOMPLETE FUSION

CRACKING

DEC. = DECREASE

PIPE ROOT ROOT WALL

CURRENT OPENING FACE OFFSET

DEC.

INC.

DEC.

DEC. INC.

INC. DEC.

DEC.

INC. = INCREASE

WELD PASSES FROM 5 O'CLOCK TO 7 O'CLOCK

AND

DEC.

DEC.

DEC

11 O'CLOCK TO 1 O'CLOCK

Figure 8-Typical Pass Sequence and Terminology for Downhill Welding

8

BEVEL ANGLE

DEC.

INC.

INC.

STD.AWS D10·12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 II 07842b5 0519050 337 II AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

oo WORK ANGLE

1 1 I '" L 20° WORK ANGLE

(A) NO ARC BLOW

3

(B) ARC BLOW OCCURRING (C) CORRECTION OF ARC BLOW

Figure 9-Effect of Electrode Work Angle on Pass Shape

PUSH ANGLE

(A) PUSH ANGLE USED TO

INCREASE JOINT PENETRATION

+

DRAG ANGLE~

/ /

/ /

/

(B) DRAG ANGLE USED TO

DECREASE JOINT PENETRATION

NOTE: THE KEYHOLE SIZE CAN BE CONTROLLED BY VARYING THE ELECTRODE TRAVEL ANGLE.

Figure 10-Effect of Electrode Travel Angle on Joint Penetration

f_ HIGH CROWN

~.....___~~ }

;; CROWN AEMOVEO

?.____~~ } (A) BEFORE GRINDING (B) AFTER GRINDING

Figure 11-Grinding to Improve Root Pass Contour

9

STD-AWS D10-12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519051 273 .. AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

(4) Lower currents are used.

(5) Travel speeds are slower.

(6) The root pass is made without the electrode being in contact with the groove face. Both whipping and step­ping techniques may be necessary and are recommended (see Annex C for definition of these techniques).

5.2 Joint Preparation. When welding pipe, the finished weld quality is partially dependent on the dimensional control of the tack welded assembly. These dimensions and tolerances are shown in Table 2.

5.3 Setting the Current. Appropriate current ranges for each pass are given in Table 2. The welder should select a current setting within the range given and fine tune the machine to a current setting that feels comfortable.

5.4 Root Pass. The position of the electrode is a 0 degree work angle and a 10 degree push travel angle (see Figure 1 0). The electrode is held over the starting point until the edges of the groove face begin to melt; then it is short­ened to obtain the correct arc length for welding. A small but obvious keyhole should be formed, and the weld is

made as a series of tiny additions of weld metal across the keyhole area. Maintaining and controlling a keyhole is essential to making a good root pass. The electrode movement consists of holding a close arc on the we\d pool, then quickly moving the electrode upward approxi­mately one electrode diameter and downward approxi­mately one-half electrode diameter. After a short pause on the weld pool, the movement of electrode is repeated (see Figure 12). If the keyhole shape becomes straight on one or both sides, it indicates incomplete joint penetra­tion is occurring.

5.5 Cleaning Between Passes. Each pass will be reason­ably smooth and even and should be cleaned with a chip­ping hammer or wire brush, or both, to remove slag, spatter, etc. Any porosity, hump starts and stops, etc., should be removed by grinding before proceeding with the next pass.

5.6 Fill and Cap Passes. All fill and cap passes are made with a short but rapid manipulation of the electrode to­gether with whatever side-to-side weave is necessary to provide the full width required. This might vary from a

Table 2 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints

Welded with SMAW Process Using E601 0 Electrode

3oo_A,20 I 1\l /r------r---+ --=r====:1r-2.4 mm ± 0.4 mm

1.6 mm ± 0.4 mm -I (0.09 ± 0.02 in.) (0.06 ± 0.02 in.)

Pipe Wall Thickness, "T" E6010 Electrode Size2

Pass1 Amperes mm (in.) Passes No. mm (in.) (DCEP)3

5 and (0.20 and 2 1, 2 2.4 (3/32 55-75 thinner thinner) or 3.2 or 1/8) 85-115

5-6 (0.2()....().24) 3 1, 2, 3 3.2 (1/8) 90-115

6--10 (0.24-0.39) 4 1, 2, 3, 4 3.2 (1/8) 90-115

10-13 (0.39-0.51) 5 1, 2 3.2 {1/8) 90-115 or 6 3--6 4.0 (5/32) 110-130

General Notes: 1. Where two electrode sizes are shown, the smaller size may be used for all beads. 2. EfiOII may be used. Refer to manufacturer's recommendations for storage and handling of electrodes. 3. DCEP =direct current electrode positive.

10

Direction of Travel

Vertical-up

Vertical-up

Vertical-up

Vertical-up

STD-AWS D1D·12M/D1D-12-ENGL 2DDD II D7842b5 0519052 lOT II

I WELD PROGRESSION

I ONE

jfl ELECTRODE

DIAMETER , I

I

PAUSE AT DOTS J; TO FILL KEYHOLE

Figure 12-Electrode Movement for Uphill Welding-Root Pass

very slight weave in the first few passes to a full "U" or box weave near the surface of the pipe. Various combina­tions of weaves, together with uphill travel and hesitation at the outer edges of the pass, may be used. The tech­nique will vary slightly from one pass to the next. The ideal technique can best be developed by experimenta­tion and practice. Uphill fill and cap passes are shown in Figures 13 and 14.

6. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Using E7018 Low Hydrogen Electrodes

Since the scope of this document is limited to rela­tively thin, low carbon steel in small diameter pipe, it is not likely that low hydrogen E7018 electrodes would be required to control cold cracking, and they are not gener­ally preferred or recommended in place of E6010 from the usability standpoint, except for fillet welds on a socket fitting.

6.1 Application. Typically, when welding with E7018 electrodes, a backing ring is used, or the root pass is made with an E6010 or E6011 electrode (see Table 3), or with another welding process. Porosity and incomplete joint penetration can result when low hydrogen electrodes are used to weld a root pass in an open root joint (joint with­out backing). However, other means of root pass welding are available and are described in AWS D10.11.

Low hydrogen electrodes have the following characteristics:

11

AWS D1 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

(1) They usually do not work well in the downhill progression.

(2) Closer arc length is required.

(3) Smaller diameter electrodes should be used.

( 4) Better storage conditions should be used to protect the electrode from moisture absorption.

(5) Restriking the arc with a partially used electrode is more difficult than with either E6010 or E6011 electrodes.

(6) They are capable of producing welds with better mechanical properties and improved metallurgical char­acteristics (i.e., strength and notch toughness).

6.2 Striking the Arc. Care should be taken and skill should be developed in striking the arc properly to avoid electrode sticking, starting porosity, or both. Once the arc is established, a very short arc should be maintained. Holding a long arc is almost certain to result in both sur­face and subsurface porosity. Often the arc is struck in the joint 19 mm (0.75 in.) ahead of the area where weld­ing is to begin and a short arc is carried back to the start­ing point before welding is begun.

6.3 Welding Technique. As noted, a very short arc should be used when welding with the E7018 electrode. The arc is shortened immediately after it is established. The electrode should be kept very close to the root face to assure complete joint penetration. The electrode movement shown in Figure 12 should not be used; in­stead, a V-shaped weave is recommended. The weave should be made by smooth movements of the welder's wrist. The electrode should be moved out of the weld pool and up along the groove face with a quick move­ment. The return movement is slowed to allow just enough time for the weld pool to lose some of its fluidity, and the arc is returned to the weld pool and held there for a short pause. This movement is then repeated up and along the other groove face.

On passes after the root pass, the welder concentrates on the groove faces and moves quickly across the center. The arc is held on the groove face until it melts and the molten metal rises to fill the cavity created by the arc ac­tion on the groove face. The arc never leaves the weld pool as it is brought across to the other side just above the top of the previous pass. Most of the molten metal that fills the center comes from the sides, so that the time during which the arc is kept at the groove face is deter­mined by the need to keep the pass flat. The weld pool should never be allowed to solidify during the weave. Entrapment of slag along the edges of the weld is likely to occur. If the weld pool is always kept liquid, the slag will not solidify because it has a melting temperature lower than that of the weld metal. Since the arc does not pene­trate deeply, the movement should be smooth and precise to avoid slag entrapment.

STD.AWS D10-12M/D10·12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519053 046 .. AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

_ .... .-.....::--- _l --- --~ e-=::::-:-- 1.6 mm (0.06 n.)

--~ ...---- ---. -- I -- .. ELECTRODE MOVEMENT, PAUSE AND WEAVE

Figure 13-Electrode Movement for Uphill Fill Passes

Figure 14-Typical Side-to-Side Weave Used for Uphill Last Pass (Cap Pass)

12

6.4 Slag Removal. The slag must be removed before mak­ing the next pass. This can be done with a chipping ham­mer followed by wire brushing, preferably power brushing. Any porosity, bad starts, or excessive pass heights can be removed by grinding.

7. Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW) of Pipe

7.1 Application. OFW includes welding with oxyacety­lene (OAW) for 6 mm (0.24 in.) or less in wall thickness.

7.2 Safe Practices. Store the cylinders in a well ventilated area, preferably in the open air. Keep the storage area well away from sources of heat, sparks and fire risk. Store upright and secure well the gas cylinders. Always use upright acetylene cylinders. Designate the storage area as "no smoking." Never loosen cylinder valves or valve guards. Light the torch with a friction lighter or stationary pilot flame. Do not use matches nor re-ignite the flame from hot metal. These steps can prevent an explosion.

7.3 Welding Techniques. Oxyacetylene welding of pipe 6 mm (0.24 in.) or less in thickness may be done by ei­ther one-pass forehand welding, one-pass backhand

STD.AWS D10·12M/D10·12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519054 T82 .. AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

Table 3 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded

with SMAW Process Using E601 0 and E7018 Electrodes

~w~

I~~ ~o2,;~ ~! Pipe Wall Thickness, "T'' E601 0 Electrode Size2

Pass 1 Amperes Direction mm (in.) Passes No. mm (in.) Class (DCEP)3 of Travel

5-6 (0.20-{).24) 2 I 2.4 (3/32) E6010 55-75 Vertical-up 2 2.4 (3/32) E70I8 70-90

6--10 (0.24-0.39) 4 I 2.4 (3/32) E60IO 55-75 Vertical-up 2 2.4 (3/32) E70I8 70-90

3,4 3.2 (I/8) E70I8 90-IOO

I0-13 (0.39-0.SI) 5 I 2.4 (3/32) E6010 55-75 Vertical-up 2 2.4 (3/32) E70I8 70-90

3,4,5 3.2 (I/8) E70I8 90-I10

5-6 (0.20-{).24) 3 I 2.4 (3/32) E6010 55-75 Horizontal 2,3 2.4 (3/32) E7018 70-90

6--10 (0.24-0.39) 4-5 I 2.4 (3/32) E60IO 55-75 Horizontal 2 2.4 (3/32) E7018 70-90

3, 4, 5 3.2 (1/8) E70I8 90-I10

I0-13 (0.39-0.5I) 6--7 I 2.4 (3/32) E60IO 55-75 Horizontal 2 2.4 (3/32) E7018 70-90

3-7 3.2 (1/8) E7018 90-110

General Notes: I. Where two electrode sizes are shown, the smaller size may be used in all passes. 2. E6011 may be used for first pass. Refer to manufacturer's recommendations for storage and handling of electrodes. 3. DCEP =direct current electrode positive.

welding, or a combination of first-pass backhand weld­ing with second-pass forehand welding. The combina­tion is commonly referred to as two-pass welding, and is preferred for thicker walled pipe. It is done by partially filling the groove using backhand welding, followed by finishing the weld with forehand welding. Most produc­tion welding by the oxyacetylene welding process is done by two-pass welding. This technique is especially useful for welding pipe less than DN 60 (NPS 2 in.) in diameter and less than 4 mm (0.16 in.) in wall thickness.

Oxyacetylene welding of carbon steel pipe should be done with a neutral flame and a work angle of 0 degrees for both the welding torch and the welding rod (see Fig­ures 15 and 16). The pipe should be heated to 760 to

13

980°C (1400 to 1800°F) before welding is started, partic­ularly on thicker walled pipe. The oxygen pressure is set at 56 to 112 kPa (8 to 16 psig) and the acetylene pressure at 28 to 35 kPa ( 4 to 5 psi g) for injector type torches. Ox­ygen and acetylene pressure are set at 28 to 35 kPa ( 4 to 5 psig) for equal pressure torches.

Forehand welding (single pass) is illustrated in Figure 15. The welding flame points in the direction of welding travel, with the welding rod leading the torch. Forehand welding involves repeated movement of the flame from one groove face to the other. The rod is held to the side opposite the flame. In the 5G welding position, welding starts at the six o'clock location and proceeds to the twelve o'clock location. Backhand welding (single pass)

STD.AWS D10-12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519055 919 .. AWS D1 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

END MOVEMENT OF FILLER ROD

GROOVE FACE BEGINNING TO MELT

SECTION A-A SHOWS POSITION OF FILLER ROD AND CONE OF NEUTRAL FLAME WITH RESPECT TO THE WELD POOL AT TOP OF PIPE (5G POSITION)

SECTION A-A

SOLIDIFIED WELD METAL

NOTE: THE CONE OF FLAME SHOULD BE KEPT CLOSE TO BUT SHOULD NEVER TOUCH THE WELD POOL OR PIPE GROOVE FACE. ____ ___.

Figure 15-0ne-Pass Forehand Oxyacetylene Welding

SECTION A-A SHOWS POSITION OF FILLER ROD AND CONE OF NEUTRAL FLAME WITH RESPECT TO THE WELD POOL AT TOP OF PIPE (5G POSITION)

SECTION A-A

GROOVE FACE BEGINNING TO MELT SOLIDIFIED WELD METAL

WELD PROGRESSION A

~

GROOVE~

NOTE: THE CONE OF FLAME SHOULD BE KEPT CLOSE TO BUT SHOULD NEVER TOUCH THE WELD POOL OR PIPE GROOVE FACE.

Figure 16-0ne-Pass, Backhand Oxyacetylene Welding

14

STD.AWS D10.12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519056 855 ..

is illustrated in Figure 16. There the welding flame points opposite the direction of welding travel, with the welding rod following the torch. The flame is directed into the root opening until the edges of both groove faces are melted to form a keyhole. As the molten keyhole is formed, the welder moves the welding rod towards the forward edge of the weld pool. The flame is moved alter­nately slightly forward towards the unmelted joint root and back towards the weld pool. In the 5G welding posi­tion, welding starts at the twelve o'clock location and proceeds downhill to the six o'clock location. Further in­formation on oxyacetylene welding of pipe is given in Table 4.

7.4 Appearance of Finished Weld. Welds shall be rea­sonably smooth and uniform with a minimum of under­cut, inside and outside. The surface of the weld shall be at least flush with the inside and outside surfaces of the pipe.

8. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Pipe

8.1 Application. GTAW is not normally used for weld­ing mild carbon steel except for thin wall tubing and root passes on heavy pipe. It normally is used only for the root pass, and then only when exceptional quality is re­quired. Since GTAW root passes tend to be thin, a second GTAW pass sometimes is made to prevent melting through the first pass when other processes are used to complete the weld. When the quality requirements are especially high, GTAW may be used for the entire joint, even in thicker materials.

8.2 Purging. Back purging generally is not required when welding carbon steel pipe. When the gas flow and nozzle sizes specified in Table 5 are used, a sufficient quantity of the shielding gas, usually argon (A WS Classi­fication SG-A, AWS A5.32/A5.32M, Specification for Welding Shielding Gases) or helium (SG-He), reaches the root surface to provide adequate protection, and a blanket of the gas covers the weld face. Shielding gas can constitute a hazard in confined spaces by reducing the available oxygen to a level which will not support life.

8.3 Electrode Shape. The shape of the tungsten elec­trode tip has a substantial effect on the contour and width of the weld face and on joint penetration. It should be shaped properly (similar to a sharpened pencil). Shaping is done on a fine grit grinding wheel. A 60 grit, 0 to M grade silicon carbide grinding wheel is recommended, and it should be used only for the purpose of grinding tungsten. Best results are obtained when grinding is done so that grinding marks are parallel with the electrode axis.

15

AWS 010.12M/010.12:2000

8.4 Welding Technique. To make a root pass, the elec­trode should be correctly positioned within the torch. With the welding torch in an upright position and the nozzle resting on the groove face, the electrode is ad­justed so that the end is almost flush with the bottom of the joint. The welding current should be direct current electrode negative, using the amperage and gas flow given in Table 5. In the 5G position, tack welds should be made at the seven o'clock, four o'clock, one o'clock and ten o'clock locations. The root pass, whether 5G or 6G position, is started in the six o'clock location, and the weld is made uphill to the twelve o'clock location on one side of the pipe.

The same sequence is followed on the other side. The weld is started by placing the nozzle against the bevels of the groove face with the torch at a work angle of 0 de­grees, and a push angle up to approximately 35 to 45 de­grees. Both the torch and the welding rod remain at a work angle of zero during welding. The welding rod is positioned, with a large drag angle, close to the joint in preparation for insertion into the joint after the arc is started. When the arc is ignited, the torch is pivoted to a push angle of about 20 degrees and the arc ignited. The filler rod is then brought to a drag angle of 45 to 70 de­grees, and welding proceeds with the electrode and the welding rod about 65 to 90 degrees apart.

To avoid injury to the eyes from ultraviolet light, wear a minimum shade number 8 (see Table 1 ), ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (avail­able from the American Welding Society).

8.5 Joint Preparation and Alignment. The quality of a pipe weld is highly dependent on the alignment and di­mensional control of the tack welded assembly.

8.6 Appearance of Finished Welds. The passes will be reasonably smooth and even. Any porosity or other de­fects will be removed to clean, bright metal before pro­ceeding. The final face reinforcement should not exceed 3 mm (0.12 in.).

9. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) of Steel Pipe

9.1 Application of the GMAW Process. See Table 6 for GMAW procedures. For in-position pipe welding, the GMAW process is usually employed in either the short­circuiting arc mode (GMAW-S) or the pulsed arc mode (GMAW-P). In view of the low heat input and the risk of lack of fusion associated with GMAW-S, its use is often limited to joining components, none of which are thicker than 10 mm (0.39 in.). However, GMAW-S is often used for depositing root passes of beveled butt joints

STD-AWS D10·12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519057 79~ .. AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

Table4 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with OFW Process

~60°/

\} + fBO+ f-- 3.2 mm ± 0.8 mm

0 (0.12 ± 0.03 in.}

1.6 mm ~ 0.4 mm

( 0.06 in. ~ 8.02 in.)

Wall Thickness 1

Location Tip Welding Position on Pipe mm (in.) Size

5G Pipe Top 5 or less (0.20 or less) 54-56

Horizontal Fixed

5G Pipe Side 5 or less (0.20 or less) 54-56

Horizontal Fixed

5G Pipe Bottom 5 or less (0.20 or less) 54-56

Horizontal Fixed

5G Pipe Top 5 or less (0.20 or less) 51-53

Horizontal Fixed

5G Pipe Side 5-6 (0.20--0.24) 51-53

Horizontal Fixed

5G Pipe Bottom 5-6 (0.20--0.24) 51-53

Horizontal Fixed

2G Pipe 5 or less (0.20 or less) 54-56

Vertical Fixed

2G Pipe 5--6 (0.20--0.24) 51-53

Vertical Fixed

General Notes:

~ ffD OXYACETYLENE \;

r Travel Angle

Method of Welding

one pass­backhand welding

one pass­backhand welding

one pass­backhand welding

1st pass­backhand welding

2nd pass­forehand welding

1st pass­backhand welding

2nd pass­forehand welding

1st pass­backhand welding

2nd pass­forehand welding

one pass­backhand welding

one pass­backhand welding

Torch

60° drag

45° drag

0° drag

60° drag

0° push

45° drag

45° push

0° drag

45° drag

45° drag

Welding Rod

60° push

45° push

60° push

60° push

60° drag

45° push

45° drag

60° push

45° push

45° push

1. For 5 mm (0.20 in.) or less wall thickness, use R60 filler rod (AWS A5.2, Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Weld­ing, and 2.4 mm (3/32 in.) or 3.2 mm (1/R in.) diameter size. For 5 to 6 mm (0.20 to 0.24 in.) wall thickness, use R60 filler rod and 3.2 mm (1/R in.) diameter size.

2. Fuel gas is acetylene.

16

STD.AWS D10.12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 II 0784265 0519058 628 II AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

Table 5 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with GTAW Process

A~t ~L t

PROCESS: GTAW

o TO 1.6 mm ---4 r-- 2.4 mm TO 3.2 ~m (0 TO 0.06 in.) (0.09 TO 0.125 tn.)

Pipe Wall Filler Meta1 1 Shielding Gas Tungsten Thickness, "T' Size Flow3 Electrode4

Pass Amperes Arc Nozzle Direction mm (in.) Passes No. mm (in.) (DCEN)2 Volts Size Umin (CFH) mm (in.) of Travel

4.8 and (0.19 and 2 1, 2 2.4 {3/32) 65-75 13 5 7 (15) 2.4 (3/32) Vertical-thinner thinner) up

4.8-6.4 (0.19-0.25) 2+ 2.4 (3/32) 75-85 13 6 7 (15) 2.4 (3/32) Vertical-2+ 3.2 (118) 90-100 14 6 7 (15 up

6.4-9.6 (0.25-0.38) 2+ 2.4 (3/32) 90-100 14 6 7 (15) 3.2 (118) Vertical-2+ 3.2 (1/8) 90-100 14 7 8.5 (18) up

9.fr..I2.7 (0.38-0.50) 2+ 2.4 (3/32) 90-100 14 6 7 (15) 3.2 (1/8) Vertical-2+ 3.2 (1/8) 100-120 14 7 8.5 (18) up

General Notes: I. ER70S-2 is preferred; ER70S-3 or ER70S-6 may be used. Refer to manufacturer's recommendations for storage and handling of filler metal. 2. DCEN =direct current electrode negative 3. Argon, AWS 5.32/A5.32M, Specification for Welding Shielding Gas, Grade SG-A 4. EWLa-1.5 or EWLa-2 (AWS A5.12/A5.12M, Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Electrodes for Arc Weld and Cutting, shall be used for

safety reasons. Traditionally, EWTh-2 has been used; however, it contains radioactive thoria which is turned into dust during grinding. When grind­ing thoriated electrodes, it is necessary to use ventilation to control the thoria dust at the source, complemented if necessary by respiratory protective equipment. This lowers the risk of internal exposure.

regardless of material thickness. The size and weight of any GMAW torch reduces its maneuverability and makes it very difficult to maintain the proper angle when track­ing any harder to reach joint. This is of special concern when attaching nozzles and similar branch connections to the pipe sizes covered by this document since serious lack of fusion and slag entrapments are likely to be expe­rienced. To prevent such problems, many users do not employ GMAW in any transfer mode for nozzle and branch attachment welds.

9.2 Application of the Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) Process. See Table 7 for FCAW-G procedures. This process has many pipe applications such as fabricating spool pieces after the root pass has been deposited with another process such as GMAW-S.

9.3 Initiating the Arc. Arc initiation can best be achieved, providing the proper conditions of amperage

17

(wire feed speed) and voltages have been selected (see Tables 6 and 7), by cutting off the end of the electrode to leave about 10 mm (0.39 in.) maximum electrode exten­sion beyond the contact tip.

The gas nozzle should then be positioned to either touch the workpiece or be very near it until the arc is established. This technique will avoid excessively long electrode extension, which complicates arc striking. The contact tip should extend 6 mm (0.24 in.) beyond the gas nozzle (see Figure 17).

9.4 Travel Speed. The travel speed should always be fast enough to cause the electrode to arc on the leading edge of the weld pool. If the travel speed and manipulation of the electrode are such that the electrode is arcing else­where on a large weld pool, incomplete fusion may oc­cur. Because of this tendency, it is recommended that no more than two passes be run downhill. If more passes are

STD·AWS D10.12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519059 564 .. AWS 010.12M/010.12:2000

Table 6 Procedures for Circumferential Butt Joints Welded with GMAW Process

~~t PROCESS: GMAW (MIG) ;HL t

1.6 mm ~ g 4 mm --If-- 2.4 mm ± 0.4 mm ( 0 06

. + 0· . ) (0.09 ± 0.02 in.) . 10. - 0.02 ln.

Pipe Wall Electrode 1 Shielding Thickness, "T" Size Wire Feed Speed Gas Flow4

Pass Amperes Arc Direction mm (in.) Passes No. mm (in.) (DCEP)2 Volts mm/s (in./min) Urn in (ftJ/h) of Travel

5 and (0.20 and 2 1, 2 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76--80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Vertical-down3 thinner1 thinner)3

5-63 (0.20-0.24? 3 1, 2, 3 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76--80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Vertical-down3

6-103 (0.24-0.39)3 4 1, 2, 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76-80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Vertical-down3 3,4

10-133 (0.39-0.51)3 5 1-5 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76--80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Vertical-down3

5 and (0.20 and 3 All 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76--80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Horizontal thinner thinner)

5-6 (0.20-0.24) 3 All 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76--80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Horizontal

6-10 (0.24-0.39) 4 All 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76--80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Horizontal

10-13 (0.39-0.51) 5 All 0.9 (0.035) 120-130 20-21 76--80 (180-190) 12-14 (25-30) Horizontal

General Notes: 1. ER70S-2, -3, refer to manufacturer's recommendations for storage and handling of filler metal 2. DCEN = direct current electrode negative 3. First two passes vertical-down; remaining passes vertical-up 4. Shielding gas is covered in Section 9.5.

required, it is recommended that they be run uphill. Welding uphill gives greater assurance that the electrode will be arcing on the leading edge of the weld pool.

9.5 Gas Shielding. An Argon-C02 mixture (SG-AC-X) or C02 (SG-C) is normally used for shielding. It is im­perative that the weld pool be protected by the shielding gas. If the gas is not present at the arc, severe porosity will result. For this reason, some form of wind shield protection should be provided if there is any possibility that the gas will be blown away.

9.6 Cleaning. Before welding is started, the bevels and the weld area should be ground, filed, or wire brushed to clean metal. Between passes, silicate deposits on the sur­face may be removed by filing, wire brushing, or other

18

suitable means. If proper contours are not obtained at the start of the pass or the crater, these conditions should be corrected by grinding.

10. Flux Cored Arc Welding­Self Shielded (FCAW-S)

10.1 Application. Because of the difficulty of manipulat­ing a gun and cable at the proper angle this process is not particularly well suited to welding small diameter (less than DN 40 [NPS 1-1/2]) pipe, nozzles, or fittings.

10.2 Root Pass Techniques Using 1.7 mm (0.068 in.) E71T·13 Electrode. E71T-13 (AWS A5.20, Specifica-

..0

Ta

ble

7

Pro

ced

ure

s fo

r C

ircu

mfe

ren

tial

Bu

tt J

oin

ts W

eld

ed w

ith

GM

AW

Pro

cess

fo

r R

oo

t P

ass

and

Gas

Sh

ield

ed F

CA

W P

roce

ss fo

r F

ill a

nd

Ca

p P

asse

s

::\2°r­

l\l;,.

..---.

,tr---

1.6

± 0.8~ /-

-2.

4 m

m ±

0.4

mm

(0

.06

± 0

.03

in.)

(0

.09

± 0

.02

in.)

l

PR

OC

ES

S:

GM

AW

(M

IG)

RO

OT

PA

SS

F

CA

W-G

FIL

L A

ND

CA

P P

AS

SE

S

Wir

e F

eed

Spe

ed

Shi

eldi

ng G

as F

low

P

ipe

Wal

l T

hick

ness

, "T

' m

m (

in.)

5-1

3 (

0.20

-0.5

1)

'\

--alJ~

;. /~

··

HO

RIZ

ON

TA

L F

IXE

D

PO

SIT

ION

5G P

OS

ITIO

N

INC

LIN

ED

FIX

ED

P

OS

ITIO

N

6G P

OS

ITIO

N

Pass

N

o.

Rem

aind

er

Ele

ctro

de1

and

Siz

e

ER

70S

-2

0.9

mm

(0.

035

in.)

E71

T-1

2 1.

1 m

m (

0.04

5 in

.)

Am

pere

s A

rc

(DC

EP

) V

olts

m

m/s

120-

130

20-2

1 76

-80

180-

200

24-2

6 97

-102

5-1

3 (

0.20

-0.5

1)

1 E

R70

S-2

12

0-13

0 20

-21

76

-80

VE

RT

ICA

L F

IXE

D P

OS

ITIO

N

2G

PO

SIT

ION

Gen

eral

Not

es:

1.

ER

70S-

2, 3

, or

6 m

ay b

e us

ed.

0.9

mm

(0.

035

in.)

Rem

aind

er

E71

T-1

2 18

0-20

0 24

-26

97-1

02

1.1

mm

(0.

045

in.)

~~)15~

2. E

7IT

-l s

houl

d be

use

d w

ith C

02

shie

ldin

g ga

s (A

WS

Gra

de S

G-C

), E

7IT

-IM

sho

uld

be u

sed

wit

h A

r/C

02

shie

ldin

g ga

s (A

WS

Gra

de S

G-A

C-2

5).

(in.

/min

) U

min

(f

t3 /h)

(180

-190

) 1

2-1

4

(25-

30)

(230

-240

) 14

-25

(30-

53)

(180

-190

) 1

2-1

4

(25-

30)

(230

-240

) 14

-25

(30-

53)

Dir

ecti

on

of T

rave

l

Ver

tical

-do

wn

Ver

tical

-up

N.A

.

N.A

.

""' -! -=' . > e: ""' -=

' 1:

-' 0 . 1:

-' ru

3 ' -=' 1:-'

0 . 1:-' ru

I 1"'1 z C'l r ru

0 0 0 I 0 -.J

[J:I

.&

ru

D"

' tn

c tn

1:-' ...a

c D"'

):>

,0

:E cnru

0

01

~lr ~·

g !=>

.....

1\)

§ 0

STD-AWS D1D·12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519061 112 .. AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

CONTACT TIP

INSULATED GUN NOZZLE

Figure 17-Position of Gas Nozzle, Contact Tip, and Pipe (GMAW or FCAW-G)

tion for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding) should be used only for root pass welding with downhill progression (see Tables 8 and 9). Some elec­trode manufacturers make a special purpose, self shielded, single pass, flux cored electrode which they classify as E71T-13, which is suitable for making the open root pass on pipe. However, all electrodes so classified may not be suitable for this purpose. If in doubt consult the electrode manufacturer.

10.2.1 Stickout. Stickout (GMAW and FCAW-G) is the length of unmelted electrode extending beyond the end of the gas nozzle. Shortening the stickout increases heat and penetration. Lengthening the stickout cools the puddle and reduces penetration. With FCAW-S, FCAW-G, and GMAW, the electrode length beyond the contact tube is called the electrode extension.

10.2.2 Drag Angle. The electrode location and drag angle are similar to those used with the SMAW electrode (see Figure 18). Penetration control can be achieved with changes in drag angle. A larger drag angle will increase penetration; a smaller drag angle will decrease penetration.

10.2.3 Travel Speed. Speed is controlled by the gap, width, and the amount of penetration needed. Higher travel speed will keep the arc on the leading edge of the puddle and will increase root penetration. Slower travel speed gives a larger puddle and generally less penetration.

10.2.4 Starting. Start with 13 mm (0.5 in.) electrode extension. This short stickout gives the most uniform arc starting; longer stickout may produce "blast-offs" of the tip of the electrode.

10.2.5 Normal Welding. The normal technique is straight progression with little or no weaving. Any ad-

20

justments necessary to vary penetration can be made with travel speed, drag angle or stickout. The normal electrode extension is 13 mm (0.5 in.).

10.2.6 Top of Pipe. Start with 13 mm (0.5 in.) elec­trode extension. Once the arc is established, increase the electrode extension as required to cool the puddle and control penetration. A weave may be necessary at this point to control penetration. As the arc is moved off the top of the pipe, little, if any, weaving will be required.

10.2.7 Bottom of the Pipe. Unless there is an exces­sively wide gap or a thin root face, the bottom of the pipe will require no special technique. A little slower travel may be needed to stay on the puddle and prevent whiskers (pieces of the electrode which melt off inside the pipe).

10.2.8 Tight Root or Heavy Root Face. If proper penetration cannot be achieved by varying the stickout and travel speed, it will be necessary to use a disc grinder to remove some of the base metal and open up the joint.

10.2.9 Restart and Tie-Ins. Start on the previous cra­ter about 6 mm (0.24 in.) from the end. Move toward the crater edge, pause at the edge and shorten the stickout to assure fusion at the point of tie-in. Grinding stops and starts will improve the tie-ins. Wire feed speed and arc voltage should not have to be adjusted once they have been set according to the procedure.

10.2.10 Undercut (Root Pass). The root pass will have some side wall undercut which may require grind­ing to ensure fusion between the first and second passes.

Note: £6010 SMAW electrodes may be used for the root pass and followed with FCA W for fill and cap passes. See Procedure for SMAW electrode root pass welding.

10.3 Welding Techniques for Balance of Weld. Fill and cap pass welding should be done with 1. 7 mm (0.068 in.) and 2 mm (0.78 in.) electrodes. (Note: See Table 8 for correct AWS electrodes for fill and cap passes.)

10.3.1 Stickout. The normal stickout is 19 mm (0. 75 in.), but when striking the arc the stickout should be reduced to 13 mm (0.5 in.). To reduce penetration and maintain better puddle control the stickout may be in­creased to as much as 32 mm (1.26 in.).

10.3.2 Slag Removal. All slag must be removed be­tween passes.

10.3.3 Fill Pass Welding. Unlike the first and second passes, weaving is not recommended on the fill and cap passes. When the groove width is larger than 13 mm (0.5 in.), a split layer technique should be used. Travel speed must be fast enough to stay ahead of the slag (see Table 9).

~

Tab

le 8

P

roce

du

res

for

Cir

cum

fere

nti

al B

utt

Jo

ints

Wel

ded

wit

h S

elf-

Sh

ield

ed F

CA

W P

roce

ss

30t

1.6<08mJ

)~ 16i<D

.4mm

(0.0

6 ±

0.0

3 in

.)

(0.0

6 ±

0.0

2 in

.)

Pip

e W

all

Thi

ckne

ss,

"T"

rnrn

(in

.)

6 (0

.24)

and

Up

d·&

_\

.[J:

J s·

4

5 <

s•

--//

c:___

_j H

OR

IZO

NT

AL

FIX

ED

P

OS

ITIO

N

SG

PO

SIT

ION

INC

LIN

ED

FIX

ED

P

OS

ITIO

N

6G P

OS

ITIO

N

6 (0

.24)

and

Up

VE

RT

ICA

L F

IXE

D P

OS

ITIO

N

2G P

OS

ITIO

N

Gen

eral

Not

es:

,;)1~

Pas

s N

o.4

13

2 an

d 3

Ful

l W

eave

4 an

d U

p

Spl

it W

eave

13

2 an

d U

p

Ele

ctro

de S

ize

rnrn

(i

n.)

1.7

(0.0

68)

2.0

(0.0

78

or

or

1.7

0.06

8)

1.7

(0.0

68)

2.0

(O

.Q78

o

r o

r 1.

7 0.

068)

PR

OC

ES

S:

FC

AW

-S

Wir

e F

eed

Sp

eed

E

lect

rica

l S

tick

out

DC

EN

E

lect

rode

2 V

olts

rn

m/s

(i

n./r

nin)

(r

nm)

(in.

)

Roo

t P

ass

16

42

(1

00)

13

-26

(0

.5-1

.0)

On

ly E

71T

-13

Fil

l an

d C

ap

17

-19

3

81

(90)

1 1

9-2

6

(0.8

-1.0

) P

ass

E71

T-8

K6

19

-20

so

1 (1

20

)1 1

9-2

6

(0.8

-1.0

)

Roo

t P

ass

16

4

2

(100

) 1

3-2

6

(0.5

-1.0

) O

nly

E71

T-1

3

Fil

l an

d C

ap

17

-19

3

81

(90)

1 1

9-2

6

(O.S

-1.0

) P

ass

E71

T-8

K6

19

-20

S

01

(12

0)1

19

-26

(O

.S-1

.0)

Dir

ecti

on

of

Tra

vel

Ver

tica

l-do

wn

Str

aigh

t P

rogr

essi

on

Hor

izon

tal

1. W

ire f

eed

spee

ds a

s hi

gh a

s 55

mrn

/s (

130

in./m

in)

[20-

-21

volts

] w

ith 2

.0 m

m (

0.07

8 in

.) si

ze o

r 72

mrn

/s (

170

in/m

in [

21-2

2 vo

lts]

with

1.7

rnm

(0.

068

in.)

size

may

be

used

on

wal

l th

ickn

esse

s gr

eate

r th

an 1

2.7

mm

(0.

50 i

n.).

2. E

lect

rode

s ar

e de

sign

ed s

peci

fica

lly f

or r

oot p

ass

wel

ding

onl

y or

fill

and

cap

pas

s w

eldi

ng o

nly.

Fol

low

man

ufac

ture

r's s

peci

fic

reco

mm

enda

tions

. 3.

The

roo

t pa

ss c

an a

lso

be w

elde

d w

ith a

n E

XX

lO m

anua

l ele

ctro

de u

sing

nor

mal

rec

omm

ende

d se

tting

s. U

se 1

.6 m

m p

lus

or m

inus

0.8

mm

(0.

06 i

n. p

lus

or m

inus

0.0

3 in

.) ro

ot o

peni

ng.

4. T

otal

num

ber

of p

asse

s m

ay v

ary

with

wal

l th

ickn

ess

and

join

t fi

t-up

.

VI

-i

~ . >

- e:

VI

~

1:-'

CJ . 1:-' ru

:3 ' ~ 1:

-' C

J . 1:-' ru

I f'1

z C'\ r- ru

CJ

CJ

CJ I CJ ~

~

& ru

a- c.n

CJ c.n

1:-'

..D

CJ

~ a- ru

(/

) ~

CJ

9 c.n

..D

1

\)

~

I g 9 .... 1

\)

N

0 g

N

N

Tab

le 9

P

roce

du

res

for

Cir

cum

fere

nti

al B

utt

Jo

ints

Wel

ded

wit

h S

MA

W P

roce

ss

for

Ro

ot

Pas

s an

d S

elf-

Sh

ield

ed F

CA

W P

roce

ss f

or

Fill

an

d C

ap

Pas

ses

PR

OC

ES

S:

SM

AW

-R

OO

T P

AS

S

1.6 •

0.8 mJ~

* 1.6!

• 0

.4 mm

FC

AW

-S -

FIL

L A

ND

CA

P P

AS

SE

S

(0.0

6 ±

0.0

3 in

.)

(0.0

6 ±

0.0

2 in

.)

Pipe

Wal

l T

hick

ness

, "T

" m

m (

in.)

5 (0

.20)

and

Up

d·&

_\

~

s•

•s•s

•

---~

/ /

HO

RIZ

ON

TA

L F

IXE

D

PO

SIT

ION

SG

PO

SIT

ION

INC

LIN

ED

FIX

ED

P

OS

ITIO

N

6G

PO

SIT

ION

5 (0

.20)

and

Up

VE

RT

ICA

L F

IXE

D P

OS

ITIO

N

2G

PO

SIT

ION

Gen

eral

Not

es:

Pas

ses

15

Ele

ctro

de

Pass

No.

S

ize

mm

(in

.)

1 3.

2 (1

/8)4

2 an

d 3

2.0

(0.0

78)

Full

Wea

ve

or

1.7

(0.0

68)

4 an

d U

p Sp

lit W

eave

3.2

(118

)4

2 an

d U

p 2.

0 (0

.078

) or

1.

7 (0

.068

)

Wir

e F

eed

Spe

ed

Ele

ctri

cal

Sti

ckou

t

DC

(i

n./m

in

Ele

ctro

de2

Vol

ts

or a

mps

) [m

m/s

] (m

m)

(in.

)

E60

10

DC

EP

80-1

20 a

mps

Fill

and

Cap

D

CE

N

901

[38j

l 19

-26

(0.7

-1.0

) Pa

ss E

71 T

-8K

6 17

-19

DC

EN

12

01 [5

1jl

19

-26

(0

.7-1

.0)

19

-20

E60

10

DC

EP

80

-120

am

ps

Fill

and

Cap

D

CE

N

901

[38]

1 19

-26

(0.7

-1.0

) Pa

ss E

71 T

-8K

6 17

-19

DC

EN

12

01 [5

1jl

19-2

6 (0

.7-1

.0)

19-2

0

A. W

ire

feed

spe

eds

as h

igh

as 5

5 m

m/s

(13

0 in

./min

) (1

9-20

vol

ts)

wit

h 2.

0 m

m (

0.07

8 in

.) d

iam

eter

ele

ctro

de m

ay b

e us

ed o

n w

all

thic

knes

ses

grea

ter

than

13

mm

(0.

5 in

.).

B. E

lect

rode

s ar

e de

sign

ed s

peci

fica

lly

for

root

pas

s w

eldi

ng o

nly

or fi

ll an

d ca

p pa

ss w

eldi

ng o

nly.

Fol

low

man

ufac

ture

r's s

peci

fic

reco

mm

enda

tion

s.

C. A

sm

alle

r ro

ot o

peni

ng (

1.6

plus

or

min

us 0

.8 m

m (

0.06

plu

s or

min

us 0

.03

in.)

) is

rec

omm

ende

d w

hen

mak

ing

the

root

pas

s w

ith

E60

10.

D.O

n w

all

thic

knes

ses

of6

mm

(0.

24 i

n.)o

r gr

eate

r, 4

.0 m

m (

5/32

in.)

ele

ctro

de m

ay b

e us

ed.

E. T

otal

num

ber

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STD-AWS D10.12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519064 921 .. AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

GAS NOZZLE

CONTACT TIP r- ELECTRODE EXTENSION

'm'' ____ _,L~ OR ELECTRICAL STICKOUT

PIPE WALL f

Figure 18-Position of Gun Nozzle, Contact Tip, and Work Piece (GMAW or FCAW-S)

10.3.4 Cap Pass Welding. Before capping, the joint should be almost full, about 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) below the surface of the pipe. The cap should be applied with a split layer technique.

11. Nick Break Test The nick break test is used to determine the welding

conditions necessary to obtain sound groove or fillet welded joints in plate or pipe. It is often used to verify nondestructive testing results. American Petroleum Insti­tute Standard 1104 is the only National Standard that in­corporates the use of the nick break test as a required test for qualification of welding procedures and welders. The nick break test is found in AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds.

12. Safety and Health The welding processes and consumables described in

this document can be used safely providing the normal welding safety precautions are taken. If these procedures and precautions are followed, welding can be done safely with minimal health risk.

12.1 Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and al­lied processes produce fumes and gases, which may be harmful to your health.

Possible Effects of Overexposure

• Depending on material involved ranges from irritation of eyes, skin, and respiratory system to more severe complications.

• Effects may occur immediately or at some later time.

23

• Fumes can cause symptoms such as nausea, head­aches, dizziness, and metal fume fever.

• The possibility of more serious heath effects exist when highly toxic materials are involved.

• In confined spaces the gases might displace breathing air causing asphyxiation.

How To Avoid Overexposure

• Keep your head out of the fumes. • Do not breath the fumes. • Use enough ventilation or exhaust at the arc, or both,

to keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and general area.

• In some cases, natural air movement will provide enough ventilation.

• Where ventilation may be questionable air sampling should be used to determine if corrective measures should be applied.

• Follow OSHA guidelines for Permissible Exposure Limits (PWL) for various fumes.

12.2 Radiation. Most arc welding cutting and allied pro­cesses produce quantities of radiation requiring precau­tionary measures. Radiation is electromagnetic energy given off by the arc or flame that can injure eyes and burn skin. The welder sees visible light radiation. However, the welder does not see ultraviolet or infrared radiation. Radiation is often silent and can go undetected, yet in­jury occurs. Have all users learn about the effect of radia­tion. The tow most common injuries of radiation are skin burns and eye damage.

12.2.1 Nonionizing Radiation. The intensity and wavelength of nonionizing radiation (such as ultraviolet, visible light, or infrared radiation) depend on the process welding parameters, electrode and base metal composition,

STD-AWS D10·12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 II 0784265 0519065 868 II AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

fluxes, and any coating or plating on the material. Pro­cesses using argon produce larger amounts of ultraviolet radiation than these using most other shielding gases.

How To Protect Against Nonionizing Radiation:

• Use welding helmet with correct shad of filter plate according to ANSI Z87.1. Note: Transparent welding curtains are not intended as welding filter plates, but rather are intended to protect passerby from inciden­tal exposure.

• Protect exposed skin with adequate gloves and cloth­ing according to ANSI Z49.1

• Beware of reflections from welding arcs and protect all persons from intense reflections. Note: Paints using pigments of substantially zinc oxide or titanium oxide have a low reflectance for ultraviolet radiation

• Choose safety glasses according to ANSI Z87.1 • Have anyone near the welding area wear safety

glasses with UV protective side shields.

12.2.2 Ionizing Radiation. Grinding thoriated tung­sten electrodes produces airborne dust which emits ioniz­ing radiation from the thoria. This dust may be inhaled.

12.3 Electrical Hazards

Introduction

Electric shock can kill, cause severe burns, and cause serious injury if falling happens because of the shock.

How To Avoid Electric Shocks

• Use proper precautionary measures, recommended safe practices, and train personnel to avoid injuries, fatalities, and electrical accidents as follows:

• Read the instruction manual before installing, operat­ing, or servicing the equipment.

• Have all installation, operation, maintenance, an re­pair work performed only by qualified people. Prop­erly install and ground the equipment according to the instruction manual and national, state, and local codes.

• Do not touch live electrical parts. • Wear dry, insulating gloves in good condition and pro­

tective clothing. • Insulate yourself from the workpiece and ground by

wearing dry gloves, rubber soled shoes or standing on a dry insulated mat or platform.

• Do not use worn, damaged, undersized or poorly spliced cables. Make sure all connections are tight, clean and dry.

• Do not wrap cables carrying current around your body.

• Ground workpiece if required by codes. If required, ground the workpiece to a good electrical earth ground. The work lead is not a ground lead. Use a separate connection to ground the workpiece to earth.

24

• Wear a safety harness to prevent falling if working above floor level where there are no other protective measures such as railing, wall, guard fences, or the like.

• Turn off all equipment when not in use. Disconnect the power to equipment it will be left unattended or out off service.

• Disconnect the input power or stop the engine before installing or servicing the equipment.

• Lock the input disconnect switch open, or remove line fuses so power cannot be turned on accidentally.

• Use only well maintained equipment. Repair or re-place damaged parts before further use.

• Keep all covers in place. • Follow lockout out procedures as required be OSHA.

How To Treat for Electric Shock

• Turn off the power. • Use nonconducting materials, such as wood, to pull

the victim from the live contact. • If the victim is not breathing, give cardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR) after breaking contact with the electrical source.

• Call a physician and continue CPR until breathing starts, or until a physician has arrived.

• Treat electrical burn as thermal burn applying clean, cold (iced) compresses.

• Prevent contamination and cover with a clean, dry dressing.

12.4 Fire Prevention. Hot work surfaces can cause fire or explosion if precautionary measures are not followed.

Typical Combustible Materials and Conditions

• Parts of buildings such as floors, partitions, and roofs. • Contents of the buildings such as wood, paper, cloth­

ing, plastics, chemicals, and flammable liquids and gases.

• Outdoor combustible materials include dry leaves, grass, and brush.

• Explosions may occur when performed in spaces con­taining flammable gases, vapors, liquids, or dusts.

How To Prevent Fires

• Before welding, inspect the piping or closed container by using AWS F4.1, Recommended Safe Practices for Preparation for Welding and Cutting of Containers and Piping.

• Remove any combustible material from the work area. • Where possible, move the work to a location well

away from combustible materials. • If relocation is not possible, protect combustibles with

a cover of fire resistant material.

STD-AWS D10-12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 05190bb 7T4 ..

• Remove or make safe all combustible materials for a radius of 10 meters (33 feet) around the work area.

• Use a fire resistant material to cover or block all open doorways, windows, cracks, and other openings.

• If possible, enclose the work area with portable fire resistant screens.

• Protect combustible walls, ceilings, and floors from sparks and heat with fire resistant covers.

• If working on a metal wall or ceiling, prevent ignition of combustibles on the other side by moving the com­bustibles to a safe location.

• If relocation of combustibles cannot be done, desig­nate someone to serve as a fire watch, equipped with a fire extinguisher, during the welding operation and for one half-hour after welding is completed.

• Do not heat material having a combustible coating or combustible internal structure, as in walls or ceilings, without an approved method for eliminating the hazard.

• Keep a charged fire extinguisher nearby and know how to use it.

• After heating, make a thorough examination for evi­dence of fire. Remember that easily visible smoke or flame may not be present for some time after the fire has started.

• Be aware that overloading and improper sizing can cause overheating of electrical equipment.

• Be sure all electrical equipment and wiring are installed properly and have recommended circuit protection.

• Be sure the work cable is connected to the work as close to the welding area as practical. Work cables connected to the building framework or other loca­tions some distance from the welding area increase the possibility of the welding current passing through lifting chains, crane cables, or other alternate circuits, This can create fire hazards or overheat lifting chains or cables until they fail.

• Do not heat in atmospheres containing dangerously reactive or flammable gases, vapors, liquids, or dust.

• Do not apply heat to a container that has held an un­known substance or a combustible material whose contents, when heated, can produce flammable or ex­plosive vapors.

• Do not apply heat to a workpiece covered by an un­known substance or whose coating can produce flam­mable, toxic, or reactive vapors when heated.

• Develop adequate procedures and use proper equip­ment to do the job safely.

• Provide adequate ventilation in work areas to prevent accumulation of flammable gases, vapors, or dusts.

• Clean and purge containers before applying heat.

25

AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

• Vent closed containers, including castings before pre­heating, welding, or cutting. Venting prevents the buildup of pressure and possible explosion due to the heating and the resultant expansion of gases.

12.5 Bum Protection

How To Prevent Bums

• Wear dry hole-free insulating gloves. • Touching hot equipment can cause burns-always

wear insulated gloves or allow a cooling period when touching these and any associated parts of equipment that are near the actual heating operation.

• Wear oil-free protective garments such as leather gloves, heavy shirt, cuff Jess pants, high shoes, and a cap.

• Wear high top shoes or leather leggings and fire resis­tant boots.

• Use approved helmets or hand shields that provide protection for the face, neck and ears, and wear a head covering to protect the head.

• Keep clothing free of grease and oil. • Remove any combustibles, such as a butane lighter or

matches, from your person before doing any heating. • If combustible substances spill on clothing, change to

clean fire resistant clothing before heating. • Do not attempt to repair or disconnect electrical

equipment under load. Disconnecting under load pro­duces arcing of the contacts an may cause burns or shocks.

To Protect Others From Bums

• Use noncombustible screens or barriers to protect nearby persons or watchers.

• Mark hot work pieces to alert other persons of the burn and fire hazards.

• If the job requires several persons, have all wear proper protective gear and follow all required procedures.

12.6 Further Information. These recommended prac­tices may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. Refer to ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cut­ting, and Allied Processes (available from the American Welding Society) and AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets, along with applicable material safety data

sheets,4 so as to be aware of health and safety precau­tions associated with the materials and processes dis­cussed in this document.

4. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are available through the material suppliers.

STD.AWS D10.12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519067 630 .. AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

AnnexA

Pipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifications

(This Annex is a part of AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, and includes mandatory requirements for use with this standard.)

Note: All these Pipe Standard Welding Procedure Specifications are available from the American Welding Society.

Al. Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel

AWS 82.1-1-016-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-112 inch Thick, £7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition

AWS 82.1-1-017-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1 /P-1/S-1, Group I or 2), I /8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, £6010, As-Welded or PWHTCondition

A WS 82.1-1-022-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical Uphill) Followed by £7018, As­Welded or PWHT Condition

A WS 82.1-1-026-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1,P-1,S-1, Group 1 or 2). 1/8 through 1-112 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical Downhill) Followed by £7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition

AWS 82.1-1-201-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical Uphill) Followed by £7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-202-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of

27

Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical Downhill) Followed by £7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-203-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded Con­dition, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-204-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical Downhill Root with the Balance Vertical Uphill), As-Welded Condition, Prima­rily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-205-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group I or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical U phil/) Followed by £7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-206-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, £6010 (Vertical Downhill) Followed by £7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded or PWHTCondition, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-208-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E70 18, As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications

STD.AWS D10-12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519068 577 .. AWS 01 0.12M/01 0.12:2000

A2. Flux Cored Arc Welding of Carbon Steel

A WS 82.1-1-018-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1 /P-1 /S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, £71 T-8, As-Welded Condition

AWS 82.1-1-019-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for C02 Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1 Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E70T-1 and E71T-1, As-Welded Condition

AWS 82.1-1-020-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for 75% Ar/25% C02 Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E70T-1 and £7/T-1, As­Welded or PWHT Condition

A WS 82.1-1-027-98, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1 /P-1 !S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1/2 inch Thick, £71 T-11, As-Welded Condition

A3. Gas Thngsten Arc Welding of Carbon Steel

AWS 82.1.002-90, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Carbon Steel, (M-1/P-1, Group 1 or 2), 3/16 through 718 inch in the As-Welded Condition, with or without Backing

28

AWS 82.1-1-207-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER70S-2, As-Welded or PWHT Condi­tion, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-209-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Fol­lowed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER70S-2 and £7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-210-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with Consumable Inserts of Carbon Steel (M-I /P-I IS-I, Group I or 2), I/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, INMs-I and ER70S-2, As- Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications

AWS 82.1-1-211-96, Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with Consumable Inserts Followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group I or 2), 1/8 through I- I /2 inch Thick, £7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications

A WS 82.1-1-021-94, Standard Welding Procedure Specification for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Followed by Shielded Meta/Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-I, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER70S-2 and £70 I 8, As-Welded or PWHT Condition

STD.AWS D10.12M/D1D-12-ENGL 2DDD .. D7842bS DS19Db9 403 .. AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

Annex B

Glossary of Terms

(This Annex is a part of AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, and includes mandatory requirements for use with this standard.)

The terms and definitions in this glossary are defined as they relate to these recommended practices. Other welding terms used shall be interpreted in accordance with the definitions given in the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.

cap pass. Also called a cover pass. This is the last pass on the outside of the pipe. The cap pass should be 0.8-1.6 mm (0.03-0.06 in.) higher than the pipe sur­face, and it should overlap the groove about 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) on each side.

till pass. These passes are between the root or hot pass and the cap pass.

hot pass. The pipe welders' term for the second pass made vertical-down on pipe. This pass must melt out any wagon tracks of the root pass, hence it is always run at fairly high current and is referred to as a "hot" pass.

inside bead. The reinforcement or buildup normally required on the inside of the pipe when welded from the outside only and without a backing ring.

keyhole. The controlled melting condition that produces a keyhole configuration during the first pass vertical­down on the pipe. The arc penetrates completely through the workpiece forming a hole at the leading edge of the molten weld metal. As the heat source progresses, the molten metal fills in behind the hole to form the weld bead. When the proper keyhole config­uration is maintained, the welder can be certain that he is getting the required penetration. This term and condition apply only to the first pass and only on a

29

joint preparation that is open on the backside; it would not apply when a backing ring is used.

puddle. The pipe welders' term for the AWS preferred term "weld pool," the liquid state of weld prior to solidification as weld metal.

stepping technique. A step-up technique; a fairly short but rapid back-stepping technique used by pipe weld­ers to more effectively control penetration, bead shape, and slag control. It is most frequently used on the second pass (hot pass) to melt out wagon tracks. Its use is restricted to the application of cellulosic electrodes (EXXlO and EXXll, AWS A5.1, Specifi­cation for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding). Some operators refer to this as a "step­ping" technique.

stickout. The length of unmelted electrode extending beyond the end of the gas nozzle. Shortening the stickout increases heat and penetration. Lengthening the stickout cools the puddle and reduces penetration.

stripper pass. Extra pass sometimes applied as a fill­pass.

wagon tracks. External undercut beside the stringer pass side wall undercut. The term is used by welders to describe the undercut that occurs on the beveled side walls of the pipe and is the result of the penetration required to put in a good stringer pass. This undercut condition is corrected and eliminated by the applica­tion of the second pass, commonly called a "hot pass." This term and condition are generally restricted to welds made with cellulosic electrodes (EXXlO and

STD-AWS D10-12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519070 125 .. AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

EXX11, AWS A5.1, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding).

whipping. A manual welding technique in which the arc or flame is manipulated to alternate backwards and forwards as it progresses along the weld path.

30

windows. Burn through; a term used by pipe welders to describe a burn through condition on the first pass. With good welding techniques, these windows either will not occur or will be few in number and short in length, and may or may not be corrected by the hot pass.

STD.AWS D10-12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 II 0784265 0519071 061 II AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

AnnexC

Required Filler Metal per Joint for Mild Steel Pipe

This Annex is not a part of AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, but is included for information purposes only.)

The following give the weight of filler metal required for the typical joint illustrated. The values listed are weights of filler metal; they do not include allowances for stub loss or deposition efficiency of the process (see Figure Cl and Table Cl ).

A

A = 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) A

Figure Cl-Typical Joint

31

STD.AWS D10-12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 II 07842b5 0519072 TT8 II AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

Table C1 (page 1 of 2) Filler Metal Required per Joint for Mild Steel Pipe

This table gives the weight of filler metal required for the typical butt weld joint illustrated in Figure Ct. The values listed are weights of filler metal; they do not include allowances for stub loss of deposition efficiency of the process.

Piping Dimensions

Nominal Pipe Diameter Outside Inside Wall Weight of Size Number Diameter (OD) Diameter (ID) Thickness Filler Metal

ON NPS Sch. mm (in.) mm (in.) mm (in.) kg (I b)

40 1-1/2 5 48.3 (1.90) 45.0 (I. 77) 1.7 (0.07) 0.009 (0.02) 40 1-1/2 10 48.3 (1.90) 42.7 (1.68) 2.8 (0.11) O.Dl4 (0.03) 40 1-1/2 40 48.3 (I. 90) 40.9 (1.61) 3.7 (0.15) O.Dl8 (0.04) 40 1-1/2 40 48.3 (1.90) 45.0 (I. 77) 1.7 (0.07) 0.009 (0.02)

60 2 60.3 (2.38) 56.1 (2.21) 2.1 (0.08) 0.014 (0.03) 60 2 60.3 (2.38) 54.8 (2.16) 2.8 (0.11) 0.018 (0.04) 60 2 40 60.3 (2.38) 52.5 (2.07) 3.9 (0.15) 0.023 (0.05) 60 2 60.3 (2.38) 51.8 (2.04) 4.2 (0.17) 0.027 (0.06) 60 2 60.3 (2.38) 49.3 (1.94) 5.5 (0.22) 0.032 (0.07)

65 2-1/2 73.0 (2.88) 68.8 (2.71) 2.1 (0.08) O.Dl8 (0.04) 65 2-1/2 73.0 (2.88) 66.9 (2.64) 3.1 (0.12) 0.023 (0.05) 65 2-1/2 40 73.0 (2.88) 62.7 (2.47) 5.2 (0.20) 0.041 (0.09) 65 2-1/2 73.0 (2.88) 62.0 (2.44) 5.5 (0.22) 0.045 (0.10)

80 3 88.9 (3.50) 84.7 (3.33) 2.1 (0.08) O.Dl8 (0.04) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 82.8 (3.26) 3.1 (0.12) 0.027 (0.06) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 82.5 (3.25) 3.2 (0.13) 0.027 (0.06) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 81.4 (3.20) 3.8 (0.15) 0.036 (0.08) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 81.0 (3.19) 4.0 (0.16) 0.036 (0.08) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 79.3 (3.12) 4.8 (0.19) 0.045 (0.10) 80 3 40 88.9 (3.50) 77.9 (3.07) 5.5 (0.22) 0.059 (0.13) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 76.7 (3.02) 6.1 (0.24) 0.068 (0.15) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 76.2 (3.00) 6.4 (0.25) 0.073 (0.16) 80 3 88.9 (3.50) 74.6 (2.94) 7.1 (0.28) 0.086 (0.19)

90 3-1/2 101.6 (4.00) 95.2 (3.75) 3.2 (0.13) 0.032 (0.07) 90 3-1/2 101.6 (4.00) 93.7 (3.69) 4.0 (0.16) 0.041 (0.09) 90 3-1/2 40 101.6 (4.00) 89.4 (3.52) 6.1 (0.24) 0.077 (0.17) 90 3-1/2 101.6 (4.00) 88.9 (3.50) 6.4 (0.25) 0.082 (0.18) 90 3-1/2 101.6 (4.00) 88.7 (3.49) 6.5 (0.25) 0.082 (0.18) 90 3-1/2 101.6 (4.00) 86.9 (3.42) 7.3 (0.29) 0.104 (0.23)

100 4 114.3 (4.50) 106.4 (4.19) 4.0 (0.16) 0.049 (0.11) 100 4 114.3 (4.50) 105.6 (4.16) 4.4 (0.17) 0.054 (0.12) 100 4 114.3 (4.50) 104.7 ( 4.12) 4.8 (0.19) 0.063 (0.14) 100 4 114.3 (4.50) 104.0 (4.09) 5.2 (0.20) 0.068 (0.15) 100 4 114.3 (4.50) 103.2 (4.06) 5.6 (0.22) 0.077 (0.17) 100 4 40 114.3 (4.50) 102.3 (4.03) 6.0 (0.24) 0.086 (0.19) 100 4 114.3 (4.50) 101.6 (4.00) 6.4 (0.25) 0.091 (0.20) 100 4 114.3 (4.50) 100.0 (3.94) 7.1 (0.28) 0.109 (0.24) 100 4 114.3 (4.50) 98.5 (3.88) 7.9 (0.31) 0.122 (0.27) 100 4 80 114.3 (4.50) 97.2 (3.83) 8.6 (0.34) 0.150 (0.33) 100 4 100 114.3 (4.50) 92.0 (3.62) 11.1 (0.44) 0.227 (0.50)

32

STD.AWS D10·12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519073 934 .. AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

Table C1 (page 2 of 2) Filler Metal Required per Joint for Carbon Steel Pipe

This table gives the weight of filler metal required for the typical butt weld joint illustrated in Figure Ct. The values listed are weights of filler metal; they do not include allowances for stub loss of deposition efficiency of the process.

Piping Dimensions

Nominal Pipe Diameter Outside Inside Wall Weight of Size Number Diameter (OD) Diameter (JD) Thickness Filler Metal

DN NPS Sch. mm (in.) mm (in.) mm (in.) kg (lb)

125 5 141.2 (5.56) 133.3 (5.25) 4.0 (0.16) 0.059 (0.13) 125 5 141.2 (5.56) 131.7 (5.18) 4.8 (0.19) 0.077 (0.17) 125 5 141.2 (5.56) 130.1 (5.12) 5.6 (0.22) 0.095 (0.21) 125 5 40 141.2 (5.56) 128.1 (5.04) 6.6 (0.26) 0.122 (0.27) 125 5 141.2 (5.56) 126.9 (5.00) 7.1 (0.28) 0.136 (0.30) 125 5 141.2 (5.56) 125.4 (4.94) 7.9 (0.31) 0.163 (0.36) 125 5 141.2 (5.56) 123.7 (4.87) 8.7 (0.34) 0.190 (0.42) 125 5 80 141.2 (5.56) 122.2 (4.81) 9.5 (0.37) 0.218 (0.48) 125 5 120 141.2 (5.56) 115.8 (4.56) 12.7 (0.50) 0.358 (0.79)

150 6 168.4 (6.63) 160.5 (6.32) 4.0 (0.16) 0.073 (0.16) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 159.7 (6.29) 4.4 (0.17) 0.082 (0.18) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 158.8 (6.25) 4.8 (0.19) 0.091 (0.20) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 158.1 (6.22) 5.2 (0.20) 0.100 (0.22) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 157.3 (6.19) 5.6 (0.22) 0.113 (0.25) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 155.7 (6.13) 6.4 (0.25) 0.136 (0.30) 150 6 40 168.4 (6.63) 154.2 (6.07) 7.1 (0.28) 0.163 (0.36) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 152.6 (6.01) 7.9 (0.31) 0.195 (0.43) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 150.9 (5.94) 8.7 (0.34) 0.227 (0.50) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 149.3 (5.88) 9.5 (0.38) 0.263 (0.58) 150 6 80 168.4 (6.63) 146.5 (5.77) 11.0 (0.43) 0.336 (0.74) 150 6 168.4 (6.63) 143.0 (5.63) 12.7 (0.50) 0.431 (0.95)

200 8 219.1 (8.63) 211.2 (8.31) 4.8 (0.16) 0.118 (0.26) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 208.8 (8.22) 5.2 (0.20) 0.132 (0.29) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 207.9 (8.19) 5.6 (0.22) 0.150 (0.33) 200 8 20 219.1 (8.63) 206.4 (8.13) 6.4 (0.25) 0.181 (0.40) 200 8 30 219.1 (8.63) 205.0 (8.07) 7.0 (0.28) 0.213 (0.47) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 203.2 (8.00) 7.9 (0.31) 0.254 (0.56) 200 8 40 219.1 (8.63) 202.7 (7.98) 8.2 (0.32) 0.268 (0.59) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 201.6 (7.94) 8.7 (0.34) 0.299 (0.66) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 200.0 (7.88) 9.5 (0.38) 0.345 (0.76) 200 8 60 219.1 (8.63) 198.5 (7.81) 10.3 (0.41) 0.395 (0.87) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 196.9 (7.75) 11.1 (0.44) 0.454 (1.00) 200 8 80 219.1 (8.63) 193.7 (7.63) 12.7 (0.50) 0.567 (1.25) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 190.5 (7.50) 14.3 (0.56) 0.698 (1.54) 200 8 100 219.1 (8.63) 188.9 (7.44) 15.1 (0.59) 0.771 (1.70) 200 8 219.1 (8.63) 187.3 (7.38) 15.88 (0.63) 0.848 (1.87)

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STD-AWS D10.12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519074 870 .. AWS 010.12M/D10.12:2000

Annex D

Inspection and Testing

This Annex is not a part of AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, but is included for information purposes only.)

Dl. Code or Specification Welding

If welding is to be done in accordance with a specific code or specification then the inspection and testing must also be done in the manner prescribed by that same code or specification unless otherwise prescribed in contract documents. Examples, AWS 82.1, Standard for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code; Section IX, Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing Operators, API 1104, Standard for Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities, ASME Code for Pressure Piping, 831, etc.

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D2. Non-Code or Non-Specification Welding

In the absence of a governing code or specification it is recommended that an AWS document be followed. One or more of the following documents may be applicable:

AWS 81.10, Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Welds

AWS 81.11, Guide for the Visual Inspection of Welds

AWS 84.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds

STD.AWS D10·12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519075 707 .. AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000

Annex E

Guidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries for AWS Technical Committees

(This Annex is not a part of AWS D10.12M/D10.12:2000, Guide for Welding Mild Steel Pipe, but is included for information purposes only.)

El. Introduction The AWS Board of Directors has adopted a policy

whereby all official interpretations of AWS standards will be handled in a formal manner. Under that policy, all interpretations are made by the committee that is respon­sible for the standard. Official communication concern­ing an interpretation is through the A WS staff member who works with that committee. The policy requires that all requests for an interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possi­ble but due to the complexity of the work and the proce­dures that must be followed, some interpretations may require considerable time.

E2. Procedure All inquiries must be directed to:

Managing Director, Technical Services American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road Miami, FL33126

All inquiries must contain the name, address, and af­filiation of the inquirer, and they must provide enough in­formation for the committee to fully understand the point of concern in the inquiry. Where that point is not clearly defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and should also be in the format used here.

E2.1 Scope. Each inquiry must address one single pro­vision of the standard, unless the point of the inquiry

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involves two or more interrelated provisions. That provi­sion must be identified in the scope of the inquiry, along with the edition of the standard that contains the provi­sions or that the inquirer is addressing.

E2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry. The purpose of the inquiry must be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose can be either to obtain an interpretation of a standard re­quirement, or to request the revision of a particular provi­sion in the standard.

E2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to quickly and fully understand the point of the inquiry. Sketches should be used when appropriate and all paragraphs, fig­ures, and tables (or the Annex), which bear on the in­quiry must be cited. If the point of the inquiry is to obtain a revision of the standard, the inquiry must provide tech­nical justification for that revision.

E2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a pro­posed reply, state an interpretation of the provision that is the point of the inquiry, or the wording for a proposed re­vision, if that is what inquirer seeks.

E3. Interpretation of Provisions of the Standard

Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made by the relevant AWS Technical Committee. The secre­tary of the committee refers all inquiries to the chairman of the particular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the portion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply

STD·AWS D10.12M/D10.12-ENGL 2000 .. 0784265 0519076 643 .. AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

to determine what the response to the inquiry should be. Following the subcommittee's development of the re­sponse, the inquiry and the response are presented to the entire committee for review and approval. Upon approval by the committee, the interpretation will be an official in­terpretation of the Society, and the secretary will transmit the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal for publication.

E4. Publication of Interpretations

All official interpretations will appear in the Welding Journal.

E5. Telephone Inquiries Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning

AWS standards should be limited to questions of a gen­eral nature or to matters directly related to the use of the standard. The Board of Directors' Policy requires that all AWS staff members respond to a telephone request for

38

an official interpretation of any AWS standard with the information that such an interpretation can be obtained only through a written request. The Headquarters Staff can not provide consulting services. The staff can, how­ever, refer a caller to any of those consultants whose names are on file at AWS Headquarters.

E6. The AWS Technical Committee

The activities of AWS Technical Committees in regard to interpretations, are limited strictly to the Interpretation of provisions of standards prepared by the Committee or to consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the basis of new data or technology. Neither the committee nor the staff is in a position to offer interpretive or con­sulting services on: (1) specific engineering problems, or (2) requirements of standards applied to fabrications out­side the scope of the document or points not specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer should seek assistance from a competent engineer experienced in the particular field of interest.

STD.AWS D10·12M/D10-12-ENGL 2000 II 0784265 0519077 58T II AWS 01 0.12M/D1 0.12:2000

AWS List of Documents on Piping and Tubing Welding

The following is a list of documents prepared by the AWS DlO Committee on Piping and Tubing:

AWS Designation Title

D10.4 Recommended Practices for Welding Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Piping and Tubing

D10.6 Recommended Practices for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Titanium Piping and Tubing

D10.7M/D10.7 Guide for the Gas Shielded Arc Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Pipe

D10.8 Recommended Practices for Welding Chromium-Molybdenum Steel Piping and Tubing

DlO.lO/DlOM Recommended Practices for Local Heating of Welds in Piping and Tubing

D10.11 Recommended Practices for Root Pass Welding of Pipe Without Backing

D10.12M/D10.12 Guide for Welding Mild Carbon Steel Pipe

D10.13M/D10.13 Recommended Practices for the Brazing of Copper Pipe and Tubing for Medical Gas Systems

For ordering information, contact the AWS Order Department, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Telephones: (800) 334-9353, (305) 443-9353, ext. 280; FAX (305) 443-7559.

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