guided projectiles theory of operation · ndia.ppt page: 14 new requirement - casualty function •...
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NDIA Presentation
Page: 1NDIA.ppt
Guided Projectiles Theory of OperationChris Geswender - Raytheon
Report Documentation Page
Report Date 09Apr2001
Report Type N/A
Dates Covered (from... to) -
Title and Subtitle Guided Projectiles Theory of Operation
Contract Number
Grant Number
Program Element Number
Author(s) Geswender, Chris
Project Number
Task Number
Work Unit Number
Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(es) Raytheon
Performing Organization Report Number
Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s) and Address(es) NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association) 211Wilson Blvd, STE. 400 Arlington, VA 22201-3061
Sponsor/Monitor’s Acronym(s)
Sponsor/Monitor’s Report Number(s)
Distribution/Availability Statement Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
Supplementary Notes Proceedings from the 36th Annual Gun & Ammunition Symposium & Exhibition 9-12 April 2001Sponsored by NDIA
Abstract
Subject Terms
Report Classification unclassified
Classification of this page unclassified
Classification of Abstract unclassified
Limitation of Abstract UU
Number of Pages 16
NDIA Presentation
Page: 2NDIA.ppt
Warfighting Capabilities Enhanced by Guided Projectiles
Alti
tude
(k ft
)
40
30
20
10
0 0 8.5 37 50Kilometers
Crusader
Paladin
Improved Terminal Effects
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
50
40
30
20
10
0
Kilometers
Kilo
met
ers
X Maximum Target
Baseline XM982 can hitany target in this areafrom one tube position!
CrusaderLocation
Wide Attack Footprint
Kilometers: 0 10 20 30 40 50
Enhanced Range - Artillery Range Overmatch
XM982 Crusader
Current US Capability
XM982 Paladin & LWH
International Capability
11,340 lbsM864FAPP
M864
Rounds (Weight) Transported
No. of DPICMRounds Required
4,392 lbsXM982U-PAC
25km Rangeat 10%EFD
XM982
35km Range, Normalized,at 10%EFD
Improved Effectiveness / Lethality
Data from Public Released presentation
NDIA Presentation
Page: 3NDIA.ppt
Potential Solutions for Projectile Guidance
Unguided
1-DOF Correction
2-DOF Correction
7-DOF Correction
~ 300 M
~ 10
0 M
Controls time, X, Y, Z, pitch, yaw, roll
Controls X, Y
Controls X
Configuration Range Accuracy
Data expanded from NDIA Web site
NDIA Presentation
Page: 4NDIA.ppt
Various Guidance Options
Comms Link to Ground Forces
Spotter
Target
Comms Link to Ground Forces
Spotter
Target
Mid-Phase Guidance
TerminalPhase
Guidance
Beacon
BallisticLaunchPhase
GPS
Comms Link to Ground Forces
Spotter
Target
CHICKCHICK
CHICK
CHICK
CH
ICK
MotherHen
Comms Link to Ground Forces
Spotter
Target
Mid-Phase Guidance
TerminalGuidance
BallisticLaunchPhase
Air Asset
Trackin
g Uplin
k
Tracking Uplink
CaptureVolume
Data Link
Tracking
Comms Link to Ground Forces
Spotter
Target
Mid-Phase Guidance
CaptureVolume
BallisticLaunchPhase
Air Asset
Data Link
LaserTracking/
IlluminationCoded
LaserIllumination
Coded
Ballistic
SelfGuided
FollowMe
CommandGuided
LaserGuided
PROPULSIONNone
RocketRam Jet
STABILIZATIONSpinFin
Spin/Despin/Fin
CONTROLAerodynamic
ThrusterNone
GUIDANCEIMUGPS
BeaconNone
DATA LINKRadioNone
SEEKERIR
mmWTV
None
CALIBERFull CalibreSub-Calibre
PAYLOADLethal
Non-Lethal
Data from NATO document
NDIA Presentation
Page: 5NDIA.ppt
Tightly Integrated GPS/INS Guidance
Kalman
Filter
InertialNAV
GPS
H(x*)
+-
xPseudorange
Deltarangemeasured
Pseudorange
Deltarangepredicted
x* +
+
residual
xs',s'V θ∆∆
[ ]Corrections',s'V θ∆∆
[ ]Corrections',s'V θ∆∆
GPS provides very accurate Earthbased position and velocity data
IMU provides very accurate body based rate and acceleration data
GPS / IMS provides
very accurateprojectile
inertial data
Data from GPS web site
NDIA Presentation
Page: 6NDIA.ppt
Example - Rocket Assisted Design
Projectile In Bore Acceleration vs Time
CHALLENGE - Build a projectile with all the functionalityof a missile but robust enough to gun fired
~ 18 msec
~ 12
KG
’s
Data from Surface Warfare Web site
NDIA Presentation
Page: 7NDIA.ppt
*Canards Deploy Battery On
Fins Deploy
DCI
GPSAcquisition
Window Motor Burn
MidcourseGuidanceInertial
Guidance
PayloadDispense
General Concept of OperationsBaseline Capabilities
On and off axis target attack (large downrange/ cross-range envelope)Trajectory optimized for aerodynamic efficiencyWind estimator to offset dispense for target area windsModerate GPS jamming immunity / moderate effectiveness after jamoutAdjustable dispense diameter, altitude and angle
Data redrawn from Surface Warfare Web site
NDIA Presentation
Page: 8NDIA.ppt
Pre-Fire Timeline
~ 10 minutes
PowerPrimary
Primary
Secondary
Power
Shield
Data / Timing
~ 3 seconds
Projectile Initializationrequires very aggressive
timelines to meetfiring rates comparableto “dumb” projectiles
Data from Web sited NSFS presentation
NDIA Presentation
Page: 9NDIA.ppt
Down Range
Alti
tude
FIRE!
Battery Start, Software Elaboration, Round Despin
Roll Finder Algorithm Starts
Initial Roll Finder Results Available
Maximum GPS Acquisition TimeAccurate Maneuvering Possible
Terminal Jamming Provisioned
GPS Refinement of Attitude and IMU Error Calibration Continue
Dispenseor
Impact
Navigation/Midcourse Timeline
NDIA Presentation
Page: 10NDIA.ppt
Terminal Time Line
SubmunitionDispense
Td=T0 - (2 to 4)
SubmunitionImpact
T0
Te= Td - .05Submunition Eject
Tc= Te - .02Command Sequence
Select Pattern Arm Payload, Zeroize
Ta= Tc - 1.0
Tt= Ta - 3.0 Declare Terminal
T= Ttof
Monitor Estimated Range to Target
NDIA Presentation
Page: 11NDIA.ppt
Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact
Closed form TOA solutions from Fire Control do not work
To supply MRSI, each projectile must both:• accurate estimate time to target• control it continuously
Trajectory flown
Trajectory flown
Possible trajectories to target
Possible trajectories to target
Biases error sources (errors which dominate the time of flight)
Propellant performanceFiring time errorsNon standard AtmosphereDominant wind directionAerodynamic variations
Colored noise sources (errors which confuse active time of arrival control)
Wind shearsGPS error shifts
White noise sources (errors which just “stimulate” any control)
Wind gusts
Tn
Tn+x
NDIA Presentation
Page: 12NDIA.ppt
HOJ Operational Timeline
No Target Acquisition* Inertial Guide to Pre-Brief* Will not return to GPS
Loss of Track* Will not return to GPS* Guide to Last Est. Target Location
Dispense Command* Range Estimation for Timing - Algorithm based on Intensity* Angle Limited by Antenna FOV
Establish Target Acquisition* Switch antennas to HOJ* Develop AOA estimate* Within DF limits of Pre-Brief Target - Jammer close to target
NDIA Presentation
Page: 13NDIA.ppt
Off Axis Attack Capability provided
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10
20
30
40
50
60
Downrange (KM)
Cro
ss r
ang
e (K
M)
Potential Attack Footprint ofa Guided Projectile
The ability to “fly” (example assumes 7-DOF guidance solution) means a gun can execute manyfirings missions from a single surveyed site without repositioning barrel
Conventional UnguidedProjectile Footprint
Potential Footprint of a“constrained” Guided Projectile
NDIA Presentation
Page: 14NDIA.ppt
New requirement - Casualty function
• Most guided weapons were not designed to be fired over friendly forces (soprovisions for operation as a failed weapons was not really considered in the design)
• BLUE trajectories represents the fact most guided weapons have been designed to beemployed at or in advance of the battle front (called Forward Line Of Engagement orFLOE).
• Red trajectory represents the fact guided projectiles will operationally be employedsuch that they will be behind FLOE and will overfly all forces up to FLOE.
Guided Projectiles
AAMs
AGMs
ATMs
For the first time, overhead safety for EXTENDED ranges must be considered
NDIA Presentation
Page: 15NDIA.ppt
Example - Safety Features Over a Mission
u Dispense based upon GPS/INS solutionu Submunitions equipped with Self-Destruct Featureu Reduced Hazardous Dud Rate
S&A Provides SafeSeparation Distance
No Rocket Motor Noise or Plume
S&A is not fully armeduntil projectile enters“terminal” phase of
guidance
Push-over (apogee) must be achieved to enablesecond arming environment
Shoot & Scoot!
Integrity checks confirmgood guidance and MissionComputer operability
Firing initiatesbattery andrepresentsfirst armingenvironment
Guided trajectorythwarts counter-
battery fire
ReverseSlope
ExtendedRange
Off Boresight
Data from Public Released Presentation
NDIA Presentation
Page: 16NDIA.ppt
Summary - Guided Projectiles provides
Alti
tude
(k ft
)
40
30
20
10
0 0 8.5 37 50Kilometers
Crusader
Paladin
Improved Terminal Effects
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
50
40
30
20
10
0
Kilometers
Kilo
met
ers
X Maximum Target
Baseline XM982 can hitany target in this areafrom one tube position!
CrusaderLocation
Wide Attack Footprint
Kilometers: 0 10 20 30 40 50
Enhanced Range - Artillery Range Overmatch
XM982 Crusader
Current US Capability
XM982 Paladin & LWH
International Capability
11,340 lbsM864FAPP
M864
Rounds (Weight) Transported
No. of DPICMRounds Required
4,392 lbsXM982U-PAC
25km Rangeat 10%EFD
XM982
35km Range, Normalized,at 10%EFD
Improved Effectiveness / Lethality
Data from Public Released Presentation