guide to concete for housing
TRANSCRIPT
8/9/2019 Guide to Concete for Housing
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CCAA T53
Guide to Concrete for Housing
G
u i d e
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G
u i d e
Frt pbhed Jne 2000 a
The Housing Concrete Handbook
CCAA T53
© Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa 2007
Except where the Cprht Act aw therwe, n
part th pbcatn ma be reprdced, tred n
a retreva tem n an rm r tranmtted b an
mean wtht prr permn n wrtn rm
Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa.
The nrmatn prvded n th pbcatn ntended
r enera dance n and n n wa repace the
ervce prena cntant n partcar prject.
N abt can therere be accepted b Cement
Cncrete & Areate Atraa r t e.
DEsigN AND lAyouT Heen Rx Den
illusTRATioN TechMeda Pbhn Pt ltd
isBN 978-1-877023-20-0
Guide to Concrete or Housing
Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia
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ii Guide to Concrete or Housing
Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa a nt-r-
prt ranatn etabhed n 1928 and cmmtted
t ervn the Atraan cntrctn cmmnt.
CCAA acknweded natna and nternatna
a Atraa' remt cement and cncrete
nrmatn bd – takn a eadn re n edcatn
and trann, reearch and devepment, technca
nrmatn and advr ervce, and ben a
ncant cntrbtr t the preparatn Cde andstandard aectn bdn and bdn matera.
CCAA' prncpa am are t prtect and extend
the e cement, cncrete and areate b
advancn knwede, k and prenam n
Atraan cncrete cntrctn and b prmtn
cntna awarene prdct, ther ener-ecent
prperte and ther e, and the cntrbtn the
ndtr make tward a better envrnment.
Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa
ABN 34 000 020 486
CCAA offiCes
sYDNeY offiCe:
Level 6, 504 Pacific Highway
St Leonards NSW Australia 2065
PosTAL ADDRess:
Locked Bag 2010
St Leonards NSW 1590
TeLePHoNe: (61 2) 9437 9711
fACsiMiLe: (61 2) 9437 9470
BRisBANe offiCe:
Level 14, IBM Building
348 Edward Street
Brisbane QLD 4000
TeLePHoNe: (61 7) 3831 3288
fACsiMiLe: (61 7) 3839 6005
MeLBoURNe offiCe:
2nd Floor, 1 Hobson Street
South Yarra VIC 3141
TeLePHoNe: (61 3) 9825 0200
fACsiMiLe: (61 3) 9825 0222
PeRTH offiCe:
45 Ventnor Avenue
West Perth WA 6005
TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 9389 4452
fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 9389 4451
ADeLAiDe offiCe:
Greenhill Executive Suites
213 Greenhill Road
Eastwood SA 5063
PosTAL ADDRess:
PO Box 229
Fullarton SA 5063
TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 8274 3758
fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 8373 7210
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE
PO Box 243
Henley Beach SA 5022
TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 8353 8151
fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 8353 8151
TAsMANiAN offiCe:
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE
PO Box 246
Sheffield TAS 7306
TeLePHoNe: (61 3) 6491 2529
fACsiMiLe: (61 3) 6491 2529
WeBsiTe: www.concrete.net.au
eMAiL: [email protected]
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Guide to Concrete or Housing iii
Glssary Terms
Preace
01 Cocrete Propertes 1
02 Cocrete Materals
2.1 Cement and ppementar
cementt matera 2
2.2 Admxtre 3
2.3 Water 3
03 Specg, Orderg ad Testg
3.1 specn 4
3.2 ordern 4
3.3 Tetn 5
04 From Batchg Plat to Fshed Cocrete
4.1 Tranprtn 8
4.2 Pacn 9
4.3 Cmpactn and vbratn 10
4.4 Fnhn 13
4.5 Crn 15
4.6 Eect weather cndtn 17
05 Formwor ad Reorcemet
5.1 Frmwrk 20
5.2 Prpe renrcement 22
5.3 Tpe renrcement 24
5.4 Fxn renrcement 24
5.5 Cver t renrcement 25
5.6 imprtant cnderatn r
renrcement 25
5.7 inpectn 26
06 Cracs ad Crac Cotrol
6.1 genera 27
6.2 Prehardenn crack 27
6.3 Crack n hardened cncrete 296.4 Jnt 30
07 Footg Tpes
7.1 genera 35
7.2 stened rat 35
7.3 Wafe rat 35
7.4 stened ab wth deep ede beam 36
7.5 Ftn ab 36
7.6 strp/pad tn 37
7.7 Per/pe and ab 37
08 Paths ad Drewas
8.1 genera 38
8.2 Pannn 38
8.3 Den 38
8.4 Cntrctn 39
09 Cocrete Fshes
9.1 Cred cncrete 42
9.2 Patterned cncrete 45
9.3 Exped-areate nhe 49
9.4 spra-n tppn 52
10 Toppgs
10.1 genera 55
10.2 Tppn paced drn cntrctn
(mnthc tppn) 55
10.3 Tppn paced ver extncncrete ab 56
11 Mortars, Reders ad Roo-tle Beddg
11.1 Mrtar r manr 57
11.2 Render 59
11.3 R-te beddn and pntn 62
12 Trobleshootg ad Repars
12.1 Deect – Preventn and repar 63
12.2 Crack repar 67
12.3 genera repar 68
Apped A Reereced Australa Stadards 69
Apped B Releat CCAA Publcats 70
Contents
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iv Guide to Concrete or Housing
Admtre
A btance ther than water, areate r cement
that added t a cncrete r mrtar mx t mprve
r md me the prperte the mx, r the
retn cncrete r mrtar.
Thee ncde pment (crn aent), mder
t w r acceerate the ettn tme, patcer
t ncreae wrkabt, water prn and water-
redcn aent.
Aggregates
The ranar nredent a cncrete r mrtar mx:
natra and, rave and crhed rck. Areate
make p t 80% the vme cncrete.
Alphatc alcohols
Aphatc ach are a tpe evapratn retarder.Thee prdct w the rate evapratn water
rm the cncrete race t enabe a beedwater
t re t the race wtht prematre drn
the race and pb drn hrnkae crackn
drn ht weather cndtn. The d nt aect the
cncrete’ trctra perrmance, r mt the chce
nhn technqe. The hd nt be cned
wth crn cmpnd.
Cemet
A tpe prtand and bended cement cnrmn
t As 3972.
Cemet Paste
The mxtre cement and water
Compacto
Remva entrapped ar n rder t cndate
the cncrete mx: t the rm, rrnd the
renrcement and t acheve the trenth, drabt
and qat nhe peced.
Crg
Keepn the race cncrete, mrtar r render
cntn damp, ater pacement, t w
evapratn and t enre enh mtre r
ptmm hdratn and beqent hardenn. Prper
crn drn the ear e (7–10 da) cncrete
mprve t trenth and drabt, and redce
crackn and dtn race.
Eorescece
Dept be at that rm n the race
bdn matera ch a brck, mrtar, and
cncrete. The at ma be preent n the matera
r rndwater and mrate t the race drn
evapratn.
Flatwor
Cncrete fr and pavement.
Hdrato
A ere chemca reactn ater cement
mxed wth water, retn n the rmatn new
cmpnd that bnd the areate wthn the
cncrete tether. Drn hdratn the cncrete,
mrtar r render prreve an n trenth a
the cement pate harden.
Latace
A aer weak, nn-drabe matera brht t the
race b beedn, and exacerbated b verwrkn
the race wet cncrete when nhn.
Matr
The mxtre cement pate and ne areate
(and) that bnd the care areate.
Plastc settlemet cracg
srace crackn caed when cncrete ette ver
an embedded bject, r exampe renrcn meh rervce ppe, and at a chane n depth cncrete.
The crack a appear n the race parae t
the retrann bject. it ten happen n cncrete
cntann t mch water, and recevn ncent
cmpactn.
Plastc shrage cracg
srace crackn caed b prematre mtre
rm the race patc cncrete: a n ht and
wnd cndtn.
Glossary o Terms
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Guide to Concrete or Housing v
Pozzolas
sce, r amn-ce matera that have tte
r n cementt prperte bt w, n the preence
me and water, react wth cacm hdrxde t rm
cmpnd wth cementt prperte. Pzzan
are better knwn a ‘f ah’ and ‘ca me’
Segregato
An neven dtrbtn ne and care areate
n the cncrete. The cae ncde exce water n
the mx; cncrete an mre than tw metre nt
pace; cement pate eakn rm rmwrk; and pr
(t tte r t mch) cmpactn.
Slmp (slmp test)
A tandarded meare the cntenc reh-mxed cncrete. it ve an ndcatn the water
cntent, and the wrkabt the mx. smp ne
the prperte peced when cncrete rdered.
Water-cemet rato
The rat the ma (a centc meare the
weht) the water n the cncrete t the ma
the cement n the cncrete, mrtar, render r rt.
Addn water t a mx ncreae the water-cement
rat. The hher the water-cement rat, the wer the
trenth and drabt.
Worablt
The deree eae handn, pacn and nhn
cncrete r mrtar. The reater the mp r water-
cement rat (ee bth term abve), the reater the
wrkabt.
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vi Guide to Concrete or Housing
Th de wrtten, prmar, a a reerence de
r he bder and tradepepe wrkn wth
cncrete, mrtar and render. TAFE tdent and
ther ntrctr w nd t a hep reerence; and
den prena w nd t nrmatve. it pdate
and perede the earer pbcatn The Housing Concrete Handbook , Jne 2000.
it ve practca nrmatn abt the e
cncrete, mrtar and render n the cntrctn
he and ther ma bdn, ncdn fr,
drvewa, path, and pat.
it cver the eenta tpc n enh deta t ve
he bder a the need t knw abt d
qat cncretn, and t aert them t pr practce.
Mre cmprehenve technca nrmatn abt
the e cncrete n a rm cntrctn can
be nd n CCAA' Guide to Concrete Construction
(T41). Frther nrmatn n pecc appcatn
can be nd n a nmber pbcatn prdced
b Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa and
enera avaabe ree n CCAA webte
www.cocrete.et.a. Reevant ne appcabe
t the bject area cvered b th pbcatn are
ted n Apped B.
CAuTiOn
Remember when wrkn wth cement, cncrete,
mrtar and ther cement-baed matera
r preabrcated prdct, awa w the
manactrer’ ntrctn, and eek advce rm themanactrer, WrkCver r Wrkae Atraa abt
wrkn ae wth thee prdct.
i have an dbt abt wrkn wth cncrete
r cement-baed matera cntact Cement Cncrete
& Areate Atraa bere tartn the wrk; r
are nre abt the tattr apprva
w need cntact the HiA bere tartn wrk. ue
nrmatn can be nd n the wn eafet
avaabe rm CCAA webte www.cocrete.et.a:
≥ Working Safely with Wet Concrete
≥ Working Safely with Dry Concrete Materials
≥ Concrete Safe Site Delivery
Preace
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Guide to Concrete or Housing
Cncrete a verate matera wth man e.
gd cncrete, that whch acheve t peced
prperte, depend rt a n the care eectn
and prprtnn t cnttent matera, and
n eectve methd r t handn, pacn,
cmpactn, nhn and crn.
in t bac rm, cncrete a mxtre cement,
water, ne and care areate, whch patc
(can be wrked and mded) when rt mxed, and
harden t a d ma.
The prperte cncrete, n t patc and hardened
tate, are aected b the phca charactertc,
the chemca cmptn, and the prprtn
the nredent n the mxtre. in t hardened
tate cncrete mt be trn enh t carr the
ad mped n t, and drabe enh t ret
wear, weather and chemca attack. in t patc
tate t mt t the methd handn, pacn,
cmpactn and nhn.
The cement pate (cement and water) n the mxtre
brcate the areate and aw them t
mve ree whe the cncrete ben paced and
cmpacted. genera, the mre cement pate n
the mxtre, the mre wrkabe the cncrete. it
mprtant that cncrete devered t te cent
wrkabe r t t be paced and cmpacted b the
mean avaabe. i t nt prper paced and
cmpacted, cncrete w nt acheve t ptentatrenth and drabt.
Addtn water ncreae the wrkabt, bt
dte and weaken the cement pate. in th
repect, cement pate ke an ther e: dtn
w weaken t. it the am cncrete mx den,
r prprtnn, t trke a baance between the
need r wrkabt, that cncrete can be paced
and nhed, and the need r t t be trn and
drabe. Wrkabt can a be mprved b the
e chemca admxtre ch a water redcer
(patcer).
Man the charactertc cncrete, partcar t
trenth and drabt, depend n the devepment
chemca and phca bnd: the cement pate
te a t hdrate (ee ar), and between the
cement pate and the areate partce a thecncrete harden. The chemca reactn between
cement and water (hdratn) take tme. Cncrete
mt therere be kept cntn mt (cred) r
a tme t enre that hdratn cntne and that the
cncrete acheve t ptenta trenth and drabt.
Technt e a rane matera ther than
cement, water and areate t md the
prperte cncrete. Thee ncde pzzanc and
ther cementt matera, chemca admxtre,
and peca areate.
Concrete Properties
O1
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2.1 CEMEnTS AnD SuPPLEMEnTARy
CEMEnTiTiOuS MATERiALS
The term ‘cement’ cver a wde varet ranc and
nranc bndn aent. B ar the mt wde ed
are the knwn a prtand cement: ne rnd
nranc matera that have a trn hdracbndn actn. Thee bnder, when mxed wth water,
w harden n the abence ar t prdce a tabe,
drabe prdct.
Hdrac cement manactred n Atraa a
brad nt tw cae, name prtand cement
and bended cement, bth prdced t As 3792.
Tpe GP – Geeral prpose portlad cemet
Tpe gP cement ed a a enera-prpe cement
ted t a tpe cntrctn, ncdn majr
cntrctn prject and n precat cncrete prdctmanactre. Tpe gP cement ma cntan p t 5%
apprved mnera addtn (e metne, f ah
and rnd ranated bat-rnace a).
Tpe GB – Geeral prpose bleded cemet
Tpe gB cement ncrprate ppementar
cementt matera (ch a f ah and a) ed
at rate reater than 5%. Tpca 10–40% r f ah,
p t 65% a and p t 10% r amrph ca.
De t the bendn nredent, Tpe gB cement
ha a wde rane appcatn r redenta
cntrctn n cncrete, rt, mrtar and render.
Tpe gB cement an trenth at a wer rate than
Tpe gP cement bt 28-da trenth ma be mar.
Masor cemet
Manr cement a ne rnd mxtre prtand
cement cnker, pm and tabe nranc
matera ch a hdrated me, metne and
pzzan. it charactered b prdcn mrtar
hh wrkabt and hh water retentn, bt whch
have a wer rate trenth devepment than the
made rm prtand cement. Thee charactertc
make manr cement epeca tabe r manr
wrk bt ntabe r an rm trctra cncrete.
O-whte ad whte portlad cemets
The re cr prtand cement de man t
the preence rn. B wern the rn cntent, ht
cred cement can be prdced. o-whte and
whte cement are ed prncpa r archtectraappcatn. o-whte cement prdced n
Atraa t meet the enera reqrement r Tpe
gP cement whe whte cement are mprted. i a
‘whte’ cncrete reqred, n -whte cement
wth a whte ttanm xde pment n e the
mre expenve mprted whte cement hd be
cndered.
Spplemetar cemettos materals (SCMs)
sCM are dened a f ah, rnd ranated
bat-rnace a and amrph ca, whch are
added t cncrete t mprve t charactertc and
prperte. Thee addtve are rced rm ndtr
b-prdct.
Fl ash the ne rede extracted rm the fe
ae at ca-red pwer tatn. Thee partce are
pherca hape wth a a appearance and are
prceed t meet the reqrement As 3582.1.
Grod gralated blast-race slag (slag) a
nn-metac matera prdced mtane wth
rn n a bat rnace and whch then ranated
b the rapd qenchn prce. it pee atenthdrac prperte t wn whch are actvated b
an akane matera ch a prtand cement, th
prdcn addtna cementt matera. sa
prceed t meet the reqrement As 3582.2.
Amorphos slca a ver ne pzzanc matera
cmped mt crtane ca. Ether natra
ccrrn r a bprdct prdcn cn meta
r errcn a (ca me), r redenta
appcatn t man e wd be n htcrete mxe
r wmmn p. A mre ecnmca aternatve
whch ncrean ben ed tra-ne fah. Amrph ca prceed t meet the
reqrement As 3582.3.
How do SCMs wor cocrete?
When prtand cement react wth water, cacm
hdrxde prdced. Th matera be and
add tte t the trenth cncrete. F ah and
amrph ca, hwever, react wth the cacm
hdrxde t rm nbe cementt cmpnd
mar t prtand cement. sa actvated b
cacm hdrxde and the akane envrnment wthn
cncrete.
Concrete Materials
O2
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Potetal beefts o SCMs
≥ imprved wrkabt
≥ lwer water demand r cntant wrkabt
≥ Redctn n beedn
≥ Enhanced cncrete drabt
≥ Mre cheve mx
≥ lner ettn perd
≥ Hher tmate trenth
≥ Redced heat hdratn.
2.2 ADMixTuRES
Admtres are caed b the charactertc, r
prncpa, eect n the cncrete. Mt cncrete
decrbed b the pper a ether a ‘mmer-mx’
r a ‘wnter-mx’, and w ncde admxtre thataect ettn tme t t the prevan cndtn.
Admxtre are prdced n Atraa t the
reqrement As 1478.1.
Ar-etrag admtres are added t cncrete
t mprve t wrkabt and chevene and t
redce the water demand, thereb redcn beedn
and matera ereatn. Exceve amnt w
redce ptenta trenth. As 1379 aw p t 5%
ar entranment.
Set-retardg admtres w the ettn
cncrete. The are e drn warm t ht weathercndtn, and when a cncrete mx mt be
tranprted n dtance.
Set-acceleratg admtres redce the ettn tme
cncrete. The are ten ed drn c t cd
weather cndtn.
Water-redcg admtres dpere the cement
partce and mprve the wrkabt the cncrete
wtht the addtn water.
Hgh- rage-water-redcg admtres
(sperpatcer) ncreae the fdt thecncrete; mprvn the wrkabt r eaer
pacement where, r exampe, renrcement
cneted r the rmwrk make pacement dct.
Wrkn tme depend n the tpe and dae. un
perpatcer de nt remve the need r prper
cmpactn.
2.3 WATER
Mt cncrete peccatn mp reqre that
mxn water ha be ptabe, e t r drnkn; r
that t be cean and ree rm mprte harm t
cncrete. genera, water drawn rm retcatedtwn-water ppe tabe r makn cncrete.
The reqrement r mxn water and mt r
mprte are ven n As 1379.
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Guide to Concrete or Housing
3.1 SPECiFyinG
3.1.1 Geeral
Atraan standard As 1379 et dwn a nmber
wa pecn and rdern cncrete t prmte
nrmt, ecenc and ecnm n prdctn and
dever.
it reer t tw cae cncrete:
≥ normal-class, whch ntended t cver mt
the cncrete devered t he bdn te
and ed man r trctra appcatn. it
peccatn and rdern ha been mped a
ar a practcabe.
≥ Specal-class, whch aw the prchaer t
ncrprate nt the prject peccatn an
peca reqrement r the prject. speca-ca
cncrete tpca peced r hh-trenth/
hh-perrmance cncrete, archtectra -rm
nhe and ther decratve appcatn where
the reqrement r the cncrete are enera
mre pecaed.
3.1.2 normal-class cocrete
Nrma-ca cncrete peced b reerence t
bac parameter whch decrbe the charactertc
cncrete tabe r mt prpe:
≥ the trenth rade (N20, N25, N32, N40 r N50)
≥ the mp reqred at the pnt dever
(20–120 mm)
≥ the nmna maxmm ze the care areate
(10, 14 r 20 mm). i nt peced, 20 mm w be
the deat nmna maxmm areate ze.
≥ the eve entraned ar ( reqred).
in addtn, the rder r cncrete hd pec:
≥ the ntended methd pacement (a pmp
mxe are derent t the paced b chte r
ther mean)
≥ prject aement (tetn n te) t be
carred t b the pper.
3.1.3 Specal-class cocrete
in enera term, peca-ca peced where
the cncrete prperte are tde the a nrma
ca cncrete. it w be peced where pecc
perrmance charactertc are reqred ch an harh envrnment, partcar where crrve
eement are preent (ch a ar-brne ptn
r crrve rnd water) r where the cncrete
w be ed n the cntrctn qd-retann
trctre dened r hdn btance that
reqre a peca, retant cncrete. The reqrement
r ncn ch a pment, peca areate,
partcar cement r cr cntr necetate the
peccatn a peca-ca cncrete. Therere,
mt archtectra cncrete hd be peca-ca
cncrete.
3.2 ORDERinG
Fr mt hn prject, nrma-ca cncrete
adeqate, and the rdern t mpe. A tpca
peccatn :
strenth 20 MPa
Areate ze 20 mm
smp 100 mm (recmmended).
it hd be nted that the mp nt peced
cncrete wth 100 mm mp w be pped. The
ncreaed wrkabt a 100-mm-mp cncrete
w aw eaer pacement, partcar when mana
pacement necear becae retrcted acce
t part a prject; r when an 80-mm mp mht
prve dct t wrk, r exampe arnd cneted
renrcement. increan the mp b the addtn
exce water n te w ret n redced trenth
and cncrete prperte that ma nt meet the
reqrement r drabt.
T prdce a tabe mx, the pper hd awa
be adved the tak ben ndertaken, e tn,
fr ab r drvewa. Fr exampe t wd be
eenta t rder a ‘bck-’ mx (hh mp and
tabe areate ze) n the cae a prject that
enta cre-n bckwrk.
The tmn devere hd be care panned.
Trac r te dea can ret n evera trck
watn t dchare ad cceve devere
are t ce tether. it ma be pbe t ater the
tmn the devere (r me prperte the
cncrete, ntab mp) , ater pacn ha tarted,
the rna peccatn nd t be natactr.
Speciying, Ordering and
Testing
O3
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3.3 TESTinG
3.3.1 Geeral
Bder w nd t beneca t have an ndertandn
the rean and prcedre r tetn cncrete.
Th ectn expan wh and when tet are carred
t.
Cncrete pped r fr ab and drvewa
n partcar, hd be teted r mp and
cmpreve trenth n accrdance wth the reevant
part As 1012.
A mp tet carred t n patc (reh mxed)
cncrete, wherea a cmpren tet carred
t n hardened cncrete, a at 28 da
ater pacement. The mp tet meare the mx
cntenc and wrkabt, and ve an ndcatn
the amnt water n the mx, whch w aect
the eventa trenth the cncrete (ee Secto 1
Concrete Properties ). The cmpren tet meare
the cmpreve trenth hardened cncrete and
dne n a abratr n a cncrete ampe made
n te rm a cnder md. Tetn a pecaed
prcedre and hd be carred t b experenced
and qaed pepe.
Bder have the chce takn repnbt r
tetn r the can rder pre-mxed cncrete rm a
manactrer wh ndertake tetn. Man pper
pre-mxed cncrete have qat arance
tem that, amn ther check, make perdca
tet the rade the cncrete the cmmn
pp. i bder rder rm a pre-mxed cncrete
manactrer wh ndertake tetn t mprtant
that the examne the dever dcket (reerred t a
an identcatn Certcate n As 1379 ) t enre t
matche ther peccatn. The hd be re
that the dcket ndcate the r man attrbte a
peccatn, name ca, trenth, areate ze
and mp. The hd retan th dcmentatn r
ther recrd.
Bder takn repnbt r tetn are adved
t enae a tetn abratr accredted b the
Natna Acatn Tetn Athrte (NATA).
Fr bder wh want t ndertake ther wn tetn
(r wtne the prcedre and be re that t ha
been dne prper), the mp and cmpren tet
prcedre are mmared bew.
3.3.2 The slmp test
Pre-mxed cncrete manactrer enera
prprtn the cncrete mx wth cnderatn t
the trave tme and ambent temperatre that the
cncrete meet the peccatn at the tme dever.The are nt reqred b As 1379 t carr t a mp
tet n te, ne water added t the mx drn
the dchare the cncrete, n whch cae the
cncrete mt be thrh re-mxed n accrdance
wth the standard and a mp tet carred t n the
remander the batch t enre t reman wthn the
terance the peced mp. The terance r
a mp p t 80 mm ±15 mm and rm 80 p t
100 mm ± 20 mm. The amnt water added t the
mx hd be recrded n the dever dcket. A
tated abve, the rdern a hher mp nta
(100 mm) hd emnate the need t add water n
te and hence the reqrement t carr t mp
tetn n te.
i a bder ha er cncern that the cncrete mx
de nt have the peced mp, an n-te mp
tet hd be reqeted. i the bder ndertake the
mp tetn, ampe hd be taken n te rm
cncrete dchared drect rm the cncrete trck.
The mp tet cvered b As 1012.3.1.
Handles
Galvanised steel sheet,1.5 mm min. thickness
Foot plates
Foot plate
ELEVATION
PLAN
100
50
50
100
300
200
Fgre 3.1 Typcal ce r slump test
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The t ed are:
≥ standard mp cne Fgre 3.1
≥ sma cp/hve
≥ Bet-ned rd (600 mm n x 16 mm dameter)
≥ Rer
≥ stee fat
≥ smp pate (500 mm x 500 mm).
The prcedre (Fgre 3.2) a w:
1 Dampen the cean mp cne wth water and
pace t n the mp pate. The mp pate
hd be cean, rm, eve and nn-abrbent.
2 Cect a ampe rm the batch cncrete. i a
nmber ampe ncrement are taken (reqred
r batche ver 1 m3
) thee hd be mxed andthe ampe read r tetn wthn 20 mnte rm
the tme the rt ncrement wa taken. sampe
hd nt be taken rm the rt r at 0.2 m3
the batch/ad.
3 stand rm n the t pate the cne and
1/3 the vme the cne rm the ampe.
Cmpact the cncrete b ‘rddn’ 25 tme.
Rddn nvve phn a tee rd n and t
the cncrete t cmpact t nt the mp cne
r cnder md. Awa rd n a nrm manner
ver the entre area.
4 Nw t 2/3 and aan rd 25 tme, jt nt the
tp the rt aer.
5 F t verfwn, rddn aan, th tme jt nt
the tp the ecnd aer. Tp p the cne nt t
verfw.
6 leve the race wth the tee fat. Cean
an cncrete rm arnd the bae and tp the
cne; ph dwn n the hande and tep the
tpate.
7 Ver w t the cne traht p, makn re
nt t mve the ampe.
8 Trn the cne pde dwn and pace the rd
acr the ptrned cne.
9 Meare the averae dtance t the tp the
ampe.
10 i the ampe tde the terance (e the mp
t hh r t w), anther mt be taken. i
th a a, the batch hd be rejected.
11 i the mped hape nacceptabe (Fgre 3.3),
the tet mt a be repeated.
12 Cmpete the mp tet wthn 3 mnte cmmencement.
3.3.3 The compresso test
Cmpren tetn ma be a part ether prdctn
aement r prject aement a decrbed n
As 1379. Prdctn aement reqre the pre-mxed
cncrete pper t take ampe r tetn at a
denated reqenc, and that recrd and reprt
tet ret r each rade manactred are retaned
b the tetn ranatn r at eat 12 mnth.
The pper mt make avaabe certed cpe r
examnatn b the ctmer, name the bder.
Fgre 3.2 Slump test
(a) placg ad cmpactg sample ce
(b) leelg the tp surace
(c) remg slump ce
(d) measurg aerage slump
ACCEPTABLE Typical slump and high slump respectively
NON-ACCEPTABLE, REPEAT TEST Shear failures (lateral collapse)
Fgre 3.3 Examples slump
a b
c d
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As 1379 a prvde r bder wh want t
receve prdctn aement nrmatn rm ther
pper. Ther prject retered wth the pper
and reprt reatn t the cncrete pped drn a
partcar prdctn nterva are ent t the bder r
h nmnee.
in the cae prject aement, the bder take
repnbt r tetn and reprtn, and make
reprt avaabe t the pper. sampe are taken
rm each 50 m3
cncrete at the prject te berehandn.
The makn cmpren-tet cnder cvered
b As 1012.8.1 and tetn b As 1012.9.
The t ed are:
≥ Cnder ether 100-mm dameter x 200-mm hh
r 150-mm dameter x 300-mm hh. The maer
cnder are ed r mt tetn becae the
are hter bt the maxmm areate ze
mted t 20 mm Fgre 3.4.
≥ sma cp≥ Bet-ned rd (600 mm n x 16 mm dameter)
≥ stee fat
≥ stee pate.
The prcedre a w:
1 Cean the cnder md and cat the nde
ht wth rm and pace n a cean, eve and
rm race, e the tee pate.
2 Cect a ampe rm the batch cncrete.
Cmpete mdn the cnder wthn
20 mnte takn the ampe.
3 F the md wth cncrete.
Fr 100-mm-dameter cnder, the cnder
n tw eqa aer, cmpactn each aer b
rddn 25 tme. At eat the rt 10 trke
hd extend jt nt an prev aer.
Fr 150-mm-dameter cnder, the cnder
n three eqa aer, cmpactn each aer b
rddn 35 tme. At eat the rt 10 trke
hd extend jt nt an prev aer.
other cmpactn methd are a avaabe,
e vbratn, rammn.
4 F the cnder t verfwn wth the at aer.
5 leve the tp wth the tee fat and cean an
cncrete rm arnd the md.
6 Pace cap n cnder, cear ta the cnderand pt t n a c, dr pace t et r at eat
24 hr.
7 Ater the md remved, the cnder ent t
the abratr where t cred and crhed t tet
cmpreve trenth Fgre 3.5.
Fgre 3.4 100 ad 150-mm-dameter cmpress
test cylder mulds
Fgre 3.5 Cmpress testg ccrete cylder
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4.1 TRAnSPORTinG
4.1.1 Geeral
When water added t cement t trer hdratn,
ettn ben and the cncrete mx ben n
wrkabt wth tme. Dea n devere rm the
batchn pant, n the rad and n the te, hd be
avded. Dea redce the amnt tme t pace
cncrete whe t t wrkabe. Addtna mxn
the cncrete ma be necear n te, rther
dean pacement. Nte that As 1379 reqre
dchare the cncrete wthn 90 mnte rm the
cmmencement mxn, r bere prper pacement
and cmpactn the cncrete can n ner be
acheved, whchever cme rt.
The ettn prce a acceerated n hh
temperatre. T avd prematre ettn and dct
pacement, the wn prcedre hd beadpted:
≥ seect a pre-mx pper ce t the te t
redce traven tme.
≥ Prvde d acce r trck t enter, and cear
pace r trnn and manœvern, t aw r
the qck dchare the ad.
≥ Enre that adeqate abr n hand t
mnme the nadn tme r the cncrete.
≥ Awa tr t nh the pacement a
renrcement, erectn rmwrk and te
npectn at eat 24 hr berehand.
≥ Check that a mechanca appance (e vbratr,
creed) are n wrkn rder the da bere
pacement t aw tme r repacement r repar
needed.
≥ When pmpn cncrete, pan dever chede
wth enh tme between ad t avd dean
trck.
≥ Cnder n a pmp the weather
npredctabe. overnht ran can mt acce
t the te and redce the amnt tme rpacement.
≥ When acce thrh a nehbrn prpert
necear, enre athred paae berehand
t prevent dea arn rm mndertandn.
≥ Check that a nderrnd ervce have
adeqate adbearn cver t prevent damae
rm trck and beqent rectcatn wrk.
≥ Where trck mt be drven ver trenche,
prvde trn brdn t carr a aden
vehce. A aded cncrete trck bed n a
trench w cae n dea.
≥ i the bearn capact the n dbt, d
nt brn trck n: pmp n.
≥ Have a t, eqpment and matera at hand t
avd drptn.
4.1.2 The addto o ecess water
Cncrete w e man eenta prperte exce
water added t t n te. The addtn exce
water w ater the water-cement rat (ee ar),
dtn and weakenn the cement pate, whch
the eenta nredent that bnd the areate
tether. Man cncretn cntractr mtaken
ame t acceptabe t add water n te t
mprve wrkabt. Hwever, the amnt added
n exce that reqred b the mx den, t w
aect the perrmance the cncrete.
The need t add water ten de t ncrrect
peccatn the cncrete mx r rdern deta.
A mentned prev, pecn a 100-mm mp
t prvde reater wrkabt recmmended t
avd the cmmn practce addn exce water n
te. A 100-mm-mp cncrete peca dened
t prvde ncreaed wrkabt whe mantann
the reqred water-cement rat r trenth and ther
perrmance reqrement.
Addn npeced amnt water n te hd
th be avded. The crrect wa t adjt th t add water and cement at rate that mantan the
peced water-cement rat. i the wrkabt the
cncrete nadeqate, awa dc thee matter
wth the pper.
in certan tatn, the addtn bre
(pprpene r tee) r ther matera (pment)
n te ma redce bth the mp and wrkabt
the cncrete. sch addtn need t be dced
wth the pre-mxed pper t enre the apprprate
cncrete pped.
The prperte aected b the addtn exce
water are mmared n Table 4.1.
From Batching Plant to
Finished Concrete
O4
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Table 4.1
Prpertes aected by the addt excess water
Propert / perormace Eect
smp increaed
Wrkabt increaed
Cmpreve trenth Decreaed
Rk hrnkae crackn increaed
Rk race dtn increaed
Rk ereatn increaed
Vme beedwater increaed
Benet cmpactn Decreaed
Benet crn Decreaed
Drabt Decreaed
Permeabt/abrptn increaed
4.2 PLACinG
4.2.1 Geeral
Cmmn pacement methd (ther than chte
pacement and pmpn) reqre barrwn the
cncrete nt ptn r mana hven; a
n cceve pacement. Barrwn cncrete ver
renrcement ten necear. Dpacement
the renrcement hd be prevented b prvdn
rnnn bard pprted abve the renrcement n
bck.
it mprtant nt t ver-hande the cncrete a th
can ead t ereatn matera (ee ar)
and ret n pr nhe.
T mnme the rk ereatn, cncrete hd
be paced vertca and a near a pbe t t
na ptn. When t mt be mved, t hd be
hveed nt ptn and nt be et t fw nt
ptn.
other technqe r avdn ereatn drn
pacement depend n the tpe eement ben
cntrcted and n the tpe dtrbtn eqpment
ben ed. Fr fatwrk and ab ncrpratn
rb and beam (haw rm) the technqe
hwn n Fgre 4.1 hd be adpted. Fr wa
and cmn (deep, narrw rm), prbem ccr
when the cncrete drpped rm t reat a heht
and rcchet the renrcement and rm-ace,
retn n ereatn. The mean avdn th
var wth the tpe dtrbtn eqpment ben
ed Fgre 4.2. The e a tremme cd prve
the mt practca tn; hwever, the ze theeement and pacn renrcement mt be abe t
accmmdate the chte r tremme.
CORRECT
Use a drop chute if concrete hasto fall more than two metres
INCORRECT
Allowing concrete to free-fall morethan two metres can displace rein-forcement, damage formwork andcause concrete to segregate
CORRECT
Regardless of the distributionmethod, always deposit concreteinto the face of that already placed
INCORRECT
Depositing concrete away from theface of that already placed can causepoor intermixing and segregation
CORRECT
If placing on a sloping surfacewith a chute, always use a baffleand drop at the end of the chute
INCORRECT
The velocity from a free-end chutetends to carry the concrete down theslope, separating the aggregate,which goes to the bottom of the slope
CORRECT
If either the final surface or thesoffit is sloping, commenceplacing at the lowest point
INCORRECT
Placing commenced from the highestpoint makes it more difficult toachieve correct levels and can lead tosegregation as the concrete tends tosettle down the slope
CORRECT
Commence placing at one cornerof the formwork and progress awayfrom the completed work
INCORRECT
Random placing can result insegregation and cold joints, andmakes it more difficult to achievecorrect levels
DropchuteDropchute
Greaterthan2000
Greaterthan2000
Baffleanddrop
Baffleanddrop
Fgre 4.1 Placg techques r atwrk
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4.2.2 Placg laers
in deep ectn ch a wa, tn and are
cmn, cncrete hd be paced n 300-mm aer
t mprve cmpactn. immern (pker) vbratr
hd extend abt 150 mm nt the prev aer
reh cncrete t med the tw aer tether
and avd ‘cd-pr’ ne n the nhed race.
Dependn n the cmpactn eqpment, thcker
aer ma be pbe. laer that are t deep
make t vrta mpbe t adeqate cmpact
the cncrete (Fgre 4.3) eavn entrapped ar whch
w ret n vd (and bwhe at the race
the cncrete) and prevent t achevn t ptentadrabt and trenth.
4.2.3 Cold jots
Pacn cncrete n a cntn pr, practcabe,
avd the rmatn cd jnt. Cd jnt are
rmed when reh cncrete paced aant the ace
cncrete that abt t et. The crack retn
rm cd jnt w pa thrh the depth the
ab.
Cd jnt can be avded b wrkn new cncrete
nt extn, whch ked pavr can d wth
enh abr at hand. When cd jnt cd ccr
(de t ht r wnd weather, r dea r exampe)
t d practce t bend the ace b re-vbratn
the cncrete r t cmpact the jnt wth a hve n a
tn mtn t re-bend the ace.
Cd jnt ten ccr when temprar nterna
rmwrk mt be remved, whch cmmn
practce r nterna tep-dwn and et dwn. gd
pannn rmwrk w avd th.
4.3 COMPACTiOn AnD viBRATiOn
4.3.1 Geeral
Cmpactn cncrete ndertaken t mprve t
vera perrmance. Cmpactn the prce that
expe entrapped ar rm reh paced cncrete
th ncrean t dent. it mprtant that
cmpactn cntne nt n rther ar bbbe canbe een emern rm the race the cncrete.
INCORRECT
Long uncontrolled drops causesegregation as the concrete strikesagainst the forms and aggregatesricochet off reinforcement. Mortaris also left on the form faces andreinforcement
CORRECT
When placing from chutes andbarrows, discharge concrete intoa hopper leading to a light,flexible drop chute
CORRECT
When placing with crane andbucket, use a flexible drop chuteconnected to a collector conewhich is permanently attached tothe bucket frame
CORRECT
When placing with a concretepump, extend the hose to thebottom of the form and withdrawas the form is filled
Fgre 4.2 Placg techques r walls ad clums
COMPACTION BY IMMERSION VIBRATORSCOMPACTION BY IMMERSION VIBRATORS
Concrete to be placed in uniform layers and of a thickness to matchthe 'power' of the vibrator (usually between 250 and 400 mm)
Vibrators should extend150 mm into thelower layer
150150
150150
250 to400250 to400
250 to400250 to400
250 to400250 to400
Fgre 4.3 Cmpact ccrete placed layers
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The mt cmmn rm cmpactn vbratn,
ndertaken wth pker vbratr r race vbratr
ch a vbratn creed. other methd
cmpactn ncde rm (externa) vbratn, tampn
and rddn.
Adeqate cmpactn cncrete w:
≥ ncant ncreae t trenth and dent and
th aw the den trenth t be acheved;
≥ enhance the bnd t meh and bar renrcement
p an nerted trctra anchr and hd-
dwn and th prvde anchrae;
≥ ncreae the abran retance the race
and th redce wear rm trac;
≥ ncreae the enera drabt and th prvde
ner e;≥ decreae the permeabt and th mt
penetratn water and ther areve
btance (bth ar-brne and cntaned n
rnd water);
≥ redce the rk patc ettement crackn ver
deep beam and meh/bar renrcement (p
ther retrant wthn the cncrete) a we a
n-term drn hrnkae crackn;
≥ mprve the qat -rm nhe b enrn
cncrete cmpete the rm.
Adeqate cmpactn ab p t 100 mm thck
can enera be acheved thrh the pacn,
creedn and nhn peratn. Fr deeper
eement, addtna cmpactn w be reqred b
ne the methd tned bew.
4.3.2 Methods o compacto
vbrato Vbratn redce nterna rctn between
areate partce n the cncrete and w th
qe the mx and bvate the practce addn
exce water t mprve wrkabt.
Three bac tpe vbratn can be ed: mmern,
race r rm (exterr).
≥ immerso (poer) brators The mt cmmn
mmern vbratr r redenta wrk the pker
vbratr Fgre 4.4. smaer ze are ten reerred
t a neede vbratr. The are tpca drven
b petr mtr, athh dee, eectrc and
cmpreed ar are aternatve. The are d
r expen entrapped ar n deep rm ch
a beam, cmn and wa, and aw ea
pacement cncrete.
Fr the ze tpca ed n redenta wrk,
Table 4.2 ve dance n the rad cncrete
that can be eectve cmpacted. The rad
dependent eenta n the dameter the head/
can and the reqenc and amptde the
vbratn caed b the rtatn eccentrc wehtcntaned n t. The eectve rad determne the
nertn pattern that hd be adpted t enre
adeqate cmpactn a cncrete.
Pker vbratr hd be nerted vertca
nt cncrete, a qck a pbe, and hed
tatnar nt ar bbbe ceae t re t the
race. The hd then be w wthdrawn t
avd rt pcket. The hd nt be draed
thrh the cncrete r ver renrcement a th
ma cae ereatn the mx.
Fr hned nhe where the areate w be
exped, care reqred t cmpact cntent
ver the entre area t enre nrm expre
the areate.
Fr deeper eement ch a wa and cmn,
adeqate pace between the renrcement r t
the rm ace hd be prvded t aw e
the pker vbratr. genera, the vbratr hd
be kept abt 50 mm cear the rm ace.
Damaed rm ace w ret n treak and
cr varatn n the race, whe naccebe
area w ret n nadeqate cmpactn and
pbe hnecmbn Fgre 4.5.
Cover
Finished
face
Castingspace
150 min 200 min
Cover
Finished
face
Finished
face
Castingspace
Fgre 4.4 Use mmers (pker) bratr
Fgre 4.5 Prde sufcet clearaces t allw
cmpact
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≥ Srace brators (bratg screeds) Fgre 4.6
srace vbratr are apped t the tp race
the cncrete wth the vbratn actn dwnward
t cmpact the cncrete. The ntent vbratn,
and hence the amnt cmpactn acheved,decreae wth the depth rm the tp race.
Dependn n the ze and peratn the nt
ed, the eectve depth cmpactn w
var rm 100 t 200 mm. Fr ab thcker than
180 mm mmern vbratr hd be ed t
ppement the race vbratn.
The avaabe tpe race vbratr ncde
vbratn-rer creed, vbratn-beam creed
and a hand-hed vbratn creed. Hand-hed
eqpment ed man t at wth nhn
the race rather than cmpactn the depth cncrete. larer tpe cmpact a we a ad
wth even and nhn the race.
Th methd ten the mt eectve and
ecnmca ptn r n, cntn pr and
aw wer mp cncrete t be ed. Care ma
be reqred an ede de t the eectvene
cmpactn decrean n the vcnt ede
rm r adjacent ab. Th becae ede
rm and adjacent ab tend t dampen the
vbratn at the extremte the beam. it
therere recmmended that cmpactn b
vbratn beam be ppemented b mmern
vbratr ande ede rm and adjacent ab
t enre adeqate cmpactn Fgre 4.7.
≥ Form (eteral) brato Frm vbratn
e r cmpcated member r where the
renrcement hh cneted. it can be dne
mp (where ther methd cannt be ed) b
n a hammer t tap the rm r bxn. The
cncrete n cntact wth the rm vbrated and
cmpacted, th mprvn the race nh.
Table 4.2
Eecte radus act pker bratrs
Dameter o head Eecte rads o acto
(mm) (mm)
25 75–150
35 150–200
45 250–300
55 ≈ 350
65 ≈ 400
Tampg Fr thn rnd ab, tampn wth the
creed bard an eectve methd cmpactn.
in certan tatn, tampn wth wd fat and
race wrkn ce p me tpe crackn.
Fr hned nhe, tampn ma ca ette thecare areate retn n ‘and’ treak r ne
where e areate exped n the nhed
race. i th ccr, addtna hnn w nrma
be reqred t expe the care areate that ha
etted rther rm the race.
Roddg Rddn wth a prpe-made rddn
t r eqvaent eectve r cmpactn per r
where pker vbratr cannt be nerted, epeca
where meh renrcement cneted and pace
mted. shve can be ed r rddn at beam
ede, arnd ppe and penetratn and at
pacement jnt t re-wrk the d and new cncrete
t prevent cd jnt.
4.3.3 vbrato hts
uder-brato ma cae er deect
n cncrete and the mt cmmn prbem.
inadeqate cmpactn rm nder-vbratn w
advere aect trctra prperte ch a trenth,
bnd, abran retance and drabt (thrh
ncreaed permeabt). other prperte ch a the
qat the race nh ma a be aected.
Fgre 4.6 Use a bratg screed
Depth of compaction decreases in vicinity of edge forms
Depth of compaction(maximum 200 mm)
Immersion vibrators needed tosupplement compaction here
Surface vibrator
Edge form Edge form
Fgre 4.7 Degree cmpact ares acrss wdth
whe surace bratrs are supprted edge rms
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Oer-brato enera nt a prbem wth
we prprtned mxe. ue r verzed
eqpment r an exceve enth tme wth pr
prprtned mxe r the t whch exceve
amnt water have been added ma caeprbem. Addn exce water t the mx can cae
a prbem wth vbratn, pb eadn t matera
ereatn, and t dtn and fakn ater.
Rebrato the cmpactn cncrete whch
ha been cmpacted me tme earer. The practce
nt wde ed, part de t the dct
knwn jt hw ate t can be apped. A d re
thmb that revbratn ma be ed a n a the
vbratr capabe nkn nt the cncrete nder
t wn weht. Revbratn can be ed t: bnd
aer cncrete nt prev aer; bend cd
jnt; ce patc hrnkae and patc ettement
crackn; mprve the race nh at the tp
cmn and wa; ncreae the ptenta trenth
and wear retance fr; and mprve bndn t
renrcement.
4.4 FiniSHinG
4.4.1 Screedg
screedn the peratn even the cncrete
ater t paced n the rm and rh dtrbtedwth hve. it dne b hand, r b mean
vbratn-beam creed, whch wrk the rm r
de ra. it hd be dne bere beedwater re
t the race.
Hand creedn nvve the e a creed bard
(r beam) t trke the cncrete t the reqred
heht ether rm b e a eve. The trkn
race a creed bard hd awa be traht
and tre. The race trck b pn the
creed bard rward, whe mvn t back and rth
n a awn-ke mtn acr the tp the ederm/cncrete. A ma r r rchare cncrete
hd awa be kept ahead the creed. srace
hw created b areate ‘r t’ r ncent
rchare n rnt the creed hd awa be
ed mmedate t enre a fat race.
4.4.2 Floatg
The prpe fatn t make the race even
and pen n textre, read r nhn.
Fatn wrkn the race cncrete wth
bfat, hand fat r wth rtar nhn machne
tted wth tabe fat r he. genera, t hd
nt ben nt a beedwater ha evaprated rm the
race, r ha been care remved wth a hean
dra r arden he; and the cncrete hard enh
t wthtand t trac wth n mnr ndentatn n
the race. Thee ndentatn are remved b the
fatn peratn. Fatn:
≥ embed are areate partce beneath the
race;
≥ remve ht mperectn and prdce a
race cer t a tre pane;
≥ cmpact the cncrete and cndate mrtar at
the race, preparn t r nhn; and
≥ ce mnr race crack, whch mht appear
a the race dre.
Blloatg The bfat (Fgre 4.8) a are
fat n a n hande, whch wrked back and
rth n the cncrete n a drectn parae t the
rde rmed b creedn. Bfatn e a
an nta fatn peratn t mth the cncrete
race mmedate ater creedn, and hd be
cmpeted bere beedwater appear n the race.
A ecnd e the bfat ma be reqred bt care
mt be taken nt t verwrk the race.
Floatg b had Three tpe hand fat are n
cmmn e: wden, manem and cmptn.
The hand fat hed fat n the race and mved n
a weepn arc t embed the areate, cmpact the
cncrete, and remve mnr mperectn and crack
Fgre 4.9.
The race ma metme be fated a ecnd tme(ater me hardenn ha taken pace) t mpart the
na textre t the cncrete.
Floatg b mache Fat bade are wder than
trwe bade and are trned p an the ede
t prevent them dn nt the race n the fat
ptn. Fr th rean, fatn wth a trwen
machne eqpped wth nrma trwe bade hd
nt be attempted. The pwer fat hd be perated
ver the cncrete n a rear pattern, eavn a
matt nh. srace near t btrctn, r n ab
crner, that cannt be reached wth a pwer fat
hd be mana fated bere pwer fatn.
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4.4.3 Trowellg
Trwen carred t me tme ater fatn. The
dea t aw me tenn t take pace that
areate partce are nt trn t the race.
Trowellg b had A trwe r hand nhn ha
a fat, brad tee bade and ed n a weepn
arc mtn wth each pa verappn the prev
ne Fgre 4.10. Fr trwen t be mt eectve,
the tmn the peratn ca r me experence
and jdement, bt n enera term, when the trwe
mved acr the race t hd ve a rnn
nd.
Fr the rt trwen (ten reerred t a ‘breakn’),
the trwe bade hd be kept a fat aant the
race a pbe becae ttn, r ptchn, thetrwe at t reat an ane can create rppe n the
race. Mre trwen ncreae the mthne,
dent, and wear retance the race.
scceve trwen peratn hd be made wth
maer trwe at ncrean ptche. Th ncreae
the prere at the bttm the bade and cmpact
the race.
later trwen, ater rther hardenn, w ncreae
the dent the race cncrete, makn t mre
wear retant. scceve trwen peratn
hd be at rht ane t each ther r bet ret.Fgre 4.9 Had atg wth wde ats
Fgre 4.8 Bullatg
Fgre 4.11 Trwellg by mache
Fgre 4.10 Had trwellg wth steel trwel
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Trowellg b mache Fgre 4.11 The trwen
machne (pwer trwe r ‘hecpter’) a cmmn
t n Atraa r a cae wrk and cnt
evera (enera r) tee trwe bade rtated b
a mtr and ded b a hande.
Trwen b machne hd be carred t temat-
ca ver the cncrete n a rear pattern. Crner
area, area ce t btrctn and ma rrearte
hd then be ‘tched-p’ wth a hand trwe.
Machne trweed race ma r ma nt cntan
trwen mark. i trwen mark are nt acceptabe
then a race ree trwen mark hd be
peced. A brnhed nh ten peced t
avd trwen mark, bt brnhn reer t a
race that hh trweed that t take n a
tre t wn. The addtna wrk and expene are
enera nt warranted r redenta ab ne
peca decratve nhe have been peced.
Edgg Edn prvde a qarter-rnd arr an
the ede tpath, pat, kerb and tep. it
acheved b rnnn an edn trwe an the
permeter the cncrete. Edn trwe are tee
and ncrprate a qarter-rnd rmn ede. The
are avaabe n a varet wdth and wth var
dameter qadrant. Edn mprve the appearance
man tpe pavn and make the ede e
vnerabe t chppn.
4.4.4 Other fshes
Fr ther nhe ch a hned, abrave bat and
acd etched, reer t Secto 9.
4.5 CuRinG
4.5.1 Geeral
Crn retann mtre n cncrete r a
reanabe tme t aw cement hdratn (ee
ar) whch ccr when water and cement arecmbned t rm cement pate. snce the hdratn
cement take me tme (da, and even week
rather than hr) crn mt be ndertaken r a
reanabe perd tme the cncrete t acheve
t ptenta trenth and drabt. Crn w:
≥ mprve cmpreve trenth;
≥ redce the ncdence drn hrnkae crackn;
≥ redce race dtn;
≥ mprve drabt and hence the prtectn
renrcement;≥ mprve the hardne the race, and
cneqent t retance t abran.
Crn hd be mantaned r a mnmm perd
3 da r a tpe redenta cncretn and
pb 7 da dependn n the envrnment
(e near cata and/r exped t at), prperte
reqred the cncrete, the prpe r whch t t be ed and the prevan weather cndtn. it
hd ben a n a pbe bt n mre than
3 hr ater nhn, r the benet w be marked
redced.
4.5.2 Crg methods
Crn methd are dened t keep the cncrete
cntn mt and a nt tw brad catere:
≥ Preventn exceve mtre b:
— appn crn cmpnd t the race b
pra r rer;
— pacn and ecrn pthene heetn ver
the race;
— eavn rmwrk (ede beam, de and ace
pane) n pace;
— e nterna crn cmpnd (admxtre);
— a cmbnatn ch methd.
≥ Cntn wettn the exped race b:
— pndn water n the cncrete race where
practcabe;
— pran the race wth water (ten ahean r and cvern a ed t hep
retan the water n the race).
in cd cmate and partcar where reezn
cndtn ma ccr, crn can a nvve
cntrn the temperatre t prevent reezn the
race, and ran the temperatre the cncrete
t ncreae the rate trenth an.
4.5.3 Crg compods
lqd membrane-rmn crn cmpnd(cmmn knwn a crn cmpnd) are
qd that can be praed, brhed, r qeeeed
(a praed Fgre 4.12) drect nt the
cncrete race, and whch dr t rm a reatve
mpermeabe membrane that mt the
mtre rm the cncrete. Ther prperte and e
are decrbed n As 3799.
sme pnt t nte abt the e crn
cmpnd ncde:
≥ The are ea t app wth ether pra r rer.
The tpe r rade crn cmpnd hd bematched t the appcatn methd.
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≥ The aw cntrctn t cntne nhndered.
≥ The can be apped mmedate ater nhn.
Crn cmpnd hd be apped a n
a the ree water n the race ha evaprated
and there n water heen vbe. Appn t
ear dte the membrane and t ate ret n t
ben abrbed nt the cncrete and the m nt
rmn.
≥ The ma cntan tve de t at n
aen cverae. The rate appcatn
hd be nrm. i pbe, tw appcatn
at rht ane t each ther w hep enre
cmpete cverae. Pmented cmpnd ma
a hep the cncrete race refect rather than
abrb heat.
≥ The rate cverae aected b the acta
race nhe, e rh r brmed race
w reqre mre a there reater race area.
≥ The cmpatbt cmpnd wth ntended
adheve hd be checked a me
cmpnd ma reqre remva r ed-dwn
fr cvern ch a drect tck carpet and
vn, epx r prethane catn and ceramc
te adheve.
≥ Adeqate ventatn and ther necear aet
precatn hd be prvded when n
vent-baed prdct, partcar n enced
pace.
4.5.4 Plastc sheetg
Patc heetn, r mar matera, are eectve n
mtn water , prvded the are kept ecre n
pace and prtected rm damae. Ther eectvene
redced the are nt ecred and wnd can tthem rm the race.
sme pnt t nte abt the e patc
heetn ncde:
≥ Patc mt be paced ver the cncrete and
eaed and ecred at the ede a n a
pbe (wtht daman the race) ater
nhn.
≥ A wrnke hd be mthed t t mnme
the mttn eect caed b neven crn,
partcar r decratve nhe. An aternatve
ma be t pend the heetn jt abve the
race b n ma tmber batten (twd)
r meta tbe (e cadn cmpnent),
takn care t avd tann the race rm
thee cmpnent, e rt rm meta tbe r
tan rm hardwd.
≥ Patc mt be apped and eaed t prevent
expre t the drn eect heat, wnd r w
hmdt. Fr vertca wrk, the member hd be
wrapped wth heetn and taped t mt mtre
. Where cr mprtant, the heetn
hd be kept cear the race a abve.
≥ Patc heetn ma be cear r cred. Whte
r ht cred heetn w refect the n’
ra n ht weather and keep the cncrete cer
drn the mmer. Cear r rane patc
enera recmmended r exterr wrk t mt
heat abrptn b the cncrete and mnme
prbem de t crn. Back patc, hwever,
whch abrb the heat, cd be ed n cer
ren, r n the wnter mnth, t acceerate
trenth an b ran the cncrete temperatre.
≥ There enera n need t add water nder
the heetn.
4.5.5 Formwor
leavn rmwrk n pace ten an ecent and
ct-eectve methd crn cncrete, partcar
drn t ear tae. in ver ht dr weather t
ma be derabe t mten tmber rmwrk t
prevent t drn t drn the crn perd, thereb
ncrean the enth tme that t reman eectve.
Nte that when vertca rmwrk eaed rm the
cncrete race t eectvene a a crn methd
ncant redced.
Fgre 4.12 Sprayg a curg cmpud
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4.5.6 Water crg
Water crn carred t b ppn water t the
race the cncrete n a wa that enre that t
kept cntn mt.
sme pnt t nte abt the e water crn
ncde:
≥ Water hd nt be mre than abt 5° cer
than the cncrete race. spran warm
cncrete wth cd water ma cae ‘therma
hck’ and cae/cntrbte t crackn.
≥ Water crn hep t redce/cntr the
temperatre the cncrete n ht weather.
≥ The practce ntermttent wettn dwn n the
mrnn and at nht nt rearded a crn.
Th ma ret n reater harm t the cncreteb can expann and cntractn, and
cntrbtn t race crazn and crackn.
≥ i prnker are ed, the ma be perated b
a tmer, bt the reqenc wettn mt enre
the race kept cntn mt. A, ne
pra ma be aected b wnd cndtn and
care hd be taken nder ch cndtn t
enre the race kept cntn mt and
aternate wettn and drn de nt ccr. T
mt water e, rn cd be cected and
recced.
≥ Fat race ma be cred b pndn, bt care
mt be taken t avd eak and enre the
haw pnd created de nt empt r dr t
thrh evapratn. Nte that an adeqate pp
water reqred and pndn ma nterere wth
beqent cntrctn actvte
≥ Cvern matera ch a hean and and,
hd be pre mtened and hd nt be
awed t dr t a the can act ke a wck and
draw mtre t the cncrete. Fr abrc,
th can a ret n the abrc textre ben
neatve abrbed nt the cncrete race.
≥ i cr mprtant, care hd be taken that the
race nt taned rm mprte n the water
r an cvern matera that ed. New abrc
can each abrc tan, pre-wahn therere
enera eenta. sand can a cntan
mnera that w tan the race.
4.6 EFFECTS OF WEATHER COnDiTiOnS
4.6.1 Geeral
in Atraa, weather cndtn can var rm
reezn cd t ver ht. Experenced pavr are
awa aware the eect that weather can have
n cncrete. lw wrkabt, ear ettn tme r
patc hrnkae crackn are nt mptmatc ht
weather cndtn ane bt can ccr at an tme
the ear. lw temperatre d nt jt ccr drn
the wnter mnth ether, bt can be experenced
thrht the ear.
Water ver mprtant r hdratn cement.
Mantann the crrect amnt water and
wrkabt cncrete n a weather cndtn
mprtant t aw prper pacement, cmpactn
and nhn the cncrete, and hdratn thecement t acheve, tmate, the prperte d
cncrete.
When the na nh de nt meet expectatn, the
prdct (cncrete) ten wrn bamed; when
the mt ke cae a are t adpt cncretn
practce tabe t the cndtn. B cndern
apprprate cncretn practce n bth ht and
cd weather, the rk nvved wth pacn n thee
cndtn hd be redced and the cntrctn
d qat cncrete made pbe.
The eect weather cndtn n cncrete
prperte mmared n Table 4.3.
4.6.2 Hot-weather cocretg
Whe ht weather cndtn are cmmn
encntered n mmer, an cmbnatn hh
temperatre, wnd and w hmdt cd ret
n cndtn eadn t prbem wth cncrete
pacement and nhn at an tme.
As 1379 pace a 35°C mt n the maxmm cncrete
temperatre at the tme dever. Hwever, when
the ar temperatre abve 30°C, t a
recmmended that precatn be taken, partcar
there a a ht dr wnd. Frt t enre an
acceptabe cncrete temperatre at the pnt
dever, and ecnd, t avd prbem wth
patc hrnkae crackn and ear tenn the
cncrete.
Eects o hot weather codtos
≥ settn tme decreaed, awn e tme t
pace, cmpact and nh the cncrete. ua, a
et-retardn admxtre added t cmpenate
r hh temperatre. Aternatve ncde
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cntrn the cncrete temperatre b n, r
exampe, ced water n the mx, n a cement
tpe wth wer heat hdratn r mtn the
amnt cement t that reqred t prvde
trenth and drabt.≥ Wrkabt and mp are redced makn
pacement, cmpactn and nhn mre dct.
Addn exce water t the mx t mprve the
wrkabt nt recmmended a th w
redce the trenth and drabt. The e a
patcer r admxtre t ncreae the wrkabt
preerred.
≥ increaed patc hrnkae crackn. i the rate
evapratn reater than the rate beedn,
race drn w ccr, retn n hrnkae
the cncrete and pbe crackn.
Precatos hot weather codtos
≥ Pan the jb t avd dea nce pacement the
cncrete ha tarted.
≥ Pace cncrete drn the cet tme the da.
≥ Prvde nhade and wnd break t wrk area.
≥ Prtect the race cncrete ab at a tae
aant exceve evapratn and prematre
drn b n an evapratn retarder ch a
aphatc ach. Thee prdct redce the rate
evapratn and cntr the prematre drn the race, whe awn beedwater t re
t the race the cncrete. Nte that thee
prdct are nt crn cmpnd.
≥ Dampen the bbae/brade bere pacement
cncrete (bt d nt eave race water). A
dampen de rm r ab and wa.
≥ ue a et-retardn admxtre.
≥ Cmmence crn a n a pbe and
cntne r a mnmm 3 da; 7 da
preerabe. i patc heetn ed r crn, t
hd be cear r ht cred, nt back.
Nte that the Bdn Cde Atraa (Vme 2
Hn Prvn: Cae 3.2.3.1d) tate
that ‘in ht (abve 30°C) and wnd cndtn
cncrete mt be cred b cvern wth patc
heetn, pran wth a qd membrane crn
cmpnd r pndn water n the tp race’.
4.6.3 Cold-weather cocretg
Temperatre rane experenced n wnter can preent
prbem wth cncrete pacement that need t be
manaed. As 1379 reqre cncrete temperatre at
the pnt dever t be wthn the rane 5 t 35°C.
When the ar temperatre a bew 10°C, whe the
cncrete ma be n n daner reezn, t a
recmmended that precatn be taken. Frt t
enre the mnmm cncrete temperatre at the pnt
dever, and ecnd, de t the ncreaed tme
reqred r the cncrete t an trenth.
lw temperatre have a nmber eect n the
behavr cncrete, mt whch are reated t the
redctn n the rate cement hdratn.
Table 4.3
Eect weather cdts ccrete prpertes
Weather codtos
Propert Ht Cld Dry / Wdy
smp Decreaed N Decreaed
settn tme Redced increaed N
strenth an
shrt term increaed Decreaed N
ln term Ma be decreaed increaed N
Wrkabt Redced N Decreaed
Rk patc hrnkae crackn increaed Ma be ncreaed increaed
Rk drn hrnkae crackn increaed N increaed
Rk cd jnt increaed Decreaed increaed
Perd reqred prr t remva rmwrk Redced increaed N
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Eects o low temperatres
≥ The rate cement hdratn redced, retn
n ner ettn tme. ua a et-acceeratn
admxtre added t cmpenate r w
temperatre. Aternatve ncde ncrean theamnt cement n the mx, n hh-ear
trenth cement, wern the water cntent, n
ht water r mxn r a cmbnatn thee
meare.
≥ swer trenth an retn n ner trppn
tme r rmwrk.
≥ Crackn ma be ncreaed a a ret the
wer cncrete trenth ben nabe t ret the
drn hrnkae tree.
≥ Water n the cncrete ma reeze and expand
can damae t the pre trctre the
cement pate and a redctn n trenth. A a
enera re, cncrete mt be prtected rm
reezn r at eat 24 hr ater pacement.
incrpratn an ar-entrann admxtre nt the
cncrete ma at n mnmn damae.
Precatos cold weather codtos
≥ Prtect the cncrete rm the cd, ncdn cd/
rzen rnd, wnd and rt. Cncrete hd
never be paced n rzen rnd.
≥ inate rmwrk and/r cver the race wthnatn r the rt 24 hr. Hdratn cement
enerate a ncant amnt heat whch,
retaned wthn the cncrete, w prtect t rm
reezn.
≥ Dea trppn rmwrk a n a pbe t
prtect cncrete rm rt.
≥ ue a tabe methd crn a mt r water
crn enera napprprate drn reezn
cndtn. The cncrete hd be kept warm
drn crn where th practca.
≥ The temperatre race hd awa be
awed t a w t avd therma crackn
de t temperatre derence between the cd
exterr and warm nterr the cncrete.
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5.1 FORMWORk
5.1.1 Geeral
Frmwrk the temprar trctre whch md
cncrete nt the dered hape, and hd t n the
crrect ptn nt t ha hardened cent and/r
abe t pprt the ad mped n t. Frmwrk
hd have cent:
≥ trenth t ret the prere the fd cncrete
wtht damae r exceve defectn;
≥ tne t avd bw/be tde the
terance peced r the wrk;
≥ accrac cntrctn t enre crrect race
eve and dmenn/hape;
≥ waterthtne t prevent the cement
pate and/r matrx rm the cncrete (th can
cae raed ede, hdratn tann andhnecmbn, whch n trn can aect trenth,
drabt and ret n pr -rm nhe);
≥ rbtne t aw repeated trppn, trn
and erectn.
Frmwrk hd be cated wth a rm reeae aent
t mprve cncrete nhe, ad n the remva the
rmwrk and th mnme pbe damae t the
cncrete ace rm the trppn peratn. There are
tw bac tpe reeae aent: barrer prdct
whch mp eparate the cncrete rm the rmwrk,
and the mre cmmn reactve prdct whchreact wth the cncrete cnttent t rm ap-ke
prdct that prevent the cncrete rm adhern t
the rmwrk. A reeae aent tabe r the tpe
rmwrk and nh reqred hd be eected.
Frmwrk et n pace, prmar, t prtect the
ede the ab rm mechanca damae drn
te wrk (whe the cncrete hardenn), and t
avd damae rm the prematre remva the
rmwrk te. Frmwrk a an eectve mean
crn when t et n pace. i the rmwrk
trpped bere 3 da have eaped, t advabet cntne crn exped race wth ne the
methd decrbed n Secto 4.5 Curing .
5.1.2 Basc grod orms
Bac rnd rm are tabe r path and drvewa
n rm rnd, p t 150 mm thck. The crrect
methd xn rm t pe hwn n Fgre 5.1.
5.1.3 Deep edge orms
Frmwrk p t 300 mm n heht ten reqred
r ab where the rnd eve vare. Where the
heht rmwrk exceed 150 mm, t hd be
braced a hwn n Fgre 5.2. Deep ede rm
can be cntrcted rm cean-aced p wth tp and
bttm waer. i d tmber rm (mnmm 38 mm)
are ed, the bracn and rmwrk w be derent.
When depth exceed 200 mm, d tmber rm
hd be a mnmm 50 mm thck.
itrated n Fgre 5.3 (a) ad (b) are mpetn t cmmn prbem when n deep
ede rm.
Formwork and
Reinorcement
O5
PLAN SECTION A–A
Solid timberedge form
Edge form
A A
Pegs
Pegs
Skew nailing
Fgre 5.1 Basc grud rms
Top and bottom plates (walers)with studs between
Braces
Pegs
Plywoodform
Fgre 5.2 Braced rmwrk r slabs mre tha
150 mm thck
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5.1.4 Edge orms wth rebates
Man he ab have rebate at the ab ede t
aw an externa kn brckwrk t t n a damp-
pr cre (DPC) bew the fr eve. Fgre 5.4
hw a tpca cntrctn methd wth tmber
rmwrk r rat ab cntrctn: the rebate rm
can be ether d tmber, r mre cmmn cnt
bracket wth a tmber ede bard an the nde
the rebate Fgre 5.5. Fr tn ab cntrctn,
an aternatve t prvdn braced ede rm mar
t Fgre 5.3 (a) hwn n Fgre 5.6. Wth th
rmwrk methd, ede rm are ecred t reaed
25-mm tee dwe paced nt tn beam and
remved ater the ab ha et. The he are ed
wth rt nce the dwe have been remved. The
externa ea manr cntrcted the tn
wth a ap t the ab ede; and the nterna wa
cntrcted the ab and aned wth the ab
ede.
(a) CARRY ONE EDGE FORM PAST THE CORNER
(b) HANG EDGE FORMS FROM A BRIDGING BEAM
Form extended past cornerand supportedon peg
Bracesand peg
Peg
Edge form
Edge form
Hanger frombridging beam
Supportingpeg
Edge formBridging beam
Edge beam
Edge form
Cleat
Fgre 5.3 Sluts t cmm prblems wth deep
edge rms
Finishedslab level
Edge form
Rebateform
Peg
Tie-down peg
Bridgingbeam
Edge beam
Brace
Fgre 5.4 Frmwrk r rat slab wth rebate
Fgre 5.5 Edge rebate rmwrk wth brackets ad
edge bard
Finishedslab level
Rebate form
Footing cast first
Slab edge beam
Edge form
25 mm dia. steel dowelcast in footing andgreased for easyremoval
Fgre 5.6 Frmwrk r tg slab
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5.1.5 Catleered ormwor
A wder tep-dwn metme reqred, r exampe
t accmmdate tep at the ab ede. Thee are
bet cntrcted a hwn n Fgre 5.7.
5.1.6 Other tpes o grod orms
Fabrcated meta rm and ther prpretar
rmwrk tem peed p rnd ab cntrctn
and can be re-ed. severa teecpc meta rm
tem are avaabe and can be eectve r hh
repettve cntrctn. P and meta cmpte rm
are tabe r appcatn wth repettn and heav
wrkn ad (deep beam).
5.1.7 Masor ormwor
Manr rmwrk (brck r bck) mantan the ame
ace matera bew natra rnd. it remve the
need r a rmwrker bt reqre a tw-part ab
cntrctn, e tn ab Fgre 5.8.
5.1.8 Costrcto jots
At cntrctn jnt, where cntnt
renrcement reqred, tw-pece rmwrk
tabe r bth meh and bar a hwn n
Fgre 5.9 (a). Th t enabe adeqate cmpactn
and nhn the cncrete an the jnt.
Athh prmar ed r cntr jnt, prpretar
meta ke-rm r tmber rm are a tabe
r e a cntrctn-jnt rmwrk. Whe therenrcement can nt be cntn, the ke
aw ad traner between adjacent ab pane
Fgre 5.9 (b).
5.2 PuRPOSE OF REinFORCEMEnT
Cncrete ha hh cmpreve trenth bt w
tene trenth. stee, n the ther hand, ha a
ver hh tene trenth (and a hh cmpreve
trenth) bt mch mre expenve than cncrete.
Cmbnn tee and cncrete make e bth
the hh tene trenth tee and the reatvew-ct cmpreve trenth cncrete. Table 5.1
t me the man charactertc bth cncrete
and tee.
it mprtant t ndertand that ncrrect ptned
renrcement can redce bth the trenth and
drabt renrced cncrete, and reat redce
the abt renrcement t cntr hrnkae
crackn. it recmmended that a trctra enneer
be enaed r the den renrcement.
Edge form
Stepform
Trowelling gap
Trowellinggaps
Bridging beam
Pegs
Tie-downpegs
Finishedslab level
Fgre 5.7 Catleered rmwrk
Vapourbarrier
Vapourbarrier
Vapourbarrier
Footingcast first
Footingcast first
Footingcast first
Slabedge beam
Slabedge beam
Slabedge beam
Knock-off brick course(8:1 mortar foreasy removal)
Hollow concretemasonry blocksacting as edgeforms
90 x 45 timberrebate form
(a) BRICK COURSE USED FOR REBATE (b) TIMBER USED FOR REBATE (c) SINGLE-LEAF MASONRY
Fgre 5.8 Masry rmwrk
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Table 5.1
Characterstcs ccrete ad steel
Characterstcs o Characterstcs o
Cocrete Steel
Hh cmpreve Hh cmpreve
trenth trenth
lw tene trenth Hh tene trenth
Hh re retance lw re retance
Patc and mdabe Dct t md and
when reh hape except at hh
temperatre
Reatve nexpenve Reatve expenve
The cmbnatn cncrete and tee n renrced
cncrete mta beneca r a nmber
rean ncdn:
≥ upn hardenn, cncrete bnd rm t tee
rd, bar and wre that, when ad are
apped, the tw act a thh the are ne. An
tendenc r the cncrete t tretch r crack n
a zne tenn cnteracted b the tee
embedded n that zne.
≥ When bjected t chane n temperatre,
cncrete and tee expand r cntract b mar
amnt, and therere reman rm bnded.
≥ Cncrete, havn a reatve hh retance t re,
and a reatve w therma cndctvt, prtect
the tee embedded n t.
≥ Cncrete prvde an akane envrnment whch
prtect the embedded tee rm rtn.
The prncpa tpe tree (Fgre 5.10) whch
devep n cncrete eement are:
≥ Cmpreve tree – the whch tend t cae
cncrete t cmpact and crh.
≥ Tene tree – the whch tend t cae
cncrete t tretch and crack.
≥ shear tree – the whch tend t cae
adjacent prtn cncrete t de acr
each ther.
Edge form
Timber key form withbevelled edges nailed
to edge form
Sheet metal or plastickey form fixed to edge
form with clouts
Reinforcementcarried throughedge form
Pegs Pegs16
Edge form
Two-piece edge formto allow easy stripping
Pegs
(a) TWO-PIECE FORMWORK TO ALLOW REINFORCEMENT CONTINUITY
(b) TIMBER, METAL AND PLASTIC KEY JOINTS
Fgre 5.9 Frmwrk r cstruct jts
Load
Load Load
Load
Load
Load
COMPRESSIVE
TENSILE
SHEAR
Fgre 5.10 Types stresses
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5.3 TyPES OF REinFORCEMEnT
Renrcement a pped n the rm
tee bar r tee wre weded tether t rm a
meh. Bar are nrma acated wth beam and
cmn, and meh wth fr and wa.
Bar can ether be w r nrma dctt tee,
e l12 r N12. Nrma dctt bar w enate
mre nder ad and are the tpe nmnated n
As 2870 r a ab and tn where bar are
reqred r ven a an aternatve t meh. A meh
prdced rm cd drawn (and therere w
dctt) wre and are prexed wth an ‘l’ r w
dctt, e 3-l11TM (three 11-mm-dameter w
dctt wre). Meh r ab tpca denated
a sl72, sl82, etc. The ‘s’ tand r qare meh,
‘l’ r w dctt, the rt dt the nmna wredameter; and the ecnd dt ndcate the pacn
the wre n the meh.
Cncrete ma a be renrced wth bre, the
man tpe ben tee. Pprpene bre are a
avaabe bt d nt ncreae the tene trenth
a cncrete member n the ame wa a tee bar,
meh r bre, bt w, hwever, prvde me cntr
patc hrnkae crackn cncrete.
5.4 FixinG REinFORCEMEnT
5.4.1 Geeral
Fxn mre than jt tn bar and meh tether.
it hd enre that nce the renrcement ha been
paced n t crrect ptn, t cannt be dpaced
drn pacn and cmpactn the cncrete
and w reman n pace nt the cncrete ha
hardened. A nmber methd are ed t cate
renrcement crrect and thee are detaed bew.
5.4.2 Bar chars ad spacers
Bar char and pacer pprt bar r mehrenrcement abve hrznta race, and prvde
adeqate cearance t vertca rmwrk and/r
excavatn acn. The are avaabe n a varet
hape and ma be made rm wre, patc r
cncrete Fgre 5.11. The are a manactred n
a rane ze, each whch prvde a pecc
thckne cncrete cver.
Factr t cnder n the tabt a char r
pacer ncde:
≥ Coer A bar char r pacer hd be eected
t prvde the crrect cver, nt ne ‘ce t’ that
reqred.
≥ Membrae damage Bar char whch cd
pnctre vapr barrer r damp-prn
membrane drn pacn peratn hd be
avded, r pprted n prpe-made bar char
bae r ‘acer’ (e, fat avaned meta pate).
≥ Stablt sme tpe bar char and pacer
are ea dpaced r kncked ver drn
cncrete-pacn peratn.
≥ Spacg o bar chars The pacn char
mt enre that the renrcement adeqate
pprted n the reqred ptn. Bar char
r meh are tpca paced at 0.8- t 1.0-m
nterva n bth drectn. Fr hter meh
(e sl52), cer pacn pprt ma be
reqred t prevent an nder the weht
cncrete and wrker.
≥ Materals Drabt reqrement ma determne
whch matera tabe r e. Patc and
patc tpped wre bar char ma nt be tabe
r marne appcatn a the patc tp e
than the cncrete cver reqred t renrcement.
A, nce cncrete de nt adhere t patc,
the nre mtre ke t ccr at the
nterace.
5.4.3 Tg o reorcemet
Renrcn bar ma be ted tether, r t trrp(atre), t rm a ‘cae’ that hep mantan the
bar n ptn drn the beqent cncretn
peratn. The cae mt be trn enh t
acheve th and cent te ed r the prpe.
Nte that the cae te mt be prvded wth
pacer t enre reqred cver are acheved.
5.4.4 Splcg (jog) o reorcemet
lenth renrcn bar r meh ma be jned
r ‘pced’ tether n a varet wa. The mt
cmmn methd mp t ap the bar r meh.
The apped prtn the bar r meh mt awa
(a) CONCRETE (b) PLASTIC-TIPPED WIRE (c) PLASTIC
Fgre 5.11 Typcal spacers r rercemet
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be n cntact and ted ne therwe ndcated n
the drawn.
The wn reqrement are cntaned n
sectn 5.3 n As 2870 reardn pcn/appn
renrcement:
≥ Meh hd be apped a mnmm tw cr
wre that ‘the tw termt tranvere wre
ne heet verap the tw termt tranvere
wre the heet ben apped’.
≥ Trench meh hd be apped a mnmm
500 mm and be ted and ecred.
≥ Trench meh at T and l-nterectn hd be
verapped b the wdth the meh.
≥ Bar ed n renrced tn cae hd
be apped a mnmm 500 mm. At T andl-nterectn the bar hd be cntned
acr the wdth the nterectn. At
l-nterectn, ne ter bar hd be bent and
cntned 500 mm arnd the crner r a bent ap
bar 500 mm n prvded Fgre 5.12.
5.5 COvER TO REinFORCEMEnT
The cver t renrcement (the mnmm thckne
cncrete between the tde renrcement and
the nearet cncrete race) prvded baca
t ve prtectn t the tee renrcement aant
crrn (rtn).
sectn 5.3 n As 2870 ve the mnmm cver t
renrcement n he cntrctn Table 5.2. Fr
trp tn, enera 40 mm cver t nprtected
rnd r the tp the tn exped reqred.
Table 5.2
Mmum cer t rercemet rats ad slabs
Stato Coer (mm)
Tp cver t meh r nterna race 20
Tp/de cver t a renrcement
n ab exped t weather 40
Bttm/de cver t a renrcement
n beam and ab prtected b
a membrane 30
Bttm/de cver t a renrcement
n member cat drect aant
nn-areve rnd 40
5.6 iMPORTAnT COnSiDERATiOnS
FOR REinFORCEMEnT
Where penetratn ccr, the meh hd be ct
awa t prevent n the penetratn and nterern
wth the penetratn anment. The enneer hd
be aked t check whether r nt extra renrcement
reqred t mantan trctra trenth. Dependn
n the ze the penn n the ab, r at ther
re-entrant crner, As 2870 reqre that tw trp
3-l8TM, ne trp 3-l11TM r three N12 bar
(mnmm 2 m n) be paced dana acr the
crner t redce the rk a ptenta crack.
Hrznta penetratn t trp tn are
permtted thrh the mdde thrd the tn.
lcaed deepenn the tn and/r addtna
renrcement ma be needed.
Wth an renrced cncrete prject:
≥ D nt hk meh and t nt ptn (e bar
char).
≥ Pace bar char r enera wrk at maxmm 1-m
pacn.
≥ D nt ‘wak’ the meh nt the cncrete drn
pacement.
≥ Prevent md ben waked nt renrcement.
stack matera n kd the rnd.
≥ D nt aw trck t drve ver renrcement.
≥ Adeqate pce and ecre renrcement. Fr
meh, a d tandard t ecre each thrd
wre ap and taer the tn- ne. Fr pcn/appn bar, te each end the pced enth
t adeqate ecre the bar.
500 lap500 lap
500lap
Separate L-barlapped oneach leg
One outer barbent and lapped
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Fgre 5.12 Lappg rercemet at crers
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5.7 inSPECTiOnS
item t be npected and checked where appcabe:
≥ Nmber, ze and pacn bar, r the ze
meh. Reer t peccatn and prject
drawn.
≥ Nmber, ze and pacn tment (n beam).
≥ Heht and dtrbtn char t mantan
reqred bttm and de cver.
≥ Cver t end bar.
≥ Extenn enth bar and meh pat pprt
ace.
≥ lcatn and enth ap pce.
≥ lcatn ervce ppe, cndt, penn
and tet wth repect t cnfct wth bar and
tment catn.
≥ Trmmn bar arnd penn n ab and at
re-entrant crner.
≥ Eectvene tn (bar t bar, bar t
tment, ap pce, char t bar r meh).
≥ Remva te wre ct, partcar where ab/
beam t w be exped.
spprt and te are ntended t pprt n
the weht the renrcement, the cncrete ver
them p cncreter and, tether wth te-dwn,
t prevent the renrcement ben accdentadpaced drn cncrete pacement. The are nt
ntended t pprt enera cntrctn trac. it
therere mprtant that, nce the renrcement
ha been paced, xed and checked, ndependent
pprted pank rn are prvded t keep pernne
and eqpment ch a whee barrw the
renrcement. i th nt dne, a the prev
d wrk and ert n crrect ptnn the
renrcement w have been wated.
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6.1 GEnERAL
Crack can ccr n cncrete cntrctn r a
varet rean. sme crackn nevtabe
becae cncrete, ke mt ther bdn matera,
mve wth chane n temperatre and t
mtre cntent. specca, t hrnk a t emtre. The rk crackn can be mnmed b
ndertandn what actr cae crackn and hw
t den and deta cncrete wrk t addre thee
e.
Crackn n cncrete a nt tw bac catere:
≥ Prehardenn crack whch ccr prr t ettn
the cncrete
≥ Crack n hardened cncrete whch ccr ater
ettn the cncrete.
6.2 PREHARDEninG CRACkS
6.2.1 Geeral
The tw mt cmmn rm prehardenn crack
that aect cncrete wrk are patc hrnkae
crackn and patc ettement crackn. The ccr
whe cncrete t n t patc tate and therere
bere the cncrete ha aned an trenth. The
ma nt awa be evdent at the cmpetn
cncretn a bfatn, beedwater and race
trwen can temprar ce p r cncea them.
oten, wth rther drn the race, crack thathave been cvered (b trwen) wth a thn aer
cement pate w reappear. A ack adeqate crn
w add t the prbem.
Prehardenn crack can a be caed b rmwrk
mvement.
i crack ccr the hd be cmpete ced
p b revbratn r trwen t enre that at
cmpetn, n ntatr r rther crackn reman n
the cncrete.
6.2.2 Plastc shrage cracg
Patc hrnkae crackn Fgre 6.1 caed b
rapd drn the cncrete race. The can ccr
at an tme the ear, rm cer w-hmdt
weather cndtn t, n partcar, ht weathercndtn nvvn an ne r a cmbnatn hh
temperatre, w hmdt and wnd. Thee tpe
crack ccr whe the cncrete beedn and
drn the nhn peratn. Freh cncrete ma
be exped t the eement r a cnderabe tme
drn thee tae, can the cncrete at the
race t dr and hrnk bere t ha an trenth t
ret the hrnkae rce. Cncrete crack n mch
the ame wa a ca .
Pprpene bre can be added t the cncrete
mx t redce the ncdence patc hrnkaecrackn. Fbre tend t bnd the race the
cncrete tether and prvde me trenth t the
patc cncrete t ret the hrnkae rce.
Methd t redce the rk patc hrnkae
crackn ncde:
≥ Erect wnd break t hed the race rm
drn wnd.
≥ i vapr barrer r damp-prn membrane
are nt preent, dampen the rnd prr t
pacn cncrete t redce abrptn.
≥ ue a cntn ne mt pra t the race
the cncrete and prevent prematre drn
the race whe beedwater rn.
≥ spra an evapratn retarder ch a aphatc
ach ver the reh creeded cncrete race.
srace can dr prematre when the rate
evapratn reater than the rate beedn.
Thee prdct rm a m n the race that
redce the rate evapratn water, th
awn tme r a the beedwater t re t the
race. The addtn a tve de w hw the
evenne the cverae. in extreme cndtn,
re-appcatn the evapratn retarder ma be
necear bth bere and drn trwen. Thee
prdct d nt aect the trenth r perrmance
the cncrete and can act a a nhn ad.
≥ ue phca remede ch a revbratn the
cncrete, vr wd fatn ver crack r
extended e pwer trwen t ce p the
depth the crack.
≥ Cmmence crn a n a pbe ater
nhn.
≥ Dea pacement extreme weather cndtn
are predcted.
Cracks and Crack Control
O6
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6.2.3 Plastc settlemet cracg
Patc ettement crackn caed when cncrete
ette nder t wn weht, ten becae
nadeqate cmpactn. once cncrete paced
nt the rm, the heaver partce (cement, and,rave) ette t the bttm and the hter water
rced t the race n a prce knwn a beedn.
Cmpactn cncrete enre that the entrapped
ar expeed and partce n the cncrete are
packed tht tether t mnme ettement. Deeper
ectn ch a beam are awa mre prne t
ettement crackn a mre depth avaabe r
ettement.
i ettement ccr ater pacement, an retrant t
the ettement w tpca ret n the rmatn a
crack n the race abve the retrant and pbeave a vd beneath t. Cmmn retrant ncde
renrcement and ervce ppe wthn the cncrete
and even tep n rmwrk ch a wafe rat where
the depth chane ncant Fgres 6.2 ad 6.3.
unke patc hrnkae crack whch can be
randm cated ver the race, ettement crack
tend t be traht a the w the ne the
renrcn r rmwrk Fgre 6.4.
sme methd t redce the rk patc ettement
crackn ncde:
≥ F an deep beam ectn t the eve the
bttm the ab bere pacn the cncrete n
the ab.
≥ Awa enre adeqate cmpactn.
≥ Revbrate the race where there mre than a
300-mm depth cncrete bew tp bar.
≥ Enre a rmwrk can wthtand expected
wrkn ad and that the rmwrk ta n pace
t pprt the cncrete nt t e-pprtn.
6.2.4 Cracs cased b ormwor moemet
i there mvement the rmwrk ater the cncrete
ha tarted t ten bt bere t ha aned enh
trenth t pprt t wn weht, crack ma rm.
Th tpe crackn ha n et pattern.
T avd crackn rm rmwrk mvement, rmwrk
mt be:
≥ cent trn and rd t pprt the weht
the cncrete wtht exceve defectn; and
≥ et n pace nt the cncrete ha aned cent
trenth t pprt te.
Fgre 6.1 Plastc shrkage crackg
A A
SECTION A-A
PLAN
Settlement cracks
Large aggregateparticles
Reinforcingbars
Settlementcracks
(a) AT REINFORCING BARS CLOSE TO SURFACE
(b) AT CHANGES IN FORMWORK DEPTH
Differential settlement cracks
Differentialsettlementcracks
SECTION B–B
PLAN
B B
Fgre 6.2 Plastc settlemet crackg
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6.3 CRACkS in HARDEnED COnCRETE
6.3.1 Geeral
Crackn n cncrete ater ettn a ccr r a
varet rean. The tw mt cmmn rm
crackn n hardened cncrete are crazn and drn-
hrnkae crackn.
6.3.2 Crazg
Th bet decrbed a a netwrk ver necbweb-ke r aatr-kn crack, whch appear
n the race cncrete ater t ha been exped
t the atmphere r me tme. The ccr n
the race cement mrtar and are enera mre
cmmn n race wth a hh tee-trweed
r brnhed nh a the addtna tme reqred
r nhn eave the race exped r a
ner perd prr t cmmencement crn
Fgre 6.5. Crazn de nt nrma extend bew
the tp 2 t 3 mm, nr de t ead t drabt r
ther er prbem; t enera aect n theappearance.
The man cae th rm crackn are:
≥ rapd drn the hh cmpacted race (rm
trwen) whe the cncrete t weak (between
trwen and cmmencement crn);
≥ the race the cncrete expandn and
hrnkn drn aternate cce wettn
and drn;
≥ tee trwen the cncrete bere the water
heen ha ne and hence trwen beedwater
nt the race the cncrete can ncreaed
hrnkae and weakenn the race mrtar;
≥ n cement-rch mxe n the race a ‘drer’
t remve exce water (thee ma create a
race aer wth btanta derent prperte
t the cncrete bew, e hher hrnkae);
≥ verwrkn the race and brnn exce
mrtar t the race (aan creatn a race
aer that ma have ncreaed hrnkae
charactertc);
≥ addn exce water t the mx;
≥ nadeqate r ncntent crn.
T avd crazn n trweed race:
≥ Avd ver wet mxe and d nt add exce
water n te.
≥ D nt e ‘drer’ ch a cement, pment rcr hardener t ak p beedwater.
≥ D nt wrk the beedwater nt the race bt
wat nt the water heen ha ne. Exce
beedwater can be draed the race wth
a he.
≥ D nt verwrk the cncrete b nnecear
trwen the race.
≥ Avd wettn and drn cce and exceve
‘wet wpn’ the race where water prnked
nt the race t ad wth trwen.
≥ Prtect race rm rapd drn drn nhn.
≥ Cmmence crn prmpt.
Fgre 6.3 Plastc settlemet crack abe rercg
bar wth d uder bar
Fgre 6.4 Plastc settlemet cracks abe mesh
Fgre 6.5 Crazg
Settlement crack
above bar
Void under bar
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6.3.3 Drg shrage cracs
Thee are caed b mtre n the cncrete drn
t ver tme eadn t hrnkae the cncrete.
Th nt a majr prbem the cncrete ree t
mve, bt, retraned, tene tree can devep
n the cncrete and, thee exceed the tene
trenth the cncrete, cae t t crack Fgre 6.6.
The water cntent the mx the majr actr
nfencn drn hrnkae. other actr that ma
a aect the rk crackn n hardened cncrete
ncde retrant, crn cndtn, areate zeand cntent, detan emetr and cntrctn
practce.
Methd t redce the rk crackn de t
drn hrnkae ncde:
≥ D nt add exce water t the cncrete n te.
≥ Cmpact the cncrete adeqate t acheve the
maxmm dent.
≥ Prvde adeqate crn and cmmence prmpt.
≥ Pace jnt n crrect catn, prvde crrect
emetr (ze/hape ab pane) and enre
prper cntrctn detan t mt retrant
the cncrete.
≥ ue d cntrctn practce when pacn
cncrete.
≥ Prvde adeqate renrcement and enre
crrect pacement.
6.4 JOinTS
6.4.1 Geeral
Jnt erve a nmber prpe, bt the a nt
tw brad catere:
≥ The that aw mvement (atn and
expann jnt).
≥ The that cntr crackn the cncrete
(cntr r cntractn jnt).
A rther tpe, cntrctn jnt, are ed when there
a break n the cncrete pacement, bt are rare
reqred n redenta wrk becae the ma ab
ze and/r dtance between rmed jnt.
Jnt an tpe are rare needed n redenta
fr ab becae the amnt and at
renrcement. As 2870 aw ab p t 30 m nwtht jnt. The ner the ab (p t 30 m), the
mre renrcement reqred n rder t cntr the
tene tree caed b the cncrete wantn t
hrnk bt ben retraned b the rnd nderneath.
The tandard den n As 2870 are ntended t
cntr hrnkae crackn that the majrt ab
w have ether n crackn r n ver ne harne
crack (< 0.3 mm n wdth).
i jnt are prvded n he ab, bth the ab
and bdn need t be dened t aw mvement
at thee catn a the w tend t cncentratehrnkae and rnd mvement. Jnt are nt
apprprate n me ab tpe—th ten nt
ndertd. Prvdn jnt n a he ab wtht
expert advce can cae trctra prbem that ma
be expenve t x.
A he ab ten paced drect n the rnd
and therere bject t rnd mvement. Wtht
care cnderatn and cntrctn, jnt can
becme a hne n the ab and exaerate rnd
mvement, metme retn n damae.
Artcatn jnt are cmmn prvded n a brckwa at ab jnt catn and a n ther wa
nn and nhe where thee are nt capabe
accmmdatn the expected mvement. A jnt
thrh a he ab mt a be prvded wth a
termte barrer t prevent pbe cnceaed acce
b termte.
6.4.2 isolato jots
iatn jnt are ed t eparate the cncrete ab
rm an abttn bdn, extn ab, r rd
trctre ch a dranae pt, acce he r
cmn whch ma cae retrant the ab and
Fgre 6.6 Dryg shrkage crack caused by restrat
brck wall
Drying
shrinkage
crack
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thereb ncreae the rk crackn Fgre 6.7. The
hd aw the ab t mve vertca, hrznta
and t rtate. Whe mvement rm cncrete drn
hrnkae w nrma cae the jnt t pen wth
tme, temperatre chane ma cae the jnt t
ce.
Cmprebe, cear matera are cmmn ed
t thee jnt and the mt be eaed at the
tp and de t prevent drt entern the jnt and
redcn t eectvene. scne and prethane
eaant are cmmn ed r atn andexpann jnt.
6.4.3 Epaso jots
Expann jnt (Fgre 6.8) are ed n are area
pavn t aw cncrete eement t expand and
ph aant each ther (wtht damae), man
de t hh temperatre n ht weather, bt a
chane n the mtre cntent. The hd be
prvded at maxmm 15-m centre.
Expann jnt tpca have dwe bar cnnectn
the ab t prvde ad traner acr the jnt and
avd chane n the eve rm ne ab t anther—
knwn a teppn. A a de, r 100-mm-thck
ab ntended r vehce e than 3 t r ma
(e tpca car) 12-mm-dameter dwe at maxmm
400-mm centre wd be atactr. There are man
prpretar jntn tem (Fgre 6.9) that awea ntaatn and cntn cncrete pacement
acr thee tpe jnt.
A r atn jnt, the tp and de need t be
eaed t prevent drt entern and prbem ch
a ede pan (Fgre 6.10), ab rdn p and
jnt peakn, a whch are detrmenta t ab
perrmance and appearance. Prermed trp at
the tp jnt hd nt be reed n t prvde an
adeqate ea a hrnkae can pen p a ap that
can wth drt and cae prbem Fgre 6.10.
Height to allow clearance toweep holes, flashings,damp-proofing course,termite barriers etc
Suitable silicon orpolyurethane sealantto prevent ingress of dirt
10-mm thick compressiblefiller material for full depthof pavement
Abuting structure orother pavement
30 mm cover to mesh
40 mmend cover
Fgre 6.7 Typcal slat jt detal
30 mm cover to mesh
Bond-breakingcompound
Cap requiredfor expansion
Dowel(length, L)
40
t
0.5t
0.5L
25
Suitable silicon orpolyurethane sealantto prevent ingress of dirt
10-mm minimum thicknesscompressible filler materialfor full depth of pavement
Fgre 6.8 Typcal expas jt detal
Fgre 6.9 Example prpretary expas jt
Fgre 6.10 Edge spallg
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6.4.4 Cotrol jots
Cntr jnt (Fgre 6.11) tpca rm a weakened
pane at whch cncrete w crack. Wtht them,
drn hrnkae wd ret n randm crackn.
The hd be prvded at maxmm 3-m centre, atan chane n hape (e a narrw path attached t
a drvewa), at an chane n drectn (e arnd
crner), and at an rd trctre that ma prevent
mvement and ncreae the rk crackn.
Cntr jnt can be made b:
≥ nertn a pre-mded (patc r meta) trp nt
the cncrete a t ben paced;
≥ e a rvn t mmedate ater the
cncrete ha been paced;
≥awn a rve when the cncrete ha hardenedcent t prevent raven;
≥ n a prpretar preed meta ke jnt.
Nte that:
≥ Bth atn and expann jnt can be ed a
cntr jnt
≥ i jnt are aw ct, th hd be dne bere
hrnkae crackn ccr. A a de, aw ct
hd be made nt mre than 12 hr ater
nhn the ab temperatre exceed 25°C,
and nt mre than 16 t 18 hr ater nhn
the ab r wer temperatre. The race
hard enh when t de nt chp, pa and
cape n the cttn bade (metme reerred
t a raven). T avd dea, ear-ae aw
cttn pbe wth pecaed eqpment.
The race hd be thrh ceaned ater
cttn t remve cement pate rm the race,
epeca r decratve wrk.
≥ i jnt are wet-rmed b crn the patc
cncrete wth an edn t, care hd be taken
t enre that the jnt de nt wth cement
rr/mrtar, makn the jnt e eectve.
≥ i jnt are rmed wth preed meta ke, the
hd be xed n ptn t mantan traht ne.
≥ Whe renrcn meh w nrma tp 50 mm
rm cntr jnt, t ma extend acr the jnt t
prvde better cntr mvement n, a, hh
expanve ca. in th cae, 50% the meh
hd be ct t at n the rmatn a pane
weakne at the jnt catn. T aw me
terance n the catn the aw ct, crack
ndcer r ted jnt, the end the ct wre
hd be at eat 50 mm cear the prped
jnt catn. Fgre 6.12.
30 mm cover to mesh0.25 to 0.33t
Saw cut, insert or tooled joint(no sealant required)
Induced crack
t
50 50
(a) CRACK-INDUCED JOINT (SAW CUT, INSERT OR TOOLED)
30 mm cover to mesh
Optional coloured cover strip(no sealant required)
Propriety pressed-metalkey joint to suit slab thickness
40 40
(b) KEY JOINT (PRESSED-METAL OR FORMED)
Fgre 6.11 Typcal ctrl jt detals
Fgre 6.12 Rercemet fxed pst ad mesh
beg cut at ctrl jt lcats
200-mm length
of wire removed
to allow tolerance
in joint location
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6.4.5 Costrcto jots
Cntrctn jnt (Fgre 6.13) are cncrete-t-
cncrete jnt that prevent an reatve mvement
acr the jnt. The are cmmn ed when
there dcntn pacement cncrete and
cceve pr are awed t harden bend the
nta et; r at the end the wrkn da. The ma
a be necear nreen event (r exampe
dea n dever, pmp breakdwn r bad weather)
nterrpt a pr.
Mt he ab are paced and nhed n the
cre a da, bvatn the need r cntrctn
jnt.
6.4.6 Slab proportos
Cncrete ab ectn bnded b jnt hd be
a near t qare a pbe; the re thmb that
the enth the ner de hd be n mre than
1.5 tme the enth the hrter de.
Acte ane hd be avded a thee are dct
t renrce and ncreae the rk crackn and/r
breakn the tapered ectn cncrete even
nder ht ad. Wth a jnt tpe, the ane
rmed at ede and nterectn jnt hd
nt be t acte. A d deta n thee tatn
t keep at eat 500 mm the jnt at mre than
75° (and preerab at rht ane) t the ab ede
Fgre 6.14.
6.4.7 Jot spacg
in nrenrced ab, the re thmb that jnt
hd be paced at n mre than 30 tme the ab
thckne, and a mentned abve, that the
ner dmenn n mre than 1.5 tme the hrter
dmenn. Fr exampe: 75-mm-thck tpath
hd have tranvere cntr jnt paced n mre
than 30 x 75 = 2250 mm apart. Hwever, the path
n 900 mm wde, the pacn cntr jnt
mted t 900 x 1.5 = 1350 mm t cntr the hape
and mnme the rk crackn. i the ab wa
100-mm-thck, whe the maxmm pacn between
jnt cd be ncreaed t 3000 mm, the 1350 mm
enth wd t vern the jnt pacn.
When a ab renrced th dtance can be
ncreaed ht, dependn n the tpe and amnt
renrcement.
lntdna jnt are recmmended when the ab
wder than 3 m, r exampe wde drvewa r terrace
pavement.
6.4.8 Jot locatos
in cncrete fatwrk the at jnt ver
mprtant. Wherever pbe, the catn jnt
hd be panned. Jnt can be tranvere r
ntdna, bt are predmnant tranvere n
redenta wrk ch a path and drvewa de t
ther mted wdth Fgre 6.15.
6.4.9 Jot mateace
The n-term perrmance jnt crca t
n-e pavement. Drt mt be kept t the
jnt ntended t aw mvement. Whe cn
and prethane eaant are n atn, me
mantenance and ccana repacement w be
reqred t enre the jnt keep perrmn a
ntended.
30 mm cover to mesh
Stop board to form joint andallow compaction of concrete
Reinforcing meshcontinuous across joint
Roughened first-cast face
Fgre 6.13 Typcal cstruct jt detal Fgre 6.14 Jt perpedcular t slab edge
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LEGEND
Double garage
Residence
Property boundary
Isolation joint
Expansion joint
Control jointAccess hole
Centre CJ on access hole
EJ if length greater than15 m, otherwise CJ
Joints perpendicular to slab edgeto avoid acute angles
Path
3 m wide driveway
Extend pavement here toavoid acute angle
Path
Potential crackif CJ usedinstead of IJ
Potential crackif CJ usedinstead of IJ
W
L (max) = 1.5 x W
3 m max3 m max
3 m max
Provide IJaround access hole
Footpath
IJ
IJ
EJ
EJ
IJ
IJ
IJ
IJ
IJIJ
IJ
IJ
IJ
CJ
CJ
CJ
CJ
CJ
CJ
CJ CJ
CJCJ
CJ
CJ
CJ
CJ
IJ
IJ IJ
Kerb and gutter
Fgre 6.15 Typcal jt layut
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7.1 GEnERAL
A varet tandard den r tn tem
are prvded n sectn 3 As 2870. The chce
tn tem can be ne preerence baed n
ca experence, r t ma be baed n partcar te
cndtn.
The tandard den cver var tpe
ndatn ncdn Ca A, s, M, and H. Ca
A te dpa tte r n rnd mvement, Ca
s are ht reactve te, Ca M mderate
reactve te and Ca H hh reactve te. A the
reactvt (eana mvement caed b mtre
chane) the ncreae, the tn need
t be ter (deeper beam, mre renrcement,
cer beam pacn) t enabe the tn t mt
the defectn the bdn caed b the rnd
mvement.
Derent bdn matera can accmmdate
derent amnt defectn (mvement). The mre
rd the bdn matera, the e defectn t can
accmmdate bere crackn and hence the ter
the tn need t be. Th wh the tn tem
vare wthn each te cacatn dependn n the
tpe cntrctn ed r the wan: cad rame
ben the mt fexbe and manr the mt rd.
Fr each te cacatn, the tandard den n
As 2870 ve deemed-t-at tn t meet
the reqrement the Bdn Cde Atraa.
Hwever, the eectn a tabe den and the
detan ab and tn are ncrean ben
ndertaken b etechnca r trctra enneer
t enre cmpance wth a detan e and
tabt the bdn t a ‘tandard’ den. Fr
exampe, man te-pecc e ch a extreme
reactve , me ed te, mne bdence
area and te wth abnrma mtre cndtn w
pace the den tde As 2870 and reqre peca
aement, den and detan. Bdn can a
cntan heav aded area (e cmn, chmne)r whch the tn’ tabt ma need t be
aeed.
The term ‘ab-n-rnd’ adpted n As 2870 (and
n th de) and reer t cncrete ab pprted
b the rnd and ncrpratn ntera ede beam.
‘stened rat’, ‘wafe rat’ and ‘tened ab wth
deep ede beam’ are a tpe ab-n-rndtn tem ncded n As 2870.
7.2 STiFFEnED RAFT
A tened-rat fr ab (Fgre 7.1) ha the ab
p a externa and nterna tenn beam paced
at the ame tme t rm a ne cncrete eement.
interna beam mt be cntn rm ede t ede
the ab, cated t prvde cntnt wth ede
beam at re-entrant crner and have the maxmm
pacn ven n Fre 3.1 As 2870. Fr Ca M
and H te the maxmm pacn rm the crner
the ab mted t 4 m n rder t cntr defectn
(and crackn) the wa at the crner ab.
A tened rat ne the mt cmmn tn
tem ed a t er a ct-eectve tn r a
wde rane rnd cndtn.
7.3 WAFFLE RAFT
Wafe rat (Fgre 7.2) are cntrcted n eve te
n cardbard r ptrene vd rmer t prdce
a ce-paced rd renrced cncrete rb. ste
preparatn mnmzed becae the cncrete
paced n rm rather than n excavated trenche.
Th tem avd ccana, nntended, ver-
excavatn when trenchn, enabn the reqred
qantte cncrete and renrcement t be
aeed mre accrate. Cntrctn n a eve
te a redce the rk dea de t wet weather
(e water n trenche) and excavatn. Anther
advantae wth wafe rat that r ne-tre
he cntrcted wth cad rame r manr
veneer wa n Ca M, M-D, H r H-D te, the rat
ma be pprted n per wtht rther trctra
den the rat ben reqred. Thee advantae
have been repnbe r a ncant ncreae n the
prprtn thee tpe tn ed.
Footing Types
O7
Edge beamwith rebate
Internalbeam
Loadbearing wall
Slab thickeningat loadbearingwalls >1 m frominternal beams
Fgre 7.1 Steed rat
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Hwever, me pnt need t be cndered:
≥ The practce jnn ether tw r mre vd
rmer tether nt cvered b the tandard
and pace the den tde the deemed-t-
cmp reqrement. Wth e rb t ten the
tn, an aternatve den hd enre
that the defectn the bdn/trctre
apprprate r the te cndtn and w t
aw an acceptabe perrmance t be acheved.
≥ The repacement tp meh wth pprpene
bre n the cncrete a nt cvered and
pace the tn tem tde the cpe the
tandard.
≥ A thee tpe tn are cntrcted n a
eve te, there a a reqrement t back
arnd the ede t rae the rnd eve.
Backn hd be carred t care t avd
water pndn at the bae the rat, partcar
r mderate and hh reactve te. Th w
cae ede heave (wen reactve )
and ma ret n damae t the bdn thrh
exceve mvement at the permeter the tn.
7.4 STiFFEnED SLAB WiTH DEEP EDGE BEAM
stened ab wth deep ede beam (Fgre 7.3)
are tabe r pn te where ct and excavatn nt practcabe, bt are mted t
manr veneer and artcated manr veneer
tpe wa n Ca A, s and M te. The tem
e deep permeter beam cntn a cncrete
tn ted t a renrced cncrete wa abve t
acheve the tne reqred. The renrced cncrete
wa can be rmed p n tw eave brckwrk
wth the cncrete paced between them, r b n
manr bck whch can be ed wth cncrete.
An reqred nder the ab ha t cmp wth
the reqrement r ether a cntred r red
dependn n the depth and ad t be
pprted n the ab abve.
7.5 FOOTinG SLAB
The tn ab (Fgre 7.4) cat n the rnd n
tw tae: the ede tn rt, wed b the
ab. Ftn ab are tabe n r Ca A and
s te a mderate and hh reactve te ma
cae prbem wth derenta mvement between
the tn and the ab. Fr ca A te havn
tte t n rnd mvement the te bar between
the tn and ab (Fgre 7.4) ma be mtted
an wth the renrcement n the tn: tn
ben reqred n t dtrbte wa ad nt the
ndatn.
Th methd redce the enth tme excavatn
are pen and de nt reqre extenve rmwrk.
The tn-ab tem can be adapted we t
pn-te appcatn.Edge beamwith rebate(masonry veneer)
Edge beamwithout rebate(clad frame)
Formed void Formed void
Internalstiffeningribs
Loadbearing wall
Fgre 7.2 Wae rat
Tiededgebeam
Internalbeam
Slab thickeningat loadbearing walls> 1 m from internal beam
Controlled orrolled fill
Loadbearing wall
Fgre 7.3 Steed slab wth deep edge beam
Tied edge beam
Slab thickeningat loadbearing walls
Strip footing
Fgre 7.4 Ftg slab
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7.6 STRiP / PAD FOOTinGS
strp tn (Fgre 7.5) are rectanar n ectn
and are ed r cntn pprt wa. Fr
ab between wa can be pprted n cntred
r red dependn n the depth and ad
n the ab.
Pad tn are ed t pprt per, cmn r
tmp. strp and pad tn can be ed tether
t pprt a rane pended frn tem r
pn te.
7.7 PiER/PiLE AnD SLAB
on extreme reactve te, and area capn r
ncntred , per r pe can be ed t pprt
a cncrete ab-and-beam fr tem (Fgre 7.6).
Per are pred, ater excavatn, wherea cncrete
pe are drven nt the rnd t a peced depth
r nt reachn a peced eve retance.
sectn 15 As 3600 (Pan Cncrete Member)
cver the den nrenrced bred cncreteper and Appendx g As 2870 ve nrmatn n
the den drven tmber pe. The pe are ct
at the reqred eve t t the fr tem. Fr wafe
rat ab pprted b per/pe n accrdance wth
As 2870 reer t Secto 7.3. Fr ther tn tpe,
the prvn per/pe ma chane the trctra
cncept and the tn den ma need t cnrmwth the reqrement As 3600.
Strip footing
Infill slab
Controlled orrolled fill
Fgre 7.5 Strp tg
Piles/piers Rock
Slab and beam floor
Uncontrolled fill
Fgre 7.6 Per/ple ad slab tg
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8.1 GEnERAL
The prmar nctn cncrete path and drvewa
t prvde ea acce nt r arnd a prpert.
Hwever, the are a mprtant t the enera
appearance the prpert, and the race nh
mt therere nt n cntrbte t the appea the prpert, t mt at a nmber nctna
reqrement.
8.2 PLAnninG
Prr t ndertakn cntrctn, a nmber apect
need t be cndered:
≥ Paemet grades The maxmm rade awed
n As 2890.1 r a dmetc drvewa 1 n 4
(25%). Fr rade teeper than 12.5%, a trantn
zne at the tp and bttm the rade ma bereqred t prevent the vehce rm ‘bttmn’ n
the drvewa Fgre 8.1. Fr teep pn te,
drvewa rade and deta hd be checked
prr t nan the eve the arae t enre
that tabe acce can be prvded nce the
he/arae ha been cmpeted.
≥ Draage Pavement hd enera dran awa
rm the bdn, r where th nt pbe,
be prvded wth adeqate dranae t prevent
fdn the arae/bdn. The mnmm
rade r cra t aw r dranae the
race 1 n 100 (1%) r 10 mm per metre.
≥ Trees Tree can cae mvement b ether
remvn mtre rm the retn n
hrnkae reactve r b rt rwn
nder pavement and ca tn a ectn
pavement. Pavement near/adjacent t tree ma
reqre me mantenance n the tre t crrect
eve.
≥ Adjacet strctres Pavement are ten cated
next t bdn r ther trctre. The nhed
eve the pavement hd nt be abve the
nhed eve awed n the BCA (reatve t the
fr eve the bdn), cncea an b-frventatn he n brckwrk r weep he abve
fahn/damp-pr cre, r retrct an
termte npectn zne.
≥ Srace fsh The race nh hd prvde
adeqate p and kd retance, whe ben
tabe r the appcatn. Fr exampe, a hh
textred race prvdn exceent p retance
ma nt be apprprate r baret trac arnd
a wmmn p. A reatve mth race
havn adeqate p retance preerabe.
8.3 DESiGn
Den e reatn t redenta pavement are
reatve mpe.
≥ Cocrete The ad and drabt reqrement
the pavement determne the cncrete thckne
and trenth rade Table 8.1. A ‘nrma’ ca
cncrete wth a mnmm trenth 20 MPa
(e N20 cncrete) tabe r mt redenta
wrk. T at wth pacement, a 100-mm mp
recmmended.
A hher trenth ma be necear reezn
and thawn cndtn are expected: N32 r
ccana expre t reezn, and N40 where
mre than 25 reezn cce ccr each ear. i
ant preent n the , an N25 cncrete
recmmended r mderate ane , N32
r ver ane and N40 r hh ane
(reer t Guide to Residential Slabs and Footings in Saline Environments (T56) b the CCAA r mre
nrmatn).
Paths and Driveways
O8
Grade*5% say
Grade12.5% say(1 in 8)
Grade 0%
Street
Transition
2 m min 2 m min
Pavement grade Transition Garage
P r o p e r t y
b o u n d a r y
Grade
=5% + 12.5%
2= 8.75%
Grade
=12.5% + 0%
2= 6.25%
* The advice of the Local Authority should be sought to obtain graderequirements for the area between the street and property boundary.
Fgre 8.1 Trast zes r dreways
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≥ Reorcemet The prpe renrcement
wthn a pavement nt t prevent crackn bt
hd tht ced an crack that ma ccr. The
ze the renrcn meh eenta depend
n the thckne the cncrete Table 8.2. Ntethat pprpene bre are n bttte r the
reqred tee renrcement bt ma at wth
patc hrnkae crackn.
Fr me decratve cncrete nhe, ncrean
the meh b at eat tw ze (e sl52 t sl72,
sl62 t sl82 and sl72 t sl92) ma be an ptn
t rther redce the wdth an crack that
ma ccr rm cae ch a drn hrnkae,
rnd mvement and tree rt.
≥ Jots Prvdn jnt n accrdance wth
Secto 6.4 w at t mnme the rk
drn hrnkae crackn. Fr decratve nhe,
jnt hd be cated t bend n wth the
pattern wherever pbe.
≥ Srace toleraces Bth the fatne and
evene the race hd be peced.
A reanabe fatne terance wd be a
maxmm devatn r ap 12 mm nder a 3-m
trahtede paced anwa n the pavement
Fgre 8.2. A reanabe eve terance wd be
±10 mm rm the dened eve r eevatn. Nte
that whe the enera anment and appearance a drvewa ma be dced wth the cncreter,
eve are edm ven a the are et t b the
cncreter t prvde a tabe anment between
the kerb and arae. other pavement eve ma
be peced n reatn t eatre ch a dr
penn, fahn, damp prn membrane
and termte barrer.
Nte that the fatne and evene are nt
peced, the terance ma be verned b
perhap mre-trnent state r lca gvernment
bdn reatn reqrement.
8.4 COnSTRuCTiOn
The man e t cnder ncde:
≥ Plag or cocretg Bere rdern cncrete,
care pannn w enre the cncrete
tranprted, paced, cmpacted, nhed and
cred n accrdance wth the d wrk practce
tned n th de.
≥ Sbgrade A reanab nrm ndatn
eenta t the n-term perrmance a
cncrete pavement. Crrect brade preparatn
enre the cncrete pavement ane de
nt carr the ervce ad. An amptn
that a cncrete pavement w brde ver pr
brade cd ead t a ae ene ecrt
Fgre 8.3. The brade hd be prepared b
rt remvn tp cntann rt and ra,
and even the brade. servce trenche
hd then be backed and ated hw r
t pt ed r bt p t the reqred nhedrnd eve b cmpactn n aer n mre than
Table 8.1
Ccrete thckess/grade
Cocrete
thcess StregthApplcato (mm) grade
Ftpath 75 N20
Pat/arden-hed fr 100 N20
Car and ther ht-vehce
trac (e than 3 t) 100 N20/N25
lht trck (3 t 10 t) 150 N25/N32*
*Where abrasion resistance is required
Table 8.2
Rercemet ad jt requremets
Cocrete Mamm jot
thcess Reorcg spacg
(mm) mesh (mm)
75 sl52 2250
100 sl62 3000
150 sl72 4500
Maximum deviation measured
3-m straightedge
Fgre 8.2 Measurg the atess a surace
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100 mm n depth. sbrade r ab mt have
adeqate trenth ater cmpactn wth a pate
cmpactr r a vbratn-drm rer. Nte that ca
need t be mt r ptmm cmpactn.
untabe, r ed te wth nadeqatecmpactn, hd be thrh nvetated
b a etechnca r trctra enneer bere
den and cntrctn.
≥ Sbbase on hh expanve , a
100-mm-thck aer w-vme-chane
r matera (e radbae) recmmended t
mnme mtre chane (and mvement) n the
expanve ndatn . it a prvde a mre
nrm pprt r the ab.
≥ Redcg rcto der the slab Prvdn
pthene heetn r a 20-mm-thck aer
and beneath the pavement an eectve wa
redcn the rctn between the ab and
pprtn rnd and thereb mnmn the rk
crackn.
≥ Jotg Jnt are an eenta part an
pavement t aw r mvement and t cntr
the catn where hrnkae crackn ccr.
Recmmendatn r jnt tpe, pacn,
detan and at can be nd n Secto 6.4.
≥ Formwor Frmwrk hd be trn and tre t
ne. The accrac the rmwrk w be refected
n the nhed ne the hardened cncrete. B
pacn the tp ede the rm bard at the
nhed eve the pavement race, creedn
can be ecent dne n the rm ede a
a de. Frm bard hd be thck enh
and ecre xed the d nt bend r mve
when pacn cncrete. Frmwrk hd be
cntrcted wth care t ea remved when
the cncrete ha hardened. A ht catn rm
bere pacn cncrete w make remva
eaer.
it d practce t eave rmwrk n pace
r a mnmm 3 da (dependn n weather
cndtn) t aw cncrete t harden and
becme e-pprtn.
≥ Reorcemet fg Renrcn meh hd
be cated n the tp ha the pavement, wth a
mnmm 30 mm cver t the tp race. Meh
hd be pced and xed n ptn, reer t
Secto 5.4 and Fgre 6.12.
≥ Cocrete Factr t be cndered when pacn,
cmpactn, nhn and crn cncrete can be
nd n Secto 4. Baca:
— N exce water hd be added t the
cncrete n te.
— An water pndn n the rnd hd be
remved.
— Pacn hd cmmence rm ne crner
(a the wet pnt) and prceed
cntn t rm that pnt.
— cncrete hd be paced a ce a
pbe t t na catn,
— Cncrete hd nt be paced n temperatre
abve 30°C r bew 10°C wtht precatn
ben taken.
— in ht weather cndtn, epeca t
a wnd, an evapratn retarder ch
a aphatc ach hd be ed ater
creedn.
— Cncrete depth reater than 100 mm hd
be cmpacted n mmern (pker) r
race vbratr (vbratn creed) r bth.
— Fnhn hd nt cmmence nt a
beedwater ha evaprated rm the race.
— Crn hd cmmence a n a pbe
ater nhn and extend r a mnmm
perd 3 da; 7 da cated near the
cat (wthn 1 km) and/r bject t heaver
trac. Care n eectn the crn methd r
decratve nhe hd be taken.
≥ Slp ad sd resstace sp retance reate
t pedetran and kd retance t vehce. in
term the cncrete race, the reqrement r
bth w be aected b the e the pavement,
t teepne, and the eectvene t race
dranae.
sp retance r redenta appcatn
enera peced b nmnatn a cacatn
n accrdance wth the wet pendm tet n
As 4586. Fr dance n whch cacatn
methd and ca nh apprprate,
standard Atraa' HB 197 cntan
recmmendatn r a varet appcatn
ncdn p rrnd, pn p ede and
wak-thrh wadn p.
Fr externa area, a Ca W p retance
n accrdance wth the wet pendm tet
nrma adeqate. Whe catn hd be
exerced n eectn enerc tpe nhecapabe achevn a Ca W nh (a each
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race can var), nhe ch a tenced,
tpped, brmed, wd fat, hean dra,
exped areate and hned (80 t 100 rt wth
penetratn tpe eaer) hd ve atactr
ret and cmp wth the reqrement r aCa W p retance. sme mther tamped
nhe (ate and cbbetne) ma nt have
cent race textre and reqre the e an
apped eaer ncrpratn ca r carbrndm
dt, r me ther tpe p-retant
areate.
Ca W p retant race w nrma
prvde atactr kd retance a we. Havn
a carer textre r vehce race enera
becme mprtant n at hher peed r t
prvde adeqate dranae drn heav rana.A the pe the drvewa r pavement
ncreae, t w the need t prvde reater
p/kd retance. Dependn n the pe, the
p/kd retant prperte each tpe nh
ma need t be evaated.
imprvn p/kd retance reatve
mpe. Abrave batn, acd etchn, rndn,
appcatn nn-p cear eaer/catn and
rear mantenance t enre that the race
cean are me the ptn.
≥ Protecto agast stag seaer, cear andtnted, prevent mt cntamnant penetratn
the cncrete race and hep wth ceann the
race. Cred pant and ther catn,
tabe r the cncrete and the cndtn, can
a be apped t the race. sme pnt t
cnder ncde:
— Fr mther nhe, a penetratn tpe
eaer hd enera be ed. Dependn
n the pe the chce a tabe eaer
cd be crtca t the p/kd retance.
A p-retant areate ma need t bencrprated nt the eaer.
— Water- and acrc-baed eaer p cne
eaer are tabe r exterr e (uV
retant) bt nce cn prdct are ed,
bndn anthn ee t the race w
be a prbem. Waxe, rethane and epx
prdct (an wth acrc and cne) are
tabe r nterr appcatn.
— Cncrete race are ten bject t
abran b vehcar and pedetran trac.
Fr redenta appcatn, mt water- and
acrc-baed eaer w prvde atactr
perrmance.
— The e a w-dr (water-baed) eaer r
cnned area r where adeqate ventatn
nt pbe recmmended.
— seaer are nt crn cmpnd, bt ma
nctn n a mar wa. The hd becmpatbe wth the crn cmpnd ed (
derent rm t) and aw r bndn ther
race catn/treatment reqred.
— The hd be apped ater the crn perd
t enabe them t penetrate nt the race
wtht nterern wth the crn prce.
Fgre 8.3 Pr subgrade may cause crackg
paemet
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9.1 COLOuRED COnCRETE
9.1.1 itrodcto
Cr can be prvded n fr and pavement b
n -whte and whte cement n the cncrete,
mnera xde pment, dr-hake tppn, chemca
tan, de and tnt, a rane cred race
catn r b expn the cr the areate
wthn the cncrete.
Whch methd ed depend n actr ch a the
cr reqred and t cntenc ver the race, the
drabt the cr, whether pattern are reqred,
an extn cncrete race t be cred and
whether the race vertca r hrznta.
9.1.2 Cemet color
un -whte r whte cement ntead the nrma‘re’ cement can chane the cr the cncrete.
o-whte cement manactred n Atraa and
ten ed r archtectra nhe a t tend t ve
a mre cntent cr—nt becae the cr
the cement cntred, bt becae an varatn n
the hade -whte cr prdced n the cncrete
are e ntceabe. Nte that there ma be man
derent hade -whte cr, cr and
a cntenc cr mprtant, the e a
pment recmmended. A, t acheve mre vbrant
cr rm pment, -whte cement a
reqred. Nrma ‘re’ cement tend t ve the
darker mre earth cr when pment are added.
Whte cement mprted t Atraa and th
refected n the hher ct. An aternatve t e
-whte cement wth a whte ttanm xde pment.
The pment bth brhten and ve a mre
cntent cr.
i -whte cement reqred n cncrete, the
avaabt hd be checked wth the cncrete
pper. smaer pant ten w nt have an
addtna avaabe t tck -whte cement, btne pant n a rp pant ma have the capact
t pp -whte cncrete t the ren.
9.1.3 Colored cocrete (tegral colorg)
intera cr reer t the addtn pment
(cr) t the cncrete r tppn mx n rder
t cr the entre vme cncrete/tppn.
Pment are avaabe a ether pwder, ranewhch dve, r qd. Pwder are enera
added nt the cncrete trck n ba whch dve
drn mxn, whe qd are ten ed at majr
batchn pant a the avd dt and can be
cnnected t atmated batchn eqpment r
accrate mearement qantte.
Natra ccrrn r manactred nranc mnera
xde ma be ed: the atter knwn a nthetc
rn xde. Mt cr (red, ew, brwn and
back) are xde rn. sme cr ch a
be, reen and whte ma be mre expenve de tthe manactrn prce t prdce thee peca
meta-xde pment.
Pment are tra-ne partce a ractn the ze
cement partce. The becme bnd nt the
cement matrx n the ame wa a ther areate
wthn the cncrete mx. smar t exped areate
nhe where the predmnant cr that the
areate, pmented cncrete take n the cr
thee ver ne partce (r areate) that are
exped at the race the cncrete.
A pment are made rm metac xde r
matera n ther mt bac rm, there n
mechanm r them t derade r chane cr ver
tme. Pment are nt aected b the n’ travet
ra, are ht at (emnate adn) and nce bnd
nt the cncrete matrx the prvde a permanent
crn tn. The are a nbe (prevent
eachn t), chemca nert (d nt nterere wth
the cement reactn), aka retant (tabe r
cncrete whch ha hh akant) and harme t
the envrnment,
in crrect prprtn, xde d nt have a ncantaect n the trenth cncrete. The amnt
xde pwder reqred w enera be 5–8% the
weht the cement n the mx. Fr bet ret, a
cr hd be eected rm a manactrer’/
pper’ cr chart and ther recmmendatn
wed reardn pment reqrement r partcar
mxe.
Ater pacn, the cncrete race creeded,
fated and nhed n the ame wa a rdnar
cncrete. Partcar care hd be taken wth crn
t prdce the bet nh.
Concrete Finishes
O9
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Fr nrm cr, ever apect the cncrete
and t methd pacement, nhn and crn
hd be cntent, ncdn the mxn prcedre.
sampe pane are e t nd the rht mx, and
prvde the ba r qat cntr. Becae an exactcr match rm batch t batch dct, brder
derent cr r cncrete paver, can be ed
t dvde are area nt maer mre manaeabe
ectn whch can be paced rm a ne batch.
Th hep t mak an mnr cr varatn, r
create pean pattern.
9.1.4 Dr-shae toppgs
Dr-hake tppn are cmmerca avaabe
prdct cntann cement, and, and pment,
and n me cae, peca hardener t ncreae
the trenth the nhed race (the are
therere metme reerred t a ‘cred race
hardener’). The cme n a rane cr and are
ten ed n cnjnctn wth tenced and tamped
pattern nhe (reer Secto 9.2).
Dr-hake tppn can a be made n te rm
mar matera. The mnera xde pment
meared b weht n the rat 1 part pment
t 10 part cement. The pwdered pment rt
bended wth dr cement bere cmbnn wth the
and n the a bend 1 part cement t 2 partand b vme.
The dr pwder cat b hand ver the race
(hence the term ‘dr-hake’) the reh cncrete
(Fgre 9.1) and wrked nt the race b trwen.
A trace beedwater mt be awed t evaprate
bere appn the pwder. un the pwder t
ak p beedwater bad practce, and nvarab
ret n a mch weaker race, whch w wear
qck, and ma dt, deamnate r chp. The rate
appcatn a dr-hake tppn r fatwrk w
tpca be a mnmm 2 k/m2.
Cred race hardener are a cement-baed
prdct and mt be nhed and cred ke an
cncrete wrk t acheve the ptenta trenth.
When n dr-hake tppn t mprtant t
prtect adjacent race, wth patc heetn r
exampe, becae pahe are dct t remve.
The appcatn dr-hake tppn a w:
≥ Even bradcat the dr-hake tppn (cred
race hardener) ver the race n tw tae
t enre nrm cr and thckne. ua
tw thrd apped r the rt cat, and ne
thrd r the ecnd, whch hd be apped n
a drectn perpendcar t the rt. Each cat
thrh wrked nt the race b trwen.
≥ App tppn cr r hhht feckn
reqred, whe the race t patc t enrebndn.
≥ Fr dark cr ch a charca (back), t ma
be advabe t app a thrd cat r mre even
cr dtrbtn.
9.1.5 Chemcal stas
Chemca tan react wth the exce cacm n thecncrete t prdce prdct that permanent cr
the cncrete. The tpca prdce a nqe mtted
nh de t the varabt wth whch the penetrate
nt the cncrete Fgre 9.2. Tw r mre cr are
ten ed t prdce mtted nhe reembn
tne r t create pattern Fgre 9.3.
Becae chemca tann ten cndered a an
aterthht, r a a tn r extn cncrete,
the reqred preparatn t acheve a d-qat
nh a mn and the tcme ma be
dappntn. Crn cncrete b the e
chemca tan ma appear mpe, bt n act
reqre care pannn and a hh eve k n t
appcatn t acheve a d ret. oten t ma be
better t pace a thn bnded tppn (reer Secto 10)
ver the extn ab and app the tan t th a the
tppn and hence cred nh rm the tan w
be mre cntent. it a avd havn t prtect
the race prr t the appcatn the tan.
A chemca tan react wth the cncrete cnttent,
the hd nt be apped nt the cncrete ha
acheved t den trenth. Reeae aent and
crn cmpnd can a aect the rate at whch
the tan w penetrate nt the cncrete race.
Fgre 9.1 Dry-shake tppg beg appled
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The e chemca tan t fatwrk cntrctn
a the prdct can be pnded n the race t aw
d penetratn nt the cncrete Fgre 9.4.
stann are area and the wth fat r mth
nhe bet carred t n pra eqpment t
avd brh r rer mark, ne pecc pattern
are reqred. Carer textred nhe ch a tamped
race w tend t cncea brh and rer mark.
9.1.6 Des ad tts
De and tnt cntan cred partce n ether a
water r vent tn and can prdce cr
that are nt avaabe wth chemca tan, e red
and ew Fgre 9.5. De have ver ne credpartce and w penetrate nt the cncrete
prdcn mtted nhe mar t chemca tan.
Tnt have arer partce, are paqe and reman n
the race the cncrete: the fwer n Fgre 9.5
are an exampe the paqe nh acheved.
unke chemca tan, de and tnt d nt react
wth the cncrete. Th make the ret mre
predctabe and e dependent n the cntenc
the cncrete r the weather cndtn. Fr th
rean the can be ed t crrect the ret rm
chemca tann b crn area where the tandd nt prvde the reqred cr, r area where the
tan created a cr that wa darker r derent than
ntended.
De and tnt prdce trn vbrant cr and
an wth ther crn ptn, extend the paette
cr pbe nt a vat rane crn
tn r bth are and ma prject.
The uV retance, and hence the abt t e the
prdct externa need t be etabhed r each
de r tnt.
Fgre 9.2 Mttled fsh prduced by chemcal stas
Fgre 9.3 Chemcal stas used t create patters
Fgre 9.4 Chemcal stas ca pd at suraces
t allw gd peetrat
Fgre 9.5 Dyes ad tts prduce strg brat
clurs t pssble wth stas – red, yellw adrage. Chemcal sta used r mttled gree
backgrud ad pattered brder.
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9.1.7 Srace coatgsCatn rane rm var pavn pant, rethane,
epx r ther chemca eaer and prdct t
cred cementt matera that prvde mar
ret t nt cred nhe bt wth mprved
cr cntenc. utra-thn cementt catn
are ten reerred t a mcr-tppn Fgre 9.6.
unke cred cncrete nhe r the e tan
and de whch tpca ve me cr varatn,
catn prvde a nrm cr ver the entre
race Fgre 9.7. Rean r ther e ma ncde
cr varatn ben nacceptabe, t mpthe creatn pattern, acheve partcar cr,
prtect the race rm abran r tann and
at wth ceann. Wth adeqate thckne the
w cncea the btrate and, dependn n the
tpe prdct ed, ma prvde a mtre and/r
chemca barrer t the cncrete. Th ma extend the
den e the cncrete eement.
i a cmbnatn pant/catn and eaer are
reqred, the prdct hd be cmpatbe. The
manactrer hd be cnted t enre that a
cmpatbe pant r catn p eaer tem peced.
A an prdct apped t the race a cncrete
pavement w be bject t wear, catn ma need
t be re-apped me tme ater t rentate the
dered appearance.
9.1.8 Eposed aggregates
The cr areate (and and tne) can
prvde permanent cr n exped-areate
nhe, bt the rane cr w be mted b the
avaabe areate Fgre 9.8. Exped areate
nhe are dced n Secto 9.3.
9.2 PATTERnED COnCRETE
9.2.1 itrodcto
st-brte brm, wd fat and pne have
been ed r man ear t create race textre
and pattern n cncrete pavement. Mre recent,
prpe-made rbber md and meta de have
been deveped t tamp mpren n the cncrete
race; whe cardbard tenc are ed t prdce
man pattern when dr-hake tppn are prnked
ver them.
The technqe are mpe, bt mt be we panned
t take advantae the hrt perd when cncrete
wrkabe. ordern ‘w-beed’ cncrete hrten the
watn tme r beedwater t re t the race and
evaprate, n eect vn mre tme r nhn. The
addtn pprpene bre, whch can hep bnd
a mx and redce beedn cd a be cndered.
gd crn practce crca t the appearance,
and the ervce the pavement.
Fgre 9.6 Dark blue areas are a clured cemet-
based mcr-tppg apprxmately 1 mm thck
trwelled t the surace. Lght blue clur s rm
dye washed er the surace.
Fgre 9.7 Catg used garage area t prde
urm clur, deleate areas, prtect surace ad
acltate cleag
Fgre 9.8 Clurs rm deret aggregates
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9.2.2 Stecllg
stenced pattern are made b atern the race
the cncrete pavement ater the cncrete ha
tened, bt bere t ha hardened. The prce r
tencn reatve mpe; hwever, the tmn
each tae crtca t the cce and drabt
the nh.
Wth tencn, cardbard tenc ad n the race
the pre-hardened cncrete (Fgre 9.9) mak
the race rm the beqent appcatn the
cred matera Fgre 9.1. When the cncrete
ten the tenc remved (Fgre 9.10) prdcn
a cred pattern wth re jnt—the cr the
bae cncrete.
There are a varet pattern reembn brck bnd,
tne r randm pavn. The race nh can a
be vared wth brm r exampe, whch prdce
care textre that mprve p retance n teep
rade.
The prcedre r tencn cncrete a w:
1 Protect adjog sraces. stan caed b
ne xde and cement are dct t remve.
ue prtectve patc heetn t tp pahn
adjnn race ch a a, amnm r
tmber drn pacement Fgre 9.9.
2 Place the cocrete slab. Pace, creed, b fat
and trwe the cncrete t t na eve.
3 La the stecls. Pnt t nte ncde:
— Wat nt a beedwater ha evaprated bere
pacn tenc.
— Featre ch a rette r mt are
nrma paced rt, wed b brder and
na the man tenced area paced and
ct n arnd ther tem.
— Care wrk the tenc nt the race wth a
rer r a trwe.
— stenc paced n cncrete that t wet ma
becme embedded t deep and w be
dct t remve, retn n neven rt r
‘jnt’ ne depth.
— stenc that have nt been adeqate
embedded r are nt we bnded t cncrete
w tend t adhere t the apped cr, eavn
raed tne when remved. The cr
ma a creep nderneath the tenc and
tan the ‘jnt’ ne. Evapratn retarder ch
a aphatc ach can be ed t ncreae
wrkn tme, and hep keep the race the
cncrete patc drn drn cndtn.
— When pacn and ann tenc t d
practce t t them, rather than dra them nt
ptn.
— shrnkae cntr jnt n tenced cncrete
can be ‘wet-rmed’ ch a ted jnt
(rve) r ke jnt, r ‘hard-rmed’ ch
a awn jnt (ee Secto 6.4.4). Wet-rmed
jnt are bet paced nder a tenc ‘jnt’ ne
that the are nt repeated trweed ver.
4 Appl colored srace hardeer.
see Secto 9.1.4 Dry-shake toppings .
5 Appl srace tetre. Whe the race t
patc t can be ht textred b brmn,
wd fatn, pnn, r hean-dra t ve a
mre p retant nh Fgre 9.11.
6 Remoe the stecls. The tenc can be remved
nce the cncrete race ha tened cent.
Nte that th phae tenn r ettn ‘drn’,
rather than crn. The tme at whch the tenc
ted ver dependent n the weather cndtn.
Ater the tenc ha been remved, cean an
debr wth a ea bwer rather than wth hh
prere ar and avd wakn n the cncrete
wth heav r ndtra twear. i necear the
ea bwer can be attached t a n pe r
reater reach.
Fgre 9.9 Placg ad embeddg the stecl t the
‘wet’ ccrete
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7 Cre the cocrete. Crn reqred t prdce
ptmm ret. Whe patc heetn and
crn cmpnd prvde the mt practca
methd, ke ther cnventna crn methd
(ee Secto 4.5) the ma be ntabe r thtpe nh and are enera nt recmmended.
The wrnke n patc heetn can cae cr
varatn de t neven cntact wth the race
and crn cmpnd ma aect the adhen
the eaer. Fr thee tpe nhe a ame-da-
eaer therere ten ed.
Whe nt a ecent a crn cmpnd,
ame-da eaer (ee bew) w w dwn
evapratn and ma er a reanabe deree
crn dependn n ther ecenc at retann
mtre. same-da eaer ma retan p t70 t 80% the mtre wthn a cncrete
ab cmpared t the 90% reqred a crn
cmpnd. Nte that crn hd nt be
cned wth drn.
8 Seal the srace. seaer are apped t prtect
the race rm cntamnant ch a p
becae the are dct t remve wtht the
ceann cmpnd r vent reqred aectn
the cr Fgre 9.12.
Mt eaer cannt be apped t mt cncrete
wtht prbem ch a the eaer trnn amk-whte cr. speca ame-da eaer are
avaabe whch can be apped t the ‘et’ race
the cncrete whe the cncrete t ‘mt’.
The are enera nt a eectve a nrma
eaer r crn cmpnd r retann mtre
n the ab, bt are a atactr aternatve.
The e ame-da eaer hd be wed
wth an appcatn the na eaer ater the
crn perd. Athh th nt the bet crn
reme, t mnme nta mtre and race
trenth .
9.2.3 Stamped cocrete
The prcedre r tampn mar t that r tenc-
n. Ater pacn and creedn the cncrete t et
t ten, and the beedwater awed t evaprate
bere the appcatn an dr-hake tppn.
Ater the appcatn cr, the pattern tamped
n the race wth meta md r rbber mat. Man
nhe reembe tne pavn: ate-ke pattern
have haw mpren, wherea the reembn
natra tne r rck have deep mpren.
T better reembe natra tne, tamped pattern
cncrete ten cmbne tw r mre cr.
Fgre 9.10 A stecl beg remed
Fgre 9.11 Surace texture
Fgre 9.12 Sealg the surace
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The prcedre r tampn cncrete a w:
1 Protect adjog sraces stan caed b ne
xde and cement are dct t remve. ue
prtectve patc heetn t tp pahn
adjnn race ch a a, amnm r
tmber drn pacement.
2 Place the cocrete slab Pace, creed, b fat
and trwe cncrete t t na eve.
Nte that the thckne a tamped cncrete ab
meared rm the bttm the mpren t
the nderde the ab. Th mprtant a the
trenth r ad-carrn capabt the pavn
depend n the mnmm cncrete thckne and
nt the averae thckne. Fr exampe, the
ab thckne need t be 100 mm, and a 15-mm
deep tamp ed, the rmwrk w need t be
et at 115 mm t enre the mnmm thckne
acheved. Th w a enre cent cver and
prtectn r the renrcn meh.
3 Appl colored srace hardeer
see Secto 9.1.4 Dry-shake toppings .
The e ntera-cred cncrete a the
bae cr ma ve the pavr mre tme t
app hhht cr, and tamp the race,
whch hep n drn cndtn.
Evapratn retarder can be ed t ncreaewrkn tme, and hep keep the race the
cncrete patc drn drn cndtn. The
a have an added benet redcn the
ncdence patc hrnkae crackn. The
hd be re-apped each tme the race
wrked and drn extreme drn cndtn.
The hd nt aect the cr, and w enera
ad n the nhn peratn.
4 Appl srace release aget Ater the appcatn
the bae cr, a cred reeae aent
apped Fgre 9.13. The race reeae aent
ha tw prpe:
— it prevent cncrete adhern t the tampn
md and rnn the appearance the
pattern.
— it erve a a hhht cr, creatn a varet
tw-tne eect.
Reeae aent cme n a rane cr t
match the bae race hardener cr. stampn
wth cent prere w enre an adeqate
bnd the cred reeae aent t the bae
cat, whch wh the hhht eect eneraccr n deeper jnt and mpren.
Nte that the race reeae aent nt a
crn aent.
A thn m (abt 1.0 mm) cear pthene
patc can be ed a an aternatve bnd breaker
bt ma nterere wth the tampn metextre. it paced ver the prepared cncrete
bere tampn, preventn the cncrete tckn
t the md Fgre 9.14.
5 Stamp the srace it awa necear t pan
the tampn eqence t prdce a d ret
where the pattern meet wa and xtre and
extend ver jnt. in man cae hand pad and
hand-hed jntn r rnn t w be reqred
t cmpete the ede.
6 Cre the cocrete The race reeae aent
de nt aw the e crn cmpnd a
t prevent them bndn t the cncrete race.
T avd cr varatn n nrm cred
tamped wrk, there enera n nta crn
wth pthene a nrm cntact between the
heetn and cncrete race dct, nt
mpbe. in thee cae the reeae aent
remved the next da, the race awed t dr,
and the eaer apped. Wth tw-tne nhe,
mnr varatn n cr retn rm the e
pthene are e ntceabe. Wth tw-tne
nhe, cre the cncrete r a mnmm threeda n pthene heetn, then remve the
reeae cat and app the eaer.
7 Remoe the release aget Ater crn, remve
the reeae cat n hh-prere water r b
crbbn wth a deterent-baed wah (takn
care nt t damae the race) Fgre 9.15.
8 Seal the srace App race eaer even
wth a brm r brh, n tw r even three
cat. ga rt, carbrndm dt r ne ca
areate ma be prnked ver the na cat t
prvde a nn-p nh reqred.
Fr teep drvewa the eaer ma need t be
thnned dwn t aw t t ak nt and ke wth
the cncrete race, rather than reman a a thck
aer n tp a th ma becme pper when wet.
Awa enre that the race the cncrete
dr bere appn the eaer. The cncrete ma
have et and appear t, bt t ma nt be dr.
The prematre appcatn eaer can ret n
mtre ben trapped nder the eaer m. Th
ten cae race mperectn, whch w
detract rm the appearance the prject.
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9 Jots (Reer a t Secto 6.4 Joints )
Pnt t nte:
— Pan the at jnt the crreate wth
the rve n the pattern.
— Wet-rmed cntr jnt can be ted ater
tampn nhed, whe the race t
patc—athh th dct the tampn
make deep mpren.
— Frm ke jnt bere pacement. Ke jnt
ma nterere wth tampn deeper pattern.
— inta atn jnt aant abttn
trctre bere pacement. intan them
ater w prbab damae the nh.
9.3 ExPOSED-AGGREGATE FiniSHES
9.3.1 itrodcto
Exped-areate nhe can be prdced b
‘eedn’ the race the cncrete wth eected
tne, r b rdern a peca mx (r the
depth the ab r r a tppn) whch cntan
eected tne. The are exped when the thn
aer cement mrtar at the race remved n
ater the cncrete ten. A nmber methd are
avaabe t d th ncdn water wahn (mt
cmmn), abrave batn, acd etchn and hnn.
Areate are avaabe n a rane crncdn whte, back and reen qartz, dark re
baat, brwn and red rave. Areate can
a have var race textre rm mth rver
rave t care crhed rck and cme n rane
ze rm 3- and 6-mm pebbe t are tne: the
chce w depend n the appcatn. The cncrete
can be cred (ee Secto 9.1) t cmpement r
cntrat wth the eected tne.
sampe pane are recmmended t ae
technqe, race nh, dtrbtn tne and,
appcabe, cntenc cr.
Exped-areate nhe hd be dne nder
the pervn a pavr experenced n thee
technqe.
Fgre 9.13 Applyg release aget
Fgre 9.14 Stampg ccrete – slate ad
cbbleste textures
Fgre 9.15 Remg the release aget
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9.3.2 Seeded aggregates
The prcedre a w:
≥ Pace the cncrete, creed and b fat the
race t the nhed eve.≥ Ater the beedwater ha dpated, prnke the
eected areate ver the race Fgre 9.16.
An areate ze 8–12 mm recmmended
r eae pacement athh ze p t 20 mm
can be ed.
≥ The eected areate are embedded b
tampn and b repeated wrkn the race
wth b r wd fat.
≥ Areate expre ben when the race
can bear the weht the pavr wtht makn
race mpren deeper than 2 mm. ue amedm-brte brm, tether wth a cntn
water pra, t wah awa the cement mrtar
Fgre 9.17. D nt brm the race repeated
a th w weaken the matrx and dde
areate. Re-trwen the race ma
ten be necear t tht pack the areate
partce r a better nh and the wahn
prce repeated.
The e water-baed race et-retarder
cd a be cndered. The that are
deveped epeca r th technqe wthe ettn tme the race the ab t a
predetermned depth wtht aectn the et
the ma the cncrete. Th enre cntent
depth expre. The are ver e when
drn weather cndtn wd therwe mt the
tme avaabe r areate expre.
N mre than ne thrd the tne hd be
exped t aw adeqate bndn nt the
cncrete.
≥ Ater expre, cre the race b cvern t wth
patc heetn r a mnmm 3 da (7 da preerabe).
≥ An acd-wah treatment (1 hdrchrc acd
t between 10 and 20 part water) a
necear t brhten p the tne b remvn
the ne cement m rm the race. Thrh
wet the race rt t prevent acd akn nt
the cncrete and weakenn the bnd t the
exped areate, and rne the race wth
cean water aterward t remve a reda acd.
A race eaer ma be apped dered.
9.3.3 Water-washg
The prcedre a w:
≥ order the peca mx cncrete rm thecncrete pper, cntann the reqred
prprtn the peced areate (cr
and ze), and pment.
≥ Pace the cncrete, creed and b fat the
race t the nhed eve, enrn even mrtar
cverae ver the areate at the race.
≥ Fw the tep r expn the areate and
crn n Secto 9.3.2.
9.3.4 Abrase blastg
Abrave batn e ether and r rt t erde
the race cement mrtar. Tpca eqpment
hwn n Fgre 9.18 (a) bt varatn that aw r
reccn the and/rt are avaabe. A the prce
apped t hardened cncrete the pprtnt t
trwe the areate t mprve the appearance
nt avaabe and tpca a mxtre ne and care
areate w be exped Fgre 9.18 (b).
The depth remva hd be peced, bt a r
water wahn, the expre hd nt be mre than
ne thrd the areate ze t enre adeqate
bnd nt the cncrete.
9.3.5 Acd etchg
Tpca carred t nder actr cntred
cndtn (Fgre 9.19 (a)), the prce ma a
be ed n te t remve the race cement mrtar
t varn depth. Acd etchn mre cmmn
ed t ht rhen the race t mprve p
retance, rather than expe the care areate
a hwn n Fgre 9.19 (b). The prcedre the
ame a r the acd-wah treatment abve. Fr
envrnmenta rean, the race hardened
cncrete mt be remved, abrave batn r
hnn are the preerred methd.
Fgre 9.16 Seedg the ccrete surace wth
selected aggregates
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9.3.6 Hog
Hnn an nt cncrete race acheved
b rndn t wth abrave t ve a mth,
w-mantenance nh wth d drabt
charactertc Fgre 9.20. The term ‘hned nh’
ed t cver a eve rndn that prdce a
mth bt matt race Fgre 9.21. Frther rndn
wth prreve ner abrave needed t
prdce a ‘phed nh’.
The actr whch aect the na appearance are:
≥ The cr and hardne the cre areate
exped b the rndn. Whe bth the
areate and the matrx cntrbte t the na
appearance, t the areate rather than the
matrx whch hd the ph.
≥ The cr the matrx. The matrx tpca
matched n cr wth the cre areate b
the addtn a pment t the cncrete.
≥ The qat the cncrete. Rearde what
prperte ma be reqred r trctra rean,
a hh-trenth cncrete derabe r thehnn prce. Hh-ear trenth partcar
derabe t enre d areate bnd drn
hnn. A mnmm cncrete rade s32
(t As 1379) tpca.
≥ The depth rndn. Th w determne the
expre the care areate wthn the
cncrete.
Wth man varabe, t recmmended that ether
ne the pecat cncrete mxe deveped r th
tpe nh be ed (tet ampe r exampe are
aread avaabe) r that tet ampe be prdcedt aw the nh t be aeed prr t wrk
cmmencn.
Fgre 9.18 (a) Abrase blastg ad (b) clse-up
fsh
a b
Fgre 9.19 (a) Acd etchg prcess ad (b) clse-up
heay etchg
a b
Fgre 9.20 Methds hg ccrete suraces.(a) Dry prcess, (b) wet prcess ad (c) had tls
r edges
Fgre 21 Examples hed fshes. (a) Pat slab,
(b) hed fsh at 80 t 100 grt ad (c) path
c
a b
c
a b
Fgre 9.17 Washg the surace cemet mrtar (a)
t expse the aggregate (b)
briefng 2
a b C o u r t e
s y o f t h e P o r t l a n d C e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n ( U S A )
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9.3.7 Stamped eposed-aggregate
Areate expre (b ether the eedn r wah-
methd) and the tampn technqe decrbed n
Secto 9.2.3 can be cmbned t prdce ther
nhe Fgre 9.22.
9.3.8 Erometal cosderatos
Envrnmenta e, partcar water rn-
cntann cement r dte acd, mt be cndered
wth cred and exped-areate nhe.
Fhn cement pate, acd, cred racehardener, xde and reeae aent nt trmwater
dran aect the water qat n natra water
tem and ma be prhbted b ca athrte.
T prevent th:
≥ Prvde ter at tratec pnt n and a a
edment-cntr barrer and remve rm te.
≥ ue hean wrap t dvert rn- t race
catchment r nt excavated t trap. overfw
rm t trap can be dverted t a race
catchment wth excavated channe.
≥ Temprar cap a dranae net.
≥ ue raed rmwrk t cntr edment rn-.
≥ Where practcabe, wah the rede rm ne
ectn a pavement nt the bare earth t be
beqent cvered b an adjnn ectn.
9.4 SPRAy-On TOPPinGS
9.4.1 Geeral
Extn ab can be praed wth cred and
textred nhe (varn n thckne rm 3–5 mm)
Fgre 9.23. Hwever, the cce an tppn
depend n the bnd t the btrate.
9.4.2 Materals
spra-n tppn are avaabe a cementt r
acrc-baed matera. The can k mar bt ther
e expectanc ma var. Cnt the pper abt
tabt and perrmance matera.
9.4.3 Preparato
Cean the extn pavement t remve rt, pant, ,
and ther btance that w aect the bnd and
nh. ue hh-prere water ceann, acd etchn
(a md tn 1:25) and (where evere race
deterratn ha ccrred) cncrete rndn r
dte ht batn t prdce a cean, even and
nd btrate.
9.4.4 Repars to sbstrate
Mt praed nhe are apped t extn
cncrete race t mprve the appearance. An
deect wthn the extn ab that ma detract
rm the appearance hd ether be repared r,
atactr repar are nt pbe, a wa nd t
accmmdate them n the new pattern r den. A
a at rert, me ectn the extn pavement
ma need t be repaced t acheve a atactr
tcme. Nte that matchn nhe and cr
between repaced ectn and the extn ab
enera nt an e a the pra-n tppn
nrma ncde a bae cat that w cncea
the entre btrate. Fr patterned nhe where
jnt/rt ne are et exped and n bae cat
apped, the cr cntenc the cncrete
btrate ma be mre mprtant.
Fgre 9.22 Stamped ad expsed-aggregate fsh
cmbed
Fgre 9.23 Spray- tppg wth steclled patter
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Deect that ma need t be repared prr t pran
a tppn ncde:
≥ Cracs can be ed wth ether a rd matera
ch a cementt r epx rt the are
drmant crack (nt mvn), r wth a fexbe
matera the are ve crack (t mvn).
Hwever, whe ve crack can be ed and
praed ver, cntnn therma r rnd
mvement w cae the crack t be refected
thrh the new tppn matera, abet enera
narrwer and e ntceabe.
≥ Deret leels adjnn ab (caed b
tree rt, expanve , mtre prbem
and bdence) can be made fh wth a
tppn r prpe-made even cmpnd.
Prepare and app trct n accrdance wth themanactrer’ peccatn. The ct even
cmpnd ma be prhbtve. Mrever the
are nt recmmended externa becae the
pbt warpn and deamnatn. Where
there a er cae bdence, and the ab
ha t pprt, an aternatve t repacement
the njectn rt nder the ab (‘ab jackn’).
Th expenve bt ma be necear n me
cae.
≥ Broe corers can be repared b xn a new
ectn cncrete t the extn. The xn mabe a renrcn bar (r a tane tee pn
enh cncrete cver nt pbe) epxed
nt the extn cncrete.
≥ Jots are dct t repar becae mvement
ma cae are the repar.
≥ Spallg a caed b rtn
renrcement. Bere an repar wrk
ndertaken, the cae rtn hd be
determned and emnated pbe, t prevent
rther pan. Exped and rtn bar can
be ca ct back t ve the reqred cver,bere patchn wth a repar mrtar. Bere an
renrcement ct t, a trctra enneer
hd be cnted t determne the mpcatn
remvn the renrcement. Repar pan
cncrete a pecat jb, and r extenve
area t ma be better t remve and repace the
ectn pavn.
≥ Srace deects that are haw can be ed
wth a pra-n tppn matera. A prpe-made
repar mrtar can be ed r deeper depren.
note that repar hd be carred t b pecat.A, extenve repar are necear, cnderatn
hd be ven t repacn the extn damaed
pavement wth a new ab. The tta ct repar
and a praed nh ma be reater than the remva
and repacement ct.
9.4.5 Estg jots
A a enera re, jnt n a new tppn r catn
hd crrepnd wth extn jnt. Th becae
jnt are ed t aw r cntr mvement n the
ab. i the are ed and eaed ver, cntned
mvement the pavement cd cae the jnt t
rptre and the tppn t pa.
The catn extn jnt ma vern the drectn
an race pattern. i an new jnt are ct nt
the extn pavement (e becae extn jnt are
t ar apart r nt abe t adeqate cntr mve-
ment) thee hd be cated t t the new pattern.
in certan tatn, atn jnt ma be needed t
reeve tree arnd trctre (pt and wa)
adjnn the ab.
9.4.6 Protecto o adjog strctres
Prtect adjnn race rm ver pra r patter
t emnate the rk tann them.
9.4.7 Bodg prodcts
Bndn aent can be ed t ncreae the trenth
the bnd the tppn t the extn btrate.
The are a pped wth the appcatn kt
r ncrprated nt the pra matera. Prdct
hd be apped n trct accrdance wth the
manactrer’ ntrctn a ncrrect ed
bndn aent can have a de-bndn eect.
9.4.8 Base coats
A bae (r prmar) cr cat apped ver thebndn aent (where reqred); n tenced wrk,
th becme the cr the ‘jnt’ n the tenced
pattern. Bae cat are ar wrkabe and can be
eveed wth trwe, brad fat r qeeee. The
cndtn the ab, extn a and depth
an depren w, hwever, nfence the chce
mp. Ater the bae cat ha dred (a perd
peced b the manactrer) the race
mthed b ne andn, ht rndn r rbbn
ver wth pen-meh rbbn bck t remve mnr
mperectn. Dt and rndn hd be remved
rm the mmedate area that the are nt waked
nt, r bwn back nt, the pavement.
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9.4.9 Stecl applcato
stenc are a e-adheve r xn drect t
the bae cat r prepared race. The are avaabe
n a wde rane pattern, mar t the avaabe
r tandard tenc appcatn. stenc wth pecapattern can be made t rder.
9.4.10 Toppg coats
The na cred cat mxed accrdn t the
manactrer’ drectn. Th ma ncde addtve
d wth the appcatn kt. Varn the mp and
vct the tppn can prdce derent textre.
A mre fd tppn (wth a hh mp) w prdce
a mth nh; a drer mx (wer mp) ed t
prdce rher textre. The mp ncreaed b
addn bth fd and bndn matera; nt n fd.
The cr can be apped thrh a da-ne eeder
r hand-hed hpper wth a ravt eeder. An even
appcatn crca. A rther, r hhht cat (wth
an rn-xde feck r exampe) can be apped.
Ater the race et, the tenc are remved and
the rede bwn .
9.4.11 Sealg
A ame-da eaer can be apped r mmedate
prtectn; hwever, tw cat a hh-qat eaer
are recmmended t enre atn ervceabt a
pra-n race nh.
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10 .1 GEnERAL
Appn a tppn r thn aer cncrete/
cementt matera n tp the man trctra
cncrete ab r pavement ne the mt cmmn
methd prvdn a decratve nh and/r cr
t cncrete fatwrk. A damaed r wrn cncreterace can a be revtaed b the appcatn a
tppn. other rean r n tppn are that the:
≥ mt the amnt matera that mt be cred,
partcar wth the mre expenve pment
ch a be and reen;
≥ are paced at the end the prject and therere
redce the rk damae t the nh rm
cntrctn actvte;
≥ aw peca nhe t be acheved, partcar
the that reqre var matera t be
embedded r et nt the race the pavement;
≥ can prvde a decratve nh t an extn, der
cncrete ab;
≥ can be ed t crrect race eve n the
pavement.
Tppn can be dvded brad nt tw catere:
the paced drn cntrctn the ab
(mnthc tppn) and the paced ver an
extn cncrete ab (bnded and nbnded).
it crca t cnder the catn jnt n a
tppn t avd crackn. Jnt catn aredepend n whether t a bnded r nbnded
tppn. i bnded, jnt are paced t crrepnd
wth extn jnt n the ab. i nbnded, jnt
pacn hd a crrepnd t extn jnt
catn wth the maxmm jnt pacn cmpn
wth the recmmendatn r new cncrete ab
(e 30 tme the tppn thckne t redce the rk
crackn). Practca, the area dened b jnt
hd be mted t abt 15 m2 t aw tme t pace
and nh the cncrete.
Crack n the extn cncrete hd be repared,becae t ke the wd appear n the
tppn, epeca n thn bnded tppn (reer
Secto 12.2). smetme t ma be pbe t
prvde a pattern n the tppn t cncea crack
catn.
New cncrete tppn ma hw ne race crack
becae drn at the race the tppn, and
the bnd the tppn t the extn bae.
Ater crn, the tppn can be ed b t trac.
Hwever, heaver ad hd be excded r
28 da.
10.2 TOPPinGS PLACED DuRinG
COnSTRuCTiOn (Moolthc toppgs)
Mnthc tppn are race aer whch are
apped ater the bae r trctra cncrete abha been paced, and whe the cncrete t n t
‘patc’ r wrkabe tate. Th aw bndn the
tw aer a the et and harden tether, eectve
prdcn a ne r mnthc eement.
Dr hake tppn are the mt cmmn tpe
mnthc tppn ed t prvde a cred race
(ee Secto 9.1.4). An aternatve t catn dr
pwder ver the race t app a thn aer
mrtar t the race. Th can ether be trweed n
r, mre recent, praed nt the race.
A race aer cred cncrete can a bepaced a a mnthc tppn. Becae cncrete
race aer/tppn have mar prperte t the
cncrete bew, there n mt t the thckne a
cncrete race aer. Practca, the thckne
kept t a mnmm t redce pment ct, wth the
mnmm thckne a verned b the maxmm
areate ze ed.
Fr exped areate nhe where expenve
areate are reqred, pacn the mx a a
tppn ma prvde a mre ecnmca tn.
The prcedre r pacn ch a 20- t 40-mm thckexped areate tppn mx that aw a
water-wahed nh wd be a w:
≥ Pace the bae ab and creed t t a eve 20 t
40 mm bew the nhed eve.
≥ Prepare a tppn mx n the prprtn (b
vme) 1 part cement: 1.5 part and: 3 part
areate (and pment reqred) and jt
enh water r wrkabt. Aternatve, rder a
peca pre-mxed cncrete.
≥ ue a race et retarder n are jb (r n
drn cndtn) t aw mre tme t pace and
nh tppn.
Toppings
1O
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≥ Wat nt the race beedwater ha evaprated
rm the bae ab bere pacn the tppn.
≥ screed and fat t enre cndatn and
cmpete bndn.
≥ Fw the tep r expn the areate and
crn n Secto 9.3.2.
10.3 TOPPinGS PLACED OvER ExiSTinG
COnCRETE SLABS
10.3.1 Geeral
There are tw tpe tppn that can be paced
ver extn cncrete ab: bnded and nbnded.
Bnded tppn are reatve thn aer matera
that are bnded t, and re n, the extn ab r
ther ntert, e retance t drn hrnkae andcrackn. unbnded tppn are eparated rm the
extn ab, ncrprate renrcement and act a
ndvda thn ab.
10.3.2 Boded toppgs
Bnded tppn can be caed accrdn t ther
thckne. utra-thn tppn p t a ew mmetre n
thckne (e pra-n tppn) and thn tppn p
t abt 10 mm n thckne (e trwe-n tppn)
cnt mrtar-tpe mxe, enera ncrpratn
pmer and bndn aent. Pment can abe added, r the race chemca taned ater
hardenn mar t an ther cementt matera.
Thcker tppn n the rane 20 t 40 mm cnt
cncrete mxe cntann care areate t better
cntr drn hrnkae—the thckne ben a
nctn the areate ze ed. Tpca hand mxe
rane rm 1:1:2 (heav dt) t 1:2:4 (ht tracked)
cement:and:areate. Thee are mxed wth a
mnma qantt water necear r wrkabt.
The a maxmm thckne r nrenrced bnded
tppn abt 50 mm. Bend th, the tppn wbehave mre ke a thn ab and achevn an
adeqate bnd t the extn ab becme even
mre mprtant t ard aant deamnatn rm
actr ch a hrnkae and crn.
Tppn are paced n a rh race, whch
cean and nd. od cncrete race, whch
are dnteratn, e dtn r pan, hd be
chpped nt a nd race btaned. smth
cncrete hd be chpped r cabbed t prvde
a ke r the new tppn. Water batn r captve
ht batn preerabe, becae chppn tendt prdce a weak bae aer. on a prepared race
the care areate hd be vbe.
The race hd be hed and crbbed wth
a t brm t remve a dt and ren matter
bere pacn the new cncrete. A tabe bndn
cmpnd hd be ed.
genera, renrcement nt ed when the
tppn thckne de nt exceed 50 mm. Hwever,
dependn n the thckne, sl42 abrc can be
ptned 20 mm rm the tp the ab and
pprted n bar char t hep cntr hrnkae
crackn. Pprpene r tee bre renrcement
ma a be ed.
leven cmpnd are a rm bnded tppn
tpca e than 10 mm n thckne. The are mxed
wth water and creeded nt the cncrete race.
The can be apped n thcknee a thn a 1 mm.
sme e-even prdct reqre tte nhn. it eenta t w the manactrer’ advce and
ntrctn abt the prdct’ appcatn.
A jnt n the rna ab hd be dpcated n
the tppn ab t mantan mvement cntr.
The tppn hd be cred r a mnmm 3 da,
preerab 7 da.
10.2.3 uboded toppgs
i tppn reater than 50 mm n thckne are
reqred, then a eparate nbnded renrced tppnhd be cndered. in reat, nbnded tppn
are eenta thn new ab bt reerred t a tppn
becae the are paced ver extn cncrete.
Whe thee tppn are tpca ed r
waterprn appcatn b awn the ntaatn
a pthene heet r ther waterpr membrane,
the a prvde a e mean tppn extn
tmber r cncrete fr. The reater thckne aw
the e a mnmm 14-mm areate.
A patc membrane tpca ed a a bnd-
breaker t eparate the d r extn cncrete rmthe new. T aw cver t the renrcement and
mnme crn prbem a thckne abt 70 t
75 mm recmmended. Tppn that exceed 75 mm
n thckne hd be rearded a new cncrete
ab and dened and renrced accrdn.
Becae nbnded tppn d n re n the
btrate t cntr hrnkae and hence crackn,
a aer renrcn meh (tpca sl52) need t
be prvded r crack cntr. Nte that the drabt
reqrement ma vern the cncrete trenth
(mnmm N32 wth a 100-mm mp recmmended)and mnmm tppn thckne. The tppn hd
be cred r a mnmm 3 da, preerab 7 da.
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11.1 MORTARS FOR MASOnRy
11.1.1 Geeral
Mrtar r cncrete, ca r cacm cate manr
perrm mar nctn, whether veneer, dbe, r
ne-ea cntrctn.
The den manr, ncdn the reqrement r
mrtar, are cvered b Atraan standard As 3700.
Mrtar:
≥ prvde an even beddn r manr nt, and
take p the dmenna varatn nt;
≥ tranmt cmpren ad;
≥ bnd the nt tether the ret the tene
and hear rce rm atera ad;
≥ ea the jnt rm the weather;
≥ hd damp prn and fahn n pace;
≥ eenta r ptmm actc perrmance and
re retance manr wa;
≥ can add t the appearance b prvdn cr;
≥ mt be reent enh t accmmdate mnr
trctra mvement.
The bnd between mrtar and manr the mt
mprtant actr and rmed b the water carrn
cement partce nt the race the manr nt
and hdratn then eadn t a chemca bnd ben
rmed. sme practca pnt t cnder ncde:
≥ Enre the mrtar matche the manr nt
ben ed.
≥ ue water-thckenn admxtre where
apprprate. Thee prdct enre that r nt
havn hh ctn, the water nt rapd drawn
t the mrtar wtht carrn cement partce
wth t.
≥ Jnt hd be cmpete ed, wth the r n
preed brck ad pward.
≥ T mt the mtre , d nt pace t reat
a enth mrtar n a cre bere pacn thebrck.
≥ Dampenn r wettn the manr nt prr t
an redce the ctn and ead t pr bnd.
≥ An dtrbance the nt mre than a ew
ecnd ater an hd be avded.
≥ Deterent, drnk, ar and the ke mt nt
be ed t mprve wrkabt a the detr
bnd trenth.
≥ Avd verdn wth ar-entrann admxtre
a th redce bnd trenth. The manactrer’
ntrctn hd be care wed.
11.1.2 Materals
Cemet Fr nrma brck and bckwrk, enera-
prpe cement (Tpe gP r Tpe gB) r manr
cement are tabe. Where a hter cred r mre
vbrant pmented mrtar reqred, -whte cement
hd be ed. The prprtnn the mrtar,
hwever, vare wth the tpe cement Table 11.1. T
avd n-te cnn, t preerabe n ne tpe
cement ed n a prject.
Cement ha a mted he e and hd be tred
the rnd n a dr envrnment.
Lme Hdrated me r bdn me tabe r hard
patern hd be ed. lme added t make
the mrtar creamer r mre wrkabe. it a hept mnme crackn whe the mx drn becae
t prvde a deree eatct t the hardened
mrtar. it d practce t ak the me n an eqa
vme water r 24 hr prr t e t mprve t
perrmance n the mx.
Sad (fe aggregate) sand the ne areate
n mrtar. Fne and are preerred. sand wth hh
ca cntent hd nt be ed, nr hd ‘re ca’
r ‘brcke’ am’ be added t the mrtar. (lam
cmmn reerred t a ‘att’ and.) sand wth a hh
ca cntent derade the mrtar, marked redcn
the bnd trenth and wern the drabt.
Water Water hd be cean, reh and ree
mprte. Man water r water tabe r drnkn
a atactr.
Admtres Chemca addtve hd nt be ed t
repace me and hd be ed n trct accrdance
wth the manactrer’ ntrctn.
Pwdered mnera xde pment hd nt exceed
10% the weht cement n the mx (nrma5 t 8%) and hd be thrh mxed wth the
ther matera prr t the addtn water.
Mortars, Renders and
Roo-tile Bedding
11
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lqd cr addtve hd be meared and ed
n accrdance wth the manactrer’ ntrctn.
Water thckener hd be cee-baed prdct
tabe r the appcatn and ed n accrdance
wth the manactrer’ ntrctn.
A ampe cred mrtar hd be made and
awed t dr bere tartn wrk, t enre the
dered cr acheved.
11.1.3 Mes ad applcatos
Mxe hd be vared t t the partcar expre
cndtn and catn (ee Table 11.1 and
Secto 11.1.6 bew). Mx prprtn are expreed
a rat, e 1:1:6, meann 1 part cement t 1 part
me t 6 part and b vme.
11.1.4 Ste-med mortar
When te-mxn, t mprtant t care meare
a the matera b vme n a tabe cntaner, nt
b the hve. The hd be prper mxed t
enre that a nrm mxtre btaned.
Mechacal mg a dne n a cncrete
mxer. A ma amnt mxn water paced n the
mxer wed b the and, cement and me. Water
w added t create a thck cream mxtre that jt fd enh t enre eae brckan. Each
batch hd be thrh mxed t enre that a
nrm mxtre btaned. A mnmm mxn tme
6 mnte recmmended.
Had mg hd be dne n a cean wheebarrwr n a mxn bard t avd cntamnatn. The
dr matera hd be cmbned and mxed t an
even cr bere w addn water a the mx
cntant trned nt a thck cream mrtar made.
Mrtar hd be ed wthn ha an hr mxn.
Mrtar that ha tened hd nt be retempered b
the addtn water.
11.1.5 Pre-med mortar
Factr-bended, read-t-e, enera-prpe
mrtar are avaabe n ba rm mt hardware
tet. The need n the care addtn water
(and cr addtve reqred) r mxn. The
have the advantae enrn a hh cntent,
we prprtned mx.
11.1.6 Mortar or freplaces ad barbeqes
Tradtna, the mrtar ed r thee appcatn
wa a 1:3 r 1:4 mx b vme me and and. lme
mrtar whch harden w and ha w trenth
abe t accmmdate the therma mvement betterthan the ter, trner mrtar.
Table 11.1
Mrtar mxes r masry (based Tables 5.1 ad 10.1 AS 3700)
M proportos b olme
Mortar Cemet Masry Buldg Water
Classfcato Type GP r GB Cemet Lme Sad Thckeer
M2 1 0 2 9 N
M3 1 0 1 6 optna
0 1 0 4 N
1 0 0 5 ye
M4 1 0 0.5 4.5 optna
1 0 0–0.25 3 optna1 0 0 4 ye
0 1 0 3 N
Note these mortars are not suitable for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) units. For calcium silicate units use
only the mixes with added water thickener.
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Nwada, the recmmended mx r repace and
barbeqe a 1:2:8 r 9 mrtar b vme cement,
me and and, e a weaker cement-baed mrtar
than nrma ed. Dependn n the expre, the
drabt th mrtar hd be cndered.
The aternatve wd be the e reractr brck
wth a reractr cement mrtar ether made p n
te n accrdance wth tandard practce n
hh-amna cement, r a mrtar prchaed a
a prpretar prdct rm a reractr matera
pper.
11.1.7 Mortar mes or partclar eromets
Mrtar mx cacatn and ther appcatn baed
n Tabe 5.1 n As 3700 are mmared bew:
M2 Tpca appcatn ncde:
≥ Md envrnment ch a the remte rm the
cat, ndtra actvt r the trpc
≥ Abve DPC n nterr envrnment nt bject t
wettn and drn
≥ Abve DPC n ther than marne envrnment
≥ Abve DPC and prtected b a waterpr catn,
fahed jnctn and tp cvern
≥ Bew DPC r n cntact wth rnd bt prtected
rm water nre b an mpermeabe membrane.
M3 Tpca appcatn ncde:
≥ interr envrnment bject t nn-ane wettn
and drn
≥ Marne envrnment (wthn 100 m t 1 km a
nn-r cat r 1 km t 10 km a r cat)
≥ Bew DPC r n cntact wth nn-areve
≥ in reh water.
M4 Tpca appcatn ncde:
≥ interr envrnment bject t ane wettn and
drn
≥ in evere marne envrnment (wthn 100 m
nn-r cat r 1 km r cat)
≥ Bew DPC r n cntact wth areve
≥ in ane r cntamnated water, ncdn tda and
pah zne
≥ in epeca areve envrnment
e crrve qd r ae.
Mx prprtn r mrtar cacatn M2, M3 and
M4 baed n Tabe 10.1 n As 3700 are ted n
Table 11.1.
11.2 REnDERS
11.2.1 Geeral
Cement-baed render, n nterna and externa wa
mprve waterprn, re ratn and (when cred
and/r textred) the appearance.
T et the bet ret rm a render:
≥ the mx hd be ted t the backrnd race;
≥ t hd be prper apped n the crrect nmber
cat, and t crrect thcknee;
≥ t hd be prper cred.
11.2.2 Materals
Cemet genera Prpe (Tpe gP r Tpe gB)
cement nrma ed, bt where a ht r crednh reqred -whte cement ma be ed.
Lme Hdrated me r bdn me tabe r hard
patern hd be ed. lme added t make
the render creamer r mre wrkabe. it a hep
t mnme crackn whe the mx drn becae
t prvde a deree eatct t the render n t
hardened tate. it d practce t aw the me t
ak n an eqa vme water r 24 hr prr t
e t mprve t perrmance n the mx.
Sad sand the majr nredent the mx and
hd be d qat, cean and ree rm ca
and veetabe matter. in enera, care raded
and are mre tabe r ndercat, whe a ner
radn mre tabe r nhn cat. Patern
and and ner wahed cncrete and (cmmn
reerred t a ‘harp’ and) are avaabe rm reta
hardware and bdn pp tet.
Water Water hd be cean, reh and ree rm
mprte. Man water r water that tabe r
drnkn a atactr. Jt enh waterhd be ed t make the mx wrkabe.
Admtres genera, admxtre are nt reqred
n render. Hwever, the are added the hd be
ed trct n accrdance wth the manactrer’
ntrctn a verdn can ret n er
trenth and bnd.
Pment, added t cr the render, hd nt
exceed 10% the weht cement n the mx and
hd be thrh mxed wth the ther matera
prr t the addtn water. lqd pment hd
be meared cntent and added n accrdance
wth manactrer’ ntrctn.
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A ampe cred render hd be made and
awed t dr bere tartn wrk, t enre the
dered cr acheved.
11.2.3 Mes ad applcatos
A varet render mxe can be ed, dependn n
the backrnd race and the cndtn t whch
the rendered race exped Table 11.2.
11.2.4 Ste-med reders
Render can be mxed n te n ether a mechanca
mxer r b hand n a bard r n a wheebarrw.
Hand mxn enera e reabe than mechanca
mxn. When te-mxn, t mprtant t care
meare the matera b vme n a tabecntaner, nt b the hve.
Nte that render hd be apped wthn ha an
hr mxn.
Mechacal mg A ma amnt mxn water
paced n a cncrete mxer wed b the and,
pment ( reqred) cement and then me ( ncded
n the mx). The are bended tether nt a nrm
cr acheved.
Water w added nt a t mx that w ‘t
p’ n a trwe acheved. Each batch hd bethrh mxed r tw t three mnte t enre
nrm cntenc.
Had mg A the reqred dr matera r the
batch hd be meared nt a wheebarrw r nt
a bard. The dr matera hd be cmbned and
mxed t an even cr bere the addtn water,
whch w added and mxed n nt a t cream
mx that w ‘t p’ n a trwe acheved. Trnn and
mxn hd be cntned r a cpe mnte t
enre a the and nrm cated wth pate.
Render mxe whch have tened, makn them
dct t app, hd be dcarded and nt
re-tempered b the addtn water. The mre water
ed, the weaker the mx and the reater the kehd
hrnkae whch ma ead t bnd are r crackn.
11.2.5 Pre-med reders
Factr-bended, read-t-e, enera-prpe and
peca-prpe render reqrn n the addtn
water are avaabe n ba rm mt hardware
and bdn pp tet and decratve-catnmanactrer.
11.2.6 Applg reder
Srace preparato The backrnd race hd
be ree rm pant, , dt and an drt r ther e
matera that ma prevent a d bnd. Prpretar
bndn aent, apped n trct accrdance wth
the manactrer’ ntrctn, can a be ed t
mprve adhen.
Table 11.3 ndcate the preparatn treatment
necear r a nmber backrnd race prr
t rendern.
Srace dampeg Ater nta preparatn, the
backrnd race hd be dampened and
awed t dr back t a race-dr cndtn
mmedate prr t rendern. Th redce
exceve ctn bt t enabe a bnd t be
acheved n the cae weaker and pen-textred
backrnd.
Dash coat Dah cat are ed t prvde a
adeqate bnd between the backrnd and the
beqent render cat. ste-mxed dah cat have
the rat 1 part cement t 1 t 2 part and (b
vme). The dah cat fcked and pattered ver
the backrnd t prdce a rh nh. Th pen-
textred aer nt trweed eve r mthed t,
bt et rh t ‘ke’ wth the render.
nmber o coats The nmber cat w depend
n the cndtn and the evenne the backrnd,
the cndtn t whch the render exped, and the
tpe nh reqred. ua, ne r tw cat are
a that reqred. sne cat hd never exceed
15 mm n thckne.
A mnmm three da hd be awed between
cat.
udercoats undercat are nrma apped b
trwe t a mnmm thckne 10 mm and a
maxmm 15 mm. When the render rm, t hd
be raked r cratched t prvde a ke r the next
cat.
Fal coats Fna cat are nrma apped b trwe
t a maxmm thckne 10 mm ver the ndercat.
Decorate fshes A varet decratve eect
can be acheved n derent nhn technqe
n the na cat.
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The appcatn decratve render nhe can
be dct and pecat appcatn b cmpetent
tradepepe recmmended. The tpe nhe
pbe ncde:
≥ Trowelled Acheved b kmmn the na cat
wth a wd fat t prdce a mth, denerace r n ntched trwe t prdce a
varet pattern.
≥ Bagged A baed r patterned nh btaned
b rbbn a ba damp hean nt the race,
the pattern ben dependent n the actn ed.
≥ Spoge Acheved b mppn r pnn the
nhardened race wth a damp pne. Water
hd nt be awed t rn dwn the wa.
≥ Rogh cast The na cat thrwn and fcked
nt the race and n retchn dne.
≥ Tetred Textred race can a be acheved
b the e carer areate n the na cat.
11.2.7 Cotrol jots
Cement-baed render ma crack r a nmber
rean, cmmn ne ncde the ret hrnkae
a the render dre and mvement n the backrnd
matera. Wth the care pacement cntr jnt,
crackn can be mnmed.
Cntr jnt hd be rmed n the render t
cncde wth a jnt n the backrnd and catn
n the trctre where mvement ke t ccr. Jnt
n the backrnd hd nt be ed wth render,
whe weep he hd be carred thrh the render.
11.2.8 Crg ad protecto
A render cat, ncdn ndercat and dah cat,
hd be kept damp r 3 da r nt the next cat
apped. Render hd nt be awed t dr t
qck and hd be prtected rm ht weather,
drn wnd and ran. Rendern n drect nht r
exped wnd area hd be avded.
Table 11.2
Reder mxes ad ther applcat
M
(Cement:me:andb vme) iteral / eteral Applcato
1:0:3 interna sne cat, ndercat wrk (tw part)
1:0:5 interna Fnh cat wrk (tw part)
1:0.5:4.5 Externa strn mx r trn backrnd
1:1:6 Externa Mderate trenth mx r pr and weaker backrnd
1:2:8 Externa Fna cat r weak backrnd n hetered tatn
Table 11.3
Backgrud preparat
Bacgrod
Materal Prpertes Preparato
Hh-trenth cncrete strn/mth scabbe race and app dah cat r x meta ath
cear race
Fbre-cement heet strn/mth Fx meta ath cear race
standard brck, strn/pr Rake jnt ( apprprate) and app dah cat
cncrete bck, cncrete
lhtweht cncrete, Weak/pr Dampen race
render ndercat
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Cear r ht-cred patc heetn hd be
ed t prtect reh render r the rt 3 da ater
appcatn. The patc heet hd nt be awed
t tch the nhed race cr mprtant a
t ma ead t dcratn. intead, t hd bepaced jt the race.
Prtectn nt nrma necear r nterna
render the bdn prvde prtectn rm drn
weather cndtn.
11.3 ROOF-TiLE BEDDinG AnD POinTinG
11.3.1 Geeral
Rde and hp cappn hd be ad n a mrtar
bed. Mxe recmmended b As 2050 are:
≥ Cement mrtar r beddn1:4 b vme cement and and.
≥ Cement mrtar r pntn
1:3 b vme cement and and.
Mearement the nredent hd be made
n a ae bx r bcket nt a hve. A d
brckaer’ and (ee Secto 11.1.2) hd be ed.
11.3.2 Beddg ad Potg
Beddn and pntn cappn prvde a weather
ea. The e wet mxe prne t excevehrnkae crackn hd be avded.
Beddn and pntn the jnt between rde and
hp cappn hd be dne n a 1:3 mrtar b
vme cement and and.
Where te cnvere at a vae (r teep r
ptche), t ten eenta t pnt nder the ct te
n the vae ne t prevent the p-wah r water
nder the ppn te ede.
Pment are a added t pntn mrtar t
match the cr r te. sme tra w be
reqred t acheve a d match. in a cae, the
pment ed hd be n mre than 10% b
weht the cement n the mx. Pment hd be
ed trct n accrdance wth the manactrer’
recmmendatn.
When beddn r pntn, the mrtar hd be ht
brhed r wped ater the nta et t remve e
partce. A te adjacent t the rde te hd
a be ceaned and brhed ree e mrtar
partce.
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12.1 DEFECTS – PREvEnTiOn AnD REPAiR
12.1.1 Dstg
Dtn a cndtn where a ne pwder cme
the race the cncrete.
CAUSE The mt cmmn cae r a weak race
that prne t dtn are the addtn exce
water t the cncrete, prematre trwen the
race (wrkn beedwater nt the cement matrx
at the race thereb ncrean the water-cement
rat) and nadeqate crn the cncrete. An ne
thee three w weaken the cncrete race, and
tw r mre are cmbned w amt certan cae
prbem. other pbe cae ncde ranwater
ether dtn the race cement matrx r wahn
t the cement bnder, appn dr cement t the
race t ak p water (e ater ran), reezn therace drn r jt ater ettn, n the wrn
cncrete trenth r the appcatn (e t weak) and
nadeqate cmpactn.
PREvEnTion Avd addn exce water t cncrete.
D nt wrk the race t ear whe beedwater
preent bt aw a beedwater t evaprate bere
nhn. D nt verwrk the cncrete becae th
w a brn ne matera t the race. When ran
r reezn cndtn threaten, take precatn t
prtect the race. ue the crrect cncrete trenth
r the appcatn and d nt attempt t brm the
race when wet becae th w dra awa the
cement matrx and create rttn n the race.
Awa ntate a d crn prcedre a ear a
pbe.
REPAiR Dtn can be rected n the majrt
cae b the appcatn a chemca race
hardener r dt nhbtr that penetrate the cncrete
and react wth the hdratn prdct n the cncrete
t rm cmpnd that at n trenthenn the
race aer. The a bnd the thn, weak aern the race t the bae cncrete bew and are
enera apped ater 28 da. Mre-evere cae
w reqre the cmpete remva the weak race
aer b rndn, ntaatn a tppn r prvdn
an apprprate fr cvern.
12.1.2 Crazg
A crazed cncrete race a netwrk ver haw
ne crack acr the race. The are bv when
the cncrete damp.
CAUSE Crazn caed b the drn hrnkae
the thn mrtar aer that created drn the nhn
the race, r aternatn wettn and drn
the race. other cntrbtn actr ncde the
mx ben t wet and the ack adeqate crn.
Crazn a ret when drer ch a neat cement
are ed t ak p exce water and are trweednt the race.
PREvEnTion Take precatn drn ht weather
cndtn and adpt a d crn reme, tartn
a ear a pbe. D nt e cement (r cred
race hardener) t ak p water, and mt the
trwen the cncrete. Avd the addtn
exce water t the cncrete. D nt wrk the race
t ear when beedwater preent.
REPAiR Repar ma nt be necear becae
crazn a w nt weaken cncrete. i t va
nacceptabe, then a race catn pant r ther
vera eaer can be apped t cver and/r cncea
the crack. Wth adeqate crn, mt crack hd
hea themeve.
12.1.3 Blsterg / ag
Bter are hw, w-pre bmp n the cncrete
race ed wth ether ar r beedwater. under
trac (bth vehce and t trac) thee bter
crack and the race mrtar break awa, expn
the cncrete nderneath. Fakn mar bt ver a
arer area.
CAUSE The cncrete race wa eaed t ear
b trwen, trappn beedwater whch cntned
t re nderneath the nw cmpacted race
(rm trwen). A the water accmate t rm
a aer that de-bnd the cmpacted race rm
the cncrete bew. Dependn n the extent
the prbem t ma reembe an ated bter, r
are fake w t rm the race. Th can ccr
partcar n thck ab r n ht, wnd da whenthe race prne t prematre drn and hence
nhn.
Troubleshooting and
Repairs
12
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PREvEnTion The e an evapratn retarder n
ht, dr r wnd weather w redce th prbem b
awn cent tme r a beedwater t reach the
race prr t nhn. other mean redcn
rapd drn ncde wndbreak and nhade,and pacn at cer tme the da. i bter are
rmn drn nhn, dea trwen a n a
pbe and take tep t redce evapratn. Avd
n drer ch a cement n the race.
REPAiR grnd the weakened aer t an even nh
and app a eaer. Appn a tppn aer r epx
catn t remed bad damaed race cd
a be cndered.
12.1.4 uee color o pla cocreteThere metme cr varatn n adjnn
ectn cncrete, and metme n the ab te.
CAUSES Factr eadn t cr varatn n
cncrete ncde:
≥ Varabe amnt water n the cncrete
≥ Chann the trenth the cncrete
≥ Chann the pper the cncrete
≥ Chann the tpe r brand cement ed n the
cncrete
≥ Fnhn practce ch a ear trwen wet
race and extended hard trwen
≥ inadeqate, ncntent r derent crn
methd can ret n mtted race. Crn
cmpnd that are nt even apped, and
patc heetn that nt n cntact wth the
race ma a cae cr varatn.
PREvEnTion Adpt a tandard and cntent
prcedre r rdern, pacn and nhn. D
nt add exce water, e the ne pper, trwe
ater beedwater ha dpated, trwe the race
even and mpement d and cntent crn
technqe.
REPAiR The appcatn a tan r de avaabe
rm mt decratve cncrete prdct pp
cmpane ma een the cr varatn. A tra, n
a cnceaed ectn the ab, advabe.
12.1.5 Ra damage
CAUSES Heav ran whe cncrete ettn, r
ranwater ben awed t rn acr the cncrete
race.
PREvEnTion Preventn ar better than an cre
n th cae. i caht t, cver the cncrete and
channe rn- awa rm reh ad cncrete.
REPAiR i cncrete ha nt hardened and damae
n ht, the race can be re-fated and
re-trweed, takn care nt t verwrk exce
water nt the race. i cncrete ha hardened, t
ma be pbe t rnd r crape awa the race
and pace a tppn aer new cncrete, r repar
cmpnd, ver the tp. Th ma nt awa be
pbe and hd be dne n wth expert advce.
Avd the e drer ch a cement t ak p the
water a th ma cae ther prbem.
12.1.6 Eorescece
Efrecence the rmatn at dept,
a whte, n r near the race cncrete
ater t ha been nhed and can a chane n
the appearance. lht-cred cncrete hw the
dept mch e than darker cred cncrete.
Wth tme, efrecence becme e extenve and
hd eventa ceae t ccr, ne there an
externa rce at.
CAUSES Efrecence a caed b a
cmbnatn the wn actr:
≥ one r mre the cnttent cncrete ma
cntan at
≥ A hh water-cement rat retn n a mre
pr cncrete that aw mvement water
and at tn
≥ inadeqate crn whch ma eave n-hdrated
prdct near the race the cncrete
≥ Expre t ran r ther water rce (mtre
aw at t be tranprted t the race where
the accmate a the water evaprate)
≥sw rate evapratn water awn tmer at t permeate t the race (th wh
efrecence tend t be mre a prbem
drn the wnter mnth; n mmer, hh
temperatre ma cae evapratn and hence
deptn at wthn the cncrete rather than
n the race)
≥ Varabt cncrete (e rm cmpactn r
crn) can ret n caed prbem where
water can permeate mre ea thrh the
cncrete.
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PREvEnTion Meare t prevent/cntr the
ccrrence efrecence ncde:
≥ ue nredent cntann a tte be at a
pbe.
≥ ue waterprn admxtre t redce
permeabt cncrete/mrtar. Nte that a
me thee prdct ma cae efrecence
themeve (e water-be ap) awa check
wth the manactrer.
≥ ue a dener cncrete, aan t redce
permeabt. Hwever, th ma ncreae the
hrnkae.
≥ ue cement:me:and mrtar n trner than
reqred r the appcatn t mnme pbe
be at eve.
≥ lme hd be hdrated me ree rm cacm
phate.
≥ Avd prematre drn.
≥ App crn cmpnd r ame-da eaer t
redce expre t wettn.
≥ Prtect hardened cncrete rm expre t
mtre b mantann race eaer and te
dranae, and rm rn rndwater b pacn
a patc membrane nder ab.
≥ Fr manr, enre fahn, damp-pr
cre and cpn are detaed crrect, cverthe tp cre at the end each da’ wrk,
t jnt wth a ‘V’ r cncave haped jnter t
cmpact the mrtar at exped race, prvde
wde eave and avd wettn rm rce ch
a prnker.
REPAiR (REMovAL) Prr t remvn efrecence,
the thn that ma be can the prbem hd
rt be crrected a t mt r redce the rk
re-ccrrence.
sbe at dept can be remved wth at-brte brm. Nte that a brhed- matera
hd be tta remved b vacm ceann r
ther mean. i the ret nt atactr, crb wth
cean water then ht rne the race. Nte that
addn water ma ret n rther dept. Repeated
dr brhn a the dept appear prbab the
bet treatment.
inbe at dept (hard, whte, ca r crted)
cannt be remved b water wahn, athh
the e a hh-prere water jet eectve.
The appcatn a dte acd tn (1 parthdrchrc acd t 20 part water) a eectve
n mt cae, and n me cae, ma be the n
wa (reer Secto 12.3.3 r prcedre). Nte that
wahn wth acd ma cae cr varatn and
ater the race textre. Fr cred nhe a mre
dte acd tn (2% r 1 part acd t 50 part
water) ma be reqred. A ma tra area hd bedne rt t ae the ret.
12.1.7 Hoecombg
Cmmn ccrrn n vertca ace ede beam,
tar and verandah t, t appear n the race a
a care textre ntercnnectn vd and tne.
CAUSES one r mre actr ncdn ncrrect
pacement the cncrete, dea between pacement
cncrete aer, nadeqate vbratn, and the
cement pate and/r mrtar thrh neaedrmwrk jnt. srace vd ma a ndcate a mx
that ha ereated becae the addtn water,
r cncrete that ha been drpped nt pace rm a
heht reater than tw metre. Pr race rmwrk,
pr ed rm, r damaed rm ace retrct
the mvement the cncrete drn pacement and
prevent adeqate cndatn.
PREvEnTion Cmpact and vbrate a ce a
pbe t rmwrk and, necear aw r
externa vbratn rm. Vbrate mre reqent.
ue d rmwrk that ha nt been damaed.
D nt add exce water t the cncrete. D nt
drp the cncrete nt rm rm exceve heht.
Enre that a rmwrk jnt are tht (tape jnt
necear) t avd pate/mrtar eakae. Pace a
cncrete cntn and enre that when paced n
aer, cncrete n ne aer vbrated t bend wth
the wer aer.
REPAiR Hnecmbed race can be rendered.
i hnecmbn mch deeper than the race
aer, t ma need t be remved and repaced wth arepar mrtar. i cr mprtant, the repar mrtar
hd be made rm the ame matera ed n the
cncrete, wth p t 40% the re cement repaced
wth -whte cement t better match the cr. A tra
patch hd be carred t t ae the ret and
cr.
12.1.8 Blowholes
Bwhe are ndvda, pherca vd n the
race, a e than 10 mm n ze.
CAUSE Ar vd are trapped aant the rm ace,
a becae ncent vbratn (cmpactn)
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ha nt brht them t the race. Bwhe ten
ccr wth mpermeabe rm.
PREvEnTion Enre rm are rd, wth a thn,
even cat rm reeae aent/. The wrkabt the mx hd be tabe r the appcatn. Enre
care and thrh cmpactn the cncrete.
REPAiR ue repar mrtar. i cr mprtant,
reer recmmendatn r hnecmbn abve.
12.1.9 Wa or ee sraces
CAUSES Cmmn cae ncde:
≥ Pr bt rmwrk that ha neven de ra
r creedn≥ imprper methd creedn and trwen
≥ ladn a ab wth wrker’ t-trac and pwer
trwen machne bere t ha adeqate
hardened, retn n hmp and hw n the
cncrete. Pavr, ntent n nhn the race,
can be deceved abt the hardne the ab
when ht weather cndtn dr t the race
prematre, whe the cncrete ma nderneath
t patc and can be dermed.
PREvEnTion Awa keep a nrm re
cncrete ahead the creed bard and take
accrate eve. T avd the prematre et the
race, e evapratn retarder t cntr rapd
drn. Mantan a cntant mp; d nt add water,
whch w var the et derent cncrete ad/
batche.
REPAiR ue e-even fr cmpnd r repar
mrtar. Aternatve, rnd the race even.
12.1.10 Spallgspan when rament cncrete are detached
rm the cncrete race.
CAUSES Heav ad r bw rm a hammer.
Crrn renrcement, whch rce the
race cncrete. Entr hard bject ch a tne
nt jnt can cae pan when a ab expand
and phe aant the bject. Pr cmpactn
cncrete at jnt anther cae.
PREvEnTion Enre cent cncrete cver t
renrcement. Remve rmwrk care, t avd
hammer bw r pnt ad t new cncrete. Den
jnt care. Keep jnt ree debr. Keep heav
ad awa rm the jnt and ede nt the haveprper hardened. Enre prper cmpactn.
REPAiR scrape, chp r rnd awa the weak area
nt nd cncrete reached. Then re area
wth new cncrete r repar mrtar. Make re the
d cncrete brhed cean an e matera.
Cmpact, nh and cre the new patch care.
Fr arer area, eek expert advce.
12.1.11 Colored decorate cocrete deects
Stamped cocrete
Deect and ther cae ncde:
≥ Cr appear t be tn, expn a pae,
tned cncrete bae. Th caed b the
ncmpete remva the reeae cat.
≥ The depth the tamped mpren taper
dwn t a mnma mprnt. Th the ret
ndertakn the tampn when the cncrete ha
hardened t mch.
≥ The race ha ma crater ver mch the
pattern. oten the cncrete ha been t wet whentampn ben, r the cncrete wa re-wetted
(r ‘wet wped’) t make mprntn eaer, and the
exce race water ha created ctn n the
tampn md.
≥ The cr 'adn', athh t nt n a
hh-trac area. The cr apped wa nt
cent, r n ne cat bae cr wa
apped and the reeae cat wa apped at the
ame tme a the ecnd cr. Cr ma have
been pr wrked nt the cncrete.
≥The cred race ha crack at the ede deeper depren. Th knwn a crtn and
caed b the race aer drn t prr t
tampn and then crackn when dermed b
the tampn t.
≥ srace deamnate and fake . Cae
ncde the e cement r a dr-hake tppn
t mp p beedwater, prematre nhn the
race r the appcatn the cr tppn
ater the cncrete ha et, retn n a pr bnd
wth the bae ab.
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Steclled cocrete
Deect and ther cae ncde:
≥ The ede the ‘jnt’ the pattern are rh
and varabe. The tenc wa nt embedded
n the cncrete, cneqent the cr tppn
ha tck t the tenc and been trn awa when
the tenc wa remved.
≥ The jnt are taned wth cr. The cr ha
bed nder the tenc de t pr adhen wth the
race. The tenc wa nt cent wrked nt
the race, r the cncrete had ben t dr when
the tenc wa paced, retn n a weak bnd.
≥ The depth the jnt vare. The tenc wa
paced t ear, when the cncrete wa t wet,
and wa embedded t deep n pace nt the
t race.
≥ The pattern t anment. The anment
tenc wa npanned r the prject wa
cmpred eparate pr and care wa nt
taken t an tenc.
≥ The pattern dtrted. Th ten caed b
dran the tenc nt anment acr the
race. When ann tenc, awa hd them
the race and a dwn nt ptn.
12.2 CRACk REPAiR12.2.1 Geeral
The wn actr hd be taken nt accnt:
≥ Bere an repar ndertaken the cae the
crackn mt be etabhed ( pbe). Th
ma reqre the ervce a tabe expert r
cntant.
≥ Whether the crack ve r drmant. W t
cntne t mve (pen r ce) r ha t
tabed?
≥ The wdth and depth the crack.
≥ Whether r nt appearance a actr.
Drmant crack are a repared b cttn a
rve ver them and n wth a cement rt r
mrtar. other matera are a avaabe r crack
repar.
lve crack are ed wth a fexbe eaant t aw
mvement. A wde varet prpe-made matera
are avaabe.
in the cpe th de, t nt pbe t ve
detaed ntrctn abt the e the are rane
repar prdct avaabe. The wn n ade, detaed nrmatn hd be ht rm the
manactrer an prdct ben cndered.
12.2.2 Le cracs
lve crack hd be eaed wth a fexbe matera
that aw mvement, partcar n eana cce.
Fexbe epx ren aw a ma amnt
mvement bt matc eaant, ch a cne
and prethane, are mre cmmn peced r
pavement. Crack are repared b cttn a rve
(r chae) ver them and n wth the eaant.
i appearance mprtant, mp the crack wth
a matchn cred eaant n a cakn n,
rather than hhhtn t an rther b cttn a
rve at the tp. Care hd be taken t avd
preadn eaant ver the race adjacent t the
crack.
12.2.3 Dormat cracs
Drmant crack rane n wdth rm 0.05 mm
(crazn) t mre than 5 mm. The matera and
methd r repar depend n the wdth the crack.
Ver ne crack, r exampe crazn, are ver dct
t repar eectve. in man cae t bet t d
nthn. i the prbem ne appearance (drt
cectn n ver ne crack accentate them),
a tn ma be t rb dwn the race wth a
carbrndm tne bere appn a eaer t the
race.
Fne crack (p t abt 1 mm n wdth) can ten be
eaed aant water penetratn b mp rbbn n
a cement rt r rr. injectn an epx-ren nt
them can a ea them.
Reparn ne crack ten nnecear and can
metme detract rm the enera appearance
the race nh.
Epx rt are wde ed becae:
≥ the adhere trn t bth reh and hardened
cncrete;≥ rmatn are avaabe whch w adhere
t mt race and harden even nder wet
cndtn;
≥ the have d mechanca trenth and w
hrnkae; and
≥ the are retant t a wde rane chemca,
ncdn the akae n cncrete.
Fr crack wder than 2 mm, a cement rt ma be
the mt atactr, and ten preerred becae
t tta cmpatbt wth the parent matera, and
t abt t mantan an akane envrnment arnd
renrcement.
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other matera, ch a peter ren and nthetc
atexe, have a been ed atactr t ea ne
crack. The can have wer vcte than epxe
and hence can penetrate mre ea. Hwever, the
ma nt acheve the ame bnd trenth and mabe e reabe n damp r wet cndtn.
Awa reer t the nrmatn pped b the
manactrer the prdct t be ed n a partcar
tatn.
12.2.4 Wet-crac repar
in me tatn, a crack n a cncrete ab can
aw mtre t re thrh t the race, pb
de t hdrtatc prere. oten, mtre preent
rm eepae r a brken r damaed water ppe
nder a ab. A the cncrete ma be ver dr, the
ab act a a wck and can draw p an mtre
preent. Prdct are avaabe whch react wth the
mtre preent t ea crack n a mt envrnment.
12.3 GEnERAL REPAiRS
12.3.1 Geeral
Cncrete need mnma mantenance crrect
paced. Hwever, mnr repar ma be necear
n me ntance t mprve t appearance and
perrmance. ser deect ma reqre a cmpetetppn ver the whe cncrete race. sme the
mper repar are tned bew.
A varet prpe-made prdct are avaabe
r repar and treatment cncrete. it eenta t
btan the manactrer’ advce and ntrctn n
the prdct’ appcatn.
12.3.2 Mortars
The n chp r e bet dne wth a
repar mrtar avaabe rm cncrete prdct ppcmpane. A varet prdct are avaabe
and the prdct eected hd t the partcar
appcatn. The manactrer’ ntrctn hd be
wed care.
12.3.3 Acd etchg/cleag
Acd etchn an eectve methd n me ntance
t cean r ht textre cncrete race.
Extreme care reqred when handn acd. When
dtn hdrchrc acd awa add the acd t the
water, never the revere. Enre d ventatn and
avd cntact between the acd and the renrcement.
ue n dted acd t cean the cncrete race.
The recmmended prprtn are 1 part hdrchrc
acd t 20 part water. Awa atrate the race
wth water bere appn the dte acd tn.
When appn the tn, enre that the race mt bt wtht an ree water ben preent.
The apped tn hd be awed t react n the
cncrete race r 10 t 15 mnte. The race
hd then be thrh rned and crbbed wth
t cean water. Repeat rnn at eat twce r
nt a trace the acd tn have been remved.
The prce ma be repeated necear t prdce
the reqred race nh.
12.3.4 Slpper cocrete sracessmth cncrete race that have becme pper
ma be made care b n a hh-prere water
bater r b acd etchn the race.
i a hh-prere water bater ed, t hd be
capabe devern prere between 7 and 8.5 MPa
(abt 1000 and 1200 p). The e ch
eqpment t acheve race textrn can be dct
and pecaed e b a cmpetent trademan
recmmended. i the cean cncrete race eaed
(nce dr), t w ret drt and rme.
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Guide to Concrete or Housing
AS 1012 Methd tetn cncrete
AS 1012.3.1 Determnatn prperte
reated t the cntenc cncrete
– smp tet
AS 1012.8.1 Methd r makn and
crn cncrete – Cmpren and ndrect
tene tet pecmen
AS 1012.9 Determnatn the
cmpreve trenth cncrete
pecmen
AS 1379 speccatn and pp cncrete
AS 1478 Chemca admxtre r cncrete, mrtar
and rt
AS 1478.1 Admxtre r cncrete
AS 2050 intaatn r te
AS 2758 Areate and rck r enneern
prpe
AS 2758.1 Cncrete areate
AS 2870 Redenta ab and tn
– Cntrctn
AS 2890 Parkn acte
AS 2890.1 o-treet car parkn
AS 3582 sppementar cementt matera r
e wth prtand and bended cement
AS 3582.1 F ah
AS 3582.2 sa – grnd ranated
rn bat-rnace
AS 3582.3 Amrph ca
AS 3600 Cncrete trctre
AS 3700 Manr trctre
AS 3727 gde t redenta pavement
AS 3799 lqd membrane-rmn crn
cmpnd r cncrete
AS 3972 Prtand and bended cement
AS 4586 sp retance cacatn new
pedetran race matera
HB 197 An intrdctr gde t the sp
Retance Pedetran srace Matera
(available from Standards Australia)
Reerenced Australian
Standards
A
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/guide-to-concete-for-housing 77/77
AvAiLABLE FOR PuRCHASE rom
Stadards Astrala
gde t Cncrete Cntrctn
AvAiLABLE FOR DOWnLOADinG (FREE) rom
www.cocrete.et.a
≥ Applcatos
He r Bhre-prne ste
Phed Cncrete Fr (Bren 5)
Cncrete Retann Wa
Cncrete Pane Hme Handbk
gde t o-rm Cncrete Fnhe
gde t Redenta sab and Ftn n sane
Envrnment
Redenta Cncrete Drvewa and Path
≥ Cocrete materals, propertes ad
costrcto
Ht-weather Cncretn
Cd-weather Cncretn
Crn Cncrete sab
Cmpactn Cncrete
Crn Cncrete
N Fne Cncrete
The speccatn Hned Cncrete Fnh
Th s t B h d C t F h
Jnt n Cncrete Bdn
Terance r Cncrete srace
Cncrete sab a Barrer t sbterranean
Termte
sab Ede Dampne and Mtre inre
Mtre n Cncrete and Mtre-entve
Fnhe and Catn
Ener Ecenc n Bdn Reatn and the
e Cncrete n Hn
sp Retance Phed Cncrete srace
sp Retance Redenta Cncrete Pavn
srace
skd Retance Redenta Cncrete Pavn
srace
Avdn Ear Crackn
Avdn srace imperectn n Cncrete –
Fakn Fr
Bwhe (b he)
Hnecmbn
Ppt
Efrecence
onste – Dtn Cncrete srace
onste – Patc shrnkae Crack
onste – Beware Exce Water
Remvn stan rm Cncrete
Ceann Cncrete
≥ Masor
Drabt Manr Mrtar
Manr Bnd strenth
Drabe Manr speccatn Checkt
Mrtar Mxe r Manr
Mxn Mrtar r Manr
Cntrctn Drabe Manr
Bnd strenth n Manr Cntrctn
Relevant CCAA Publications
B