guide to rural living - colorado state university extension of

Gunnison County

Guide to Rural Living

photo courtesy of Sandra Guerrieri

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

An Introduction to Rural Living Page

Code of the West 5

Managing Small Pastures 6

Colorado Noxious Weed Law 7

Agricultural Property Tax 8

Water Quality 10

Agricultural Water Quality 12

Water Rights 13

Water Disposal Systems (Septic) 15

Water Conservation 17

Colorado Fence and Trespass Law 18

Right to Farm and Agricultural Safety 20

Agricultural Safety 21

Open Burning 22

Wildfire 23

Soils and Soil Testing 24

Hay Production (quality, purchasing, management, etc.) 26

Living with Wildlife 28

Livestock 31

Beef Cattle 31

Brand Inspection 33

Horses 34

Chickens 36

Pigs 37

Sheep 38

Goat 39

Waste Management 40

Plant Selection 42

Gardening at High Altitude 43

Home Storage of Foods 44

High Altitude Food Preparations 46

Food Safety and Storage 48

Alternative Agricultural Enterprises 49

Mapping Resources and Emergency Preparedness 51

Local Resources 52

A G u i d e t o R u r a l L i v i n g

5

Code of the West

Colorado State University Extension and our partners are here to help you improve your rural life-

style and maintain the values and views that appeal to you about country living. Western Colora-

do’s diverse landscape creates both challenges and opportunities for a lifestyle that suits your

needs. Understanding the limitations created by the amount of precipitation you receive, the ele-

vation, and the soils that occur on your property will help you set realistic goals for managing your

lifestyle. Having a plan will help you spend more time enjoying your wonderful surroundings and

improve the quality of life for your family.

The unwritten code of the west isn’t so unwritten anymore. It was first documented in 1934 when

Zane Grey wrote “The Code of the West.” To this day, the same values of integrity, honesty, stew-

ardship, and self-reliance guide our actions like those rugged individuals who first attempted to

settle this land with their families. Consider the fact that the

nearest emergency services may be more than 15 miles

away, or that the road you’re driving on today might be im-

passible when severe weather strikes tomorrow. Being pre-

pared for daily life takes on a whole new meaning when you

live in a rural area. Recognize that your route to work may

be a cow or sheep herding route during certain times of the

year where you might literally spend your day counting

sheep! These things may be challenges to some folks, but

the fact is, this is part of rural living and it’s what likely drew

you here in the first place. That and the friendly wave be-

tween you and your neighbors as you pass each other on

the road each morning. Being neighborly is a two-way

street; the fence you help mend today might be good pay-

ment for the snow that’s plowed during a fierce blizzard that

helps keep your driveway open next winter. Rural residents

who come together often have more success as a commu-

nity than those who go it alone. Working collectively to com-

bat noxious weed infestations will help save money and improve the stewardship of our

resources.

This publication is provided as a brief introduction to considerations for living on your rural proper-

ty and offers a variety of available resources to help you achieve your property objectives. In the

upcoming pages you will be exposed to information compiled from experts throughout our com-

munity to help you reach the goals you have set for your rural lifestyle.

USDA photo by Jack Delano


6

Managing Small Pastures

Small pastures are particularly susceptible to overgrazing. Overgrazing often occurs when there

are too many grazing animals on the pasture for too long. It can also occur when animals are al-

lowed to re-graze the pasture before they are ready for grazing. Many people overlook the im-

portance of managing these pastures, but with a little planning you can save money by maximiz-

ing the amount of healthy forage you produce on your land.

Matching the vegetation of your pasture to your land management objectives and your site will

ensure successful grazing. Grazing practices can alter the composition of a pasture. Practicing

basic range or pasture management principles is important. A general rule of thumb for small pas-

tures is to adhere to the “take half and leave half” principle. The idea is that by only grazing one-

half of the available and desirable forage and leaving one-half for re-growth, the existing plant

community is sustainable. By not grazing too much of a plant, the plant is allowed to re-grow and

replenish its energy root reserve. A second management principle is grazing time. Grazing too

early in the spring does not allow the plant to replenish its energy reserves, and consequently, it

cannot re-grow as fast as other un-grazed grasses. Impacts on a plant from grazing vary through-

out the year and growing season. Plants are most severely affected from grazing during seed for-

mation when they need maximum energy to produce seeds. Grasses grazed while dormant are

not as adversely affected because the plant has already stored its energy for the following spring.

There is no standard reference on the amount of available forages for different pastures in the in-

termountain west. In order to know exactly how much production is occurring on your plot, clip a

small area that is representative of the pasture and weigh it after allowing it to air dry. Typically,

grazing animals need 2-3% of their body weight of air-dried forage daily.

Tips for Improving Small Pastures and Encouraging More Grasses

Do not impact grasses, reduce the severity of grazing or allow for longer rest periods.

Keep animals off pasture in the spring until there is eight inches of grass growth.

Use a rotating grazing scheme. Rotation grazing refines the “take half and leave half” princi-

ple and lets you manage your pasture more intensively, increasing forage production.

Control your weeds. Many pastures that have historically been abused or allowed long-term

rest will have more broadleaf plants and brush species than grasses. Applying a broadleaf

herbicide suppresses the broadleaves and aids the grasses re-establishment of dominance.

In worst case scenarios where a pasture is severely overgrazed or weedy, renovation or re-

seeding may be needed. Reseed with a mixture of grass plants.

Resources:

Colorado Forage Guide www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/forage-guide.pdf

Livestock Management www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/livestock.pdf

https://mail.colostate.edu/owa/redir.aspx?C=AQnipsGcbk6MTUkerYn5yXrFiH3eMdAISup5-UrDzY5tJp2yH_UDIf8UTSXo8y2sWRT4jPye1Ec.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.ext.colostate.edu%2fsam%2fforage-guide.pdf

https://mail.colostate.edu/owa/redir.aspx?C=AQnipsGcbk6MTUkerYn5yXrFiH3eMdAISup5-UrDzY5tJp2yH_UDIf8UTSXo8y2sWRT4jPye1Ec.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.ext.colostate.edu%2fsam%2flivestock.pdf


7

Colorado Noxious Weed Law

In Colorado, agricultural and natural resources are protected by the Colorado Noxious Weed Act

(35-5.5 CRS, 2003). This law requires landowners to manage undesirable plants, establishes a

state-wide noxious weed list, and prioritizes management goals for the weeds on the A

(eradication), B (containment), and C (control) lists, respectively.

To manage undesirable plants, the planning and implementa-

tion of a coordinated program that utilizes a variety of man-

agement methods will be imposed. These integrated man-

agement methods include biological control, chemical control,

cultural control, mechanical control, educational opportunities,

and preventive measures. The purpose of integrated unde-

sirable plant management is to achieve healthy and produc-

tive plant communities by the least environmentally damaging

means. The noxious plants that occur in Colorado are any

plants that have the potential to aggressively invade or threat-

en economic crops or native plant communities; are poison-

ous to livestock; harbor detrimental insects, diseases or para-

sites; and are detrimental to the environmentally sound manage-

ment of natural or agricultural ecosystems. Basically, these plants are non-native, aggressive, and

will out-compete desirable plants for resources such as moisture, sunlight, nutrients, and space.

In addition, each county has its own specific noxious weed list and recommended management

prescriptions. To obtain a list of the noxious weed species in your area, contact your local noxious

weed coordinator, conservation district office, or CSU Extension agent.

Effective weed management and reduction in weed populations can only be met when all persons

involved are working together to achieve this common goal. Implementing sustainable land use

practices, understanding the resources you have on your property and the weeds that occur, and

implementing an integrated approach to noxious weed control will lead to successful weed man-

agement on your land. This will help you reach your land management objectives, increase the

vegetative diversity of your property, and help to reduce the cost of control over the long term.

Resources:

Colorado Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Management Program

www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds

CSU Extension - Small Acreage Management - Noxious Weed Resources

www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/weeds.html

Oxeye daisies at Steamboat Lake


8

Agricultural Property Tax

For property tax purposes, land must meet one of the following five requirements to qualify for ag-

ricultural classification:

A parcel of land that was used the previous two years and is presently being used as a farm or

a ranch, or is being restored through conservation practices. Such land must have been classi-

fied or eligible for classification as agricultural land during the 10 years preceding the year of

assessment.

A “farm” is parcel of land that is used to

produce agricultural products that origi-

nate from the land’s productivity, for the

primary use of obtaining a monetary profit;

i.e., crops that have been raised, harvest-

ed, sold or fed.

A “ranch” is a parcel of land used for grazing livestock for the primary purpose of obtaining a

monetary profit. Livestock means domestic animals that are used for food for humans or ani-

mal consumption, breeding, draft or profit. Pleasure horses are not considered as livestock.

Thus, the keeping of pleasure horses does not qualify a parcel for agricultural classification un-

less it is a breeding operation that is specifically intended as a profit-making enterprise.

A parcel of land is considered to be in the process of being restored through conservation prac-

tices if the land has been placed in a conservation reserve program established by the Natural

Resource Conservation Service pursuant to 7 U.S.C. secs. 1 to 5506, or a conservation plan

approved by an appropriate conservation district implemented for the land for up to a period of

10 crop years.

A parcel of land that has at least 40 acres of forestland and that is subject to a forest manage-

ment plan. The land must produce tangible wood products that originate from the productivity of

the land for the primary purpose of obtaining a monetary profit. Land underlying any residence

or other improvements used as an ancillary part of the operation is classified as agricultural

land.

A parcel of land that a) consists of at least 80 acres, or less than 80 acres if the parcel does not

contain any residential improvements, b) is subject to a perpetual conservation easement, c) was

classified as agricultural at the time the easement was granted, d) the easement was granted to a

qualified organization, e) the easement is exclusively for conservation purposes, and f) all current

and future uses of the land are described in the easement. This provision does not include any

portion of land that is used for nonagricultural, commercial, or non-agricultural residential purpos-

es.

AGWEB Photograph


9

Agricultural Property Tax

A parcel of land used as a farm or ranch if the owner has a decreed water right or a final permit to

appropriated ground water for purposes other than residential use, and water appropriated under

such right or permit is used for the production of agricultural or livestock products on the land.

This provision does not include the two-year use requirement detailed in item 1.

A parcel of land that was reclassified from agricultural to

another classification and met one of the foregoing re-

quirements during the three years before the year of as-

sessment. The land need not have been classified or eligi-

ble for classification as agricultural during the 10 years

preceding the year of assessment. Zoning classification of

the land parcel has no bearing on how a parcel is classi-

fied for tax purposes. Colorado law requires that all par-

cels be classified for tax purposes according to the prima-

ry current surface use.

To ensure that land is accurately classified and valued, the

assessor may request an on-site inspection and/or addi-

tional information such as the IRS 1040-F form filed in the

previous year, grazing lease(s), or an agricultural land

classification questionnaire. Any documentation provided

to the assessor by the property owner is subject to confi-

dentiality requirements as provided by law.

For additional information regarding property taxation procedures in Colorado, contact the Colora-

do Division of Property Taxation at (303) 866-2371 or contact your local county assessor.

Resources:

Colorado Department of Local Affairs (DOLA); Division of Property Taxation

www.dola.state.co.us/propertytax

Useful publications from DOLA online:

- How Agricultural Land is Valued in Colorado

- Classification and Valuation of Agricultural Property in Colorado

CSU Photograph


1 0

Water Quality

Water Quality Standards

Today, the EPA is working harder to quantify

and reduce sources of non-point pollution.

This is primarily accomplished by encourag-

ing or requiring people to engage in pre-

determined best management practice

(BMP). A variety of water BMPs are availa-

ble through your local Colorado State Uni-

versity (CSU) Extension Office.

Drinking Water Quality

For many people in Western Colorado, resi-

dential drinking water is supplied by a munic-

ipal water treatment plant. More information

on this type of water treatment can be obtained from the EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline, (800)

426-4791. However, there is no regulation for the quality of water from a private water system. In

addition, if your drinking water comes from a private well, you are responsible for monitoring the

safety of your own drinking water. Protecting your drinking water supply from contamination is

important for health, to protect property values, and to minimize potential liability.

The natural quality of well water varies from location to location because of the influence of local

geology and soils through which the water is filtered and stored. Groundwater contamination can

result from point sources, such as leaking underground fuel storage tanks, animal feedlots and

septic systems. Landfills, abandoned mines and industrial discharges can also impact rural

groundwater quality. Older, shallower wells are generally more easily contaminated than deeper

wells dug with properly-installed casing and well cap.

The appearance, taste or odor of water from a well or other source offers some information on ob-

vious contamination, but chemical analysis is needed to detect most contamination in water. Ob-

vious contaminants include silt and hydrogen sulfide, which can be detected by smell, but other

contaminants such as bacteria and nitrate are colorless and do not have an odor. Two types of

tests, bacteriological and chemical, can be used to assess water quality.

Resources:

Domestic Water Quality Criteria, CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 0.513

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/00513.html


1 1

Water Quality

Drinking Water Quality

Bacteriological tests are used to determine whether water contains bacteria that are harmful for

human health. A passing test will indicate the absence of these bacteria. Anyone wanting a bac-

teriological test performed on drinking water should contact the local County Health Department

to obtain the specially-prepared bottles and instructions for taking a water sample. Chemical tests

are used to identify impurities and other dissolved substances that can affect water used for do-

mestic purposes. Common analyses include metals, nitrate, acidity or alkalinity (pH) and relative

hardness of water, for example. The CSU Soil, Water and Plant Testing Laboratory can perform

these analyses for you. Your local Extension Office has the contact information, price lists and

sampling instructions, as well as information on other private laboratories that can provide similar

services.

Questions to Ask About Water When Buying Property

1. Is the household water source a public water supply or well? If well, how is it permitted and

when is the latest water test available?

2. Is the septic system recently installed and/or maintained (pumped)?

3. Are there water rights associated with the property? If so, what is their priority and how often

can I expect water and how much?

4. What is the ditch system or company associated with the water rights and what are the annual

fees or assessments for the water?

5. What kind of irrigation infrastructure exists and what is their condition?

6. If the irrigation is flood or furrow, where does runoff from the irrigation events leave the proper-

ty? What are my responsibilities associated with this runoff?

Resources:

Drinking Water Quality and Health, CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 9.3.07

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09307.html

Selecting an Analytical Laboratory, CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 0.520


Bacteria in Water Wells, CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 6.703

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/06703.html

Protecting Your Private Well, CSU Extension Bulletin XCM-179

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/xcm179.pdf


1 2

Agricultural Water Quality

Water Quality for Livestock

Although most livestock can tolerate water quality that may be unsuitable for human consumption,

very poor water quality can impact livestock health, reproduction and performance. If the water

quality of your livestock’s drinking water is unknown, it should be tested for salinity, pH, sulfate,

nitrate and potential toxic elements such as selenium. Elevated metals or salts, for example, can

cause a variety of health and reproduction problems, and pregnant or lactating animals may be

more susceptible. If a water test report shows that the water contains toxins at levels too high for

livestock, treatment or an alternate source of water may be necessary.

Irrigation Water Quality

Irrigation water with high salinity levels may be a problem in areas of Western Colorado. Using

excessively saline irrigation water can stunt plant growth and increase the total salt content of the

soil. Plants watered with highly saline water tend to wilt, even though they appear to be receiving

plenty of moisture. Too much salt in irrigation water prevents sufficient water from being ab-

sorbed by the roots. To alleviate the level of salt in your irrigation water, it is important to under-

stand the salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids. Your water can also be

tested to determine whether it contains concentrations of other potentially harmful constituents.

Under some conditions, irrigation water with a high pH (8 or higher) may also limit the nutrient

availability of the soil. Other elements of potential concern are chloride and boron. Your local Ex-

tension Office can help you conduct an analysis of your water.

It is additionally as important to understand proper irrigation management principles. Consider

consulting with a CSU Extension Irrigation Specialist to determine the appropriate irrigation man-

agement practices for your individual field conditions.

Resources:

Glossary of Water Terminology. CSU Extension Factsheet 4.717

http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/04717.html

Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 0.506


Managing Saline Soils. CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 0.503.


Managing Sodic Soils. CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 0.504


Diagnosing Saline and Sodic Soil Problems. CSU Extension Fact Sheet No. 0.521



1 3

Water Rights

Under the Colorado Constitution, the water of every natural stream within the state is the property

of the public, and is dedicated to the use of the people. All persons have a right to appropriate the

waters of the state and put them to beneficial use, subject only to the rights of those who have

previously appropriated such water.

A water right is created when a person initiates an appropriation of unappropriated water of a nat-

ural stream of the state. An “appropriation” is simply the “beneficial application or use of a speci-

fied portion of the waters of the state pursuant to the procedures prescribed by law.” The water

right so created and acquired is usufructuary in nature—the owner of the right does not own the

water, rather only the right to use it.

The priority of a water right is a function of the date of adjudication and the date of appropriation.

Subject to certain narrow exceptions, a water right with a given adjudication date will be senior to

all water rights with a later adjudication date, and junior to all water rights with an earlier adjudica-

tion date—hence the expression, first in time, first in right. During periods of high flow, there is

generally sufficient water available for all users.

As stream flows drop at the end of the run-off

season, junior water rights are curtailed to pro-

vide water for the senior rights. There may be

times when there is not sufficient water available

even for senior water rights.

A water right adjudication is a proceeding to

confirm the existence water rights and to deter-

mine the respective priorities of water rights on

the stream system for purposes of administra-

tion. A water right decree confirms the existence

of the water right but does not create or confer

the right. The reason for adjudicating a water right is to realize the protection of enforcement of

the priority system of water rights through administration by the State and Division Engineer.

Without a decree, the owner of a water right cannot make an enforceable “call” to the State and

Division Engineer to curtail undecreed water uses and decreed junior rights that might otherwise

intercept water necessary to satisfy such owner’s water right.

Source:

Law of the Rockies, Attorneys at Law, Gunnison, Colorado.

www.lawoftherockies.com

http://www.lawoftherockies.com/


1 4

Water Rights

Water Ditches and Easements

When a water right owned by one person originates on or passes through land owned by another,

the relative rights and responsibilities of the parties can become an issue. When purchasing land

with existing ditch easements, the owner of the easement has the right and duty to use and main-

tain their ditch across your property. Adequate head gates on diversion structures and measuring

devices are required to allow flows from the stream system to be controlled efficiently. Easement

owners are required to keep their ditches in good repair to prevent flooding or damaging the prop-

erty of others. If you do not own shares in the ditch on your property, you do not have the right to

use, withdraw or impede the flow of water in the ditch.

Ponds and Reservoirs

There are two basic types:

1. Non-jurisdictional ponds/reservoirs include: when a dam measures less than ten feet deep;

impounds less than 100 acre feet; or a surface area at high water line of less than 20 acres.

If you are building a non-jurisdictional dam, you must file a Notice of Intent to Construct.

2. Jurisdictional ponds or reservoirs, which exceed any of the limits set for non-jurisdictional

dams, above. These require plans and specifications prepared by an Engineer, and need ap-

proval by the State Engineer. The primary responsibility for maintaining a safe dam rests with

the owner. State statute places liability for damages on the owner if the dam fails.

Livestock ponds and erosion control dams are limited to drainages that are dry 80% of the time,

They are not decreed by the Water Court. The Natural Resource Conversation Service (NRCS)

can provide cost–share assistance in the design and construction of these dams.

Water Wells

A permit is required prior to the construction of a well, or for the replacement of a well pump. Ap-

plication forms and assistance can be obtained from the Division Engineer’s Office. An under-

ground water right is required for all wells that produce more than 15 gallons per minute; or which

are for the irrigation of more than one acre. Wells used for ordinary household use, watering do-

mestic livestock, and irrigation of less than one acre of land also require a permit, but are exempt

by statute from administration or the necessity of obtaining a water right.

Resources:

Irrigation Ditches and their Operation. CSU Extension Factsheet 6.701


Private Wells for Home Use. CSU Extension Factsheet 6.700



1 5

Water Disposal Systems

Living With Your On-Site Sewage Disposal System

Managing your septic system is a very important aspect of living “in the country”. Ensuring the

system is cared for and properly maintained is your responsibility. A septic system is an individual

wastewater treatment system using soil to treat small wastewater flows from a residence. A con-

ventional system consists of a septic tank and a drain or “leach” field. This is a simple system,

but must be adequately maintained. Neglecting a septic tank is the most common cause of dam-

age to the leach field. When the tank is not pumped routinely, sludge builds up to the point where

they are carried into the leach field and block the flow of liquid into the soil. When this occurs, the

leach field must be replaced, which is an expensive project.

Many homeowners inquire about the best type of septic additive for their system. The answer to

this is very simple: There isn’t one! Proper use will ensure a healthy and stable bacterial popula-

tion. Bacteria are vital to the breakdown of the solids. The best way to prevent septic failure is to

observe a routine pumping schedule.

About the Septic System

The first stage in securing a proper system is via the septic tank. All the water used in your home

is diverted to this underground tank. It is a watertight container, usually made of concrete, that

temporarily holds materials while heavy solids settle out. These solids are primarily decomposed

by bacteria, however, the solids do accumulate requiring removal to ensure proper functioning of

the system for the long term.

The drain field (or leach field) allows efflu-

ent (the liquid left after the solids have set-

tled out) to flow from the septic tank

through underground pipes to seep into the

gravel and then into the soil. This is the

second stage in the wastewater treatment

process. Nutrients, organic materials and

pollutants in the effluent are degraded by

soil microbes. These materials are re-

moved from the water before reaching

groundwater.

Engineered Systems

A conventional system is not always the best approach. Some sites require special engineering

because of inappropriate soils (high clay or sand content), shallow bedrock or a high groundwater

table. Engineered systems require professional design and installation. Your installer will have

tips for the operation and maintenance of these special systems.


1 6

Water Disposal Systems

Maintenance

Inspect your tank annually for sludge level and structural integrity and pump your tank according

to the recommended intervals. The costs for regular inspection and pumping are far less than re-

pairing and/or replacing your system.

Table - Recommended Pumping Tank Intervals

Source: www.thenaturalhome.com

Septic Do:

1. Know where your system is located: keep a diagram showing the location of your system

2. Inspect your system every year

3. Pump your tank regularly

4. Keep records of pumping, inspection, and other maintenance

5. Repair leaking faucets and toilets

6. Install washing machine lint and effluent filters

7. Conserve water to reduce wastewater

8. Divert roof drains and surface water away from drain field

9. Limit the use of drain solvents, household chemicals, strong disinfectants and chlorine

10. Call a professional when you have questions

Septic Don’t:

1. Park, drive vehicles over, or allow large animals on any part of your septic system

2. Place sprinkler systems close to the leach field

3. Dig or build on top of your septic system

4. Plant deep-rooted plants over the drain field

5. Dispose of sanitary napkins, diapers, cooking oil, solvents, paint, etc. Use garbage dispos-

als sparingly, do not put coffee grounds, fats, or meats into a septic system

6. Breathe emitted tank gasses – these are toxic

7. Ignore odors, wet or sunken spots, or lush growth above the drain field

Resources:

Homeowners Guide to Protecting Water Quality and the Environment. XCM-223

http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/xcm223.pdf

Tank Size (gallons)

How often your tank should be pumped (in years)

1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 people 6 people

1,000 12 6 4 3 2 2

1,250 16 8 5 3 3 2

1,500 19 9 6 4 3 3


1 7

Water Conservation

Irrigation and Your Lawn

The greatest source of water consumption, after that of the domestic water used inside, is your

lawn. Nearly 50% of the water consumed for residential use is applied outdoors. Save water by:

1. Do not use sprinklers when there is high wind blowing.

2. A heavy rain means you do not have to water at all.

3. Water your lawn every third day.

4. Determine the irrigation amount and duration.

5. Always water during the cool time of the day. Early morning is

best. Avoid the peak water consumption hours (4pm-9pm).

6. Adjust your automatic sprinkler settings to meet your needs.

7. Consider installing drip or micro irrigation.

Water Conservation

Xeriscaping (pronounced “Zeer-eh-scaping”) is landscaping adapted to the semi-arid and arid cli-

mates of the Western Slope of Colorado. Natural precipitation is extremely limited in our area

where we may receive less than 10 inches annually. Compare that to more than 30 inches of rain

New England receives in a typical year, or 70 inches Mississippi typically receives and you will

understand why we cannot grow the same Kentucky Bluegrass lawns so often seen in the East.

When installed correctly, xeriscaping can save up to 30 percent on home water bills.

Xeriscaping incorporates the following basic principles:

1. Limit your turf area. Consider planting warm season grasses (Buffalograss) for their drought-

tolerance and ability to survive with minimal fertilizer. Avoid fine and tall fescue grasses.

2. Maintain taller grasses, and leave the clippings on the lawn to recycle their nutrients.

3. Choose native, drought-tolerant plant species. Ask your local nursery for suggestions.

4. Choose an efficient irrigation system. Turf areas do best when watered with sprinklers, but drip

irrigation is sufficient for shrub beds. Conduct an audit on your irrigation system.

5. Use mulches liberally. They maintain soil temperature, retain water, and reduce weed growth.

Resources:

Irrigation Scheduling: The Water Balance Approach. CSU Ext. Factsheet No. 4.707


Buffalograss Lawns. CSU Ext. Factsheet No. 7.224

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/07224.html

Lawn Irrigation Self Audit (LISA). CSU Ext. Publication

http://www.ext.colostate.edu/lisa/lisa.pdf


1 8

Colorado Fence and Trespass Law

Either living in an urban area or on the rural landscapes of Colorado

the old adage “Good fences makes good neighbors” rings true still

today. In the early years of statehood, Colorado enacted the

“Fence Law” or “Open Range Law” and this legislation is still in

force today with some revision. The Fence Law in Colorado ad-

dresses key items like defining what a lawful fence is, who is re-

sponsible for construction and maintenance of lawful fence and who

can claim damages for trespass. This article is a summation of the

Colorado Statutes that pertain to the “Fence Law”.

The Colorado Statutes #35-46-101 clearly defines two important

terms for addressing issues that apply to fencing and trespass

“Lawful Fence” and “Livestock”. The following are the definition of

the terms from the Colorado Revised Statutes and they should be

referred to when building, maintaining, repairing and replacing any

fences.

"Lawful fence" is a well-constructed three barbed wire fence with substantial posts set at a dis-

tance of approximately twenty feet apart, and sufficient to turn ordinary horses and cattle, with all

gates equally as good as the fence, or any other fence of like efficiency. “Livestock” includes

horses, cattle, mules, asses, goats, sheep, swine, and buffalo. In working toward resolution in dis-

putes of livestock grazing the first determination is if a “Lawful Fence” was in place and properly

maintained.

Construction and Maintenance of “Lawful Fence”

In Colorado it is the responsibility of the landowner to fence out any livestock from their property

with a “Lawful Fence”. Colorado Statute #35-46-112 puts the burden of the cost of constructing or

repairing a fence on adjoining properties on both land owners. Caution should be taken in that the

statute only requires a land owner to meet the standard of the definition of a lawful fence. If one

land owner wants to make the fence to a higher standard that landowner may be responsible for

the additional costs. In any case they should follow the procedure set forth in Statute #35-46-113

- If after thirty days written notice (certified letter), served personally or by registered mail by either

owner or tenant of another, if such owner neglects or refuses to erect or repair one-half of the par-

tition fence, the person giving notice then may undertake repairs and may collect by a civil action

one-half of the cost. Refers only to a "Lawful fence". It is always good practice to have written

documentation of all agreements and how you complied with the above procedure before pur-

chasing any materials.

USDA ARS photo by Scott Bauer


1 9

Colorado Fence and Trespass Law

Livestock Trespass

Colorado Fence Laws benefit the

livestock owner by putting the re-

sponsibility on landowners and crop

producers to fence out. Livestock

owners are not liable for animals

that wonder on to property that a

“Lawful Fence” is not maintained.

Colorado Statute #35-46-102 does

give provision that helps protect

landowners from stock produces

that knowingly drive herds on to another person’s land or from repeated livestock trespass where

a “Lawful Fence” is in place and maintained to recover damages through a civil court process. In

any case of livestock trespass it is best that you keep local sheriff’s office and brand inspection

office involved.

There are some generalizations that can be made in helping with issues that arise between neigh-

bors in regards to livestock and fencing:

Always refer to updated Colorado Revised Statutes on Fencing Laws and consult with local

law enforcement and brand inspection.

Make sure that a “Lawful Fence” is in place and that it is regularly maintained.

Colorado fence laws favor the livestock owner and put the duty of protecting property on

the landowner.

An open and good working relationship with adjacent landowners is the best prevention for

issues with livestock and fencing.

This article was prepared to help address perception and concerns that landowners have with

Colorado Fencing Law. Information was taken from Colorado Revised Statutes and the Colorado

Department of Agriculture. It is recommended that landowners should obtain a full updated copy

of the statutes before taking any action in regards to fencing laws or contact your local CSU Ex-

tension Agent for additional information.

Resources:

Colorado Revised Statute on Fencing Laws. CO Dept. of Agriculture Open Range and Fencing

www.colorado.gov/ag

Fencing with Wildlife in Mind. Colorado Division of Wildlife

www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/dow-fencing.pdf


2 0

Right to Farm and Agricultural Safety

Right to Farm

Colorado is a “Right-to-Farm” state. Landowners, residents, and visitors must be prepared to ac-

cept the activities, sights, sounds, and smells agricultural operations as a normal and necessary

aspect of living in a county with a strong rural character and a healthy agricultural sector. Those

with an urban sensitivity may perceive such activities, sights, sounds, and smells only as incon-

venience, eyesore, noise, and odor. However, state law and individual county policies provide

that ranching, farming, or other agriculture activities and operations shall not be considered to be

nuisances so long as operated in conform-

ance with the law and in a non-negligent

manner. Therefore, all must be prepared to

encounter noises, odors, lights, mud, dust,

smoke, chemicals, machinery on public

roads, livestock on public roads, storage and

disposal of manure, and the application of

spraying or otherwise of chemical fertilizers,

soil amendments, herbicides, and pesticides,

any one or more of which may naturally occur

as part of legal and non-negligent agriculture

operations.

In addition, all owners of land, whether ranch or residence, have obligations under state law and

county regulation with regard to the maintenance of fences and irrigation ditches, controlling

weeds, keeping livestock and pets under control, using property in accordance with zoning, and

other aspects of using and maintaining property wisely. Residents and landowners are encour-

aged to learn about these rights and responsibilities and act as good neighbors and citizens.

Resources:

State of Colorado Right to Farm Statutes

www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/righttofarm/colorado.pdf

Agricultural Safety

Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries. Farmers are at very high risk for fatal and

nonfatal injuries. Farming is one of the few industries in which the families (who often share the

work and live on the premises) are also at risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries. Safety is no accident.

However, agricultural workers still suffer the highest number of deaths and injuries, compared to

other occupations. In 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the annual observance

in September of National Farm Safety Week.

USDA photo by Bill Tarpenning


2 1

Agricultural Safety

Each year, several hundred farmers and farm workers die from work-related injuries, and tens of

thousands more are injured in the United States. Many of these deaths and injuries are preventa-

ble by implementing safe working and operating procedures at the farm.

Machinery

In Colorado, most of the agriculture-related fatalities are attributed to the operation of

machinery, including tractors. Other major causes of fatalities result from electrical accidents

(12%); injury by animals (8%); drowning (7%); and chemicals (2%). Prevention starts by:

Knowing how to operate machinery safely, and applying those safety practices;

Being cautious and alert around animals;

Safe chemical use, including safety gear;

Locating power lines before moving augers and irrigation pipes;

Restricting children from equipment and irrigation canals; and

Never allowing passengers on tractors unless a seat is provided.

Roll-overs are common when tractors are not properly operated. Always drive down hill with con-

ventional-style tractors (rear wheels larger than front wheels) where 35% of the weight is in the

front; 65% is in the rear. Newer tractors are equipped with a rollover protective structure (ROPS).

Always operate ROPS-equipped tractors with the seatbelt fastened. Only non-ROPS or non-roll-

bar-equipped tractors can be operated without a seatbelt; however, ROPS devices are available

for older tractors. Only one tractor death has been reported for an operator wearing a seatbelt

with a properly-installed ROPS. Deaths are reported, however, for ROPS-equipped tractors

whose operators did not wear seatbelts. It is more dangerous to not wear a seatbelt with ROPS

than to have no ROPS at all.

Livestock

Livestock safety involves calm, quiet, and careful handling to reduce the handler’s injury

potential. Animals are not always predictable, so accidents can happen. Keeping livestock calm

reduces the chance they will react to outside influences. Intact males often have a greater poten-

tial to harm handlers than do other animals. Never allow small children in pens with intact any

type of livestock. Horses generally injure and kill more people than do other types of livestock.

Young or inexperienced riders should wear a riding helmet, as should experienced riders. Safety

on the farm or ranch begins with common sense. Focus on the task at hand, and take frequent

breaks to reduce mental or physical fatigue.

Resources:

General Tractor Safety. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet 5.016 http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/farmmgt/05016.pdf


2 2

Open Burning

Generally, anytime you light a fire outdoors, you are conducting an open burn. The State of Colo-

rado regulates open burning to help protect public health and the environment. An Open Burning

Permit must be obtained for opened burning. Permits are issued by the state as the permitting au-

thority. Anyone performing an open burn in Colorado needs to obtain a permit.

Please be aware that many cities and counties have adopted local rules and ordinances related to

open burning. Any person seeking a state permit for an open burn should also check with any

appropriate fire control office, local agency, or other officials regarding specific local requirements

for open burns, prior to applying for a state open burning permit. In some instances, applications

for permits can be obtained from your local County Health Department.

Materials that may be burned include untreated, natural wood sticks and branches, leaves, dry

grass, slash and weeds. All burns must be performed in open piles. Materials that are not al-

lowed to be burned include tree stumps, tires, chemicals, plastic, cut lumber, construction debris,

and trash. The burning of household trash is prohibited. Please check with your local authorities

before conducting any type of burning on your property. The use of a backyard burn barrel or burn

pit is not allowed, anyone open burning household trash will be subject to fines.

Permit Exemptions

1. Flares used to indicate some danger to the public.

2. Campfires for instructional or recreational purposes and non-commercial cooking fires.

3. Agricultural burning is exempt from open burn permitting. These burns are still subject to fire

district and municipal fire rules. Agricultural burning is defined as the burning of water convey-

ance ditches and/or fields to prepare the soil for crop production; for weed control and other

agricultural cultivation purposes. Please note that land zoned as “agricultural” does not auto-

matically provide exemption from open burning permitting.

In granting or denying such permits, the department bases its decision on the location or proximity

of a proposed burning to any building or structure; the potential contribution of the proposed burn-

ing to air pollution in the area; climatic conditions on the day or days of burning; and compliance

by the applicant for the permit with applicable fire protection and safety requirements of the local

authority. Other considerations in the permitting decision include whether any practical alternative

method for the disposal of the material to be burned exists, and whether the burning will be con-

ducted in a manner that will minimize emissions.

Resources:

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Air Pollution Control Division.

www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/smoke/ (click on “Permits” then “Open Burning Permits”)

USDA photo by Bob Nichols


2 3

Wildfire

The Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) is defined as the area or zone where structures and other hu-

man development meet or intermingle with undeveloped lands or vegetative fuels. Wildfires in the

WUI are very real and pose a potentially disastrous situation. No area is immune from the threat

of wildfire and this is particularly true within the WUI.

To reduce the risk of wildfire the following measures are recommended:

Thin out continuous tree and brush cover within 30 feet of your home to create “defensible

space” around the home site. Ensure tree crowns are spaced at least 10-12 feet apart.

Homes located on a slope need to have an enlarged defensible space on the downhill side.

Prune branches from trees within the defensible space to a height of 10 feet above the

ground. Remove shrubs, small trees, or other potential “ladder” fuels from beneath trees.

Remove dead limbs, leaves, and other ground litter within the defensible space. Dispose of all

slash and debris left from thinning by removal from site, lop and scatter, or chipping.

Maintain an irrigated greenbelt adjacent to the home using grass, flower gardens, or ornamen-

tal shrubbery. Use rock as mulch, avoid bark or wood chip mulch in this area.

Mow or graze dry grasses and weeds and irrigate the area during periods of high fire danger.

Clean roof and gutters of pine needles and leaves to eliminate a potential ignition source.

Stack firewood uphill and at least 15 feet away from your home.

Wildfire Quick Facts

Wildfires occur in ALL seasons of the year.

Wildfires occur in grass, brush, and trees.

Wildfires occur in all sizes and locations.

Wildfires move with incredible speed!

The action taken now to implement a defensible space project can help to protect your home in

the future. Contact your local fire district or Colorado State Forest Service office for help.

Resources:

Forest Home Fire Safety. CSU Ext. Factsheet 6.304

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/06304.pdf

Living with Fire: A Guide for the Homeowner. CSFS

http://csfs.colostate.edu/pdfs/LWF51303.pdf

Protecting Your Home from Wildfire: Creating Wildfire-Defensible Zones. CSFS

http://csfs.colostate.edu/pdfs/FIRE2012_1_DspaceQuickGuide.pdf


2 4

Soils

Soils and soil parameters, such as nutrient levels, can vary within a field and from field to field.

These variables can affect a wide range of management decisions. Western Colorado soils can

include heavy clay to well-drained sandy soils encompassing many characteristics including

being shallow or deep, deficient or adequate in organic matter

content, or high in salts--to name a few.

Soils in river valleys and surrounding areas of Western Colorado

were formed by sandstone from the Uncompahgre uplift,

volcanic rock, and deposits left by the Mancos Sea, a prehistoric

inland sea. The Mancos Sea advanced and retreated 29 times,

laying down layers of salty soil each time, which compressed into

Mancos Shale. When the sea finally withdrew from the area, de-

posits were as deep as two miles thick. Volcanic flows later

capped parts of these salty deposits.

Mancos Shale decomposes into very productive soil with a high

capacity to hold water and plant nutrients. By managing the ar-

ea’s long growing season (up to 188 days) and utilizing highly-

developed irrigation systems, the river valley can be excellent for crop production.

A soil testing program helps to manage the land and helps to answer the following questions:

1. Are soil nutrients deficient or excessive?

2. Which crop fertilizer program is best?

3. Does the soil have a salinity problem, and what effect will the salt have on the crop?

4. What is the pH and organic matter level, and can it be adjusted?

Annual field sampling and testing is recommended for accurate crop and nutrient management.

Obtaining a representative soil sample from the planting area is critical for accurate results. To

begin, divide the area into sites that are similar in soil type, slope, or other characteristics. For

collection, use clean equipment, free of soil particles and rust. Collect 15-20 samples from the top

eight to 12 inches of soil in a random or systematic pattern. You can do this in up to 40 acres of

land. Mix the samples from a single sample area in a plastic bucket. Collect about two cups of the

mixed sample to submit to the laboratory for analysis. Nitrogen recommendations for irrigated

crops, should include subsoil samples (12 to 24 inches) as well as surface samples to account for

the available nitrogen throughout the root zone.


2 5

Understanding Soil Sampling

The samples can be air dried prior to sending them or they can be sent in a moist condition. Do

not oven dry samples or expose them to extremely hot conditions. Keep samples in the shade or

in a cooler with ice to prevent heat buildup if conditions are hot and dry. Western Colorado soils

tend to be calcareous, which means that they contain residual or free lime (lime as small particles

in the soil). The testing process should use lab procedures designed for these high lime type

soils.

In Colorado, the analysis of soil samples should use ammonium bicarbonate-DPTA (AB-DTPA) to

extract soil for analysis. AB-DTPA is a multi-use extractant for nitrate, phosphorus, potassium,

and micronutrients and is used primarily by the Soil, Water, and Plant Testing Laboratory at Colo-

rado State University. Other processes can be used to determine the nutrient levels in soils, how-

ever these are appropriate for more acidic pH levels. The AB-DPTA analysis provides the best

results for high pH (alkaline) soils.

Western Colorado’s river valley soils typically have a pH of 7.5 to 8.5, a basic alkaline condition.

Although soil pH can sometimes be reduced by using acidifying agents, such as elemental sulfur

or sulfuric acid, Western Colorado soils are highly buffered with free lime (calcium carbonate). If

sulfur is added to the soil, it combines with water and oxygen through bacterial activity, producing

sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid will neutralize calcium carbonate to produce water, carbon dioxide

and calcium sulfate and, instead of changing the pH when this reaction occurs, salt levels may

increase, due to the increase in concentration of the salt gypsum (calcium sulfate). “Alkaline” is

not the same as “alkali.” “Alkali” refers to sodium salts, while “alkaline” refers to pH. Very few ar-

eas in Western Colorado have problems with sodium salt; our salts area typically calcium-based.

For more information on soil testing and specific recommendations for the area, contact your local

Extension Office or the CSU Soil, Water, and Plant Testing Lab at 970-491-5061.

Resources:

Soil Testing. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet 0.501

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/00501.pdf

Soil Test Explanation. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet 0.502


Soil Sampling. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet 0.500



2 6

Hay Production Considerations

Hay is one of the most common crops raised in western Colorado. Small acreages are highly con-

ducive to raising hay on either dry or irrigated land. Alfalfa and grass (meadow) hay are the two

basic types of hay grown.

Alfalfa

Alfalfa can be grown on a wide range of soil and climatic

conditions. Alfalfa is a deep-rooted perennial and is best

adapted to deep, well-drained loam soils. Poor drainage

promotes root and crown disease, inhibits nitrogen fixation

and reduces winter survival. Alfalfa is relatively drought-

tolerant; however, forage production will be in proportion

to the amount of available water. Alfalfa is grown as an

irrigated crop in many places on the West Slope, but also

planted as a dryland crop in areas that receive adequate moisture. Alfalfa stands can last 10

years or longer. Seed beds need to be firm, which can be accomplished by using a cultipacker or

packer wheels on the drill when seeding. Poor seed bed preparation is the most common reason

for establishment failure.

A soil test for nitrogen and phosphorus should be done prior to seeding to ensure adequate ferti-

lizer is applied if needed. Fertilizer is commonly applied to alfalfa during establishment. It takes at

least one growing season for a stand to become established. To maximize forage quality and en-

sure adequate root reserves for re-growth, cut alfalfa when the crop is in the late-bud to 1/10-

bloom stage. This will provide adequate time for plant recovery during each cycle of re-growth,

creating a healthier and longer-lived stand.

Native Grass Hay

Native grass hay, whether irrigated or dryland, does not usually require seeding to ensure an ade-

quate crop. Grass hays in intermountain valleys are made up of a combination of brome, timothy,

orchard grass, bluegrass, red top, ryegrass, wheat grass, and clover. Grass hays typically have

only one crop per year, depending on location and water available. Dryland grass hay yields from

0.5 to 1.5 tons per acre. Irrigated hay produces 2-4 tons per acre.

Grass hay is commonly harvested from June through August. Harvesting later in the year

increases yields slightly. However, nutritional content decreases the later the hay is harvested.

For optimal production, grass hay should be harvested when the grass is flowering. It is usually

not feasible for small farms to own all of their own hay equipment; thus, sharing equipment with a

neighbor or having it custom harvested is very common. Custom haying is done on a cash or

share basis. A cost estimate for cash basis is listed above and share arrangements are

customarily 2/3 to 1/3 with the landowner receiving 1/3.


2 7

Hay Production Considerations

Planting Grass Hay

At times it may make sense to plant grass hay, such as when converting a field from small grain

production, in an excessively weedy field, or in severely overgrazed areas. Species choice de-

pends on your objective and the condition of the area to be planted. There are several choices of

species, depending on whether the site is well-drained, poorly-drained, a wetland, sub-irrigated,

or contains high salt conditions. A list of species and seeding rates appropriate for your situation

can be obtained from your local Extension Office.

Marketing Hay

There is often strong demand for hay locally, meaning you

don’t have to market the hay outside the area. An advertise-

ment in the paper or just word of mouth is all that is usually

necessary to establish buyers.

There are some specialty markets for different classes of hay

that usually demand a slight premium, and “horse hay” is

such a market. Horse hay (in the buyer’s eyes) needs to be bright green, have a high percentage

of timothy grass, have absolutely no mold, and shouldn’t have been rained on between cutting

and baling. Packaging the hay in small square bales (70 lbs.) versus large round or square bales

(500-1500 lbs.) caters more directly to the horse market. Large bales are usually discounted as

they are harder for small livestock and horse operators to handle.

An additional market for hay has been established that is “certified weed free.” Weed free

entails an inspection of the field prior to mowing to ensure there are no noxious weeds and then

marketing the bales as “weed free.” Many federal land agencies in Colorado now require only

weed-free hay on all lands in the state. Other unique markets include “organically grown” hay and

“dairy quality” alfalfa. Contact your Extension Office for information on how to get your crop certi-

fied weed-free or organic.

Hay prices vary throughout the year, but tend to be lowest in late summer and highest in mid and

late winter. As with all agricultural commodities, prices for hay fluctuate due to supply and de-

mand, which can be affected by drought, late or early frost, etc.

Resources:

The Economics of Hay Storage Structures. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet 3.764

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/farmmgt/03764.html

Fertilizing Mountain Meadows. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet .0535


Intermountain Grass and Legume Forage Production Manual

wci.colostate.edu/shtml/ForageManual.shtml


2 8

Living with Wildlife

Colorado, particularly the Western Slope, is known for an

abundance and variety of wildlife. Wildlife has traditionally

lived in rugged country but is now venturing into the more

populated areas. Humans increasingly live and recreate in

wildlife habitat resulting in more animal encounters and dis-

placed wildlife.

Observing wildlife is fascinating and yet some people get dismayed because it might appear that

an animal has been abandoned. Despite what could look like an abandoned or injured animal, it’s

vitally important not to interfere. Do not harass, try to capture, or feed the animals. Animals who

grew up in the wild do not make good pets. Learning to respect the wildness of wildlife is essen-

tial, including the porcupine or raccoon in an apple tree, family of skunks under a front porch, or

squirrels in the fireplace. Even if they are unsettling, do not interfere. Fall and winter is a particu-

larly stressful time for most wildlife. Fall is breeding season while winter can be stressful search-

ing for feed. The spring and summer are seasons for babies.

Another important concept of living with wildlife (especially birds and big game) is to keep cats

and dogs contained or leashed to prevent chasing wildlife. Dogs are a constant threat throughout

the year. There is a law protecting wildlife such that if an adult observes a dog chasing wildlife, he

or she can shoot the dog. Dogs, even the sweetest and gentlest, can find great fun chasing wild-

life. This causes additional stress to wildlife and can result in the animal being caught in fencing,

in highway encounters, or using up critical energy reserves. Additionally evidence suggests that

domestic cats kill millions of songbirds annually.

Feeding wildlife causes major problems and in

many cases, is illegal. It can be harmful to big

game, such as deer, elk, and bear. That’s be-

cause the animals can become dependent on

unnatural foods sources found in landscaping,

crops, or feeds. Feeding wildlife can also cause

the animals to congregate and possibly transmit

disease through population, create traffic haz-

ards when wandering close to roads, draw them

away from their historic winter range, or prevent

migration.

Mule deer in velvet—photo courtesy of USDA NRCS


2 9


Wildlife can occasionally become a nuisance. The key to avoiding issues is due diligence in se-

curing homes and outbuildings. Cover window wells with grates or hardware cloth; close holes

around and under foundations, sheds, and outbuildings; use locking tops for garbage cans as well

as pet or animal food containers; and fence gardens. Bird feeders should not be accessible to

other wildlife.

Many birds (except starlings, sparrow, and pigeons) are protected. Shooting or the use of poi-

sons to kill birds and animals is illegal and strictly regulated by the federal and state governments.

Contact your local Colorado Parks and Wildlife office for information and advice on how to handle

wildlife problems before you take any action.

Raccoons, skunks, and squirrels - Removing tree branches that overhang buildings, capping

chimneys, and repairing attic holes will help prevent entry. To prevent them from invading desira-

ble locations, bury wire mesh eighteen inches underground. Raccoons are especially adept at

pilfering garbage and pet food containers. Tight fitting lids that clamp or tie down will help if they

are tipped over. Take away any food sources that might draw these critters to your home!

Deer and Elk tend to move to lower elevations during winter months often placing them in areas

that are populated with homes and roadways. In areas where deer are common, shrubbery and

gardens may be damaged, however, deer avoid flower bulbs that have strong odors. Elk and

moose tend to avoid human interaction more than deer. At certain times of the year they can be

dangerous if interacting with humans because they are extremely protective of their calves.

Bears enter residences in search of food causing potential damage to both themselves

and to homes and vehicles. Since a bear’s sense of smell is 100 times more powerful than ours,

it helps us to understand how pet food containers, garbage cans, and the smells from last night’s

food on the BBQ grill can all bring in the visitors. Take appropriate precautions to bear-proof

your property including hanging bird feeders during seasons when bears are hibernating. Using

locking garbage canisters, and remove items with sweet odor including candles, etc.

Resources:

Living with Bears

http://wildlife.state.co.us/WildlifeSpecies/LivingWithWildlife/Mammals/Pages/

LivingWithBearsL1.aspx


http://wildlife.state.co.us/Education/LivingWithWildlife/Pages/LivingWith.aspx

Grazing on healthy rangeland in western Colorado.


3 1

Livestock

One of the first things to consider when entertaining the idea of raising domestic livestock is

whether the enterprise you are considering is compatible with the community you live in. Is your

property zoned for large animal production? How many animals can you legally have? How will

your neighbors react to your project?

Some acreages are suitable for pasture production. If you have irrigation water available you

might be in a situation where you can handle a relatively small number of domestic livestock to

meet your lifestyle needs. A corral, or dry lot, must be available to keep the animals in when irri-

gating, and when the pasture needs a rest from grazing. Corrals are also essential if you are fin-

ishing cattle on grain rations. If there is adequate acreage, you might consider farming and raising

some of your own feed. Realize that it is expensive to own and maintain equipment. It may not be

economically feasible to own equipment, although bringing in custom operators may be an option

that can work for you.

The following pages are dedicated to giving you a sample of some of the considerations for rais-

ing the domestic livestock that are common to our area. For further information, consult your local

Extension Agent or visit one of the web resources that follow.

Beef Cattle

The largest agricultural enterprise in Western Colorado is raising cattle. Cattle are ideal for the

small acreage land owner and nationally the average herd size is 25 cows. Also, cattle can be a

great tool to help manage a sensitive small-

acreage ecosystem. Two basic beef cattle opera-

tions are cow/calf and weanling/yearling enterpris-

es. Cow/calf enterprises operate year-round, with

calves as the primary product. Weanling/yearling

enterprises purchase weaned calves or yearlings

and graze them only for summer gain; or feed

them out for meat. While these are indeed the two

typical commercial systems for beef production, we

now are seeing more and more small-acreage

landowners totally integrated who are producing

calves and raising them for the purpose of their own freezer or a local market. These cow/calf en-

terprises can be commercial or registered. Registered cow/calf enterprises produce breeding

stock; commercial cow/calf enterprises produce calves.


3 2

Beef Cattle

Beef Cattle Products

There is no one breed that is best! Instead of selecting a breed, beef cattle producers should se-

lect a biological type that is compatible with their existing environment and consider production

and marketing goals. Because of their ability to take

low quality renewable resources and transform them

into high quality protein products, cattle are a great

value to our food system.

The typical beef animal spends 11 to 12 months of its

life grazing grassland and then 3 to 4 months on a

high energy diet finishing before slaughter. This high

energy diet efficiently increases the tenderness and

flavor of the final beef product. Another product gain-

ing popularity is grass-fed beef. In a grass-fed opera-

tion cattle forgo the high energy diet and continue on

a forage-based diet for another 8 to 10 months

before slaughter.

Cattle performance and carrying capacity are related to, and affected by, forage production and

quality. Feed cost directly impacts profitability. It is extremely important that producers evaluate

the cow herd’s nutritional needs versus available forage resources. Carrying capacity and cattle

performance are not easy to predict, and will change from month to month. Contact your local Ex-

tension office for more information on pasture management, cattle nutrition, and performance.

Resources:

Colorado State University Beef Page

www.csubeef.com

CSU Ext. Veterinary Information http://veterinaryextension.colostate.edu/menu2/cattle.shtml

Angus Steer

http://veterinaryextension.colostate.edu/menu2/cattle.shtml


3 3

Brand Inspection

The following items are a highlighted overview of the requirements to purchase, sell or

transport livestock within Colorado, or from the state. Also included are a few pointers when pur-

chasing livestock in other states that will be transported into Colorado.

Employees of the State Board of Stock Inspection are charged

with the protection of the Colorado livestock industry. This enti-

ty must certify that the shipper or seller is the legal owner prior

to issuing a certificate. All lost, missing, stray or stolen live-

stock fall under the jurisdiction and control of the State Board.

Things to Remember

Inspection is required for the sale or movement of livestock, even if the previous parties

did not comply the last time the animal was sold or transported.

Inspection is required regardless of whether or not the animal is branded.

Inspection is required on all classes of livestock. Registration papers, or lack of registry, does

not exempt inspection.

For the purposes of this article, the definition of a brand a permanent mark on the hide of an

animal registered with any state as a livestock brand. (Tattoos are not brands.)

Inspection is required at the point of origin, unless released by the local inspector.

Regulations

Additional information regarding exact regulations can be obtained from the Division of Brand In-

spection, State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners (Brand Board), a section of Colorado’s

Department of Agriculture.

Information About Out-of-State Livestock Purchases

When purchasing animals in states other than Colorado, be sure to check that state’s require-

ments concerning inspection prior to the purchase and transport of livestock back to Colorado.

Several states do not have an inspection law and, therefore, a certified inspection cannot be ob-

tained. Always get a valid bill of sale and a health certificate when purchasing animals in no-

inspection states. This needs to include a complete description of stock being purchased, includ-

ing number of head, color, sex, breed, markings, registration numbers and hot iron brands among

other pertinent information.

Resources:

Office of the State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioner

www.colorado.gov/ag


3 4

Horses

Many land owners buy their small acreages

solely based on the ability it gives them to

own a horse. However, owning and caring

properly for a horse is a large and expen-

sive responsibility. Careful thought and

consideration should always be taken into

account before purchasing a horse. The av-

erage cost in the United States to maintain

a horse is $3.17 per day ($1,200.00 per

year). This includes feed and veterinary ser-

vices. Feed will cost a minimum of $400.00

per year. If you include facilities, tack, transportation, depreciation and interest, then the average

cost is $6.75 per day ($2,500.00 per year). If you plan to show or hire a professional trainer, addi-

tional funds will be needed. Your initial investment is the cheapest part of owning a horse.

Buying a Horse

When buying a horse, first you have to decide what you want. First-time buyers should look at

purchasing a four-year-old, or older, well broke or started, and trained gelding or mare. For pleas-

ure and leisure riding, avoid ponies, which are horses less than 14 hands tall, and also avoid draft

breeds. Common breeds to ride found in the Western Colorado area are Arabian, Appaloosa,

Morgan, Paint, Pinto, Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred. However, a grade horse (not registered)

may also fit your needs. A registered horse is beneficial if you intend to breed or show the horse.

Purchase your horse from a reputable breeder or trainer. Ask many questions and then some, be-

cause very few horses come with a guarantee. Also, once a horse is brought home and placed in

a different environment, its behavior can change.

Facilities and Fencing

Proper shelter for your horse is recommended. A two or three-sided wind shelter with a roof may

be adequate, even in cold climates. You may opt for a complete barn with box stalls (at least 12ft

X 12ft), a tack room and a feed room. A number of fencing materials are suitable for horses in-

cluding Poles, rails, or boards for smaller areas, such as paddocks. For pasture areas consider

using smooth wire, woven wire, or electric fencing. Avoid barbed wire or large hole woven wire.

Electric fencing is economical and convenient, especially for dividing irrigated pastures. Well-

maintained fencing is an indicator that you really care for your animals.


3 5

Horses

Feeding

The average horse in good physical condition will consume one and one-half to two percent of its

body weight in air dry feed per day. For example, a 1,000-pound horse can consume 15 to 20

pounds of feed per day. Most light work horses will get along nicely on good quality grass or alfal-

fa hay. Other supplements are usually not necessary, except for pregnant and lactating mares,

young horses (aged two years or less), hard working, and geriatric horses.

Poisonous or Toxic Plants

Horses are less likely to eat poisonous or toxic plants than cattle and sheep. However, there are

several species that are of concern, including lupine, milkweed, and Russian knapweed. It should

be noted that overgrazing is the most common cause of toxic plant problems in horses.

Resources:

CSU Ext. Veterinary Information http://veterinaryextension.colostate.edu/menu2/horse.shtml

http://veterinaryextension.colostate.edu/menu2/horse.shtml


3 6

Chickens

Managing a home flock of birds can be rewarding and the en-

tire family can participate in caring for the flock. Successful

management begins with planning. For that reason, you need

to make several decisions before you start your flock includ-

ing the desired size of your chicken flock. This mainly de-

pends on how many eggs a day you wish to have. Most

breeds will produce around 200 eggs per year. Typically a

hen will lay one egg per day during the longer days and are

less consistent during the winter months. If a family wishes to have three to four eggs per day,

then they would need six hens. If you wish to sell them, you would need additional hens.

Facilities to House Chickens

Housing is one of the most crucial factors in proper care for your chickens. Chicken houses, runs,

and yards are as diverse as the people who raise them. Some considerations should include: is it

rodent and predator proof; is it easily cleaned, disinfected, and maintained; does it provide proper

ventilation and shelter from the harsh elements; is there plenty of room for feed, water, nesting

boxes, and roosts. Construction and fencing should be carefully considered to prevent predators

such as skunks, raccoons, foxes, hawks, owls, and the neighbor’s dogs. Coops should have

closed floors and the fencing around covered runs should be buried at least 12 inches in the

ground. Coops should be kept clean and disinfected, proper ventilation is a must for your coop.

During the winter months, coops should be insulated from wind and cold. Also, heat lights can be

used to add extra warmth and heated water can prevent ice. Each laying hen needs 2 to 3

square feet of floor space in the coop. You will need 1 nesting box per 2-4 birds. Roosts should

allow 12 inches per bird and be higher than the nesting boxes. If you have a run outside, it should

be twice as big as the coop. Covered protective runs are great when owners cannot keep a

watchful eye over their chickens. One chicken, will eat 6 to 10 lbs of feed per month. Feed and

water should be raised off the ground, filled and cleaned daily. Be sure to collect eggs at least

twice daily to prevent dirty, broken, or frozen eggs. Clean dirty eggs with water that is warmer

than the egg itself. Also, refrigerate eggs to maintain quality.

Caring for Baby Chicks

Purchase chicks from a commercial hatchery or reputable breeder. Chicks from this source are

generally free of disease and vaccinated for Marek’s disease. Raising your own chicks is not that

difficult, but you will need additional equipment: heat lamp, chick waterer, chick feeder and a pro-

tective area (livestock troughs work well).

Resources:

Chickens http://www.extension.org/poultry

http://www.extension.org/poultry


3 7

Pigs

Contrary to stereotype, pigs are the cleanest and smartest of all farm animals. They require little

space and can produce an average of 150 pounds of pork products in five to six months. They do

however grow quite large and while a finished market hog may only weigh 250 lbs, a two-year-old

sow can weigh 500 lbs. Most pigs are cross-breeds, for improved heterosis. Hampshire, Berk-

shire, Duroc and Landrace are meat breeds;

Yorkshires are known for their maternal traits.

Buy at least two pigs of similar age and

weight at a time, preferably from a single

source. Pigs are weaned at about four weeks

of age; sold at six to eight weeks; and should

weigh 20 to 30 pounds at six weeks; and 30

to 40 pounds at eight weeks. Piglets should

be eating dry food on their own at six weeks.

Facilities to House Pigs

Simple housing is sufficient if pigs purchased in spring are butchered prior to winter. However,

build a good solid fence, or use electric fence. Once trained, pigs will respect the wire. Electric

fence is portable; however, it may be a problem for young pigs, because the wire must be low to

the ground. Two strands may be necessary for young pigs. The bottom wire should be a bit lower

than snout height; the top wire a bit lower than the pigs’ height. Adjust wire height as needed to

accommodate piglets’ rapid growth. Fences must be four feet high. A 200-pound pig can scale a

lower fence. For young pigs, space boards four inches apart or less. Pigs root, so bottom boards

must be buried six inched deep to prevent rooting under the fence. Pigs need shade to prevent

overheating and sunburn. Elaborate structures are not needed, but dependable shade is a re-

quirement. Pigs need 1.5—2 feet of feeding space each. Use a non-tipping feeder, since pigs love

to turn their dishes over. Self-feeders and self-waterers designed for pigs are commercially availa-

ble, and offer constant supplies of food and water.

Feeding

Pigs need a balanced diet, much like humans, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, mineral

salts, vitamins, and water. Most commercial pig feeds are “complete” feeds, containing all the es-

sentials needed. Two pigs will grow faster and more economically than one. From weaning to pro-

cessing weight, you will need 600 to 1,000 pounds of commercial feed.

References:

Pigs www.extension.org/swine

http://www.extension.org/swine


3 8

Sheep

Sheep production is popular in western Colorado.

Sheep are well-suited to this area, and provide two

crops: lamb (meat) and wool. First determine the

carrying capacity of your acreage; then determine

your market goals. Market options include: freezer

lambs, breeding stock, weaned lambs or wool. The

desired marketing option determines the breed or

breeds you will select. If wool production is your goal,

choose a fine wool breed, such as Rambouillet or

Merino. These breeds are rugged, adaptable, have a

long breeding season and excellent herding instincts,

and are long-lived; but they do not produce a heavily-muscled carcass. If your goal is both wool

and meat, select a medium wool breed, such as Columbia, Targhee or Polypay. Medium wool

breed lambs grow faster and have better body conformation, as well as good herding instincts;

however, they require more feed and have a shorter breeding season than fine wool breeds. Meat

breeds were developed primarily for lamb production, and populate many farm flocks. Suffolk and

Hampshire are the most popular meat breeds. The advantage of meat breeds is that the lambs

have excellent body conformation; blackface ewes, however, produce a light clip of wool and are

later breeders.

Facilities to House Sheep

Sheep need protection for the flock during wet and cold weather, and ewes and lambs need a dry,

draft-free shelter for lambing. A shed or barn with a dirt floor that opens to the south makes a

good sheep shelter. Provide the best fences you can for your sheep to help reduce predation by

coyotes and dogs. Predator control animals can be utilized effectively, however careful considera-

tions should be considered. Guard dogs can be a great tool in large pastures however, they can

be a threat to neighbors bordering small pastures. Lamas and donkeys are also good predator

control animals as long as they aren’t a nuisance to neighbors or visitors. Sheep take less labor

than other livestock, and do well with low-cost housing and equipment.

Feeding

Sheep can generally meet their nutrient requirements by utilizing high quality pasture. During the

winter, a ewe can be maintained on three to three and one-half pounds of good-quality hay daily.

During the last six weeks of pregnancy, additional nutrients are required.

Resources:

Sheep www.extension.org/sheep

USDA photo

http://www.extension.org/sheep


3 9

Goats

Increasingly goats are finding their homes in rural western Colorado as well as urban areas.

Much of the popularity of these small ruminants is because of their low maintenance size and abil-

ity to utilize very low quality browse and weeds. In fact, many weed control districts are even us-

ing them as management tools. There are three types of goats found in the United States: fiber,

dairy, and meat goats. The key management issues for a successful goat enterprise are fencing,

parasite control, predator control and marketing.

Types of Goats

Meat goats fit in well with other enterprises, particularly cattle operations, and may be used to

control noxious weeds and brush to improve pastures for other livestock. The increasing econom-

ic importance of meat goat production in the United States can be attributed both to a strong de-

mand for goat meat, and to an interest in ecologically-sound forms of vegetation control. Meat

goats can be raised with very little supplemental grain, and with minimal shelter, and are generally

an easy-care animal.

Dairy goats also fit well into operations where milk is a de-

sired product. If milk production is important, feed maxi-

mum amounts of high quality hay balanced with a grain

ration containing enough protein, minerals and vitamins to

support production and animal health. Many local markets

are finding favoritism with locally produced artisan chees-

es and many people with lactose intolerance are finding

goats milk a great alternative to cow’s milk.

Fiber goats are also popular in Colorado due to many people loving the natural fibers like Cash-

mere and Angora. Cashmere goats produce a very fine down undercoat that can be brushed out

and is extremely soft. Angoras produce Mohair, a product that can be shorn twice a year and is

more durable, warmer and less inclined to shrink than sheep wool.

Facilities to House Goats

Housing needs for goats are very simple and, in moderate climates, may consist of natural cover,

such as thick trees and brush, or rock ledges. Goats do, however, need protection from rain, cold

wind and snow. A sturdy shed open to the south, with a rear eave height of four to six feet and a

front eave height of six to eight feet will help conserve body heat. For night shelter, allow five

square feet per goat.

Resources:

Meat Goat http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/ua340.pdf

Dairy Goat http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/ua260.pdf

http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/ua340.pdf

http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/ua260.pdf


4 0

Waste Management

Why Manage Manure?

Manure can be a valuable resource but can also be

a source of water pollution, odor, flies, parasites,

and other nuisances. If not properly managed, ma-

nure can contaminate drinking water, harm wildlife,

and reduce property values. Mud and manure can

cause abscesses, thrush, and other diseases in

livestock. Dried manure produces molds that con-

tribute to respiratory problems in horses and cattle.

By adopting simple and low cost best management

practices (BMPs) for storing, handling, managing

and utilizing manure, the environment and health of

farm animals will benefit. Lost nutrients can contribute to water pollution. Manure nutrients can be

lost through erosion, water run-off, volatilization, and even leaching.

Best Management Practices (BMPs)

1. Divert clean water away from manure:

Construct berms or terraces and use downspouts to divert clean water.

2. Ensure manure discharge will not enter a water body or leave the property:

Collect manure frequently.

Limit animal access to ponds, streams, ditches, and wetlands.

Stockpile manure at least 100 feet outside a floodplain.

3. Protect ground water:

Locate manure storage piles and livestock corrals at least 150 feet down-gradient wells.

Use a 150 foot buffer around wells when land applying manure.

4. Reduce nuisances like flies and odor:

Stockpile manure downwind from barns and 200 feet away from neighbors.

Remove manure from corrals and pens often to prevent flies, parasites, and worms.

Cover fresh manure in stockpiles with at least 5” of clean bedding, straw, or hay.

Disposal Options

1. Dispose off-site to a landfill or hire someone to pickup and dispose of manure.

2. Compost manure. This requires the right ratio of carbon (bedding) and nitrogen (manure). Try

30:1 (C:N) ratio, water to keep the pile moist and aerate the pile regularly.

3. Spread manure in spring or summer. Test manure for nutrient content and spread based on

soil test recommendations. Unused nutrients pollute water bodies and groundwater.

USDA photo by Ken Hammond


4 2

Plant Selection

Appropriate plant selection means choosing plants that not only are compatible with the land-

scape but also are well suited to the site and local growing conditions. Plants that are well

adapted to the soil type, sunlight, annual temperatures and water availability of the site will have a

better chance of thriving than those that are not. In most areas of Colorado, plants will require

some level of irrigation especially for establishment. It is very important to plan ahead for the wa-

ter needs of your plants. Drought tolerance is an important consideration, but it should not be the

only criteria used to select plants. Junipers, for example, are extremely drought tolerant, but they

cannot tolerate poorly drained soils or dense shade.

Native plants are not necessarily the most drought

tolerant. In general, higher elevation natives will re-

quire more water than lower elevation natives, and

they may be adapted to different soil types. For ex-

ample, aspen is a native but it does not thrive in the

lower valleys with their hot summers. Native plants

in a garden do not behave like they would in nature,

and are not maintenance-free.

If you are looking for shade trees, there are many va-

rieties available, both evergreen or deciduous trees

that will best meet your needs. Avoid planting a tree

that is abundant in your neighborhood; monocultures are more susceptible to insect and disease

problems than mixed plantings. Avoid problem trees; Siberian elm, and Russian-olive.

Other important criteria to consider include:

Mature size: Will the plant remain in scale with the rest of the landscape as it matures?

Growth rate: Slow-growing dwarf plants require little pruning, but are slow to mature.

Texture: Does the leaf texture (fine, medium or coarse) combine well with adjacent plants?

Color: Is the flower/foliage color compatible with other plants or the color of the building?

Functional use: Is the plant suitable for the location and intended purpose?

Select healthy, vigorous plants. Examine the root system for well-developed roots throughout the

root ball and an abundance of small white roots (absorptive roots) along the exterior of the root

ball. Avoid plants with girdling roots. Examine the leaves, stems, and trunk for insects, diseases

or damage. Consider planting smaller diameter trees, under two inches caliper, they will establish

more rapidly and will outperform large caliper trees within three or four years.

Resources:

Tree Selection: Right Plant, Right Place. CMG Garden Notes #632

www.cmg.colostate.edu/gardennotes/632.html


4 3

Gardening at High Altitude

Gardening in the mountains in Colorado presents unique challenges. Temperature is not the only

factor that determines plant survival. Intense sunlight, low humidity, short growing seasons, des-

iccating winds, extreme weather fluctuations, difficult soils, recurrent drought and wildlife damage

present challenging conditions for growing plants.

Soil Properties

Common soil issues include poor aeration as seen in clay soils; low or-

ganic matter and nutrients as seen in decomposed granite; and hard to

plant areas due to rocky soils. Some soils have a high pH and can cre-

ate nutrient deficiencies in plants. Colorado soils are often high in iron

but yellowing symptoms of iron deficiency are common because high

calcium in the soil “ties up” the iron making it unavailable to the plant.

Therefore, choose plants that will do well with existing soil conditions,

improve the soil, or plant in raised beds and containers.

Short Growing Seasons

Growing seasons tend to be shorter at higher elevations. Lower valley floors often have even

shorter seasons due to cold air drainage from surrounding mountains. The air drainage phenome-

non can make a difference in location of a garden as well. Avoid placement of hedges, fences and

other landscape features that may obstruct the flow of air. Cooler night temperatures also delay

the maturity of vegetables and flowers.

Extreme Weather Fluctuations

It is not uncommon for mountain communities to have an already short growing season interrupt-

ed by a killing frost. The real plant killers, however, are the infrequent but rapid changes in tem-

perature. Temperature swings can leave scars on trees and shrubs for years, and serve to elimi-

nate many plants with borderline hardiness. Heavy, wet snows can also occur in spring or fall.

When that happens, trees, shrubs and garden flowers are caught in full leaf, or just at the peak of

bloom. These snows are “limb-breakers” often causing damage that increases the susceptibility

for insects and diseases and can leave permanent scars.

The Brighter Side

Mountain gardeners might want to throw up their hands and say, “What’s the use?” But there is a

brighter side. Colorado’s high intensity mountain sunlight gives stronger stems and brighter flower

colors. The short growing seasons in the mountains means there is no ‘dead season’ and be-

cause temperatures are cooler in the summer in the mountains, the season for cool season flow-

ers and vegetables is extended. Colorado’s semi arid climate means there are fewer insect and

disease problems. By understanding and using microclimates to advantage and careful selection

of plants, we can have colorful garden flowers, vegetables, and hardy trees and shrubs.


4 4

Home Storage of Foods

Many Colorado residents enjoy growing produce in their gar-

den or purchasing locally grown produce for future consump-

tion. It’s possible to have delicious Cedaredge apples and

tender San Luis Valley potatoes well into the winter. Proper

storage and handling of produce can make it possible. Good

food storage practices help preserve the quality and nutri-

tional value of food and also helps cut down on spoilage.

Produce may be preserved by canning, pickling, freezing or

dehydrating for longer storage.

Storage

It is possible to store foods for extended periods of time in spaces that are temperature and hu-

midity controlled. Storage can be done on a small scale, with a limited investment. Basements,

insulated garages, and porches can be good options. Unfortunately, storage only works for cer-

tain fruits and vegetables, and the amount of time any product can be stored varies. Although

some produce may be kept at the same storage temperatures, it’s not always advisable to store

all produce together. Some items, such as onions, can give an off-flavor to other items. For best

results, store fruits and vegetables separately.

Timing of Storage

A frequent cause of early spoilage occurs when fruits and vegetables are placed in storage before

cold weather begins in the fall. One of the most difficult steps in successful storage is to keep the

produce in prime condition from the time of optimum maturity until the night the temperature is low

enough to cool the storage place. The most complete retention of nutrients will be achieved if the

produce can be stored under the proper conditions immediately at harvest. Use fruits and vegeta-

bles quickly after taking them out of cold storage; they will not keep as long as freshly-harvested

produce. Before spoilage begins in earnest, stored produce can be preserved by canning or

freezing. It is best to use the highest quality produce possible.

How successfully your produce keeps depends on maturation, quality, and storage temperature

and humidity. Late-maturing produce varieties are best-suited for storage. Products should be

harvested at the peak of maturity or close to. Crops should be harvested during dry weather. Do

not wash root crops before storing; a thin crust of dry soil helps prevent shriveling. Leave an inch

or more of stem on most vegetables to reduce water loss and prevent infection. Crops should be

as free as possible from skin breaks, bruises or decay. Bruises and skin breaks are the greatly

increase moisture loss. The inclusion of one diseased or damaged specimen can start decay that

will rapidly destroy other stored food, or that will taint flavors with mustiness.


4 5

Home Storage of Foods

Packing Materials

Packing materials used in storage perform several functions: (1) insulation against fluctuating

temperatures and freezing; (2) moisture retention; and (3) reduction of disease transmission. Use

these materials only once, since they may become contaminated with spores or bacteria. Mois-

ture retention of produce is very important, be sure to maintain circulation and prevent condensa-

tion. Individual wrapping of produce with newspaper aids moisture retention and reduces the pos-

sibility of cross-transfer of odors and disease.

The Best Conditions for Storage

Many fruits and vegetables can be stored for extended periods of time, provided they are stored

under the proper temperature and moisture conditions that will not allow them to freeze or com-

plete their natural decomposition cycle. Crops held in storage are living plants that are made

dormant by their environment.

Products suited to storage can be grouped according to the best conditions for each:

• Cold (32 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit) and very moist (90 to 95 percent relative humidity);

• Cold (32 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit) and moist (80 to 90 percent relative humidity);

• Warm (50 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit) and dry (60 to 75 percent relative humidity); and

• Cool (32 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit) and dry (60 to 70 percent relative humidity).

The following is a list of temperature and humidity requirement for fruits and vegetables grown in

Colorado that are suitable for longer term storage (temp. in degrees Fahrenheit):

Apples: 30-32o; Moist; 2 to 6 months Garlic: 32

o; Dry; 6 to 7 months

Beets: 32o; Very Moist; 3 to 5 months Onions: 32


Cabbage: 32o; Very Moist; 3 to 4 months Peppers, hot: 50

o; Dry; 6 months

Carrots: 32o; Very Moist; 4 to5 months Pumpkins: 50-55


Pears: 32o; Very Moist; 2 to 7 months Squash, winter: 50-55


Potatoes: 40o; Very Moist; 4 to 9 months Sweet Potatoes: 55-60


References:

Storage of Home Grown Vegetables. CSU Ex. Fact Sheet 7.601

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/07601.html

Storage Guidelines for Fruits and Vegetables, Cornell Cooperative Extension

www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/vegetables/storage.pdf

Storing Fruits and Vegetables from the Home Garden, U. of Wisconsin Ext. Fact Sheet A3823 http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A3823.pdf


4 6

High Altitude Food Preparation

Ever since early pioneers pushed westward into the Rocky Mountain area, cooks have found

problems with food preparation at higher elevations. Staple items, such as potatoes and beans,

do not cook in the same timeframe as in low altitudes, and favorite cake recipes sometimes fail

dismally. Even today, people moving from lower elevations to Colorado or other mountainous re-

gions are puzzled by problems of high altitude cooking. In addition, standard cookbooks and peri-

odical recipes are generally written for low altitude cooking. Cooking difficulties are due to differ-

ences in atmospheric pressure. The pressure of the air is greatest at sea level and becomes less

as the altitude increases. Generally, there is no need to make recipe adjustments up to 3000 feet.

As the elevation becomes greater, however, the challenges also become greater. This decrease

in atmospheric pressure affects baked products, sugar cookery, jelly and puddings, deep fat fry-

ing, and canning procedures. Decreases in atmospheric pressure permit faster evaporation of wa-

ter and other liquids, greater expansion of leavening gases, and lower boiling points, all of which

affect food preparation.

Cooking

With lower atmospheric pressure, the temperature required for water to boil is less. Therefore,

cooking food in water boiling at this lower temperature takes longer. An increase in cooking time

is needed for vegetables such as green and wax beans, beets, cauliflower, and onions. To pre-

serve the bright green color in green vegetables such as asparagus, broccoli, brussel sprouts and

green beans, cook them for a few minutes with the lid off, then cover tightly for the remainder of

the cooking time. Acids that could affect the color escape from the pan at the beginning of the

cooking period. Spinach is an exception, it should be covered throughout cooking and cooked for

only a short time, just until the leaves are wilted and the ribs are tender.

Baking Bread

High altitude has its most pronounced effect on the rising of

bread. Dough doubles in size faster at higher altitudes than at

lower altitudes. The higher the altitude, the shorter the time

required for dough to double its size. However, bread needs to

rise in the bowl (ferment) for a certain length of time in order to

develop a good “nut-like” flavor and a light, tender texture. For

this reason, it’s best to allow the full bowl-rising time given in

your recipe, but you can punch the dough down when it dou-

bles its bulk. Another hint on bread baking at high altitudes:

flours tend to be drier and thus able to absorb more liquid in

high, dry climates. Therefore, you may need less flour to get

the proper dough consistency.


4 7

High Altitude Food Preparation

Breadmakers

Since most recipes for breadmakers are not written for high altitude, some adjustments are nec-

essary so over-fermentation does not occur. Try reducing yeast to 1-1/2 teaspoons per 3 cups of

flour, increase salt to 1-1/2 teaspoons, increase liquid to 1-1/2 cups + 1 tablespoon per 3 cups of

flour, add 1-1/2 teaspoons gluten. Research shows that using the sweet dough cycle is best for

white bread to control fermentation and allow more gluten to develop.

Biscuits, Muffins and Quick Breads

Although the cell structure is firm enough to withstand the increased internal pressure at high alti-

tudes without adjustment, a bitter or alkaline flavor may result from inadequate neutralization of

the baking soda or powder. When this occurs, reducing the baking soda or powder slightly will

usually improve results. Rich quick breads with a cake-like texture are more delicately balanced

and usually benefit from adjustments for altitude. A quick bread that adjusted properly for altitude

has a light reduction in the proportion of leavening agents, fat, and sugar, and/or a slight increase

in the proportion of eggs or liquid ingredients. Using smaller pans and increasing the baking tem-

perature 15 to 25 degrees F may also help them from falling.

Cakes

In cakes, too much rising stretches the cells, making the texture coarse, or breaks the cells, caus-

ing the cake to fall. If the rising occurs too quickly, the cake batter may even spill over the top of

the pan. Fill pans only two-thirds full. When problems do occur with cakes made with shortening

or other fat, they can usually be corrected by decreasing the baking powder or soda. Also, in-

creasing the baking temperature 15-25 degrees F “sets” the batter before cells formed by leaven-

ing gases expand too much. Also consider decreasing sugar in the recipe and/or increase liquid.

You may need to reduce the amount of shortening or fat, or add an extra egg to help strengthen

the cell structure. Don’t assume that all sea-level recipes will fail, make only one adjustment at a

time in a recipe until you find the right combination of corrections.

Cookies

Modifications may include a slight increase in baking temperature, a slight decrease in baking

powder or soda, fat, and/or sugar, and/or a slight increase in liquid ingredients and flour. Many

cookie recipes contain a higher proportion of sugar and fat than necessary.

High Altitude canning

Adjustments must be made because air is thinner at higher altitudes. Water will boil furiously at

lower temperatures in high altitudes thus the processing time must be increased for boiling water

bath canning. For pressure canning, the pressure is increased.


4 8

Food Safety and Storage

Proper food handling and storage helps maintain food quality and nutritional value of the foods

you purchase, while reducing the chance of contracting a food borne illness caused by harmful

bacteria. While shopping for food; avoid cross-contamination between potentially hazardous foods

and fresh foods like fruits and vegetables. Place raw meat and poultry in individual plastic bags to

prevent meat from contaminating foods that will be eaten without further cooking. Keep refrigerat-

ed and frozen items together so they remain cold and place these items in the coolest part of your

car for the trip home. Consider using an insulated container to keep perishable food at 40°F or

below during transport from store to home.

At Home

Food storage at home involves a clean refrigerator and freezer. Maintain the refrigerator between

35° and 40°F; the freezer temperature should be 0°F or below. Refrigerator temperatures slow

the growth of microorganisms already present in food but do not destroy pathogenic or spoilage

microorganisms. Freezing preserves food for extended periods because it prevents the growth of

microorganisms, however, once thawed, microorganisms can begin to grow again. Food place-

ment in the refrigerator affects air circulation so it is best to avoid overcrowding so that the cold air

can circulate freely. Don’t stack foods tightly or cover refrigerator shelves with foil or any material

that prevents air circulation from quickly and evenly cooling the food. Never defrost food at room

temperature. Food must be kept at a safe temperature during thawing. There are three safe ways

to defrost food: in the refrigerator, in cold water, and in the microwave. Food thawed in cold water

or in the microwave should be cooked immediately.

Safe Serving

As a rule, never let raw meat, poultry, eggs, cooked food or cut fresh fruits or vegetables sit at

room temperature more than two hours. Leaving food out too long at room temperature can cause

bacteria to grow to dangerous levels that can cause illness. Bacteria grow most rapidly in the

range of temperatures between 40°F and 140°F. This range of temperatures is often called the

"Temperature Danger Zone". Therefore, it is important to keep cold food at 40°F or below and hot

foods at 140°F or above.

Resources:

Food Storage for Safety and Quality. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet 9.310

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09310.pdf

Food Safety and Inspection Service, Safe Food Handling. USDA

www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/Freezing_and_Food_Safety.pdf

If Your Freezer Stops. CSU Ext. Fact Sheet 9.357

www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09357.pdf


4 9

Alternative Agricultural Enterprises

Establishing a goal of developing

an alternative, or specialty agri-

cultural enterprise is usually the

result of a desire to pursue a per-

sonal interest while also generat-

ing an economic return from your

land. These types of agricultural

enterprises can take a variety of

forms, some examples include:

new and different crops or live-

stock enterprises, value added

products, agritourism or recrea-

tion, natural and organic production systems, or biodynamic food, as well as direct marketing

strategies through farmers markets, roadside stands, community supported agriculture, and even

online delivery.

An approach to determining the potential success of a particular agricultural enterprise involves

consideration of key factors including production, marketing, and management. A wise agricultural

entrepreneur would need to have a thorough business plan, including an inventory of natural and

personal resources, and clear answers to the following:

1) Do I have the personal characteristics and business skills to be a successful entrepreneur?

2) Do I have the physical resources and capability to consistently produce a quality product?

3) Do I have a plan, reliable labor, and financing to determine production considerations?

4) Do I have a reliable marketing plan in place to profitably sell my products?

For a number of products, particularly the value added types, the processing step is most chal-

lenging. In many instances this is the critical part in adding product differentiation to maximize

market potential. In the case of fresh specialty products, planning for post harvest handling facili-

ties are most important in maintaining product quality and customer satisfaction. Other factors to

consider may include: products not being able to be processed on the farm; facilities to process

product are not located in the area; and processing facilities requiring larger amount of raw prod-

uct than currently available. Identifying local and out of area producers of a particular product is

usually the best way to access information regarding processing possibilities. Prospective value

added cottage food producers are encouraged to review Cottage Food Act, SB12-048, by Senator

Schwartz.


5 0

Alternative Agricultural Enterprises

A detailed market assessment is critical in determining the potential profitability of a new agricul-

tural enterprise. The assessment should include market potential, competitive advantage (product

characteristics, pricing, promotion, personnel, product distribution, etc.), and the marketing strate-

gies to reach targeted customers.

Cooperative community efforts, in some cases supported by the local business community, is an

example of a potential marketing and promotion strategy that has contributed to the success of

agricultural producers selling alternative and specialty crop enterprises. Examples include: com-

modity festivals like the Olathe Sweet Corn, Cherry Days, October Fest Apple Festival, Palisade

Peaches, and Wine Fest. There are also innovative marketing and promotional opportunities

through the development of agritourism, bike tours, and U-pick farm fresh operations.

The following is a list of potential alternative and specialty agricultural enterprises. This is not an

all-inclusive list, but rather examples of common alternative enterprises:

Aquaculture Ethnic Crops

Beekeeping Halloween Pumpkins

Specialty Mushrooms Organic Produce

Specialty Corn Vermiculture

Specialty Potatoes Small-Scale Woodlots

Lavender Herbs

Hops Wildflowers

Farm Fresh Eggs Exotic Soaps

Alpacas Goat Milk

Specialty Wine Grapes Fresh Cider

Pasture & Hay Ornamental Trees & Shrubs

Certified Hay Turf Grass

Exotic Livestock Organic Fruits & Vegetables

Specialty Flowers Grass Fed Livestock

Specialty Garlic Christmas Trees

Resources:

Colorado State University Extension Small Acreage Management

www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/

Colorado State University Extension Agriculture & Business Management

www.coopext.colostate.edu/ABM/index.html

http://www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/

http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/ABM/index.html

Mapping Resources

The Gunnison County, Geographical Information Services (GIS) Department provides geographic data to help people locate, map, and analysis geographic information. The work involves creating and overlaying various layers such as parcels, ad-dresses, and aerial photography within computer soft-ware. The result is then made available to people via interactive web maps, printed maps, and special soft-ware. It is always a good idea to visit their sites and make sure all parcel and address information is cor-rect. Resource: Gunnison Geographical Information Service http://gis.gunnisoncounty.org/public/default_map.aspx

Emergency Preparedness Preparedness means not only having the appropriate gear and supplies necessary to cope with

emergencies, but also having a plan for your family to follow in these situations. An important

component of this plan should be how family members would communicate, keeping in mind that

in some circumstances, regular phone service and cell phone service may be unavailable. Below

are several links to information on emergency preparedness for you, your family, and your pets:

Resources:

Gunnison County Emergency Management

http://www.gunnisoncounty.org/145/Emergency-

Management

American Red cross Emergency preparedness

http://www.redcross.org/prepare

Ready Colorado

http://www.readycolorado.com

Gunnison County Emergency Manager

Ph: 970-641-2481

Fx: 970-641-7693

(voicemail is available 24 hours/day)

http://gis.gunnisoncounty.org/public/default_map.aspx

http://www.gunnisoncounty.org/145/Emergency-Management

http://www.gunnisoncounty.org/145/Emergency-Management

http://www.redcross.org/prepare

http://www.readycolorado.com

Local Resources

CSU Extension Office 275 S. Spruce St. Gunnison, CO 81230 970-641-1260 (www.gunnison.colostate.edu) NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) 216 N. Colorado St. Gunnison, CO 81230 970-642-4461 (www.nrcs.usda.gov) CSFS (Colorado State Forest Service) Mountain Meadows Research Center (College Heights) P.O. Box 1390 Gunnison, CO 81230 970-641-6852 Gunnison County 200 E. Virginia Ave. Gunnison, CO 81230 970-641-7600 (www.gunnisoncounty.org) Colorado Parks and Wildlife– Gunnison Service Center 300 West New York Ave. Gunnison, CO 81230 970-641-7060 USFS (United States Forest Service) 216 N. Colorado St. Gunnison, CO 81230 970-642-1199 BLM (United States Bureau of Land Management) 650 South 11th St. Gunnison, CO 81230 970-642-4990 Gunnison County Sheriff’s Office: 970-641-1113 Gunnison County Road and Bridge: 970-641-0629 Gunnison County Electric Association: 970-641-3520 Gunnison City Utilities Office: 970-641-8070

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