guide to parallel operating systems with win7 and linux chapter 1 presentation
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guide to parallel operating systems with win7 and linux chapter 1 presentationTRANSCRIPT
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with
Windows 7 and Linux
Chapter 1Hardware Components
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Objectives
• Explain the use of virtual machine technology to run multiple operating systems concurrently
• Describe the hardware components of a personal computer system
• Describe the peripheral components that may be attached to a personal computer system
• Describe the preventive maintenance for a computer system
• Connect and test a personal computer system
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Virtual Machine Technology
• Virtualized systems:– Systems that appear to be real but are actually
simulations
• Virtualization:– Use of virtualization software that allows the physical
hardware of a single PC to run multiple operating systems simultaneously in virtual machines (VMs)
• Guest operating system:– Runs inside a VM
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Virtual Machine Technology (continued)
• Host operating system:– Runs on the physical computer system
• Virtual machine technology:– Allows multiple operating systems to run
concurrently on a single PC
• Virtualization:– Allows you to concurrently operate incompatible
operating systems in one hardware environment
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 6
Figure 1-1 Linux and Windows virtual machines on desktopCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Windows 7
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Virtual Machine Technology (continued)
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Figure 1-2 Virtual machine technologyCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Hardware Components of a PC System
• Desktop computer: PC used in an office work station– Desktop computer case comprises several devices:
• Power supply: provides the necessary voltages
• Cooling system: removes heat generated by the PC
• Motherboard: main circuit board for the PC
• Microprocessor: central processing unit (CPU) for PC
• Memory: electronic storage for programs and data
• Firmware: instructions in ROM used to start the PC
• Ports: used to connect external devices to the PC
• Adapters: cards that provide capabilities to the PC
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Cases
• House and protect main electronic components
• Form factor: size and configuration of case or part
• IBM XT PC: early standard for case configuration
• Evolution of desktop computer:– AT (advanced technology) model– The miniAT– The small footprint PC
• Tower chassis configuration: placed under a desk
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Cases (continued)
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Figure 1-3 Form factorsCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Cases (continued)
• Portable computer:– PC designed to be easily transported and relocated
• Laptop computers:– Typically weigh less than five pounds– Use LCD-screen technology– May not possess the same ports as a desktop– Many have built-in network adapters
• Netbooks:– Have smaller displays, less memory, and less
powerful processors
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Power Supplies
• The power supply is located in a sealed metal box
• Functions performed by power supply hardware:– Converts 110-volt AC current to DC current for PC– Provides clean power feed to PC components
• Power supplies have standardized plugs
• 80 PLUS:– Promotes more electrical energy-efficient computer
power supplies– Certifies products that have more than 80% energy
efficiency at rated loads
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Power Supplies (continued)
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Figure 1-4 Power supplyCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Cooling Systems
• A PC generates 75-200 watts of heat
• Consequences of poor heat dissipation– Mysterious system crashes– Premature failure of computer components
• Fans circulating air dissipate heat within the case
• Special considerations for microprocessor– Uses a heat sink attached to dissipate heat– May be liquid cooled – Temperature should not exceed 120-130 degrees
Fahrenheit
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Motherboards
• Main circuit board inside a PC case
• Main components of the motherboard:– Processor socket– Memory slots– Hard drive connectors– Expansion slots
• Daughter boards can be plugged into motherboard
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Motherboards (continued)
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Figure 1-5 MotherboardCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Microprocessor
• A CPU (central processing unit) on a chip
• Electronic engine that contains logic circuits
• Tasks performed by the microprocessor:– Arithmetic: e.g., adding and subtracting– Logic operations; e. g, comparing two numbers – Transferring numbers between registers
• Register: small amount of high-speed memory
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Microprocessor (continued)
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Figure 1-6 AMD microprocessorCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Buses
• Sets of circuits on the motherboard
• Responsible for transferring data in the computer
• Expansion bus: links adapter boards to CPU and memory
• All buses consist of two parts:– Data bus: transfers actual data– Address bus: transfers location information for data
• Size of a bus (width) determines data throughput:– Example: 32-bit bus transmits 32 bits of data
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Memory• Electronic holding area for programs and data• Types of memory used in your PC:
– RAM (random access memory)• Refers to read-and-write memory (typically volatile)
– ROM (read-only memory)• Instructions for starting the PC (nonvolatile)
– PROM (programmable read-only memory)• Type of ROM that stores a program (nonvolatile)
– EPROM (erasable PROM)• PROM that may be erased with ultraviolet light
– EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM)• EPROM that may be erased with an electrical charge
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Memory (continued)
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Figure 1-7 Memory moduleCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Firmware
• Combination of software and hardware:– Examples: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
• BIOS (basic input/output system): – Type of firmware– Supports PC during start-up– Controls keyboard, output text, reads from disk
drives
• BIOS is typically placed in a firmware chip
• PCs have a flash BIOS
• Setup program shows hardware controlled by BIOS22
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Firmware (continued)
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Figure 1-8 BIOS setup screen in Virtual PC 2007Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Input/Output Ports
• Also abbreviated as I/O ports
• Two types of legacy ports:– Serial: used for modems, digitizer tablets, others – Parallel: used for printers
• USB ports are replacing serial and parallel ports
• Front of the case: extra USB and FireWire ports
• Connectors are identified by gender:– Male connector: copper pins exposed; e.g., serial– Female connector: holes are present; e.g., parallel
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 25
Figure 1-9 Back of computer showing I/O portsCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Serial Ports
• Transfer data one bit at a time
• Legacy hardware
• RS-232 (recommended standard-232):– Standard interface for transferring data over cables– Cable connects device, such as mouse, to serial port
• Check for male connectors to identify serial ports
• Check BIOS settings for allocated ports:– First four ports: COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Parallel Ports
• Transfer multiple bits in parallel
• Used to connect printers
• Check for female connector to identify a parallel port
• PC can support up to three parallel ports:– LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Simplified connection of peripheral devices to PC
• Specifications for USB 1.1:– Maximum bandwidth of 1.5 Mbit for low-speed
devices – Maximum bandwidth of 12 Mbit for high-speed
devices
• Specifications for USB 2.0:– Maximum speed of 480 Mbps (60 MB/sec)– Forward and backward compatibility with USB 1.1– USB 3.0 devices are beginning to appear on the
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
FireWire
• Sometimes called IEEE 1394
• Very fast digital input/output system
• Provides transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps
• Processes managed while you are shooting video:– Digitization– Compression– Audio synchronization
• FireWire in consumer products:– Expected to reach 3200 MBps or 3.2 GBps
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Expansion Cards
• Printed circuit boards inserted into motherboard
• Interconnect system components to add functionality
• Could add more USB ports to a desktop computer
• The term “adapter” usually refers to controllers:– Example:
• Display adapters (video cards)
• SCSI (small computer system interface) adapters
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Video Adapters
• Plugged into video adapter boards • Provide display capabilities:
– Dependent on logic circuitry and display monitor• Important features in new modern video adapters:
– Local memory for better resolution and color display– Graphics coprocessors for graphics calculations
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Sound Adapters
• Record and play back sound
• Support digital audio and MIDI formats– MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• Sound cards:– Provide input ports for microphones– Provide output ports for speakers and amplifiers
• Integrated sound circuit provided on motherboard:– An alternative to a sound adapter– Example: Intel AC’ 97
• Provides audio with six channels
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Disk Drive Controllers
• Manage data transfer between the motherboard and disk drive
• Designed to communicate with expansion bus
• Standard controller architectures: ATA, SATA, SCSI
• If you add disk drives:– You may need to insert new controllers that come on
expansion boards
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
ATA Controllers (Parallel)
• Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA):– Integrates controller on disk drive itself
• ATA/100: enhanced ATA interface– Transfers data up to 100 MB/sec
• Parallel ATA (PATA):– Also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)– Motherboard controller supports one or two devices
• Example: controller supports hard drive or CD-ROM
• Two IDE controllers on PC (primary and secondary)– Each supports two drives: master and slave
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
SATA Controllers (Serial)
• Evolution of the Parallel ATA physical storage interface
• Serial link: – Single cable with a minimum of four wires that
creates a single connection between the controller and the drive
• Transfer rates range from 1.5 to 3.0 Gbps
• Advantages:– SATA drives each have their own independent bus– Cables are more flexible, thinner, and less massive
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
SCSI Controller
• Small computer system interface controller
• Parallel interface used to attach peripherals to PCs
• Can interface with up to 15 peripheral devices
• Speeds may exceed speeds of SATA controllers
• Be aware of multiple variations of SCSI standard:– Two SCSI devices may be incompatible– Example: several types of connectors are supported
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Storage Devices
• Mass storage devices:– Retain data even when the computer is turned off
• Main types of mass storage:– Hard drives: fast, high capacity, some are portable– Optical drives: encode data with lasers, high capacity– Tape drives: cheap, high capacity, sequential access– USB drives: portable, use flash or external hard drives
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Hard Drives
• Use rigid rotating platters to read and write on magnetic media
• Cabled to various controllers: PATA, SATA, SCSI
• May be connected to USB ports
• Typical configuration of a hard drive:– Spindle on which platters run at constant speed– Read/write heads: one head for each platter face– Armature moves the heads radially across the
platters as they spin
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Hard Drives (continued)
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Figure 1-12 Hard driveCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Optical Drives
• Use light produced by lasers to store data on disks
• Spin at high speeds, but slower than hard drives
• Types: CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW
• CD/DVD laser writers more powerful than readers
• Optical media are removable and inexpensive:– Most common format for distributing software
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 41
Figure 1-13 Optical driveCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Tape Drives
• Store computer data on magnetic tape
• Record data on a loop of flexible celluloid-like material that can be read and erased
• Have large capacity for storing data
• Less expensive than hard drive storage
• Disadvantage: data is read sequentially
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
USB Drives
• Small, portable flash memory devices
• Plug into any computer with a USB port
• Have up to 256 GB of storage capacity
• Aliases: jump drives, pen drives, key drives
• Portable hard drive:– Disk drive that is plugged into an external port on a
computer– Example: USB or FireWire port
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
USB Drives (continued)
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Figure 1-15 USB driveCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Communications Devices
• Support data transmission between PCs or devices
• Modem (modulator-demodulator) types– Phone: converts between analog and digital signals– Cable: supports high-speed broadband transmission
• Network interface card (NIC)– Expansion board interfacing computer with LAN– May be an expansion card that plugs into bus – May be an interface on the motherboard
• Wireless adapters– Provides wireless (radio) connection to LAN
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Communications Devices (continued)
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Figure 1-16 Phone and cable modemsCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Communications Devices (continued)
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Figure 1-17 Network interface cardCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Peripheral Devices
• External to the PC
• Input devices– Feed data into the PC
• Keyboards– Similar to electric-typewriter keyboards – Designed for input of text and control of computer– Standard U.S. keyboard has 105 keys
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Peripheral Devices (continued)
• Pointing devices– Multiple functions; e.g., move pointer, select text– Mouse: device that rolls on a flat surface– Trackball: like a mouse that lies on its back– Touch pad: small, touch-sensitive pad
• Biometric devices– Biometrics: the science and technology of measuring
and statistically analyzing biological data– Fingerprint scanner
• Records image of your finger and compares with previously scanned image
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Peripheral Devices (continued)
• Digital/video cameras– Stores images on a flash card– Stores frames on digital tape or a digital card
• Output devices– Provide output from a PC– Examples: CRT monitors, LCD panels, printers
• CRT monitors– CRT (cathode-ray tube) technology
• Used in televisions and computer display screens
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Peripheral Devices (continued)
• LCD panels– Type of display used on laptop computers– Most popular choice for flat-panel desktop monitors
• Printers– Dot matrix:
• Creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbon
– Ink-jet:• Produces high-quality text and graphics
– Laser:• Produces high-quality text and graphics
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Preventive Maintenance
• Regularly clean the unit to extend useful life
• Be aware of hazards that can harm PC:– Example: static electricity
• Dispose of PC using proper procedures
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Preventive Maintenance (continued)
• Cleaning– Problem: dust and dirt cause excess heat – Cleaning the outside
• Wipe case and screen with mild cleaning solution
• Use compressed air to clear ventilation openings
• Clean the rollers in a mouse with a cotton swab
– Cleaning the inside• Unplug power cord before cleaning inside case
• Use antistatic wipe to remove dust from inside case
• Clean expansion cards with isopropyl alcohol
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Preventive Maintenance (continued)
• Electrostatic discharge– Rapid discharge of static electricity – Can occur whenever case is open– Internal components are extremely susceptible– Ground PC before touching internal components
• Hazards– Can injure you, including high voltage shocks
• High voltages in capacitors – May retain a charge long after power is removed
• Charge could damage equipment and cause shocks
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Preventive Maintenance (continued)
• Power supplies– Motherboards have a small voltage running when
the PC is plugged in
• CRT monitors– Voltages inside can kill you– Flyback transformer generates up to 20,000 volts
• Fires– Electrical fire can strike your office or home– Use a type C or type ABC fire extinguisher
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Preventive Maintenance (continued)
• Disposal– Many PC components contain harmful ingredients:
• Examples: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium
– Guidelines for disposing of PCs and peripherals:• Take batteries to a recycling depot
• You may be able to return batteries to manufacturer
• Recycle CRT or submit it to hazardous waste program
– Resources extracted from computers:• Gold, silver, copper, steel, aluminum, wire, cable
• Many extracted resources can be recycled
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Preventive Maintenance (continued)
• USB cables– Connect many devices to your computer– Standard USB connector is called a USB-A
• Video cables– The 15-pin VGA cable is common for monitors
• Sound cables– Most common is the standard headphone jack
• Data cables– Most common are FireWire and eSATA
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Preventive Maintenance (continued)
• Networking cables– The phone cable (RJ-11) is still used to connect
modems to phone jacks for Internet connectivity– Ethernet is the standard for wired networking– Ethernet connector is attached to an 8-wire twisted
pair cable
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Cabling Up and Testing the PC
• Arrange components as they will be used
• Connect various cords in sequence:– Example: connect tower case from bottom to top
• Delay connection of USB devices:– Devices can be configured as they are plugged in– Exceptions: mouse and keyboard
• Test each component:– Examples: CRT shows image; mouse moves pointer– Verify that each device has power– Before correcting a problem, turn off the PC
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Summary
• Virtual machine technology:– Allows multiple operating systems to run
concurrently on a single PC
• Many hardware components make up a PC
• Peripherals:– Include input devices such as keyboards, mice,
trackballs, and touch pads
• Output devices:– Include CRT monitors, LCD panels, and printers
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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Summary (continued)
• Preventive maintenance: responsibility of owner
• Many hazards can injure a PC user or damage a PC
• Some PC components:– Are not internal but are connected to the PC
• Common connectors, such as USB:– Simplify the connection of components
• When connecting components:– Start with the connector that is farthest from the
power supply connector
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