guidelines for blue underlined words 1. organization …...1. organization program chemistry...

ISP Uppsala Universitet Box 549 SE-‐751 21 Uppsala, Sweden Fax +46184713495 [email protected]

1 (24)

Deadline 2017 – see isp.uu.se/documents

Grant application for 2018-2020 Research Groups and Scientific Networks

The application should be submitted as email attachment with a scanned/photographed copy of the first signed page. Enclosures have to be attached as well. Read the separate document Guidelines for Enclosures and Budget for more information. The blue underlined wordsin this document will provide you with specific instructions when you hoveryour mouse over them. 1. Organization Program Chemistry Mathematics Physics

x � �

Other

�

Activity code KEN 01

Applicant(Research group leader/Network coordinator: title, given name, family name) Prof LYDIA W. NJENGA Address Department/unit: Department of Chemistry University/institute: University of Nairobi Street (visiting address): Riverside Drive P.O Box number:30197 City:NAIROBI

Post/zip code:00100 Country:KENYA

E-mail address(es):[email protected] or [email protected] Website: Telephone and telefax Office

Home

Mobile 254-768245

Fax

Name of Research Group/Network City: KENYA Approved by the Department: ………../PROF JOHN M, ONYARIDate: …………. Signature by Head of Department/Name in printing: Summary of budget request (SEK) 2018 2019 2020 Total Equipment/spare parts/service 360,455.00 50,000.00 70,000.00 480,455.00 Consumables/literature/field work 50,000.00 140,000.00 180,000.00 370,000.00

Conferences/workshops 70,000.00

252,000.00

70,000.00

392,000.00

Exchange visits by cooperating scientists

21,000.00

21,000.00

42,000.00

84,000.00

Fellowships for training 585,824.00

512,804.00

512,804.00

1,611,432.00

Support to students Costs for audit and RG meeting 10,000.00 10,000.00 25,000.00 45,000.00 Network (only) administration costs (15%) 52,199.00 54,300.00 34,500.00 140,999.00 TOTAL 1,149,478.00 1,040,104.00 934,304.00 3,123,886.00


2 (24)

The following enclosures are submitted 1) Research plan/network program 2) Logical Framework Matrix 3) Application for improving gender balance 4) Fellowship application(s) 5) Applicant’s CV 6) Publications/Theses/Abstracts 7) Other

(Specify:Photos……………………………..........)

Yes / No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

City: NAIROBI Date: 27/08/2017 Applicant’s signature

2. Summary of proposed research/network activity (Full details should be given in Enclosures 1 and 2. Please, carefully read and follow guidelines)

a) Give an overview of objectives, planned outputs and expected outcomes Provide a summary of objectives, planned outputs and expected outcomes based on what is given in Enclosure 1 (Sections a - c), and formalized in the Logical Framework Matrix in Enclosure 2. Provide your answers under the below headings.

Overall objective (impact) and relevance of the activity:

To increase capacity and contribution of Inorganic Chemistry research in higher education, in order to address local and global priority needs in health and technological development. Relevance of the activity The inorganic chemistry research group seeks to increase capacity and contribution of Inorganic Chemistry research in higher education, in order to address local and global priority needs in health and technological development. Currently, the group is conducting synthesis of iridium and ruthenium complexes and studying their catalytic properties. These complexes will be doped with TiO2 to increase their catalytic properties for industrial applications. The group also intends to study the hydrosolubility and drug delivery kinetics of Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes for anticancer applications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported cancer as the leading cause of death globally, leading to about 13% of the entire global deaths every year. This percentage is higher than that of HIV, TB and malaria combined (WHO, 2012). In 2010, the National Cancer Control Strategy, Kenya, reported cancer as the third highest cause of death and the figure is expected to rise in the absence of urgent measures (National Cancer Control Strategy, Kenya 2011-2016). To address this menace of cancer in Kenya, there is need for research on cheaper, more accessible and less toxic drugs. Efficiency and sustainability are key factors in modern synthesis and chemical manufacturing processes. Progress in these areas requires the development of new synthetic and catalytic reactions. A large fraction of these reactions make use of transition metal complexes which have been found to be good catalysts which work under benign conditions. The role of inorganic chemistry in solving these problems has not been adequately explored in Kenya. Nationally, a lot of work has been done in the organic and environmental areas. However, research in Inorganic Chemistry has not been fully established due to lack of critical mass of researchers and inadequate technical infrastructure. In this project, the research group seeks to strengthen research and training in Inorganic Chemistry concepts such as bioinorganic,


3 (24)

organometallic, catalysis and sensors; develop synthesis and analytical capacity; enhance collaboration with scientists in the North, South and regionally. Coordination chemistry is central to chemistry solutions of the many challenges we face in the 21st century, e.g. manufacture of drugs, value addition of renewable raw materials through catalysis. It is therefore essential for Kenya to be able to continue training students at a research level in coordination chemistry to produce results relevant to development. The research results obtained in this project will be disseminated through publication, scientific conferences, workshops, community outreach and collaboration with industry.

The proposed research seeks to strengthen the capacity to address the research area of syntheses of bioinorganic and organometallic complexes for industrial and health applications. The group will seek to secure support and collaboration for research in these areas, disseminate and implement the results. Through this, the research group will build research capacity, especially in areas of relevance to Kenya. The proposed research is in tandem with Swedish Strategy for research cooperation and research in Development cooperation 2015–2021. It will contribute to health and technological development addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are benchmarks for national and global development.

At national level, the research activity is in line with the Kenya Vision 2030, which is anchored on three key pillars: Economic, Social and Political Governance which address the SDGs. It falls under Science Technology and Innovation (STI) which addresses the economic and social pillars. The research activity will contribute to generation of new knowledge that will be shared through scientific publications in refereed journals, conferences and workshops. Training workshops and exchange programmes will be organised to support knowledge transfer. Gender parity will be strengthened through attracting and retaining female students to pursue research in coordination chemistry. Specific objectives for 2018-2020

1) To increase the production, quality and relevance of scientific results in coordination chemistry

2) To attract more female students and improve the participation of women in the coordination chemistry

3) To attract sufficient financial support, other than from ISP, to ensure long-term stability Planned Outputs

The proposed work will also target:

• Increase PhD and MSc students pursuing synthetic inorganic chemistry • Increased use of research results from supported activities through publication • Strengthen participation in scientific conferences and workshops • Organize workshop and conferences for the dissemination of the results • Enhance production of results relevant to development • Enhanced capacity and quality of research activities to attract research grants • Equip research laboratories with facilities for syntheses and analytical capacity • Train staff / students how to use the new equipment


4 (24)

Expected outcomes of the research activity:

-‐ Scientific Results: Publications, patents, policy

-‐ Graduations: PhD & MSc graduands, Theses, patents

-‐ Dissemination (publications/conference contributions, etc.): Publications, conferences, workshops and seminars

-‐ Scientific exchange: • Enhanced networking and collaboration with scientists in the North, South and

regionally • Exchange of students with other collaborators • Linkages with industry • increasing the ability to attract international research grants

-‐ Interactions with government and society:

Policy brief, Community outreach

-‐ Other: N/A

b) Give a summary of the research plan/network program Give a maximum half a ..page summary of the proposed activity with emphasis on the research plan, sufficiently concrete and informative to give the reader a fair understanding of which research questions are addressed, including the methodology, and the hypotheses to be tested. Please note that this is a summary of Enclosure 1, Sections a - e.

Summary:

The research group seeks to strengthen research and training in Inorganic Chemistry concepts such as sensors, catalysis andbio-organometallics; and to develop synthesis and analytical capacity by enhancing collaboration with scientists in the North, South and regionallyfor industrial and health applications.

On sensors, the group has been pursuing research on the synthesis of macrocyclic complexes which show selectivity in binding of metal ions upon structural modification.Macrocycles attached to ruthenium (II) and rhenium (I) centers as the signalling unitshave been synthesized and characterized. Their ability to detect metals like cadmium (II), lead (II) and mercury (II) has been proved using techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, luminescence and NMR titrations (Odhiambo, 2015).

The group is also investigating the catalysis ofcyclometallatediridium(III) and ruthenium(II) complexes of 2-(1-naphthyl)pyridine ligand.This involves modification of the ligand with extended π-systems and strong metal-carbon bonds, which changes the HOMO-LUMO gap and potentially tunes both excited state life times and redox potentials (Njogu et al, 2017).


5 (24)

On bio-organometallics,the group is pursuing research on the synthesis and modification of platinum (II) and palladium (II) ferrocylimine complexes. Studies of these complexes’ hydro-solubility anddelivery kinetics in physiological media will be carried out. Their efficacy as anticancer agentswill be investigatedusing selected cancer cell lines.

The outcome from these research areas will contribute towards finding solutions to the health and technological challenges addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are benchmarks for national and global development and in tandem with Swedish Strategy for research cooperation and research in Development cooperation 2015–2021.

c) Give a summary of the postgraduate education plan Give a maximum half apage summary of the proposed activity with emphasis on the education plan. Please note that this is a summary of Enclosure 1, Section i.

Summary:

The Inorganic Chemistry thematic areacomprises of inorganic, analytical and environmental disciplines. The Inorganic Chemistry Research Group (KEN01) has a total of 6 members. Among these, 5 have PhDs out of whom one is a beneficiary of ISP funding. The 5 are supervising 17 PhD and 14 MScstudents across the three (3) disciplines, out of whom 2 PhD students are funded through KEN01. Only one of the two PhD students is on Staff Development and will only improve the staff enrolment marginally.

Our plan is to have 6more PhD qualified Coordination / Bio-inorganic Chemists in the next 5 yearsto carry out industrial research, collaborate more effectively with the governement in policy making and cater for the high number of students in the thematic area.

d) Give a summary of the gender perspective on the research and education plans

Summarize the information given on gender balance as well as strategies and measures to achieve gender balance given in Enclosure 1, section f. Provide your answers under the below headings. NOTE: If you apply for extra gender funds (Enclose 3) you don’t need to fill in this part, just refer to the separate gender application.

Comment on the current gender balance in perspective of previous years efforts:

The inorganic research group has 5 male (62.5 %) and 3 female (37.5%) members of academic staff. In order to raise the female gender to at least 40%, postgraduate students will be admitted to carry out research in inorganic chemistry. For a long time there used to be only 1 female member in the Inorganic Chemistry thematic area. Between 2011 to 2016, two females who have been pursuing PhD under KEN01 have been employed in the thematic area, and this has increased the number to 3. One female member of staff who was part of the thematic area resigned from the university in 2015. Generally, we have few people pursuing Inorganic Chemistry in the whole country especially synthesis which is considered to be time consuming, in addition to lack of finance for expensive chemicals and equipments. Until recently, where we have seen more ladies join the chemistry discipline, female students always shunned the subject assuming it is only for males.


6 (24)

Reasons for current gender distribution: The gender imbalance may be attributed to the negative attitude of females towards science subjects from high school. The few females who pursue chemistry at University level prefer to study Organic Chemistry, especially Natural Products rather than Inorganic Chemistry. Most of them shy off from synthesis (both organic and inorganic) because it is time consuming. Most ladies get married towards the end or immediately after their undergraduate studies, hence prefer employment to support their families, stay at home to take care of their children or pursue studies which do not take them away from their natural environment.

Planned strategy to achieve gender balance (if not already the case):

To address the gender imbalance, the Department of Chemistry has formed Women in Chemistry (WIC) and other sciences group which promotes the science subjects especially chemistry in High Schools and also hold seminars where they invite the former unversity female graduates to give lectures, motivate and mentor the female undergraduate students.

Concrete measurements to achieve gender balance:

The group has started encouraging and mentoring undergraduate female students to take Inorganic Chemistry projects in their fourth year in preparation for their MSc and PhD. The group is trying to identify some of the best female students in the undergraduate who can be employed in the thematic area as Graduate Assistants with the aim of mentoring them to pursue synthesis. ISP would be of great help if they can give more grants for sandwich scholarships, instruments, chemicals and North to South exchange programme to KEN01 to enable us to train more female MSc and PhD graduates.

e) Provide a number of keywords

Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry; Synthesis and analytical capacity; catalysis; sensors; organometallic; cancer drugs


7 (24)

3. Specifications of costs 2018-2020 (Please, carefully read and follow guidelines for Budget, and, if applicable, conditions and instructions for Research Groups’ overhead costs)

3a) Specification of costs in 2018

Specification of Costs in 2018 Costs (SEK) Total (SEK) Equipment/spare parts/service Fumehood 108,438.25 108,438.25 Glove Box 13,000.00 13,000.00 High vaccum pump (For schlenk line) 21,025.00 21,025.00 Potentiostat & electrodes 188,137.75 188,137.75 UPS 29,854.20 29,854.20 Sub-Total 360,455.00 Consumables/literature/field work Reagents, solvents, gases and fine chemicals 40,000.00 40,000.00 Literature 10,000.00 10,000.00 Sub-Total 50,000.00 Conferences/workshops

a) To be visited 70,000.00 70,000.00 b) To be arranged

Exchange visits by cooperating scientists North to South 21,000.00 21,000.00 Fellowships for training/exchange

a) South-South 213,824.00 213,824.00 b) South-North 372,000.00 372,000.00

Sub-Total 676,824.00 Support to students Activities for improving gender balance Network administrative costs (15%) 52,199.00 52,199.00 Auditcosts 10,000.00 10,000.00 TOTAL 1,149,478.00

(Insert more rows as needed, or just write below the table)


8 (24)

3b) Specifications of costs in 2019

Specification of Costs in 2019 Costs (SEK) Total (SEK) Equipment/spare parts/service Spare part & services 50,000.00 50,000.00 Consumables/literature/field work Reagents, solvents, gases and fine chemicals 45,000.00 45,000.00 Glassware 70,000.00 70,000.00 Literature 25,000.00 25,000.00 Sub-Total 190,000.00 Conferences/workshops

c) To be visited

d) To be arranged 252,000.00 252,000.00

Exchange visits by cooperating scientists South-North 21,000.00 21,000.00

Fellowships for training/exchange

c) South-North 212,804.00 212,804.00

d) South-South 300,000.00 300,000.00 Sub total 533,804.00 Support to students Activities for improving gender balance Network administrative costs (15%) 54,300.00 54,300.00 Auditcosts 10,000.00 10,000.00 TOTAL 1,040,104.00 (Insert more rows as needed, or just write below the table)


9 (24)

3c) Specifications of costs in 2020

Specification of Costs in 2020 Costs (SEK) Total (SEK) Equipment/spare parts/service Spare parts & service 70,000.00 70,000.00 Consumables/literature/field work Reagents, solvents, gases and fine chemicals 80,000.00 80,000.00 Glassware 70,000.00 70,000.00 Literature 30,000.00 30,000.00 Sub-Total 250,000.00 Conferences/workshops

e) To be visited 70,000.00 70,000.00

f) To be arranged

Exchange visits by cooperating scientists North -South 21,000.00 21,000.00

South -North 21,000.00 21,000.00 Sub-Total 42,000.00

Fellowships for training/exchange e) South-South 212,804.00 212,804.00

f) South-North 300,000.00 300,000.00

Sub-Total 512,804.00 Support to students Activities for improving gender balance Network administrative costs (15%) 34,500.00 34,500.00 Auditcosts 10,000.00 10,000.00 Reference group meeting participation costs 15,000.00 15,000.00 TOTAL 934,304.00 GRAND TOTAL 3,123,886.00 (Insert more rows as needed, or just write below the table)


10 (24)

3d. Justification of budget items

For each budget item, please write a motivation to justify the need and the cost.

Justification for the Revised Budget 2018 -2020

Items Total Justification Equipment/spare parts/service 480,455.00 The equipment will be used for characterization of

inorganic materials synthesized. The money includes: Equipment repairs and purchase of Fumehood, Glove Box, High vaccum pump (For schlenk line), Potentiostat & electrodes and UPS for the computers for the UV/vis and FTIR

Consumables/literature/field work 370,000.00 i) Purchase of fine chemicals / gases locally ii) Purchase of glassware for Schlenk line

iii) Literature Conferences/workshops

392,000.00 To disseminate research findings and enhance networking among researchers

Exchange visits by cooperating scientists

84,000.00

S-N, N-S and S-S to visit our collaborators and also establish the collaboration with others.

Fellowships for training: 1,611,432.00

The money will be used for the students on fellowship in Sweden and South Africa

Costs for audit and RG meeting 45,000.00 Money to be inccurred for the audit of all the money transferred to local account espesially that allocated to confrencees and also that to be used for travel to defend the proposal.

Network (only) administration costs (15%)

140,999.00 Money to be retained by the university for administration from: the conference, consumables, spare parts money

4. Staff and students in the group/network

List staff and students planned to be actively involved in the proposed activity.

a) List staff in the group/network Staff members who also are active students are to be listed ONLY under students. Networks list members of Board on Management Committee, node coordinators etc. Note that support staff (Supp.) comprises all non-academic and undergraduate staff engaged, e.g. laboratory assistants, technicians, secretaries, etc.

Gender F/M

Given name, family name Position held / Function1

Staff qualifications PhD Other Ac. Supp.

F Prof Lydia W. Njenga Group Leader X M Prof Shem O. Wandiga X M Prof David K. Kariuki Inorganic/Analytical

Thematic Head X

M Dr Vincent O. Madadi X F Dr Ruth Odhiambo X M Mr Charles Mirikau X (Insert more rows as needed, or just write below the table)

1 Indicate deputy leader/coordinator, if applicable


11 (24)

b) List students in the group/network (If already known). Students to be included should be those that benefit directly of the ISP support (fellowships) or indirectly by using consumables and equipment provided through the ISP support.

For each student, provide the following information: 1) Gender (female/male; F/M) 2) Full name 3) Target degree (PhD/MPhil/MSc) 4) Starting year on current degree study 5) Tentative title of thesis / subject 6) Expected year of graduation 7) Whether staff member or not 8) a) Local (L) or Sandwich (S) student;b) Direct or Indirect benefit of ISP support (D/I)?

F/M

Name Target degree

Start year

Thesis/Subject Grad year

Staff (Y/N)

L/S D/I

F Rachael Njogu

[email protected] PhD 2014 Synthesis of

iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) complexes using 2-(1-naphtyl)pyridine

2018 Y S D

M Simon Mbugua [email protected]

PhD 2017 Solubility and Delivery Kinetics Studies of Modified Ferrocylimine Pd(II) And Pt(II) Complexes For Anticancer Applications

2020 N S D

M Patrick Tum [email protected]

PhD 2015 Photocatalytic Degradation of waste Water from Tea Factories by Titanium Dioxide:A Case Study of Tea Factories in Kenya

2018 Y L I

F Jane Wanjiru Macharia [email protected]

PhD 2018 Investigation of Effect of High Fluoride Intake in Vulnerable Population: A Case Study of Pregnant Women, Lactating Mothers, Children and the Aged

2021 N L I

F Olivia Osiro

PhD 2016 Development of pro-totype for restorative calcium silicate den-tal cement in Kenya

2019 N L I


12 (24)

M Nicholas Mwenda [email protected]

PhD 2012 Investigation of Physical and Chemical Methods for Decontamination of Aflatoxin Infected Maize

2018 N L I

F Florence Masese [email protected]

PhD 2014 Synthesis and characterization of titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles

2018 N L I

F Kemboi J Caroline [email protected]

MSc 2013 Development of a rapid Screening Technique Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) Spectrometer to Assess Nutrients Status of Maize Leaves

2017 N L I

F Queenter Atieno Osoro MSc 2013 Environmental Effects of Titanium Mining

2017 N L I

F Magdalene Nguu MSc 2013 Assessment of essential micronutrients levels in common beans in selected sites in Kenya

2017 N L I

M Rotich Lemale Nguran MSc 2013 “Gold Exploitation in Sekerr, West Pokot County”

2017 N L I

5. Scientific contacts/cooperation

Indicate which contacts with scientists working in the field of the proposed activities are established or planned (at your own university/institute, nationally, regionally, or internationally). The present and expected benefits of these contacts should be further described in the Research description (Encl. 1).

a) List already established scientific contacts/collaborationthat were engaged in active collaboration with your research group/network in 2015-2017.

For each collaborator, provide the following: a) Gender (female/male; F/M) b) Title c) Full name d) Affiliation e) Country

Gender F/M

Title Name Affiliation Country

M Prof Ola Wendt Center for Synth-esis & Analysis, Lund University

Sweden


13 (24)

M Prof Martin Onani Inorganic chemistry University of Western Cape

South Africa

M Prof. Bernard Thole University of Malawi

Malawi

a) List scientific contacts for collaboration you intend to establish with your research group/network in 2018-2020. For each collaborator, provide the following: 1) Gender (female/male; F/M) 2) Title 3) Full name 4) Affiliation 5) Country

Gender F/M

Title Name Affiliation Country

6. Other funding received (besides from ISP) 2015-2017, and available and foreseen funding for 2018-2020

Specify other funding obtained in 2015-2017, and other foreseen sources of funding for 2018-2020, from national as well as from other sources. List each source on a separate row, and give the amount for each year on separate rows. Estimate the amount in USD (currency conversion can be done at www.xe.com).

a) Other funding (besides from ISP) obtained in 2015-2017 Source Grant

period/ mmyy-mmyy

Total Grant, USD

National Research Fund 2017-2018 19,417.476 CARTA 2017-2018 10,200 (Insert more rows as needed, or just write below the table)

b) Other available or foreseen funding for 2018-2020 Source Grant

period/ mmyy-mmyy

Total Grant, USD

National Research Fund 2018-2019 19,417.476 TWAS 2018-2019 15,000.00 DAAD 2018-2019 10,000.00 IFS 2018-2019 12,000.00



14 (24)

7. Main equipment available

a) List relevant facilities and infrastructure available to the group. For equipment, give type and name of the manufacture of main items and other articles. Start with your most important equipment. Please, note if the equipment is not functioning properly and why.

Equipment type, model, and name of manufacturer

Year acquired Fully functional, yes/no If no, indicate why

AAS 2005 Functional 400 MHz NMR Donated To be installed IR 2005 Non functional GC/MS Donated in 2012 Functional Luminescence Spectrometer 2012 Functional Solid Phase Extractor - New 2012 Functional UV/VIS 2014 Functional FTIR 2016 Functional GC/MS Agilent 6890 with MS detector 5973 Donated 2016 Functional


b) List below main equipment needed in the near future, with justification. Specify to the degree possible. In future the research group will need to procure the following equipments for Inorganic Chemistry syntheses:

Equipment type, model, and name of manufacturer.

Justification

Potentiostat

The only available potentiostat for electrochemical analysis is in the department of Physics and there is a long queue of students waiting to use it. Purchasing one would enable our students to do their work on time

LC-MS Characterization and structure determination ICP- MS Among the Kenyan universities, only Jomo Kenyatta

University has ICP-MS and this make the demand very high from other universities and also private sector. This means that, it can take weeks before you can carry out the analysis. Therefore the group needs one which will quicken their work and give us accurate and reproducible data.

GC-MS Triple quadruple

No such instrument is available in Kenya for nano quantity detection. We need one to enable our research be at the front of technology

Scanning Electron Microscope

For structure determination

X-Ray diffraction

For structure determination

High vacuum pump To be used together with the schlenk line


15 (24)

8. Environmental impact

Information is required about measures taken to reduce environmental impacts following the Environmental Impact Assessment for ISP as submitted to Sida in August 2009 (available on request).

a) Indicate which of the following measures your group/network has already implemented to reduce negative environmental impact.

Does your group/organization: Yes No

A strategy to reduce negative environmental impact caused by travelling and transportation?

x

The use e-meeting techniques? x A strategy to reduce the use of electric power? x Considering environment impact criteria in procurement? x Practicing sorting of waste categories for recycling? x A system for scrapping decommissioned equipment? x A management system for chemical and hazardous waste? x Internal discussion of how any negative environmental impact of your activities can be reduced?

x

Engagement in external activities – in research, dissemination and/or society outreach – on how negative environmental impacts may be reduced?

x

b) Comment on the no-answers in the previous question, if any.

What are the reasons why some measures have not been implemented? Are there plans to do it in the future? Are there structural obstacles, such as regulations or lack of regulation/technology, etc.? Also comment on the practicing of measures in general to reduce negative environmental impact. i) The energy use requires a government and institution policy due to cost. The inorganic

sector alone cannot initiate it. ii) Scrapping metals is disposed of according to university procurement policy. We give

such items to the University for Disposal.

9. Summary of results for previous agreement period

Provide a summary of the progress so far in the current agreement period (2015-2017), or latest years for new applicants.

1) Give a summary of the major achievements in the period, including results of scientific research activities. Place the achievements and results in relation to the objectives in the original proposal (if applicable). Not only major changes are interesting, but also small changes that may lead to larger changes over time.

Also include comments and analysis of: -‐ How far your group has come in fulfillment of the stated objectives. -‐ Whether the results achieved were in line with expected/planned outcomes. Motivate your

answer. -‐ Why, or why not, results have been achieved. Comment on the (limiting or favorable)

conditions for reaching the results. -‐ What needs to be adjusted in order to increase the likelihood to reach the objectives.


16 (24)

1. Ruth Odhiambo the first beneficiary of ISP as a PhD student in KEN01 graduated in December 2015.

2. Ruth Odhiambo was promoted in August 2016 to the position of Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry where she is involved in teaching Inorganic, Analytical and Environmental Chemistry.

3. Rachael Njogu the second beneficiary of the KEN01 capacity building. She registered her

PhD program at the University of Nairobi and has been on a sandwich programme in University of Lund (Sweden) where she has been carrying out her PhD work at the University under Prof. Ola Wendt. Rachael has achieved most of what was expected and she will be graduating in 2018. She has presented 1 poster and 2 oral papers in conferences held in Europe. She has also drafted two papers which will be submitted to the journal by the end of the year.

4. The Director of ISP Prof Peter Sundin and Dr Cecilia Othman paid a 3 day visit to the

group on 3rd – 5thOctober 2016. The main purpose of the visit was to introduce Cecilia and evaluate the activities of KEN 01. The first day they had a meeting with the Director of African Academy of Science (AAS), Prof. Berhanu Abegaz. Second and third day (4th and 5th October 2016) were spent at the University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus where both KEN01 and KEN02 had organized a workshop and made presentations of their activities.Peter gave a presentation on ISP funding activities while Cecilia presented on i) Scientific method and Research Funding ii) Publishing scientific results and scientific communication

5. KEN01 in implementation of its objective to increaseproduction, quality and relevance of

scientific resultstwo members of KEN01, Dr. Ruth Odhiambo and Prof.D.K.Kariuki paid a visit to the Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape for two days in April 2017 to discuss the ongoing collaboration. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the two universities was developed and has already been signed by the two institutions. The collaboration will include, among other things, exchange of staff and Graduate students.

6. Simon Mbugua our third PhD student under KEN01 project is registered in the UoN and will be the first student to go to the University of Western Cape under the UoN-UWC collaboration, working on bio-inorganic research area.

7. KEN01 organized a national workshop to discuss trends of inorganic chemistry on 12-13th May 2016 at the University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus. Sixty(60) participants from academia, industry, secondary schools, curriculum developers and policy makers attended the conference.Two of the resolutions passed at the workshop were i) to establish an Inorganic Chemistry Network and ii) to hold an Inorganic Chemistry International Conference in 2017.

8. Following the recommendation of the National Workshop in Inorganic Chemistry 2016,

KEN01 research group will be holding 1stconference inInorganic Chemistry in Kenya from9th – 12thOctober 2017. A one day workshop will be incorporated for students to be trained on research project management by Dr. Cecilia Othman-ISP.


17 (24)

9. One of the milestones of the 2015-2017 KEN 01 project is the acquiring of instruments which has enhanced capacity to carry out research in the Department of Chemistry. During this period, KEN01 purchased an FTIR, UV-Vis Spectrometer, Schlenk line and its accessories, glassware and chemicals. The group also received a GC/MS Agilent 6890 with MS detector 5973as a donation by ACES Stockholm University, courtesy of Michael Strandel.This was in line with the group’s objective of increasing the production, quality and relevance of scientific results in the Inorganic Chemistry and to strengthern the analytical capacity of the Inorganic Chemistry research group.

10. The research group has been training the academic staff, technologists and the

postgraduate research students on the use of equipment purchased for their research projects, The group has also trained a number of students from Kenyatta, Moi and Maseno Universities on the use of the equipment.

11. Members of KEN01 were active in publications and have kept the fire burning with a total

of 20 publications in the period of 2015-2017. 12. KEN 01 members have also attended many conferences and workshops and have worked

hard in the supervisory role for masters and PhD students. 13. The group has been active in the outreach activities.

2) Give a summary of the staff structure, students active and degrees awarding, dissemination, meetings, outreach, and visits to and from your group/network (scientific exchange) for the previous granting period.

Staff PhD or equivalent Other academic Technicians Female Male Female Male Female Male Number of staff 2017

Students/degrees PhD or equivalent MSc/Mphil/Lic. BSc thesis students Sandw Local Sandw Local

F M F M F M F M F M Number of students 2017 Number of degrees 2015-2017

Specification of awarded degrees 2015-June 2017 Gender, First name, Family name, Degree, Title of thesis (full abstract in Enclosure 6) 2015

1. Ruth Odhiambo (F). Development of a Sensing Probe for Soft Heavy Metals Using Oxathiacrown Ethers. (PhD)

2. Jane W. Macharia (F). Development of Low Cost Water Purification System- A Case Study of Ceramic Filters and Moringa Oleifera Seeds. (MSc)

3. Susan W. Karuga (F). Proton Conducting Oxides for Clean Energy Application. (MSc) 4. Ngeno K. J (M). Urban Air Quality in Nairobi Kenya: Application of Energy Dispersive

X- Ray Fluorescence and Principal Component Analysis.(MSc) 5. Vinton J Johnson (M). Water Quality Trends of Lake Naivasha in the Rift Valley of

Kenya. (MSc


18 (24)

2016 1. Richard Mogwasi: (M) “Speciation analysis of trace elements in selected medicinal

plants from Nyamira county (Kenya)” PhD 2. Solomon N Kamau (M) “Heavy Metals Accumulation in Sugarcane: Case Study of

Nairobi County and Nyahururu farms” MSc 3. Ajuliu Patrick Kinyua (M) “Photo-degradation of Pentachlorophenol and Dimethoate on

surface of Loam Soil and Nairobi River Sediments and Spinach grown in Kenya” MSc 4. Linda Wangeci Maina (F) “Rapid Identification of Edible Oils Manufactured in Kenya”

MSc 2017

To graduate in September/December graduations

Publications in scientific journals 2015-June 2017

Author(s) (Year) Title. Journal, ISSN-number, Vol., Pages, DOI2 Indicate how large a part of the work was performed at home University (<25%, 25-50%, >50%)

Was ISP support acknowledged (Yes/No)

2015 Njogu R.N.E, Kariuki D.K., Kamau, D.M., and Wachira, F.N. (2015). Economic Evaluation of Foliar NPK Fertilizer on Tea Yields in Kenya. Journal of Plant Sciences 4(1) 35-43

No

Abong'o, D., Wandiga,S.O., Jumba, I., Madadi, V., Wafula, G., Van den Brink, P., Bbosa, B., Kylin, H. (2015). Occurrence, Abundance and Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Along River Nyando Drainage Basin, Kenya. African Journal of Aquatic Science. Chapter 3.p19-33. Manuscript ID: AJAS-2014-0094.R1

No

Omemo, Peter, Olago Daniel, Ogara William, Wandiga Shem (2015). Rapid Appraisal of Climate Change Impact on Household’s And Juvenile Diet in the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online) ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp: (45-48), Month: April - June 2015, Available at: www.research publish.com

No

Elizabeth N. Ndunda, Vincent O. Madadi, Boris Mizaikoff, (2015) An alternative clean-up column for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in solid matrices. Environmental Science. Processes and Impacts, Royal Society of Chemistry. DOI: 10-1039/c5em00409h.

No

2016 Jane W. Macharia, Shem O. Wandiga, Lydia W. Njenga, Vincent O. Madadi(2016). “Moringa Oleifera and Ceramic Filters for Escherichia Coli and Turbidity Removal From Drinking Water” IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(5): 46-55 (IOSR-JAC)

Yes

Ruth A. Odhiambo, Austin O. Aluoch, Lydia W. Njenga, Stanley M. Kagwanja, Shem O. Wandiga and Ola F. Wendt. Synthesis, characterization and ion-binding properties of oxathiacrown ethers appended to [Ru(bpy)2]2+. Selectivity towards Hg2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+. Submitted to the press

Yes

Wandiga S.O., Kamau G.N., Mbugua S.N., (2017)). Titanium (IV) Oxide-Tungsten (VI) Oxide Composite Nanoparticles has Photo-catalytic Potential to Degrade Selected Heavy Metals and Pesticides Pollutants in Water. International Journal of Photocatalysis. Photon 121: 235-245

NO

2 Digital Object Identifier (www.doi.org) – to be provided if available


19 (24)

Gioto, V., S. Wandiga and C. Oludhe (2016). Climate Change Detection across All Livelihood Zones in Tharaka Nithi County. J. Meteorol. Related. Sci. 9(2): 11-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20987/jmrs.2.08.2016

NO

Tsuma J P E, Wandiga S O, Abong’o D A. (2016). Methane and heavy metals Levels from leachates at Dandora dumpsite, Nairobi County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(9): 39-46. (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.

NO

Osoro EM , Wandiga SO, Abongo DA, Madadi V O and Macharia J W. (2016). Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Water and Sediment from Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(9): 56-63. (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.

NO

Tum P.K., Kariuki D.K., Odour, F.D.O. and Wanyoko J.K. (2016). Photocatalytic Decolourization of Wastewater from Black Tea (Camellia Senensis) Processing Factories using Titanium Dioxide. The International Journal of Science and Technolodge, 4(11): 59-65

NO

Volker Nischwitz, Richard Mogwasi, Salim Zor, Zachary Getenga, David K. Kariuki, Klaus Gunther (2016). First Comprehensive Study on Total Contents and Hot water Extractable Fraction of selected elements in 19 Medicinal Plants from Various Locations in Nyamira County, Kenya. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

NO

2017 Wandiga S.O., Kamau G.N., Mbugua S.N., 2017. Titanium (IV)Oxide-Tungsten (VI) Oxide Composite Nanoparticles hasPhoto-catalytic Potential to Degrade Selected Heavy Metals andPesticides Pollutants in Water. International Journal of Photocatalysis. Photon 121, 235-245.

NO

Muraga JM, Wandiga SO, Abong’o DA, 2017. Assessment of Dissolved Ions and Microbial Coliform in Water from Selected Sites of the Upper Athi River Sub-Catchment Area, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 10, Issue 5 Ver. II, PP 101-109 www.iosrjournals.org

NO

Wandiga S.O., Mbugua S.N., Macharia J.W., Otieno M.A. (2016). Challenges and Solutions to Water Problems in Africa. Book Chapter in ‘Chemistry and Water’ B978-0-12-809330-6.00006-4. Elsevier. 2016.

No


List all contributions by your groupto conferences/workshops/courses/meetings 2015-June 2017, including invited lectures at external institutions/organizations Presenter, Co-authors, Title of the presentation, Name of event, Venue, Date

Form: oral/poster

Invited yes/no

2015 Njogu, R.N.E., Njenga, L.W., Kariuki, D.K., and Wendt, F. O. Synthesis and Characterization of Tris-cyclometalated Iridium (III) and Ruthenium (II) Complexes. 3rd Nordic Meeting on Organometallic Chemistry, Lund, Sweden 10-11th March 2015 (Poster).

poster

Wandiga, S.O., Mbugua, S.N., and Kamau, G.N. Photo catalytic removal of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides and dyes in water using titanium(IV)-tungsten(VI) oxide nanoparticle composite. Emerging frontiers for sustainable water. A Trilateral Partnership. Africa-India-UK. Sunnyside Park Hotel, Johannesburg, 3-5 August, 2015

Oral


20 (24)

Wandiga, S.O., Emerging Nanotechnologies for Water Purification NASAC-Africa Water Workshop. 12-15th October, 2015, Hilton Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya

Oral

V.O. Madadi, E. Odada, S. O. Wandiga, D. Olago, G. A. Wafula, C. Galy-Lacaux. EADN Advances in Measurements of Atmospheric Ozone, Nitrogen, Sulphur Compounds in Dry Deposition across Equatorial African Great Lakes. A paper presented at the International Acid Rain Concenerec 19th -23rd October, 2015. Rochester, New York, USA.

Oral

Prof L. Njenga; Report on National Physical Sciences Research Laboratory Strategy’ submitted to Ministry of Education, Science and Technology; State Department of Science and Technology. November 2015

Report Yes

V.O. Madadi, E. Odada, S. O. Wandiga, D. Olago1,3, G. A. Wafula2,3, C. Galy-Lacaux. (2015) EADN Advances in Measurements of Atmospheric Ozone, Nitrogen, Sulphur Compounds in Dry Deposition across Equatorial African Great Lakes. A paper presented at the International Acid Rain Concenerec 19th -23rd October, 2015. Rochester, New York, USA.

Oral

Dr. V. Madadi Participated in Pan Africa Chemistry Network PACN Congress 2015 - Healthcare: From discovery to delivery, 17th -19th November 2015. University of Nairobi, College of Biological and Physical Sciences. Nairobi, Kenya.

oral

Dr. V. Madadi Participated in International Acid Rain Conference 19th -23rd October, 2015. Rochester, New York, USA

Oral

Vincent O. Madadi, Shem O. Wandiga, Michael A. Opanga and Feng Xiao, (2016) Opportunities and Challenges in Addressing Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CEC) in Drinking Water in the Developing Countries. A paper presented at the PACN Congress 2016 - Sustainable Water Resources for Africa30-02 December, 2016 University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Oral

Vincent O. Madadi, (2016) Progress in assessment of persistent toxic substances at UON, Kenya and implementation of GMP in Africa a paper presented at the International ANCAP Symposium, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Oral

2016 Wandiga Shem O., Mbugua, S. N. Macharia, J.W., Otieno, M.A. Challenges and Solutions to Water Problems in Africa. Sustainable Water Congress, 30th Nov-2nd Dec. 2016. Nairobi, Kenya

Oral

Shem O. Wandiga, Global overview of trends in teaching and research in inorganic chemistry and its applications National Inorganic Chemistry Workshop, 12-13th May 2016. University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus

Oral

Shem O. Wandiga, Simon Ngigi Mbugua, Jane W. Machariaand Maurine Atieno Otieno. 2016 Pan Africa Chemistry Congres. 30th Nov. -2nd Dec. 2016

Oral

Lydia W. Njenga, Trends in teaching, research and applications of inorganic chemistry in addressing national development agenda as envisioned in Vision 2030, National Inorganic Chemistry Workshop, 12-13th May 2016. University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus

Oral


21 (24)

David K. Kariuki, Trends of Inorganic Chemistry at Postgraduate Level, National Inorganic Chemistry Workshop, 12-13th May 2016. University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus

Oral

Lydia W. Njenga: “The Rationale for PhD Supervision Training” Presented at a workshop for training of PhD supervision for CHS, 6th, June 2016, at the E-Learning Center

Oral

Lydia W. Njenga: “The Process of Supervision of Postgraduate Students Presented at a workshop for training of PhD supervision for School of Continuing Distance Education (SCDE), 11th, May 2016, at the Central Catering Unit, University of Nairobi

Oral

Lydia W. Njenga: “Revised Common Regulations for Postgraduate Studies” Presented at a Curriculum Development for UNTID workshop 4th - 8th April, 2016, at Airport Hotel Mombasa Road)

Oral

2017 Rachael E.N. Njogu, Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Amir O. Yusuf and Ola F. Wendt”Synthesis of Tris Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes under Green Conditions for Photoredox Catalysis” Trends in Green Chemistry, 3 April 2017, Stockholm University

Oral

Rachael E.N. Njogu, Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Amir O. Yusuf and Ola F. Wendt “Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes as Photoredox Catalysts in Organic Synthesis” Oorgandagarna - Inorganic Days, 12-14 June 2017 in Nynäshamn, Sweden

Oral

M. Nguli, M. J. Gatari, K. Shepherd, L. Njenga “Essential Micronutrient Levels in Common Beans in Kenya” 17th international conference on Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence analysis and related methods (TXRF2017). September 19-22, 2017 at University of Brescia, Italy

Oral

7th CARTA Faculty and administrators’ Training workshop 17th-19th 2017 at the University of Rwanda, Gikondo Campus, Kigari, Rwanda

YES

Lydia W, Njenga ”Revised Common Regulations for Graduate Studies ” presented at ”Workshop for training Deans/Directors and Chairpersons of Faculty Graduate Students Committee at CCU on 10th May 2017

Oral

List conferences/workshops/courses/meetings organized by you 2015-June 2017

Name of event, Venue, Dates No. of participants 2015 Prof L. Njenga; Stakeholders workshop on draft National Physical Sciences Research Laboratory’ 20th March 2015, Mount Kenya Safari club (Lilian Towers)

100

Prof Wandiga; GC-MS training workshop in Ghana ( 16-20TH March 2015,) –KNUST, KUMASI-Ghana

33

Prof Wandiga; PACN Advisory meeting in London (27th April 2015, Burlington house, Piccadilly-London.

16

Prof Wandiga; Kenya Schools fair, 4th -6th June 2015, -Kaaga girls high School, Meru County

MANY

Prof Wandiga; GC-MS training workshop in Kenya,24-28th August 2015, JKUAT ,Kenya

23

Prof Wandiga; PACN CONGRESS ON HEALTHCARE, 17-19th November 2015,attendance, UONBI, Kenya

255


22 (24)

2016 KEN 01 Group: National Inorganic Chemistry Workshop, 12-13th May 2016. University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus.

60

GC-MS workshop, 14th-18th March 2016. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology.

15

Prof Wandiga &Dr Madadi: Sustainable Water Congress,30th Nov – 2nd Dec 2016. University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus.

230

Dr Madadi: The International ANCAP Symposium,University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.

30

Dr Madadi: ESACC-TCC Conference, 15th -17th June, 2016, Reef Hotel, Mombasa, Kenya

2017 Prof L. Njenga: Workshop for Training Deans/Directors and Chairpersons of Faculty Graduate Students Committee at CCU on 10th May 2017

120

KEN 01 Group: International Inorganic Chemistry Conference, 9th – 12thOct 2017


Have regular, scientific seminars been held at the institution? If yes, state at which academic level (BSc, MSc, PhD) and how frequent. Name of seminar series Level and Frequency Graduate seminars MSc & PhD, twice a

month Undergraduate seminars BSc, twice a year


Describe any interaction (meetings, participation in committees, etc.) with government/society/industry/NGOs in the country, in the region or in global conventions, etc. Including unpublished reports to authorities, media exposure and public lectures etc. Were the outreach activities on your initiative or by invitation? Give account for any tangible or expected effects of outreach activities, including possibilities for policy influence. Prof Wandiga & Dr MadadiUNEP (2015) Challenges in implementing Global Monitoring Plan under the Stockholm Convention. In The Global Monitoring Plan Report. Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Geneva, Switzerland. Prof Wandiga & Dr MadadiUNEP (2015) The Second Africa POPs Monitoring Report under the effectiveness Evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Report submitted to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat in March 2015 for the Second effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention-I coordinated drafting of the report Prof Lydia Njenga, Peter Kahihia, Felix Wanjala; Report on Benchmarking Exercise in Germany For The Strategy To Establishment “The National Physical Science Research Laboratory (NPSRL)” Report Submitted to National Commission of Science, Technology and Innovation on May 2015. This was used to help complete the report on the strategy of setting up the NPSRL (Invitation) Peter Kahihia, Prof Lydia Njenga (Vice chairperson) and other members of the committee. Report on “National Physical Sciences Research Laboratory Strateg” submitted to Ministry of Education, Science and Technology; State Department of Science and Technology. November 2015”(Invitation)


23 (24)

Members of Muranga County Initiative (MCI) where Lydia W. Njenga is a member awarded Scholarship to the less fortunate students who qualified to join High school and University and also gave awards to best performed school, teachers and most improved schools (2015, 2016,2017) Initiative Lydia W. Njenga (as a member of MCI) attended and sponsored the Beyond Zero Campaign which donates clinics to the county Governments to reduce child mortality in 2016. Initiative Women in Chemistry (WIC) visited high schools to promote the sciences and academic excellence. Initiative Prof Lydia Njenga; Tree planting at Upper Kabete campus, University of Nairobi. This was initiated by the Lion club. The Lions club offered about 64 full scholarships to University undergraduate students for four years. In addition, the trees planted will help to reduce effects of climate change and contribute to environmental sustainability. Invitation

Ruth A. Odhiambo is a member of Board of Management in Olympic Primary School, Hope Community School and St Christine High School. Initiative Lydia W. Njenga has been a member of the Board of Governors at Gatura Girls Secondary School, (Thika) 2015, 2016, (chaired the education sub-committee) Nominated by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology

Number of visits by scientist and fellows from your group 2015-June 2017 To countries in the

region To Sweden To other countries

<1 month

>1 month <1 month

>1 month <1 month

>1 month

No of visits

No of months

No of visits

No of months

No of visits

No of months

Total 2 (Partly) on ISP money

ISP

Specify all visitors from your groupduring 2015-June 2017

For each visitor, provide the following: 1) Gender (female/male; F/M) 2) Title 3) Full name 4) Visited institute 5) Host of visit 6) Purpose of visit 7) Time period of visit 8) Source of funding for visit (ISP or other)


24 (24)

1) Prof. David K. Kariuki (M) &Dr. Ruth A. Odhiambo (F) visited University of Western Cape (South Africa)and were hosted by Prof Martin Onani 0n (25TH-27TH April 2017). A fact finding trip to start a collaboration with them. Funded by ISP

2) Prof Wandiga (M) gave distinguished lecture at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. 17-21 May, 2016 Funded by (RSC)

3) Prof L. Njenga 7th CARTA Faculty and administrators’ Training workshop 17th-19th 2017 at the University of Rwanda, Gikondo Campus, Kigari, Rwanda , I also discussed with the director of postgraduate studies on how we can have an exchange programme where both institution are involved in the supervision of the Masters and PhD students.


Number of visits by scientist and fellows to your group during 2015-June 2017 From countries in the

region From Sweden From other countries

<1 month

>1 month <1 month

>1 month <1 month

>1 month

No of visits

No of months

No of visits

No of months

No of visits

No of months

Total 1 3 2 weeks

2

(Partly) on ISP money

CARTA

ISP

Specify all visitors to your group2015-June 2017 For each visitor, provide the following:

1) Gender (female/male; F/M) 2) Title 3) Full name 4) Affiliation 5) Purpose of visit 6) Time period of visit 7) Source of funding for visit (ISP or other)

1. Prof Peter Sundin (M) and Dr. Cecilia Oman (F) from ISP Uppsala, Sweden, visited Dept. chemistry and the group, University of Nairobi on 3rd – 5th October & 28th November – 2nd December 2016, for follow up of the programme. Funded by ISP & RSC respectively

2. Prof. Bernard Thole (M) from University of Malawi will be visiting the Department os Chemistry and the group as a Senior Faculty Visiting Fellowship for three months from 1st September to 30thNovember 2017. Funded by CARTA


of 10

Enclosure 1): Research Description

a) Overall Objective and Relevance of the Activity Overall objective To increase capacity and contribution of research and higher education in Inorganic Chemistry in order to address local and global priority needs in health and technological development Relevance of the activity The inorganic chemistry research group seeks to increase capacity and contribution of research and higher education in Inorganic Chemistry in order to address local and global priority needs in health and technological development. Currently, the group is conducting synthesis of iridium and ruthenium complexes and studying their catalytic properties. These complexes will be doped with TiO2 to increase their catalytic properties for industrial applications. The group also intends to study the solubility and delivery kinetics of Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes for anticancer applications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported cancer as the leading cause of death globally, leading to about 13% of the entire global deaths every year. This percentage is higher than that of HIV, TB and malaria combined (WHO, 2012). In 2010, the National Cancer Control Strategy, Kenya reported cancer as the third highest cause of death and the figure is expected to rise in the absence of urgent measures (National Cancer Control Strategy, Kenya 2011-2016). To address this menace of cancer in Kenya, there is need for research on cheaper, more accessible and less toxic drugs. Efficiency and sustainability are key factors in modern synthesis and chemical manufacturing processes. Progress in these areas requires the development of new synthetic and catalytic reactions. A large fraction of these reactions make use of transition metal complexes which have been found to be good catalysts which work under benign conditions. The role of inorganic chemistry in solving these problems has not been adequately explored in Kenya. Nationally, a lot of work has been done in the organic and environmental areas. However, research in Inorganic Chemistry has not been fully established due to lack of critical mass of researchers and inadequate technical infrastructure. In this project, the research group seeks to strengthen research and training in Inorganic Chemistry concepts such as bioinorganic, organometallic, catalysis and sensors; develop synthesis and analytical capacity; enhance collaboration with scientists in the North, South and regionally. Coordination chemistry is central to chemistry solutions of the many challenges we face in the 21st century, e.g. manufacture of drugs, value addition of renewable raw materials through catalysis. It is therefore essential for Kenya to be able to continue training students at a research level in coordination chemistry to produce results relevant to development. The research results obtained in this project will be disseminated through publication, scientific conferences, workshops, community outreach and collaboration with industry. The proposed research seeks to address the neglected research areas of syntheses of bioinorganic and organometallic complexes for industrial and health applications. The group will seek to secure support and collaboration for research in these areas, disseminate and implement the results. Through this, the research group will build research capacity, especially in areas of relevance to Kenya.

of 10

The proposed research is in tandem with Swedish Strategy for research cooperation and research in Development cooperation 2015–2021. It will contribute to health and technological development addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are benchmarks for national and global development. At national level, the research activity is in line with the Kenya Vision 2030, which is anchored on three key pillars: Economic, Social and Political Governance which address the SDGs. It falls under Science Technology and Innovation (STI) which addresses the economic and social pillars. The research activity will contribute to generation of new knowledge that will be shared through scientific publications in refereed journals, conferences and workshops. Training workshops and exchange programmes will be organised to support knowledge transfer. Gender parity will be strengthened through attracting and retaining female students to pursue research in coordination chemistry. b) Specific Objectives

1) To increase the production, quality and relevance of scientific results in coordination chemistry

2) To attract more female students and improve the participation of women in the coordination chemistry

3) To attract sufficient financial support, other than from ISP, to ensure long-term stability

c) Planned Outputs and Expected Outcomes i) Expected outcomes The activity will contribute to capacity building and enhance the quality of research results that are relevant to the national and global community priority needs. This will include: increased production and publication of research results, citations in peer review journals and consultancies; well-equipped laboratories and pilot projects from research findings. The analytical capacity of the research group will be strengthened, thus increasing the ability to attract international research grants. Networking and collaboration with industries and scientists in the North, South and regionally will also be enhanced. ii) Planned Outputs The research group will strengthen the postgraduate programmes in inorganic chemistry in the department and increase PhD students. It will seek to equip research laboratories with facilities for syntheses and analytical capacity and train staff / students on how to use the new equipment. The research results will be published in peer reviewed journals. The members will attend and also organize conferences, workshops and seminars in order to disseminate results which will encourage networking and establishing collaborations. Other research proposals will also be developed in order to pursue university-industry or university-government collaborations to attract financial support besides ISP funding. d) Background The group has been pursuing research on the synthesis and modification of macrocyclic complexes. Macrocycles show selectivity in binding of metal ions upon modification of their structures. This

of 10

offers tremendous potential application in the detection and removal of heavy metals from water, fabrication of molecular switches, linear motors for constructing artificial nanoscale machinery (rotaxanes) and chemical sensors among others1-2. Currently, there is a growing demand for simple, in-field detection methods that are highly selective and sensitive to toxic metal ions3; artificial chemosensors are being developed in this regard, and this field of technological applications of supramolecular chemistry is rapidly gaining momentum4. The research group has conducted syntheses and studies of various oxathiacrown ether macrocycles attached to ruthenium (II) and rhenium(I) centers as the signaling units. Their ability to selectively detect cadmium(II), lead(II) and mercury(II) has been successfully tested5. More work will be done on the ability of other thiacrown ethers attached to iridium(III) and osmium(IV) to detect other heavy metals. In addition to the above, the group is exploring cyclometallation of transition metal complexes with extended π-systems and strong metal-carbon bonds. This process may change the HOMO-LUMO gap and potentially tune both excited state lifetimes and redox potentials. Investigation of C-H activation in transition metal complexes with the ligand 2-(1-naphthyl) pyridine has been done6 and here we will synthesize complexes of iridium and ruthenium with this ligand via Suzuki coupling7. The catalytic activities of these complexes will be investigated and they will also be used as sensitizers in TiO2-catalysed oxidation reactions. Also Synthesis of heteroleptic Ir(III) and Ru(III) complexes with acac moiety will be carried out. This will be followed by the anchoring of titanium on the acac on the complexes and investigation of their corresponding properties of the complexes therewith Another area of research is the synthesis of ferrocenylimine-based complexes of palladium(II) and platinum(II) which are expected to induce apoptosis against selected cancer cell lines. These complexes are analogues of the antitumor drug cis-platin but have bulky substituents around the metal center. The bulky substituents are expected to shield the metal center and thereby reduce aquation, raising the chances of DNA binding by increasing the residence time of the drug. Ferrocenyl complexes have been studied before but they suffer from low solubility8. Therefore, this project will modify these complexes to alter their physico-chemical and electronic properties in a bid to improve their hydrosolubility and delivery kinetics. It is expected that these modifications will increase the antitumor activity of these complexes. Justification Most studies on crownether based sensors have been based on complexation of alkali (Group IA) and alkaline earth (Group IIA) metal ions with crownether moieties containing hard oxygen and nitrogen-donor systems; attached to a reporter group which displays the desired redox, spectroscopic or luminescence response. These have been the subject of several reviews.9-10 In contrast, little work has been carried out on the complexation behavior of transition metals or heavy metal ions with macrocycles containing soft donor atoms like sulphur. Such systems show enhanced binding capabilities and selectivity for softer heavy metals and transition metals in comparison with O- and N-donor systems. In this work some complexes which successfully detected cadmium (II) and mercury(II) metal ions were synthesized. More work will be carried out with iridium(III) and osmium(II) as the signaling units. Kenya has large deposits of titanium (IV) oxide which are about to be mined for export. Exploring the catalytic and carboxylation reactions of titanium (IV) oxide will open up new applications of the TiO2 ore, which do not exist in Kenya today. The photochemical catalysis of TiO2 will be enhanced by use of iridium and ruthenium complexes of 2-(1-naphthyl) pyridine based ligands. This will give us an

of 10

opportunity to link up with the industry in the preparation of organic carboxylate catalysts which are new. Ferrocenyl complexes have good anticancer properties but have low solubility, which causes them to have very low efficacy as antitumor agents8. It is expected that modifications which can enhance their solubility in physiological media may result in improving their efficacy as antitumor agents. References

1. Robertson, N. and McGowan, C.A. (2003). A comparison of potential molecular wire as components for molecular electronics, Chem. Soc. Rev., 32: 96-103

2. Barigelletti, F. and Flamigni, L. (2000). Photoactive molecular wires based on metal complexes, Chem. Soc. Rev.,29: 1-12

3. Knecht, M.R. and Sethi, M. (2009). Bio-Inspired Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+ and Pb2+ Heavy Metal Ions Using Au Nanoparticles. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 394: 33–46

4. Lodeiro, C. and Pina, F. (2009). Luminescent and chromogenic molecular probes based on polyamines and related compounds. Coord. Chem. Rev. 253: 1353-1383

5. Odhiambo R.A. (2015). Development of a Sensing Probe for Soft Heavy Metals Using Oxathiacrown Ethers, PhD Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya

6. Kondrashov, M., Sudarkodi R. and Ola F. W. (2015). Metal Controlled Regioselectivity in the Cyclometallation of 2-(1-Naphthyl)-Pyridine. Chem. Commun., 51: 911–913.

7. Singh, A., Teegardin, K., Kelly, M., Prasad, K. S., Krishnan, S., & Weaver, J. D. (2015). Facile synthesis and complete characterization of homoleptic and heteroleptic cyclometalated Iridium(III) complexes for photocatalysis. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 776: 51–59

8. Motswainyana W.M., Onani M.O., Madiehe A.M., (2012). Bis(ferrocenylimine) palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes: Synthesis, Molecular Structures and evaluation as antitumor agents. Polyhedron 41:44-51

9. Minkin, V.I., Dubonosov, A.D., Bren, V.A.andTsukanov, V.A. (2008). Chemosensors with Crown Ether-Based Receptors. ARKIVOC, (iv): 90-102. IB-3000FR

10. Ushakov, E.N., Alfimov, M.V. and Gromov, S.P. (2010). Crown Ether-Based Optical Molecular Sensors and Photo controlled Ionophores. Macroheterocycles, 3: 189-200

Competence and capacity of the research group: The research group has three professors, three lecturers with PhD, seven PhD and twelve MSc students. The group is also working with Prof Ola Wendt of Lund University and Prof Martin Onani of University of Western Cape, South Africa. Experience and Challenges Our students have had an excellent opportunity to carry out their research in well-furnished laboratories through the fellowship program. Consequently, Ruth was able to finish her research work on schedule. Through the acquisition of new / refurbished equipment such as UV/Vis, FTIR, GC-MS, the research group has enhanced the analytical capacity of the academic and technical staff, and postgraduate students by training them how to use the equipment for their research work. Researchers from other local universities also use the equipment at a small fee thereby enhancing our collaboration with them.

of 10

The research group has encountered a few challenges such as expensive chemicals which are not locally available, long procurement procedures, delays in clearing of equipment and long queues of students waiting to use the only available potentiostat in the Department of Physics, for electrochemical analysis. Equipment The research group will need to procure the following for Inorganic Chemistry syntheses: high vacuum pumps, fume hood, potentiostat plus electrodes. In future we will need these other instruments: Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) if funds become available. In the previous grant period 2011-2017, the group received Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), Luminescence Spectrophotometer, new UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Solid Phase Extractor, FTIR and Schlenk line apparatus. The Department of Chemistry has Gas Chromatograph – FID and AAS. The Department is also in the process of installing 400MHz NMR which was donated by Gothenburg University. e) Strategy and Plan. Methodology The cyclometallating 2-(1-naphthyl)-pyridine ligand is being prepared via Suzuki coupling while the method reported by Young et al (2006)11 is being modified to synthesize heteroleptic complexes of iridium(III) and ruthenium(II). The possibilities of anchoring the synthesized iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) complexes on TiO2 surface to form TiO2-complex composites will be explored. Other similar composites of TiO2 with NO3, FeO will be prepared and tested. Modified ferrocenylimine ligands will be synthesized and complexed with Pd(II) and Pt(II) using literature method reported by Motswaiyana et al (2012)8. The modifications are expected to alter the physico-chemical and electronic properties of these complexes and improve hydrosolubility and delivery kinetics. It is expected that these modifications will increase the antitumor activity of these complexes. Characterization All the synthesized compounds will be characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, Mass Spectrometry, UV-Vis and Luminescence, cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray crystallography, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (C,H,N). References 11. Young Kwan Kim, Young Sik Kim and Yunkyoung H.A. (2006). Journal of the Korean

Physical Society, 50 (6): 1729-1734

of 10

Work plan and time table No. Activity 2018 2019 2020

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1 Attract postgraduate students to pursue research in identified priority areas of inorganic chemistry

2 Conduct research activities 3 Build the technical capacity

in the inorganic chemistry by encouraging S-N and S-S fellowships

4 Strengthen analytical capacity of the group by procuring equipment and laboratory accessories

5 Attend and organise scientific workshops / conference to encourage exchange of information

6 Publicize the research results in scientific peer reviewed journals

7 Apply for research grant from other funding agencies

f) Gender balance The inorganic research group has 5 male (62.5 %) and 3 female (37.5%) members of academic staff. In order to raise the female gender to at least 40%, postgraduate students will be admitted to carry out research in inorganic chemistry. For a long time there used to be only 1 female member in the Inorganic Chemistry thematic area. Between 2011 to 2016, two females who have been pursuing PhD under KEN01 have been employed in the thematic area, and this has increased the number to 3. One female member of staff who was part of the thematic area resigned from the university in 2015. Generally, we have few people pursuing Inorganic Chemistry in the whole country especially synthesis which is considered to be time consuming, in addition to lack of finance for expensive chemicals and equipments. Until recently, where we have seen more ladies join the chemistry discipline, female students always shunned the subject assuming it is only for males. The gender imbalance may be attributed to the negative attitude of females towards science subjects from high school. The few females who pursue chemistry at University level prefer to study Organic Chemistry, especially Natural Products rather than Inorganic Chemistry. Most of them shy off from

of 10

synthesis (both organic and inorganic) because it is time consuming. Most ladies get married towards the end or immediately after their undergraduate studies, hence prefer employment to support their families, stay at home to take care of their children or pursue studies which do not take them away from their natural environment. To address the gender imbalance, the Department of Chemistry has formed Women in Chemistry (WIC) and other sciences group which promotes the science subjects especially chemistry in High Schools and also hold seminars where they invite the former unversity female graduates to give lectures, motivate and mentor the female undergraduate students. The group has started encouraging and mentoring undergraduate female students to take Inorganic Chemistry projects in their fourth year in preparation for their MSc and PhD. The group is trying to identify some of the best female students in the undergraduate who can be employed in the thematic area as Graduate Assistants with the aim of mentoring them to pursue synthesis. ISP would be of great help if they can give more grants for sandwich scholarships, instruments, chemicals and North to South exchange programme to KEN01 to enable us to train more female MSc and PhD graduates.

g. Expected financing

The research group sources research funds through application of research grants from the International Foundation for Science (IFS), National Research Fund (NRF), Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), L’Oreal-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (L’Oreal-UNESCO), African Union (AU) and scholarships offered to students through the German Academic Exchange programme (DAAD). These sources of funding are inadequate and mainly support students for short-term projects of one or two years. The University provides salaries to the staff in the research group, offices and laboratory space. The University also caters for water and electricity.

h. Collaboration with other scientists:

The Research group has established contacts with other scientists through the ISP – Lund University, Gothenburg University and the University of Western Cape, Kenya Chemical Society (KCS), Africa Network for Chemical Analysis of Pesticides (ANCAP), Pan Africa Chemistry Network (PACN), Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Southern and Eastern Africa Network of Analytical Chemists (SEANAC), Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and African Network of Scientific and Technological Innovation (ANSTI). These Networks organise scientific conferences for information exchange. There has been negligible contribution to the inorganic chemistry networks due to limited research activities in the research area. The proposed activity will benefit the existing collaborations by producing high quality scientific results to be shared with other scientists.

i) Postgraduate students The Department of Chemistry offers postgraduate programmes at Masters and PhD in Chemistry, Analytical, Industrial, Inorganic, Physical, Organic and Environmental Chemistry. The Inorganic Chemistry research group has four PhD students and two are already sponsored by ISP through KEN01.

of 1

0

F/ M

Nam

e Target

degree

Start

year

Grad

year

Thesis/Sub

ject

% of w

ork do

ne

ISP supp

ort

F Ra

chael N

jogu

njog

uracha

el@uo

nbi.ac.ke

PhD

2014

20

18

Synthe

sis of irid

ium(III) an

d ruthen

ium(II) com

plexes

using 2-‐(1-‐nap

htyl)pyridine

80 % of w

ork do

ne.

All the

ligand

s and

the

correspo

nding iridium

(III)

complexes have be

en sy

nthe

sized

an

d characterized

.

2 – 3 mon

ths

M

Simon

Mbu

gua

mbu

guasn7

7@yaho

o.com

PhD

2017

20

20

Solubility an

d De

livery

Kine

tic Studies of M

odified

Ferrocylim

ine Pd

(II) a

nd

Pt(II) C

omplexes fo

r An

tican

cer A

pplications

He is startin

g off the

research

work

75 % fu

nding

M

Patrick Tu

m

patricktum

@gm

ail.com

PhD

2015

20

18

Photocatalytic Degrada

tion

of W

aste W

ater from

Tea

Factories b

y Titanium

Dioxide: A Case Stud

y of

Tea Factories in Ke

nya

90 % of w

ork do

ne

He ha

s pub

lishe

d 2 pa

pers, and

ab

out to start w

riting his the

sis

Non

e

F Jane

Wan

jiru Macha

ria

jane

peter92@

yaho

o.com

PhD

2018

20

21

Investigation of Effe

ct of

High Fluo

ride Intake in

Vulnerab

le Pop

ulation: A

Case Study of P

regnan

t Wom

en, Lactatin

g Mothe

rs,

Children an

d the Ag

ed

She is writing he

r propo

sal

Non

e

M

Nicho

las M

wen

da

PhD

2012

20

18

Investigation of Physic

al

and Ch

emical M

etho

ds fo

r De

contam

ination of

Aflatoxin Infected

Maize

60 % of w

ork do

ne

Non

e

F Floren

ce M

asese

maseseflorence8

@gm

ail.co

PhD

2014

20

18

Synthe

sis and

Ch

aracterization of

50 % of w

ork do

ne

She is expe

cted

to finish by 20

18

Non

e

of 1

0

m

Titanium

(IV) o

xide

Nan

oparticles

since sh

e is fund

ed by DA

AD

F Ke

mbo

i J C

aroline

ckem

boi90@

gmail.com

MSc

2013

20

17

Developm

ent o

f a Rap

id

Screen

ing Techniqu

e Usin

g Po

rtab

le X-‐ray Fluorescence

(pXR

F) Spe

ctrometer to

Assess Nutrie

nts S

tatus o

f Maize Leaves

All the

work is do

ne, she

is in th

e process o

f writing the thesis

Non

e

F Que

enter A

tieno

Osoro

MSc

2013

20

17

Environm

ental Effe

cts o

f Titanium

Mining

Stil collecting da

ta

Non

e

F Magda

lene

Nguu

MSc

2013

20

17

Assessmen

t of E

ssen

tial

Micronu

trients L

evels in

Common

Beans in Selected

Sites in Ke

nya

All the

work is do

ne, she

is in th

e process o

f writing the thesis, to

grad

uate in Decem

ber 2

017

Non

e

of 10

j) Justification of Budget Items Equipment, spare parts and service: The equipment will be used for characterization of inorganic materials synthesized. The money includes: Equipment repairs and purchase of Fumehood, Glove Box, High vacuum pump (For Schlenk line), Potentiostat & electrodes and UPS for the computers for the UV/vis and FTIR. Consumable, literature and fieldworks The funds for consumables will be used to purchase laboratory supplies including solvents, gases, fine chemicals and glassware. The money allocated for literature will be used to support journal subscriptions and publications. Workshops & Conferences One conference will be organised locally to support training and exchange of information between the research group and other scientists in Inorganic Chemistry. The group members will also have an opportunity to participate in other international conferences / workshops. This will offer an excellent opportunity to disseminate research findings and enhance networking among researchers Fellowships for training Fellowships for training will be organised to support exchange of knowledge and acquisition of skills. In addition the research group will use fellowship opportunities to access equipment which are not available at the University of Nairobi. There will be two students on fellowships at different times during 2018-2020 grant period. Opportunities for North-South and South-North exchange (At most 1 month) will also be given for visiting students / scientists.

Logical Framew

ork Matrix

In th

e matrix

you

insert th

e long-‐term overall ob

jective of you

research activity

as w

ell as y

our spe

cific objectiv

es, as s

tated in Enclosure 1. You

also fill ou

t outpu

ts and

outcomes fo

r each specific ob

jective with

indicators m

easurin

g the prog

ress and

perform

ance, as w

ell as a

ssum

ptions,

sources o

f data an

d the strategy to

collect it. The

template is partly

pre-‐filled

at the

Outcome an

d Pe

rforman

ce in

dicator level, to prov

ide yo

u with

an exam

ple. This can be

cha

nged

or sub

stitu

ted as you

see

fit.

Overall ob

jective (Im

pact): To

increase cap

acity

and

con

tribution of re

search and

highe

r edu

catio

n in In

organic Ch

emistry in order to

add

ress local and

glob

al prio

rity ne

eds in he

alth and

techno

logical develop

men

t

Type

s of Outpu

ts

Outcomes

Performan

ce In

dicator o

f Outcome

Data So

urce

Data Co

llection

Strategy

Assumptions

Specific Objectiv

e 1: To increase th

e prod

uctio

n, qua

lity an

d relevance of sc

ientific results in coo

rdination chem

istry

Prom

ote po

stgrad

uate

prog

rammes in

inorganic chem

istry

Master a

nd PhD

stud

ents gradu

ate from

the prog

rams

Num

bers of m

aster’s and

do

ctoral th

eses defen

ded,

numbe

r of p

ublications

University

postgradu

ate

registers, University

web

site,

Internationa

l jou

rnals &

datab

ases

Prog

ress re

ports, Hard an

d soft cop

ies o

f the

ses,

publications

All stude

nts w

ill su

bmit theses

timely, Availability of

adeq

uate fu

nding, Red

uctio

n of procuremen

t burecracy

University

adm

inistrativ

e supp

ort

Establish

research

contacts and

collabo

ratio

ns

Collabo

ratio

n with

scientists regiona

lly

and in th

e North

Num

ber a

nd duration of

exchan

ge visits, n

umbe

r of

stud

ents traine

d with

partners,

and nu

mbe

r of co-‐pu

blications Re

ports o

f excha

nge visits,

joint p

ublications, R

eports of

meetin

gs with

indu

stry,

MOUs w

ith indu

stry, Project

repo

rts

Records o

f MOUs

establish

ed, Progress rep

orts

subm

itted

, ann

ual activity

repo

rts to ISP

Availability of ade

quate

fund

ing

Mon

ey m

ade through

consultancy

Dissem

ination of

research re

sults

Use of research results

from

supp

orted

activ

ities

Num

ber o

f recorde

d instan

ces

of use (including in te

aching);

numbe

r of e

xterna

l assign-‐

men

ts; n

umbe

r of p

aten

ts

Citatio

ns in boo

ks and

journa

l pap

ers, Paten

t register, U

niversity

pilot

projects, W

ebsites,

Review

of jou

rnal cita

tions,

Visit paten

t registers

Availability of ade

quate

fund

ing.

Ro

utine fin

ancial

man

agem

ent o

f research grants

Fund

ing is well

man

aged

, used an

d repo

rted

, scien

tifically

and econ

omically

Fulfilm

ent o

f bud

get,

tran

sparen

cy and

correctne

ss

of local accou

nt, com

pleten

ess

of sc

ientific repo

rting

Audited Fina

ncial statemen

ts Aud

ited Fina

ncial statemen

ts Tim

ely subm

ission of A

udite

d Fina

ncial statemen

ts

Tran

sparen

cy and

accoun

tability

Equip research

Labo

ratorie

s with

facilities for sy

nthe

ses

and an

alytical cap

acity

Well-‐e

quippe

d labo

ra-‐

torie

s, increased prod

-‐uctio

n an

d pu

blication

of re

search re

sults re

le-‐

vant to

develop

men

t, pilot p

rojects from

research find

ings

Num

ber o

f new

equ

ipmen

t, nu

mbe

r of refurbished

eq

uipm

ent, chem

ical su

pplies,

Num

ber o

f pub

lication in

refereed

journa

ls, use of

research re

sults in indu

stry,

collabo

ratio

n with

indu

stry.

University

inventories

Labo

ratory In

ventories to be

up

dated an

nually

Adeq

uate fu

nding

Organ

ization an

d pa

rticipation in

conferen

ces,

worksho

ps and

seminars

Networking w

ith

scientists regiona

lly

and in th

e North

Num

ber o

f con

ferences,

worksho

ps and

seminars

organized or atten

ded;

Num

ber o

f pap

ers p

resented

in

conferen

ces, worksho

ps and

seminars

Conferen

ce, W

orksho

p an

d seminar re

ports o

r proceedings, University

web

site

Electron

ic pap

ers a

nd

extend

ed abstracts in

conferen

ces a

tten

ded or

collected

by conferen

ce /

worksho

p secretariat,

Fellowship re

ports b

y the

host institutions

All participan

ts will su

bmit

abstracts/pa

pers

Availability of ade

quate

fund

ing

Specific Objectiv

e 2: To attract m

ore female stud

ents and

improve the pa

rticipation of wom

en in th

e coordina

tion chem

istry

Increase th

e nu

mbe

r of fe

male stud

ents in

postgrad

uate

Female stud

ents enrol

for M

Sc / Ph

D in th

e grou

p / d

epartm

ent

Num

ber a

nd sh

are of fe

male

stud

ents enrolling at M

Sc, PhD

level in the grou

p / d

epartm

ent Po

stgrad

uate re

gisters,

inform

ation from

the

Gradu

ate Scho

ol

Gradu

ate Scho

ol tracking

system

, Progress rep

orts

All stude

nts w

ill su

bmit theses

timely, Availability of

adeq

uate fu

nding, M

ost o

f these female stud

ents will

pursue

coo

rdination

chem

istry, U

niversity

ad

ministrativ

e supp

ort

Specific Objectiv

e 3: To attract sufficient fina

ncial sup

port, o

ther th

an from

ISP, to

ensure long

-‐term stab

ility

Develop othe

r research propo

sals

outside ISP

Fund

ing from

others

sources tha

n ISP

Amou

nt of fun

ding re

ceived

from

specified

sources, and

du

ratio

n of fu

nding

Fund

ing agency web

sites,

university gran

ts re

cords

Audited fin

ancial statem

ents Enh

anced capa

city to

attract

gran

ts

Establish

university

-‐go

vernmen

t / N

GOs /

internationa

l organ

i-‐zatio

ns collabo

ratio

n to attract fina

ncial

supp

ort

Contracted

projects

Num

ber o

f projects fun

ded

University

grants records

Project rep

orts and

aud

ited

finan

cial statem

ents

Increased go

odwill from

the

governmen

t/NGOs/Internatio

nal organ

izations to

the

university

of 15

PROFFESSOR LYDIA WANJIRU NJENGA

ADDRESS: University of Nairobi

Department of Chemistry-,

P. O. Box 30197-00100, NAIROBI, Kenya

Mobile: Tel: 254-722-768245 (mobile)

E-Mail: [email protected]/ [email protected]

PROFILE SUMMARY

A holder of a Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry (Analytical/ Environmental Chemistry. I am an

Associate Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry having risen through academic ranks

since 1983 when I first joined the Department as a Tutorial Fellow. Currently I am the Director of

Graduate School and I have a wealth of academic and administrative experience in undergraduate and

postgraduate matters, having served as Director, graduate School (six months), Board of Postgraduate

Studies for two years, Dean, School of Physical Sciences for 4 years, Thematic Head of

Inorganic/Environmental and Analytical Chemistry for 11 years. I have been a strong advocate of

developing a strong postgraduate culture where quality and time duration is maintained. I have also

served in several University, College and Faculty/School committees and was the advisor to the Nairobi

University Chemical Club, among other responsibilities. I have been an external examiner in several

local and international Universities. I have also supervised two PhD and candidates, several Masters and

Undergraduate students to completion and currently supervising more than 5 PhD and 10 MSc students. I

have a number of collaborators and have received a number of grants. My present research interest is in

Coordination/Organometallic chemistry: Synthesis of macro cycles, catalytic molecules,

chemotherapeutic drugs and chemo sensors and their applications and fluoride analysis in water, foods,

plants and soils. I have also attended more than 40 local and international conferences and workshops and

presented more than 14 papers and six reports. I have also widely published with 16 articles in Refereed

Journals and have authored two Open and Distance Learning Modules entitled, “Coordination Chemistry”

and “Transition Elements (d and f block elements) and Organometallic Chemistry”. I have been

responsible for organizing a number of conferences and I am a member of various bodies; Kenya

Chemical Society, Women in Science and Engineers, Women in Chemistry, Kenya DAAD Association

and East and Southern Africa Environmental Chemistry. I engage in several community service

initiatives.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

mailto:[email protected]/

mailto:[email protected]

of 15

1985 – 1990 University of Nairobi, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Analytical/Environmental

Chemistry.

1979–1982 University of Nairobi, Master of Science (MSc) in Chemistry.

1976- 1979 University of Nairobi, Bachelor of Science (BSc) Chemistry Major (1st class honors)

1985-1986 University of Uppsala (Sweden), Sandwich programme in Department of Analytical

Chemistry

1974-1975 Alliance Girls High School, Kenya Advanced Certificate of Education

1970-1973 Ngandu Girls High School, Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

MEMBERSHIP AND AFFILIATIONS TO PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION

Kenya Chemical Society 1993 to date

Women in Chemistry (WIC), 2010 to date;

Women in Science and Engineers, 2005 to date;

Kenya DAAD Students Association (KDSA) 1995 to date;

East and Southern Africa Environmental Chemistry

WORKING EXPERIENCE

Director: Graduate School, 2nd February 2017 to date: Administration and Academic head

Director: Board of Postgraduate studies, 2nd January 2015 to 1st February 2017: Administration and

Academic head.

Dean: School of Physical Sciences, 16th November 2012 to 2nd January 2015: Administration and

Academic head.

Ag. Dean: School of Physical Science, 3rd January 2011 to 15th November 2012: Administration and

Academic head.

Associate professor of Chemistry: Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, 2006 to date:

Inorganic chemistry, Responsible for the activities of the inorganic

Chemistry Section, teaching of inorganic Chemistry to

undergraduate and postgraduate students. Supervision of advanced

degree theses.

Senior lecturer: Department of Chemistry, 1994 to August 2006: Inorganic

chemistry, Responsible for the activities of the inorganic

Chemistry Section, teaching of inorganic Chemistry to

undergraduate and postgraduate students. Supervision of advanced

degree theses.

Thematic Head Department of Chemistry, Inorganic/Analytical/Environmental

Chemistry Thematic Area. 2000 to 2011

Lecturer: Department of Chemistry, 1987 to 1993: Inorganic chemistry,

Responsible for the activities of the inorganic Chemistry Section,

teaching of inorganic Chemistry to undergraduate

of 15

Tutorial Fellow: Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, 1983 to 1987:

Demonstrator: Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, 1982 to 1983:

Research Chemist: Ministry of Natural Resources (Mines and Geology), 1979

Secondary School teacher Gatanga Girls secondary School, 1976: Teaching Mathematic and

Chemistry

OTHER LEADERSHIP POSITIONS

Chairperson: College Health and Safety Committee 2005 –2012

Member of the SONU Review Committee: 2013 –March 2014 and SONU Independent panel 2014-

2016

Committee Member: Board of Postgraduate Studies for Graduate (BPS) Strategic Plan 2015, BPS

Tracking System 2015 and Online Application and admission System 2015-2016

Committee Member: UON Central Corruption Prevention Committee 2015 to date

University representative: committee for the preparation of the Physical Science National laboratory

strategic plan organized by NACOSTI

Committee Member: College Procurement and College Corruption Prevention Committees 2011-2014

Committee member: Research Policy Review, Intellectual property rights Policy Review and Open and

Access Policy 2012

Senate representative: School of Physical Science 2010 and College Academic Board Member 2000 to

date

Committee Member: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Policy in the University 2010

Technical Team committee member: Women Study Centre (UON) 2010 – To Date

Chairperson of Department of Chemistry: Curriculum development committee 2006 – 2010

Senate Member: Representing School of Physical Science 2009 to 2010.

Coordinator: East and Southern Africa Environmental Chemistry Workshop (ESAECW) and

Theoretical Chemistry workshop in Africa (TCWA).

Kenya DAAD Students Association (KDSA): Treasurer 1995 to 2000

Departmental Representative in College Show Organizing Committee, Faculty of science Student/ Staff

Welfare Committee, 1990 to 2001.

EXAMINER

External Examiner: Makerere University in 2010 to 2012: Moderation and external examining of all

Inorganic, Analytical, Environmental and industrial chemistry papers for

undergraduate and postgraduate,

External Examiner: MSc, M.Phil and PhD Thesis for Makerere, JKUT and Moi Universities,

Internal Examiner: PhD and MSc theses in the Department of chemistry and Institute of Nuclear

Science and Technology,

Board of Examiner: for PhD and MSc thesis and also for undergraduate examinations

of 15

External Examiner: Kenya Science Teachers College in 1998, 1999 and 2000 (Inorganic chemistry

papers).

Examiner: A-level Chemistry for Kenya National Examinations Council, 1981 to1984:

GRANTS

2015-2017 A grant awarded to Inorganic Chemistry research group (KEN: 01 by International

Science program (ISP) (1,650,000 SEK) I am the Group Leader

2011-2014 A grant awarded to Inorganic Chemistry research group (KEN: 01) by International

Science program (ISP): 2011 (138,000SEK), 2012 - 2014 (450.000 SEK) I was the

Deputy Group Leader

1986 Research grant by the International Foundation for Science in support of the part 1 of

project entitled “Development of Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Fluoride in Food

and Plants”

1985 Research Grant by Dean’s committee (UON) in support of my PhD project

GRANT ACHIEVEMENTS

Purchase of instruments Such as: FT – 1R spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, GC – MS,

Luminescence, schlenk line and other instruments

The grant is supporting 3 PhD students. Two (2) PhD students in Sweden and 1 PhD in South

Africa (One PhD has Graduated)

COLLABORATION

International Science Program (ISP): Support the student financially

Lund University with Prof Ola Wendt (SWEDEN): Two students are having a sandwich

scholarship for their PhD project

Western Cape University (SA) with Prof Onani: one students have a sandwich scholarship for his

PhD project

AWARDS

International Seminars Program ( ISP): Scholarship to pursue PhD in Uppsala University

(Sandwich program 1985-1987)

DAAD Scholarship: Master of Science (MSc) in Chemistry at the University of Nairobi (1979-

1982).

Gandhi Smarak: Best Final year student in the Faculty of Science, University of Nairobi

(1979)

Montedison Prize: Best Final Year Student in the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

University of Nairobi (1979)

Kenya Shell: Best Final Year Student in the Faculty of Science, University of Nairobi (1979)

Royal Chemical Society: Best Final Year Female student in the Department of Chemistry,

University of Nairobi (1979)

of 15

PUBLICATIONS

1. Jane W. Macharia, Shem O. Wandiga, Lydia W. Njenga, Vincent O. Madadi “Moringa Oleifera

and Ceramic Filters for Escherichia Coli and Turbidity Removal From Drinking Water” IOSR

Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) 9, (2016) 5, 46-55

2. C. Muhavini Wawire, , Damien Jouvenot, Frédérique Loiseau, Pablo Baudinb, Sébastien Liatard,

Lydia Njenga, Geoffrey N. Kamau, Mark E. Casida Density-functional Study of Luminescence

in Polypyridineruthenium Complexes. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry

276, (2013) 8– 15

3. David M. Maina, Lydia W. Njenga, John M. Onyari, Banjamin N. Kyalo, Trace Elements Concentration

in Some Tradition Diets Consumed in Selected Parts of Eastern Province of Kenya Journal of

Environmental Protection 3, (2012) 617-623

4. Njenga, L. W., Maina, D. M., Kariuki, D. N. and Mwangi, F. K., Aluminum Exposure from Vegetables

and Fresh raw vegetable Juices. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment (JFAE) 5 (1) (2007) 8 - 11

5. Njenga, L. W. and Kariuki, D. N. “Determination of Labile Fluoride in Kenyan Soils”. East African

Journal of Physical Science 6 (2) (2005) 57-66.

6. Njenga, L. W. Kariuki, D. N. and Ndegwa, S. “Water Labile Fluoride from Fresh Raw Vegetable Juices

From Markets in Nairobi, Kenya”. Fluoride 38 (3) (2005) 205 – 208

7. Njenga, L. W. and Kariuki, D. N.: “Analysis of Fluoride in Locally Available Beverages: Comparison of

Direct, Oven Diffusion and Hexamethyldisiloxane Diffusion method”. International Journal of

BioChemiPhysics, 13 (2004) 26 – 31

8. R. W. Kahama, D. N. Kariuki and L. W. Njenga: “Effects of Interfering ions on Hexamethyldisiloxane

Micro Diffusion Method”. Talanta 44 (1997) 1729-1733.

9. R. W. Kahama, D. N. Kariuki, H. N. Kariuki and L. W. Njenga: “Fluorosis in Children and Sources of

Fluoride around Lake Elementaita”. Fluoride 30 (1997) 19-25.

10. R. W. Kahama, D. N. Kariuki and L. W. Njenga: “Comparison of Two Micro Diffusion Methods Used

to Measure Ionizable Fluoride in Cow Milk. Analyst Vol. 120 (1995) 2245-2247.

11. L. W. Njenga “Determination of Labile Fluoride in Soils: An Intercomparison of Different Extracting

Media”. International Journal of BioChemiPhysics, 3, (1994) 18 – 22.

12. L. W. Njenga and D. N. Kariuki: “Accumulation of Fluoride in Plants and Vegetables”. International

Journal of BioChemiPhysics, 3, (1994) 23 - 25.

13. L. W. Njenga, “Fluoride content in some Kenyan tea leaves” International Journal of BioChemiPhysics,

3, (1994) 75 - 76.

14. L. W. Njenga: “Methods for Fluoride Analysis in Plants, Foods and Soil Using Fluoride Ion Selective

Electrode”. Ph D. Thesis (1989), University of Nairobi.

15. L. Gustafsson and L. W. Njenga, “Determination of Total Fluoride in Vegetables and Plants by

Open-flame Ashing and Microdiffusion: Comparison with Furnace Ashing and Oxygen-flask

Combustion”. Analytica Chimica Acta 212 (1988) 133-143

16. D. N. Kariuki, H. M. Thairu, L. W. Njenga: (1984) “Dietary Sources of Fluoride in Kenya”. Paper

Published in the proceedings of the workshop on “Fluorosis Research Strategies. Published in

African Medical and Research Foundation 36 [1984] 32 - 6.

17. L. W. Njenga “Determination of Fluoride in Water and Tea Using Ion Selective Electrode and

Calorimetric Methods”. MSc. Thesis (1982), University of Nairobi:

BOOK PUBLICATION

1. Njenga L. W., Module II book for open distance learning book, title “Coordination chemistry”

Reviewed by Prof Shem O. Wandiga (Professor of Chemistry) and edited by Mr J. O. Odumbe

(Director CO&DL) [2005]

of 15

2. Njenga L. W., e-learning module II contents for “Coordination Chemistry”. 3rd year BED

(Science) course material. [2007]

3. Njenga L. W., Module II book for open distance learning book, title “Transition Elements and

Organometallic Chemistry” Reviewed by Prof Shem Wandiga (Professor in Chemistry) [2009].

PAPERS SUBMITTED

1. Ruth, A. Odhiambo1,2, Austin O. Aluoch,4 Lydia W. Njenga1, Stanley M. Kagwanja3, Shem O.

Wandiga1 and Ola F. Wendt2* “Synthesis, characterization and ion-binding properties of

oxathiacrown ethers appended to [Ru(bpy)2]2+. Selectivity towards Hg2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+”

2. Rachael E.N., Peter Fodran, Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Carl J. Wallentin and Ola F.

Wendt* ( 2017) “ Synthesis and Characterization of Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium (III) 2-(1-

naphthyl)-pyridine Complexes and their Application in Three-component

Oxytrifluoromethylation of Styrene via Photoredox Catalysis”

PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS

1. Rachael E.N. Njogu, Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Amir O. Yusuf and Ola F. Wendt

“Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes as Photoredox Catalysts in Organic Synthesis”

Oorgandagarna - Inorganic Days, 12-14 June 2017 in Nynäshamn, Sweden

2. Rachael E.N. Njogu Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Amir O. Yusuf and Ola F. Wendt

”Synthesis of Tris Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes under Green Conditions for

Photoredox Catalysis” Trends in Green Chemistry, 3 April 2017, Stockholm University

3. Njogu, R.N.E., Njenga, L.W., Kariuki, D.K., and Wendt, F. O. Synthesis and Characterization of

Tris-cyclometalated Iridium (III) and Ruthenium (II) Complexes. 3rd Nordic Meeting on

Organometallic Chemistry, Lund, Sweden 10-11th March 2015 (Poster).

4. M. Nguli, M. J. Gatari, K. Shepherd, L. Njenga “Essential Micronutrient Levels in Common

Beans in Kenya” 17th international conference on Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence analysis

and related methods (TXRF2017). September 19-22, 2017 at University of Brescia, Italy

5. L.W. Njenga: “The Rationale for PhD Supervision Training” Presented at a workshop for

training of PhD supervision for CHS, 6th, June 2016, at the E-Learning Center

6. L. W. Njenga: “Trends in teaching, research and applications of inorganic chemistry in

addressing national development agenda as envisioned in vision 2030”. Presented at the National

inorganic Chemistry workshop held at Chiromo Campus, Nairobi on 13th -14th May 2016

7. L. W. Njenga: “The Process of Supervision of Postgraduate Students” Presented at a workshop

for training of PhD supervision for School of Continuing Distance Education (SCDE), 11th, May

2016, at the Central Catering Unit

8. L. W. Njenga: “Revised Common Regulations for Postgraduate Studies” Presented at a

Curriculum Development for UNTID workshop 4th -8th April, 2016, at Airport Hotel Mombasa

Road)

9. L. W. Njenga: “Common Regulations for Postgraduate Studies” presented at a workshop for

training of trainers on PhD supervision, 15th – 17th, January 2016, at the Central Catering Unit

(CCU)

10. Wandiga O.S, Njenga L.W, “Synthesis of catalysts and chemical sensors” Presented In IPPCS

conference (proposal defense) in Africa Academy of Science, Kenya, 17th-20th November 2014

11. Ruth A. Odhiambo, Ola F. Wendt, Shem O. Wandiga, Lydia W. Njenga, Stanley M. Kagwanja

and Austin O. Aluoch. Detection of Soft Heavy Metals Ions Using Ruthenium Oxathia Crown

Ethers. 5thSEANAC Conference, 9-13 June 2014, Reef Hotel Mombasa, Kenya

of 15

12. M. J. Gatari, F. Mugoh, L. W. Njenga, K. D. Shepherd, A. sila, M. N. Kamau, D. M. Maina

(2013). Prediction of soil properties: An Experiment using Mt Kenya forest Soils. In proceedings

of 15th International Conference on Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence and related Methods,

and 49th Annual Conference on X-Ray Chemical Analysis, Osaka, Japan, 23 – 27 September

2013

13. Mugo M Fredrick, Njenga W Lydia, Gatari JM Michael, Shepherd D Keith, Sila Andrew

Prediction of Soil Physiochemical in Mt.Kenya Using MIR-PLSR. In Proceedings of Pedometrics

Workshop 2013 held on 26th -27th August, 2013 at ICRAF Campus, Nairobi, Kenya

14. Ngenoh, J. K., Gichuru, M. J. G., Maina, D. M., Njenga, L. W. (2013). “Traffic and mineral dust

impact on air quality in Nairobi”, Kenya. In proceedings of the joint ISEE, ISES and ISIAQ

Environmental Health Conference 2013 in Basel, Switzerland, 19-23 August 2013.

15. Wandiga O.S, Njenga L.W, Odhiambo R., Ndunda E, Situma D., Madadi V, “Synthesis of

catalysts and chemical sensors” Presented In IPPCS conference in Uppsala, Sweden on 23rd

September 2011

16. Njenga LW and Kariuki DN “Challenges of teaching Inorganic Chemistry in Kenya” Paper

presented in University of Lund and Göteborg, Sweden: Funded by International Science

program (ISP) Uppsala on14 & 15 May 2011 (www.isp.uu.se/digital

Assets/126/126348_annualreport2012.pdf pg 73&85

17. Njenga L. W. “Hazardous waste management practices and recommendations at College of

Biological and Physical Sciences, Chiromo Campus” Presented at a workshop on Hazardous

Waste management workshop held in Kenya National museum on 30th September 2009

18. D. M. Maina, L. W. Njenga, J.O Onyari and N. B Nyilitia “Trace elements concentration in some

tradition diets consumed in selected parts of Eastern Province of Kenya” Paper presented in the

1st conference and exhibition for dissemination of research organized by Ministry of Higher

Education Science and Technology on 28th - 30th April 2008, in Nairobi, Kenya.

19. Njenga L. W. and Mwangi F. K “Aluminum content in vegetables and fresh raw vegetable

juices” Paper published in the proceedings of the East Africa Environmental Chemistry workshop

(ESAECW) and sixth Theoretical Chemistry Workshop in Africa (TCWA) In Namibia 5th – 9th

December 2005.

20. L. W. Njenga and D. N. Kariuki. “The fluoride concentration in vegetables and plants”. A paper

submitted in the Kenya Chemical Society Inaugural Ceremony, June 7-11, 1993, Nairobi, Kenya.

21. L. W. Njenga and D. N. Kariuki: “Accumulation of fluoride in plants and vegetables”. A paper

submitted at the 10th East and Southern Workshop on Environmental Chemistry in Somalia

National University, September 1989.

22. D. N. Kariuki, H. M. Thairu and L. W. Njenga. "Analysis of fluoride ion in potable water using

colorimetric and electrochemical methods". 1984

23. D. N. Kariuki, H. M. Thairu and L. W. Njenga. “Dietary sources of fluoride”. Paper Published

in the “Proceedings of the workshop on Fluorosis research strategies”. Dental Surgery,

University of Nairobi, 1983

24. M. Thairu, D. N. Kariuki and L. W. Njenga. (1982) “Distribution of Fluoride in Kenya Waters”

Presented at 1982 Environmental Chemistry Workshop at of Association of Faculties of Africa

Universities (AFSAU) Lesotho. Paper published in the “Proceedings of southern and Eastern

Africa Sub-region, Environmental Chemistry workshop” pg 32 – 36

of 15

TEACHING EXPERIENCE

Undergraduate: General Chemistry (Atomic structure and chemical bonding), Chemistry of the

main block Elements (s &p) General and Inorganic Chemistry for Agriculture and Engineering

students. Coordination Chemistry, Group theory and its Applications for undergraduate,

Transition Elements, coordination chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry and inorganic reaction

mechanism and project supervision

Postgraduate: Advanced group theory and its Applications and MSc & PhD Thesis supervision.

SUPERVISION

POSTGRADUATE PROJECTS

1. PhD; Kahama, R.W. “Analysis and Evaluation of Forms of Fluoride in Cow and Human Milk

from Naturally High and Low Fluoride Areas in Kenya and the Effect of This Intrinsic Milk

Fluoride on Teeth Demineralization” (2001) (graduated)

2. PhD; Ruth Odhiambo “Development of Sensors for Soft heavy Metal Ions using Oxathiacrown

ether Macrosycles”2015, graduated

3. PhD; Rachael Njeri Njogu “Synthesis and applications of Tris-cyclometalated 2-(1-naphthyl)

pyridine Iridium (III) and Ruthenium (II) complexes (on going)

4. PhD; Simon Ngigi Mbugua “Synthesis and Characterization of Trans-Bis (Ferrocenylimine)

Palladium (II) And Platinum (II) Complexes: Apoptosis against Selected Cancer Cell Lines” 2016

in progress.

5. PhD; Fredrick Mwazige “Development of Nanometallic and organic Acid Doped Ultrasensitive

Polymeric Nanosensor platform for Detection of polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)”

2016 in progress

6. PhD; Catherine Njambi Muya “Optimized Synthetic Design and Characterization of

Biodegradable Polymers from Cellulosic Biomass: Grevillea Gobusta Leaves as a Potential

Economic Output in Plastic Industry”, 2015 in progress

7. PhD; Rose Chiteva “Environmental Impact on the postharvest Quality of Syzigium Cordatum

Fruits in Kenya” 2017 in progress

8. PhD; Mungai G “Geochemical Data Analysis of CO2 – Rich Springs in Eastern Mt Kenya

Region: An Implication for Genesis of Carbon Dioxide, Social Economic and Environmental

Impact of the Springs 2017 in progress

9. MSc; Nyilitia K. B. “Bioavailability of essential trace elements in foodstuff commonly consumed

in Ukambani” 2007 (graduated)

10. MSc; Kiratu M. J “Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Ferrocene-

Thiosemicarbazone ligand and copper complexes”. 2009 (graduated)

11. MSc; Mwangi F. K “Assessment of Trace Elements in Herbal and Conventional Beverages

consumed in Nairobi”. 2011 (graduated)

12. MSc; Mugo M Fredrick “Determination of soil physiochemical composition and use of MIR to

predict soil properties of mount Kenya” 2013 (graduated)

13. MSc; Mungai G. “Investigation of minerals in the water and rocks of Rurii Mineral Springs in

Meru County, Kenya” 2013 (graduated 2015)

of 15

14. MSc; Ngeno KJ “Urban Air Quality in Nairobi Kenya: Application of Energy Dispersive X-

Ray Fluorescence and Principal Component Analysis” 2015 (graduated )

15. MSc; Macharia Jane “Development of Low Cost Water Purification System- A Case Study of

Ceramic Filters and Moringa Oleifera Seeds” 2015 (graduated)

16. MSc; Karuga W. Susan “Proton Conducting Oxides for Clean Energy Application” 2015

(graduated)

17. MSc; Solomon Njoroge Kamau, “Heavy Metals Accumulation in Sugarcane: Case Study of

Nairobi County and Nyahururu farms” 2013 (graduated 2016)

18. MSc; Ajuliu Patrick Kinyua, “Photo-degradation of Pentachlorophenol and Dimethoate on

surface of Loam Soil and Nairobi River Sediments and Spinach grown in Kenya” 2014 (2016

graduated)

19. MSc; Magdalene Nguu “Assessment of essential micronutrients levels in common beans in

selected sites in Kenya:” 2011 to submit

20. MSc; Malube E. Ombati “Reduction of Pollution Load in Effluent of Kenyan Leather Industries:

A case study of Athi River Tanneries” 2011 to submit.

21. MSc; Ngugi Judith G. “Analysis of Water from Selected Boreholes in Kajiado District” 2011 in

progress

22. MSc; Judith Auma Ogallo: “Evaluation of Low Technologies for the removal of fluoride in

portable water”. 2013 in progress

23. MSc; Nguran Rotich Lemale “Gold Exploitation in Sekerr West Pokot” 2013 in progress

24. MSC; Queenter Atieno Osoro, “ Environmental Effects of Titanium Mining 2016 in progress

25. MSc; Kemboi Caroline J, “Development of a rapid Screening Technique Using Portable X-ray

Fluorescence (PXRF) Spectrometer to Assess Nutrients Status of Maize Leaves” 2016

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTS

1. “Quantification and Complexation using EDTA of Heavy Metals in Cleaning Process of

Returnable Bottles” by Kamau Francis Mburu (2014)

2. “Analysis of Fluoride in herbal and flavored Tea” by Njoroge Hinga (2011)

3. “Characterization, Disposal and Management of Hazardous Waste in the University of Nairobi”.

By Felix O Obeng’ (2010)

4. “Analysis of Anions in Water from Marsabit” by Walter O. Omondi (2010)

5. “Bioavailability of essential elements in locally available flour used by children and those

infected with HIV/AIDS” by Irene Atieno Onyango (2009)

6. “Analysis of total content of trace element in different flours” by Nzioka Shadrack Wambua

(2009)

7. “Aluminum and lead levels in the head of Matatu drivers and salon workers in Nairobi” by

Macharia G.W (2007)

8. “Analysis of Zn, Fe, Cr, Zn and Ni in head hair of salon workers and matatu drivers/touts” by

Kiratu Mburu J. (2007)

9. “Analysis of Zinc, Copper, Iron magnesium and calcium in pumpkins seeds and watermelons” by

Muriithi, N. Grace (2006)

of 15

10. “Aluminum in Beverages, Herbal Teas, Food Additives and its Relationship with Iron and

Silicon” by Musyoki, M. Mumo (2006)

11. “Leaching of Aluminum from various cookware and packaging materials” By Musyoka, N. Mulei

(2006)

12. “Analysis of Aluminum, cadmium and iron in water and fresh raw vegetable juices” Mwangi, F.

K. (2005)

13. “Analysis of essential minerals in vegetable and fresh raw vegetable juices” Makan, Peter (2005)

14. “Toothpaste modification: Reduction of Health Risks and cost of Toothpaste” Ptoton Mnangat

Briana (2004)

15. “Silver waste from photographic development films: Their environmental effects and waste

reduction” Maina, D. Gathemia (2004).

16. “Analysis of fluoride in fresh vegetable juices” Ndegwa, S.M., (2003)

17. “Determination of fluoride from various tea leaves offered in the market” Ngugi, A. M. (2003)

18. “Analysis of trace metals in cow’s milk” Ojwach, O.S. (2002)

19. “Defluoridation of fluoride from drinking water using clay pots” Nyilitia, K.B. (1998).

20. “Methods of fluoride analysis in soil using fluoride ion selective electrode” Ayoo, J. (1996).

21. “Analysis of fluoride in fruit juices and vegetables using HMDS method” Omurwa, K.C. (1995).

22. “Determination of fluoride in alkaline water using ion selective electrodes” Miya G.M. (1991).

23. “Research project on large-scale production of sodium bicarbonate (from soda ash)” Chepkwony

(1990).

24. “Analysis of fluoride content in locally manufactured fruit juices” Muchoki, M.B. (1990).

SELECTED CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

1. 7th CARTA Faculty and administrators’ Training workshop July 17th -19th 2017 at the University

of Rwanda, Gikondo Campus, Kigari, Rwanda

2. CARTA 2nd Vice Chancellors’ and Head of CARTA Partner Institution Meeting on promoting

Research in Africa, 10th – 11th 2017 at University of Nairobi Nairobi, Kenya

3. Understanding the ‘Push’ and ‘Pull’ Factors Underlying Violent Extremism and Radicalization

Among the Youth in East Africa” held at Arziki Restaurant and Conference Center, University of

Nairobi (Chiromo Campus) December 8th – 9th 2016

4. Training of PhD supervision, at the College of Health Sciences (CHS) E-Learning

Center, University of Nairobi, June 6th, 2016

5. Workshop for National Inorganic Chemistry Held in the School of Physical Science Boardroom

in Chiromo Campus, Nairobi on 12-13 May 2016 the workshop was organized by KEN01 grant

from ISP

6. University Education Symposium hosted by the Commission for University Education (CUE) in Kenya and Thomson Reuters; 7th December 2015, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD)

7. Workshop for training of PhD supervision for School of Continuing Distance Education (SCDE),

11th, May 2016, at the Central Catering Unit

8. Curriculum Development for UNTID Workshop 4th -8th April, 2016, at Airport Hotel Mombasa

Road)

of 15

9. Workshop for training of trainers on PhD supervision, 15th – 17th, January 2016, at the Central

Catering Unit (CCU) 10. Bench Marking excise for National Physical Science Research Laboratory in PBT and Max-

Planck Institute Laboratory (German) sponsored by University of Nairobi and NACOSTI in

April 2015

11. Stakeholders workshop for development of a strategy for establishment of National Physical

Science Research Laboratory (NPSRL); 20th March 2015, organized by NACOSTI at Nairobi

Safari Club

12. IPPCS Workshop for proposal defense for International Science program held in African

Academy of Science, Kenya, 17th-20th November 2014

13. Kenya Chemical Society Conference: April 2015, University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus)

14. Gender Milestone in Education in Developing countries sponsored by Association of

Commonwealth Universities in association held on September 1st, 2014 at 8.4.4 Hall, University

of Nairobi Kenya

15. Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education Training of Trainers Workshop

sponsored by Association of Commonwealth Universities in association with University of

Nairobi held on 2nd- 5th September 2014 at United Kenya Club, Statehouse Road.

16. Sensitization Workshop on The Revised procurement and Disposal Act (YOUTH and Women

Empowerment) for UMB and Senate Members held on January 23rd, 2014 at the central Catering

Unit (CCU).

17. Sensitization Workshop on Postgraduate matters for Deans/Directors, Chairmen of Departments

and Postgraduate Chairmen held on Tuesday, December 10 2013 at the central Catering Unit

(CCU).

18. 5th African Regional Conference of Vice Chancellors and Deans of Science Engineering and

Technology COVIDSET, held on 6th to 7th November 2013, at Gaborone International

Convention Center (GICC), the Gland Palm, Gaborone, Botswana

19. Training Workshop on Mainstreaming Gender in Science, Technology and Innovations in

Institutions of Higher Learning and Research in Kenya, 05-06 September 2013, held at Hilton

Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya and organized by African Technology policy studies Network

20. Roundtable on Strengthening of Physical Sciences for the Realization of Vision 2030 on 14th

February 2013 organized by National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation

(NCST&I) at Laico Hotel, Nairobi.

21. Sensitization workshop on Biodiversity Heritage Library and Open Access Content at Jomo

Kenyatta Memorial Library, Kenet Conference room 2nd August 2012

22. Board of Postgraduate Strategic Planning workshop at Kenya School of Monetary studies 3rd-4th

May 2012

23. Proposal writing held in Central Catering Unit , University of Nairobi Organized by DVC (RPE)

and UNES in 2012

24. Health and safety Manual writing workshop at KWS Institute, Naivasha On March 10th – 11th

2012

25. The Third Workshop on Analysis for warfare chemicals Finnish Institute for Prevention of

Chemical Weapons (VERIFIN) Helsinki University, Finland 9-10 December 2011

of 15

26. Fourth African Conference of Vice Chancellors, Deans of Science Engineering and Technology

(C0VIDSET 2011): “Harnessing Africa’s Science, Engineering and Technology Innovation for

sustainable Development: The Role of Universities”. Held at Birch wood Hotel, Johannesburg,

South 23-25 November 2011

27. IPPCS proposal presentation and 50 years anniversary celebration for International Science

programme in Uppsala, Sweden 22-26 September 20011

28. Training workshop on procurement Rules and Regulations at Chiromo Campus University of

Nairobi on 14th October 2011

29. Sensitization of the University Senate on corruption strategies workshop Central Catering Unit,

University of Nairobi on April 13th 2011.

30. Training on the Disaster Management held at Large Lecture Theater , Chiromo Campus,

University of Nairobi, Kenya on 7th and 8th February 2011

31. IPPCS proposal presentation for International Science programme held in University of Nairobi,

Chiromo Campus, Nairobi. September 2010

32. Workshop for sensitization of University staff training on HIV/AIDS held on April 29-30, 2010

in Central Catering unit Hall.

33. Workshop for curriculum review for staff and stakeholders organized by School of Education

held at KCB Training centre, Karen on 28th-4th February, 2010.

34. Workshop on Hazardous waste management at Kenya National Museum on 30th September 2009

35. Workshop on renewable energies- European project CAAST-Net held in Dakar Senegal on 13-

14th May 2009

36. The 1st National conference on Occupational Safety and Health (Health and life at work- a basic

Human Right) held on 24th April 2009 at Safari Park Hotel Nairobi, Kenya.

37. International Workshop on Advances in Emergency Preparedness and Management: Chiromo

Campus, University of Nairobi 23rd April 2009

38. Higher Education Science and curricular reforms: African Universities Responding to HIV/AIDS,

Kenya In-country Evaluation and Dissemination workshop. Intercontinental Hotel, Nairobi,

Kenya 8th December 2008

39. Training on Pedagogical Skills held in Main Campus (CCU) Nairobi University from 1st October

to 3rd October 2007.

40. Integrating HIV/AIDS information in the teaching Curricula of the school of Physical Sciences,

University of Nairobi workshop held at Institute for Meteorological Training and Research,

Nairobi, Kenya 8th June 2007.

41. Training on Occupation Safety and Health and committee organized by the Directorate of

Occupational Health and Safety Services at Main Campus, Institute of Nuclear science from 13th

March to 16th March 2007.

42. In-Country training Workshop on Higher education Science and Curricular Reforms: Africa

Universities and African Women in Science and Engineering (AWSE) Responding to HIV/AIDS

at the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE), Nairobi, Kenya funded by UNESCO, Nairobi, Kenya

8th – 9th May 2007

43. East Africa Environmental Chemistry workshop (ESAECW) and sixth Theoretical Chemistry

Workshop in Africa (TCWA) In Namibia 5th – 9th December 2005.

of 15

44. First Biotechnology Workshop in the Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, 7th - 11th

June, 1999, Nairobi, Kenya.

45. Theoretical and Environmental Chemistry Workshop, 2nd - 6th November 1998, Nairobi, Kenya.

46. 2nd Theoretical Chemistry Workshop, 26th-30th August 1996, Nairobi, Kenya

47. 1st KDSA (Kenya DAAD Students Association) Conference, 1995, Nairobi, Kenya.

48. 1st Theoretical Chemistry Workshop, 20th - 24th February 1995, Nairobi, Kenya.

49. The Kenya Chemical Society, Inaugural Conference, June 7th - 11th, 1993, Nairobi, Kenya

50. The 10th East and Southern Workshop on Environmental Chemistry in Somalia National

University, September 1989

51. Seminar on “Science Teacher Education for National Development” held at Kenya Science

Teachers College, 8th - 11th March 1988.

52. International Seminar for Chemistry, Uppsala (Sweden), September - December 1987.

53. International Seminar for Chemistry, Uppsala (Sweden), September 1985-June1986

54. The Second International Chemistry Conference in Africa, June - July 1983, Nairobi, Kenya.

55. The First International Chemistry Conference in Africa, July-August 1980, Nairobi, Kenya

REPORTS

1. Peter Kahihia, Prof Lydia Njenga (Vice chairperson) and other members of the committee.

Report on “National Physical Sciences Research Laboratory Strateg” submitted to Ministry of

Education, Science and Technology; State Department of Science and Technology. November

2015”

2. Prof Lydia Njenga, Peter Kahihia, Felix Wanjala; Report on Benchmarking Exercise in

Germany For The Strategy To Establishment “The National Physical Science Research

Laboratory (NPSRL)” Report Submitted to National Commission of Science, Technology and

Innovation on May 2015. This was used to help complete the report on the strategy of setting up

the NPSRL

3. Report on Alcohol and Drug Policy for University of Nairobi: Presented, 2010.

4. Report on a Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use And Work Environment at the College of

Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, June 2010

5. Report on Integrating HIV and AIDS Information in the Teaching Curricula School of Physical

Science for African Women in Science and Engineering and UNESCO, 2007

6. L. W. Njenga: “Analysis of fluoride in foods and plants” A report written for International

Foundation for Science (1989).

7. D. N. Kariuki, H. M. Thairu & L. W. Njenga "Analysis of fluoride ion in potable water using

colorimetric and electrochemical methods" Final report submitted to the National Council for

Science and Technology, 1984.

8. L. W. Njenga: (1979) Third Year Project: “Production and Methods of Increasing Sodium

Chloride in Lake Liquor”.

of 15

OUTREACH ACTIVITIES

1. Tree planting at Upper Kabete campus, University of Nairobi. This was initiated by the Lion club.

The Lions club offered about 64 full scholarships to University undergraduate students for four

years. In addition, the trees planted will help to reduce effects of climate change and contribute

to environmental sustainability

2. Murang’a County Initiative (MCI); 2015, 2016 & 2017 scholarship and best county primary

schools awards ceremony, 13th February 2015, officiated by First Lady, Her Excellency, Mrs

Margaret Uhuru Kenyatta. 30 bright and needy students from eight sub-counties in Murang’a

County were awarded full secondary school scholarships. The best performing schools per sub -

county, best head teacher and best subject teachers were recognized and awarded as well, as a

way of motivating both staff and students

3. Member of Murang’a County Initiative (MCI); attended and sponsored the Beyond Zero

Campaign which donates clinics to the county Governments to reduce child mortality in 2016.

4. November 2013, Organized and visited Kajiando children home during RRI in UON where food,

clothing’s and books were donated

5. 28th February 2013, Organized a mentorship meeting for The school of Physical Science Male

student where the main topic was “DELIGENT”

6. Guest of Honor at Kaganda Secondary School, Kahuro, Muranga County on their prize giving

day on 9th June 2012.

7. 22nd - 31st March 2012: Visit to Girls and Mixed High Schools in Nairobi County and its

Environs. The main aim was to encourage and mentor young women on how they can excel in

Chemistry and other science subject. Issues of funding opportunities, Role of science and women

in Vision 2030 were covered. Periodic tables were also given to the Schools visited.

8. 14th December 2011: Women in Chemistry (WIC) held a mentorship session for the

undergraduate women students. The main Aim of WIC is to encourage and mentor high School

Girls and Fist year Female Science student

9. 19th January 2011: WIC celebrated the International Year of Chemistry (IYC) by hosting

breakfast for all women in chemistry residing in Nairobi County.

10. On 8th December 2011, held a discussion with all the 1st year women students pursuing Science

subjects, pharmacy and medicine on how to become women of excellence.

11. 14th December 2010: WIC started its mentorship programme for 1st year Women Science

students. The meeting was mainly to sensitize the student about campus life and how to excel on

the career they had chosen.

12. Committee member: Commercial Explosives and pyrotechnic Technical Committee for KEBS

2009-to date: In 2009-2010, I was the chairperson of the committee.

13. A member of the Board of Governors, Gatura Girls Secondary School, (Thika), 2008 to date, St.

Paul’s Secondary School, (Thika),1999 -2005 and Mwagu Primary School, (Thika), 1996 - 2000.

14. Chairperson of Mukuyu Women Association 2005-2008. The main responsibility of the group

was to develop the area for example dealing with the issues of water, Power and Roads.

of 15

RE

FEREREES

Prof Benard O. Aduda

Principal

College of Biological and Physical Sciences

University of Nairobi

P.O Box 30197-00100 Nairobi

Email: [email protected]

Mobile: 0721267858

Prof Shem O. Wandiga FRSC, DSc

Ag. Director

Institute of Climate Change and Adaptation


P.O Box 30197-00100 Nairobi

Email: [email protected]

Mobile: 0722816153

mailto:[email protected]

1

KEN 01: 2016-2017 PUBLICATIONS:

Jane W. Macharia, Shem O. Wandiga*, Lydia W. Njenga, Vincent O. Madadi (2016). Moringa

Oleifera and Ceramic Filters for Escherichia Coli and Turbidity Removal From Drinking Water. IOSR

Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 9, Issue 5 Ver. I (May. 2016), PP

46-55.

Abstract: Porous ceramic filters were prepared by incorporating burnout material into the clay and their

efficiency in removal of turbidity and Escherichia coli tested. Moringaoleifera seeds were also tested for

their biocoagulant and phytodisinfectant ability in purifying water. The filters reduced E. coli from

390±10 CFU/ml to 0.00 - 0.03 CFU/ml corresponding to an efficiency range of 99.1 to 100%. Turbidity

reduced from 64.13±0.75 NTU to 0.92-1.77 NTU equivalent to 97.2 - 98.6% reduction. M. oleifera seeds

reduced turbidity of artificially turbid at 100 NTU to 0.83 NTU corresponding to a 99.2 %. With

naturally occurring turbid water at initial turbidity of 22.2 NTU, the residue turbidity was 4.02 NTU

indicating lower removal efficacy. 1g/l of the seeds reduced E. coli load from 260 CFU/ml to 14.5

CFU/ml equivalent to 94.4% removal. De-oiling the seeds and using the seed cake residue showed

similar efficiency in turbidity removal.

Gioto, V., S. Wandiga and C. Oludhe, 2016. Climate Change Detection across All Livelihood Zones in

TharakaNithi County. J. Meteorol. Related. Sci. vol 9 issue 2 pg 11-17.

http://dx.doi.org/10.20987/jmrs.2.08.2016

Abstract: Kenyan agriculture is largely rain-fed and principally dependent on rainfall. According to

FEWS NET report for Kenya in August 2010 based on historical data from 70 rainfall stations and 17 air

temperature stations to interpolate the long-rains precipitation and temperature trends for all of Kenya

from 1960 to 2009 (Funk et al, 2010). The FEWS NET report indicates that in Kenya long-rains

traditionally occur between March and June and short rains in October to December. The authors report

that Kenya has experienced trend of decreasing rainfall and rising temperatures as Sudan. In Central

Kenya, one of the country’s key agricultural regions, the area receiving adequate rainfall to support

reliable rain-fed agriculture has declined by roughly 45 per cent since the mid 1970s (Funk et al, 2010).

This study investigates change in temperature and rainfall pattern across all livelihood zones in

TharakaNithi County. Data was collected for 39 years (1976 - 2015) period for the area of Study and in

addition divisions were made to three non overlapping climate period of 30 years (1982 - 1991, 1992 –

200 and 2002 - 2012). The data were subjected to Gaussian kernel analysis, moments, regression, and

non-parametric approaches based on Mann-Kendal statistics to justify any change in the average

monthly and annually rain fall and temperature trend. The results indicate common change points and

transitions from wet to dry (upward shift). The test indicates rainfall variation over the study area is

significant (p= 0.05).The study recommended on the use of the information for Agricultural development

and general socio-economic improvement.

Tsuma J P E, Wandiga S O, Abong’o D A. 2016. Methane and heavy metals Levels from leachates at

Dandora dumpsite, Nairobi County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN:

2278-5736.Volume 9, Issue 9 Ver. II (September. 2016), PP 39-46.

Abstract: Rate of urbanization in Kenya has increased, resulting to increased generation of solid and

liquid wastes. This has increased the use of landfills and dumpsites to manage wastes as well to reduce

pollution. Landfills and dumpsites are the contributing sources of methane into the atmosphere and heavy

metals in the environment. This study was to quantify the levels of methane and heavy metals in leachates

from Dandora dumpsite, in Nairobi County. Methane and leachates samples were collected from twenty

http://dx.doi.org/10.20987/jmrs.2.08.2016

2

and ten sampling sites representative of the Dandora dumpsite, in a period of six months from November

2012 to April 2013. The sampling periods presented the short, dry and wet rainy seasons. This was to

determine the effect of seasons on the level of analytes. Leachates were scooped from ten sampling

trenches in Dandora dumpsite to analyse level of heavy metals viz Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Methane

was collected using head space chambers. The levels of zinc metal were highest, at 3.58x105 μg/kg in

November and lowest at 4.6x104 μg/kg in April. Levels of lead were also considerably high, ranging from

4.65x104 μg/kg in November to 9.58x103 μg/kg in April. Copper metal levels ranged from 1.61x104 μg/kg

in November to 5.57x103 μg/kg in April. Nickel metal levels ranged from 7.92x103 μg/kg in November to

1.18x103 μg/kg in April. Levels of chromium metal were between 7.04x103 μg/kg in March to 1.43x103

μg/kg in November.Cadmium was only found at three sampling sites in December with total mean

concentration 9.0x101 μg/kg. The part of dumpsite covered by vegetation, the inactive sites had

lowest level of methane. The levels of methane ranged from below detectable level to as high as 3.78x106

μg/kg. Methane flux ranged from 0 ≤4.89x104 μg C m-2 h-1. It was found that the part of the dumpsite

covered by vegetation, bear dry ground or/and the inactive site had lowest levels of methane or no

methane was detected.

Osoro EM , Wandiga SO , Abongo DA, Madadi V O and Macharia J W. 2016. Organochlorine

Pesticides Residues in Water and Sediment from Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. IOSR Journal of

Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 9, Issue 9 Ver. II (September. 2016), PP 56-

63.

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the organochlorine pesticide residue level in

representative sites in Rusinga Island of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Sediment and water samples from five

sites along the shores of Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria were collected and analysed for selected

organochlorine pesticides (OCP) using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector and

confirmed using GC/MS. The pesticides targeted were p,p’-DDT, γ- HCH, α- HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH,

aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, endrin, endrin, aldehyde,

endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor and endosulfan. The samples were collected seasonally between the

months of September 2012 to May 2013. The residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in water samples

during dry season ranged between BDL to 9.84±1.20μg/L. The levels in wet season ranged between

below detection limit (BDL) to 15.53±0.20 μg/L. Organochlorine pesticide detected in sediment during

dry season ranged between BDL to 32.91 ± 3.84. Wet season the levels ranged between below detection

limit (BDL) to 24.84±2.65 μg/Kg. The present result shows that organochlorines pesticides are still

detected in our environment which can negatively affect our environment. This study provides baseline

data on the levels of OCP residues in sediment and water from Lake Victoria. This will inform policy

makers on the quality of water of Lake Victoria Basin as well as supplement the country’s studies as an

obligation for all parties to the Stockholm Convention on POPs.

Wandiga S.O., Kamau G.N., Mbugua S.N., 2017. Titanium (IV)Oxide-Tungsten (VI) Oxide Composite

Nanoparticles hasPhoto-catalytic Potential to Degrade Selected Heavy Metals andPesticides Pollutants in

Water. International Journal of Photocatalysis. Photon 121, 235-245.

Abstract: Provision of potable water for rural and peri-urban communities remains a challenge in Africa.

Removal of selected heavy metals and pesticides from water by nanoparticle photocatalysts of Tungsten

(VI) Oxide doped onto Titanium (IV) Oxide surface give an alternative point of use purification system.

3

Experiments to determine the composite nanoparticle efficacy on degradation of heavy metals and

pesticides were performed under UV/VIS illumination using PHILIPS lamps emitting between 350-600nm

as energy source. Solid Phase Extraction and GC-MS were used for the analysis of organochlorine

pesticides namely; α-HCH, β-Lindane, BHC and for δ-HCH. Two heavy metals; copper and lead, were

selected for their common occurrence in ground water, and were used as sample heavy metal pollutants.

Results on heavy metals showed 98.77% of copper (II) ions and 97.48% of lead (II) ions removal

efficiency from water. Results on pesticide photocatalysis showed a residual fraction for α-HCH-0.0517,

β-Lindane- 0.0900 and BHC- 0.0176 after a four hour photocatalysis period. δ-HCH was not detected,

implying either a complete mineralization, or, below the detection limit of the instrument used. The

composite photo-catalytic potential offers an alternative less costly process for water purification.

Muraga JM, Wandiga SO, Abong’o DA, 2017. Assessment of Dissolved Ions and Microbial Coliform in

Water from Selected Sites of the Upper Athi River Sub-Catchment Area, Kenya. IOSR Journal of

Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 10, Issue 5 Ver. II, PP 101-109

www.iosrjournals.org

Abstract:

Twenty one water samples were collected and analysed for dissoved ions and microbial coliforms from

selected sites of the Upper Athi River sub-catchment basin. The metal ions analysed included Ca, Cd, Cr,

Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn while anions included Cl-, CO32-/HCO3-, F-, NO2-/NO3- and SO42- as

well as faecal coliforms. Physical parameters analysed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC)

turbidity, total dissolved solids and colour. The analysis was carried out using atomic absorption

spectrophotometry, titrimetric, ion selective electrode, gravimetric and lactose broth methods. The results

showed that levels of dissolved ions in ground water were higher than in surface water while surface

water had higher number of faecal coliforms. The high levels of dissolved ions in ground water was

attributed to the geology of area while high levels of iron and faecal coliforms in river water samples was

attributed to anthropogenic activities

Tum P.K., Kariuki D.K., Odour, F.D.O. and Wanyoko J.K. (2016). Photocatalytic Decolourization of

Wastewater from Black Tea (Camellia Senensis) Processing Factories using Titanium Dioxide. The

International Journal of Science and Technolodge, 4, (11), pp.59-65

Abstract:

Decolourization of persistent brick-red colour of black tea processing wastewater was investigated.

Wastewater samples were collected from three black tea processing factories in the western Kenya tea

growing highlands and were subjected to photocatalytic reaction on zinc oxide semi-conductor. An

amount of 500 cm3 of wastewater was put in the photocatalytic reactor with a floor coated with a thin

layer of ZnO to give a water height of cca 2 cm. a. This was illuminated with artificial UV lamp

producing radiation at wavelength 365 nm of intensity 3.0 mW/cm2for 3 hrs. A second set of experiments

was carried out using solar light of intensity 1.4mW/cm2. Samples of 5 cm3 were drawn every 15 minutes

and analyzed using UV/Vis spectrophotometer at λ=410 nm. A total of 48 analytes showed

decolourization of 77% - 87% of the brick-red colour in 3 hrs. Solar illumination produced higher

efficiency of decolourization of 3% above UV lamp. On average decolourization of 61% solar and 58%

UV lamp was achieved in 60 minutes although solar radiation intensity was less than half that of UV

lamp.

Key words:- Black tea wastewater, decolourization, photocatalytic, zinc oxide

http://www.iosrjournals.org/

4

Patrick K.Tum., David K.Kariuki, Frederick D.O.Oduor, John K. Wanyoko (2016). Zinc Oxide

Photocatalytic Decolourization of black Tea (camellia sinensis) Wastewater from Processing Factories in

Kenya

Abstract:

Wastewater from black tea (camellia sinensis) processing factories is characterized by a persistent brick-

red colour that conventional treatment works are unable to remove. Forty eight samples each of 500 cm3

were collected from three black tea processing factories from western highlands in Kenya and subjected

to photocatalytic degradation on Titanium dioxide. A layer of height of cca 2 cm on TiO2 in a

photocatalytic reactor was illuminated with artificial UV lamp producing radiation at wavelength 365 nm

of intensity 3.0 mW/cm2 for 3 hours. Another set of experiments was done using solar light of intensity 1.4

mW/cm2. Samples of 5 cm3 were drawn every 15 minutes and analyzed using UV/Vis spectrophotometer

at λ=410 nm. The results showed that decolourization of 70.4% - 78.5% of the wastewater was achieved

in 3 hours. Solar illumination produced higher efficiency of 2.3% above artificial UV lamp irradiation.

Decolourization of 59.7% solar and 54.4 % UV lamp was achieved in the first 60 minutes although the

solar radiation intensity applied was less than half that of UV lamp. Keywords: Black tea,

wastewater, decolourization, photocatalytic, titanium dioxide

Linda W. Maina, D.K.Kariuki, A.O.Yusuf, (2016). Identification of Vegetable Oil Manufactured in

Kenya. EPRA, International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD) Vol.1. Issue 9. pp 63-69

Abstract:

The aim of this research was to develop a rapid identification method of edible vegetable oils

manufactured in Kenya using spectroscopic methods. Vegetable edible oils processed and refined in

Kenya have not been characterized and hence it’s impossible to distinguish between them. Sunflower,

Corn and Soya bean vegetable oils were analysed for absorbance in Ultraviolet Visible and in Infrared

spectroscopy to establish specific fingerprint. Twenty two samples comprising of nine Sunflower of three

different brand type, nine Corn oils of three different brand type and four Soya bean oils of two different

brand type were collected from various supermarkets in Nairobi. The samples were transported, prepared

and stored in the refrigerator at 4°C. Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer at specific wavelengths was

used to establish characteristic absorbance of each type of vegetable oil. The Infrared spectroscopy

method was subsequently applied to establish specific absorbance characteristic of each vegetable oil at

given wavelength.

KEYWORDS: sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, ultraviolet/ visible spectroscopy and infrared

spectroscopy

Volker Nischwitz, Richard Mogwasi, Salim Zor, Zachary Getenga, David K. Kariuki, Klaus Gunther

(2016). First Comprehensive Study on Total Contents and Hot water Extractable Fraction of selected

elements in 19 Medicinal Plants from Various Locations in Nyamira County, Kenya. Journal of Trace

Elements in Medicine and Biology

A b s t r a c t:

A large number of medicinal plants is traditionally known in Kenya and used for treatment of various

diseases, for example diabetes, where metals are supposed to be involved in pathogenesis and therapy.

Therefore, detailed investigation of the concentration of a large number of metals in medicinal plants is

required for improved understanding and optimisation of the therapeutic role of metals and also to

exclude potentially toxic effects. Our study focused on the determination of 30 selected elements in 19

medicinal plant species each collected from 3 sampling locations in Nyamira County, Kenya. The

5

obtained comprehensive data set showed large variability and multivariate data analysis revealed that

the differences in the elemental composition were stronger dependent on the plant species than on the

sampling location. In addition, hot water extractions were performed to mimic the traditional preparation

of medicine from the plants. It was found that the mean extraction efficiencies were below 20% except for

B, Mg, P, K, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Mo, Cd and Tl, which are mostly essential elements apart from Cd

and Tl. Sequential (ultra)filtration of the extracts was applied as novel approach for molecular size-

fractionation of the extracted elemental species. The results indicate more than 50% low molecular

weight species (<3 kDa) for Mg, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn while predominantly larger size-fractions (>3 kDa

up to <5 _m) were detected for V, Cu, Al and Fe.

Keywords: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Sequential filtration Medicinal plants Trace

elements Hot water extraction

Conference Papers

Rachael E.N. Njogu, Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Amir O. Yusuf and Ola F. Wendt “Tris-

Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes as Photoredox Catalysts in Organic Synthesis” Oorgandagarna -

Inorganic Days, 12-14 June 2017 in Nynäshamn, Sweden

Luminescent tris-cyclometalated Ir (III) complexes have gained considerable attention owing to their

remarkable and unique photochemical, electrochemical and structural properties. As such, they find use in

diverse fields such as photocatalysis, organic light emitting diodes, dye-sensitized solar cells, pH sensors,

etc [1].

Photoredox catalysis, which utilizes visible light, has become an emergent powerful tool for organic

transformations through single-electron transfer (SET) processes and occurs under mild conditions

promoting green and sustainable chemistry. A photosensitizer absorbs visible light and transfers excited-

state electron to acceptors (inert PC generates oxidant /reductant insitu leading to chemical

transformations)[2][3]

The study reports the synthesis and subsequent utilization of 2-naphthyl-1-pyridine tris-homoleptic

complexes as photoredox catalysts in dual functionalization of alkenes (oxytrifluoromethylation) and

selective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyls. Trifluoromethyl group is commonly found in pharmaceutical

compounds due to its ability to enhance polarity and membrane permeability as well agrochemicals [5],

while carbonyls are important in pharmaceutical industries [4]

References

[1] A. Singh, K. Teegardin, M. Kelly, K. S. Prasad, S. Krishnan, and J. D. Weaver. 2015. J. Organomet.

Chem., 776, 51–59.

[2] M. H. Shaw, J. Twilton, and D. W. C. MacMillan. 2016. J. Org. Chem., 81, 16, 6898–6926.

[3] C. K. Prier, D. A. Rankic, and D. W. C. MacMillan. 2013. Chem. Rev., 113, 7, 5322–63.

[4] R. Ciriminna, V. Pandarus, F. Béland, Y.-J. Xu, and M. Pagliaro. 2015. Org. Process Res. Dev., 19,

11, 1554–1558.

[5] Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 9567-9571

6

Rachael E.N. Njogu, Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Amir O. Yusuf and Ola F. Wendt

”Synthesis of Tris Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes under Green Conditions for Photoredox

Catalysis” Trends in Green Chemistry, 3 April 2017, Stockholm University

Visible-light induced photocatalysis (photoredox catalysis)- emergent powerful tool for organic

transformations via single-electron transfers (SET) processes, under mild conditions hence promotes

green and sustainable chemistry1,2. Ir(III) and Ru(II) photocatalysts have remarkable photochemistry,

making them well poised for wide range of solar energy conversion strategies such as photocatalytic

organic synthesis, light-driven molecular devices etc2,3. Most methods used to synthesize these complexes

involve solvents, which are considered toxic. There is a need to utilize clean and green methodologies to

easily access these photosensitizers in sufficient yields for the various applications4. In this study, water

was used to as solvent to furnish the complexes in good yields

References

1Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 5322-5363

2Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 1477–1485

3Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 5803–5820

4J. Organomet. Chem. 2015, 776, 51–59

Rachael E.N. Njogu, Lydia W. Njenga, David K. Kariuki, Amir O. Yusuf and Ola F. Wendt

“Synthesis and Characterization of Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium (III) 2-(1-naphthyl)-pyridine Complexes

for Photoredox Catalysis” 3rd Nordic Meeting on Organometallic Chemistry, Lund, Sweden 10-11th

March 2015 (Poster).

ABSTRACT

A detailed systematic study of the photophysical and electrochemical properties of homoleptic tris-

cyclometalated homoleptic iridium (III) complexes 1-6 based on 2-(1-naphthyl)-pyridine is described.

These are Ir(npy)3 (1), Ir(npy-OMe)3 (2), Ir(npy-CF3)3 (3), Ir(npy-Me2)3 (4), Ir(npy-Me)3 (5), and Ir(npy-

Me)3 (6). Complex 1 was the parent complex devoid of any substituents. These compounds have immense

potential and play a critical role in the field of catalysis and photosensitization. Systematically, the

substituents are shown to influence the excited state lifetime through the absorption and emission spectra.

Specifically, the emission lifetime of (3) was the longest (τ= 2.54μs), followed by the parent complex (1)

(τ= 2.16μs) while the remaining complexes had slightly shorter lifetimes. Complex (5), with two methyl

substituents on both the phenyl and pyridine ring had a lifetime (τ= 1.93μs) longer than (2)(τ= 1.54μs)

which is considered to be s stronger electron donating group and would be expected to lower the HUMO-

LUMO gap more than methyl group showing the effects of higher degree of substitution. Complexes (4)

and (6) had same methyl substituents but their position had an effect on the excited lifetimes. Complex (4)

had the methyl on pyridine ring and exhibited a longer lifetime (τ= 1.75μs) than (6) with its –CH3

substitution on the phenyl ring (τ= 1.54μs). All complexes displayed a reversible oxidation processes with

7

complex (3) showing higher ground state Eox 1/2 (Ir

+/Ir) due to lowering of HOMO energy level by -CF3,

a strong electron withdrawing group, with a high Eox ½ of 0.84V. This study has demonstrated that simple

modifications on the parent complex successfully tuned the excited lifetime of the complexes making them

ideal candidates for photoredox catalysis through single electron transfer (SET) events and for

photosensitization reaction studies.

Wandiga Shem O. Latest science on climate change, impacts, adaptation and mitigation strategies for

Africa. Keynote Lecture, International Conference on Climate Change 17-20 May, 2016. The

Departments of Urban and Physical Planning and Crop and Environmental Protection, LadokeAkintola

University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Abstract: The solar system remains the only source of energy for the universe. However, since the

beginning of time the energy reaching our planet earth has varied from very high temperatures to colder

temperature and now back again to hot. The evolution of the biological systems produce gases that has

made the earth habitable, otherwise the surface of the earths’ temperature would be around -230C. The

solar radiation that reaches the surface of the earth are scattered by the clouds of the atmosphere back to

space, some are absorbed and radiated back by atmospheric gases like ozone, some reach the ice and

snow covered areas and are reflected back to space and some reach the earth’s surface and are reflected

back as long wavelength radiation. The emitted infrared, and microwave radiation from the earth are

absorbed by the atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and methane. The energy stored in these gases

known as Greenhouse gases are again radiated back to the earth’s surface. The energy pump system

heats the atmospheric gases nitrogen, oxygen and others and makes them move faster. As they move

faster they collide with other gases and release heat which makes the surface of the earth warmer. Today

we have increased the amount of Greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide-CO2 , Methane-CH4 , Nitrous

oxide-N2O, Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, Sulphur Hexafluoride, Ozone-O3,etc in the

atmosphere through industrial activities like burning of fossil fuels, biomass and other chemical

production processes.

8

Rachael Njeri E. Njogu, David K. Kariuki, David M. Kamau, Francis N. Wachira “Effects of Foliar

Fertilizer Application on Quality of Tea (Camellia sinensis) Grown in the Kenyan Highlands” Paper

presented at East and Southern Africa Environmental Chemistry Conference (ESAECC) & The 11th

Theoretical Chemistry Conference in Africa (TCCA),held at Reef Hotel, Mombasa Kenya, 15th -17th

June 2016

Abstract

In Kenya, foliar fertilizers have not found use in tea production despite their numerous advantages as

exhibited in other crops. A fertilizer trial test was established in three sites of the major tea growing

regions, with 36 plots per site to determine the effects of foliar fertilizer application on tea quality. Two

foliar fertilizers were tested; foliar fertilizer 1 (FF1) and foliar fertilizer 2 (FF2), with a positive control

of soil fertilizer (SF) and a blank. Two leaves and a bud tea samples were collected every two weeks after

each foliar fertilizer application. These were then analyzed for tea quality (total polyphenols, TP),

nutrient residues for the different clones and geographical locations. The TP contents for clone TRFK

31/8 were as follows: FF1 = 17.8%, FF2 = 17.9%, SF = 16.56% and Zero = 17.4%. Tukey-Kramer pair

wise comparison test results between the foliar fertilizers and SF showed that the FF1 (HSD = 4.78) and

FF2 (HSD = 5.27) fertilizers had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of TP content as compared to

control SF fertilizer. Nutrients analyzed had average means as follows: N = 4% - 5%, P = 0.25% -

0.28%, K = 1.35% - 1.69%, Ca = 0.3 - 0.5 ppm, Mg = 0.19 - 0.27 ppm, Mn = 0.05 - 0.13 ppm, Zn = 25 -

40.5 ppm, Cu = 11 - 17 ppm and Fe = 72 - 122 ppm. The nutrient residue levels had non-significantly

statistical differences at P < 0.05 level between pairs of zero applied plots and the FF1, FF2 and SF

applied plots respectively. It was concluded that the foliar fertilizers increased the TP content in tested

tea samples and the nutrients analyzed were all within the dietary reference intake (DRI) levels for SF,

FF1 and FF2. Overall, the foliar fertilizer increased the quality of the tested tea samples.

Keywords Tea, Total Polyphenols, Nutrient Residue, Foliar Fertilizer

Shem O. Wandiga*, Simon Ngigi Mbugua, Jane W. Macharia and Maurine Atieno Otieno. 2016 Pan

Africa Chemistry Congres. 30th Nov. -2nd Dec. 2016

ABSTRACT: Africa has one of the largest arid and semi arid lands, fast growing population and urban

centers. Water scarcity is acute in the arid areas and peri-urban communities. Water supply to these

areas of critical need will not be met through engineering water works. Alternative point of use water

purification system is advanced in this paper. The study of clay ceramics made locally by women pottery

workers and frustum made in the laboratory combining Moringaoleifera wood saw dusts to make pores in

both clay works is reported to give good flow rates and effective coagulation of particulates. On average,

the best performing filter had a flow rate of 17.75 ml/hr and an average efficiency of 99.98 % E. coli

reduction. The optimal M. Oleifera dosage for turbidity reduction was found to be 0.2 g/l corresponding

to a reduction from 100 to below 5 NTU after one hour. Secondly two nanoparticle composite catalysts of

TiO2-NO3 and TiO3-WO3 were synthesized and studied for their efficiency in E.coli disinfection, dyes

discoloration and pesticides mineralization. Increasing the amount of N-doped catalyst from 0.10g to

1.20g used as paste on the pots resulted in 93.75 percent removal of E. coli. On the other hand, the use of

9

the clay pot without addition of the photocatalyst resulted in 85 percent inactivation of the E. coli. The

comparison between the new catalysts synthesized and studied, that is, TiO2-NO3 and TiO2-WO3, show

both effective against disinfection of E. coli. However, the titanium-tungsten composite is more effective

than the N-doped titanium catalyst. Both are not very effective in mineralization of pesticides. On the

other hand both are able to degrade dyes very well. The catalysts used in combination with clay ceramics

give total elimination of E. coli.

Books/ Chapters

Shem O. Wandiga; S.N. Mbugua, J.W. Macharia, M.A. Otieno (2017). Challenges and solutions to water

problems in Africa. In: Chemistry and Water: The science behind sustaining the world's most crucial

resource. Ed. Satinder Ahuja. Pp295-300. Elsevier.

Abstract

Africa has one of the largest arid and semiarid lands, and one of thefastest growing population and urban

centers. Water scarcity is acute inthe arid areas and in semiurban communities (Chapter 7). Water supply

tothese areas of critical need will not be met through engineering waterworks.An alternative point-of-use

water purification system is discussed in thischapter. The chapter reports work on clay ceramics made

locally by womenpotters and frustum made in the laboratory, combining Moringaoleifera wood to make

pores in both clay works. Next, two-nanoparticle composite catalystsof TiO2-NO3 and TiO3-WO3 were

synthesized and studied for efficiencyin Escherichia coli disinfection, dye discoloration, and

pesticidemineralization. The effectiveness of the clay ceramics and nanoparticle compositecatalysts are

evaluated in this chapter.

Solomon Kamau, 2016 MSC Thesis

HEAVY METALS IN SUGARCANE JUICE AND SOILS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PART

OF NAIROBI RIVER BASIN AND NYAHURURU FARMS

ABSTRACT

The contamination of food is increasingly becoming a concern in developing countries due to the

mounting amounts of heavy metals in urban environments. Juices are common beverages in the usual diet

and contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of essential and harmful trace elements. Currently,

there is inadequate information regarding the amounts of heavy metals in juice from sugarcane produced

along rivers in Nairobi city. In the present study, the levels of heavy metals in sugarcane juice and soils

from Nairobi and Nyahururu are determined. This study quantitatively determined the levels of heavy

metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn in 32 juice samples and 16 soil samples. The analysis of the juice and

soils were done using the Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray

Fluorescence (EDXRF) techniques respectively. The general results of soil samples varied from 39958-

126667, 2196-8683, 141-834 and 28.9 – 123 mg/kg for Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu respectively. The amounts of

Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the juice varied from 4.63- 49.07, 1.82-31.38, 0.37-12.32 and 0.14-0.92 mg/l

respectively. The transfer factorsof the heavy metals in the sugarcane juice indicated a trend in the order:

Fe <Mn< Cu < Zn. Significant differences in the trace element concentration in samples from Nairobi

10

and Nyahururu were observed. Greaterlevels of Mn, Zn and Cu were observed in juice samples from

Nairobi. The Zn levels in juices from Kibera and Tasia samples exceeded the Food and Agriculture

Organization/World Health Organization maximum permissible limits for the metal (5mg/kg). The levels

of Fe and Mn in the soils were noticeably higher than amounts observed for other heavy metals. Unlike

Nairobi samples, the amounts of metals in Nyahururu samples were found to have close relationships

between the various samples. It was observed that levels of Zn and Cu in Nairobi soils were higher than

those from Nyahururu. The Korogosho, Dandora Mile 7, Mathare and Kibera soil samples were found to

have higher concentrations of heavy metals than the rest. Some of the heavy metal levels in the soil were

beyond the permitted levels for agricultural soil. Since the impact on health of human beings regarding

heavy metals is usually from consumption of plants grown on contaminated soils, the data and

information obtained from this study can be used to curb this problem.

Keywords: accumulation, heavy metals, Saccharumofficinarum and transfer factors

http://www.pdfcomplete.com/cms/hppl/tabid/108/Default.aspx?r=q8b3uige22

IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)

e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 9, Issue 5 Ver. I (May. 2016), PP 46-55

www.iosrjournals.org

DOI: 10.9790/5736-0905014655 www.iosrjournals.org 46 |Page

Moringa Oleifera and Ceramic Filters for Escherichia Coli and

Turbidity Removal From Drinking Water. Jane W. Macharia, Shem O. Wandiga*, Lydia W. Njenga, Vincent O. Madadi Department of Chemistry, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-

00100, Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract: Porous ceramic filters were prepared by incorporating burnout material into the clay and their

efficiency in removal of turbidity and Escherichia coli tested. Moringa oleifera seeds were also tested for their

biocoagulant and phytodisinfectant ability in purifying water. The filters reduced E. coli from 390±10 CFU/ml

to 0.00 - 0.03 CFU/ml corresponding to an efficiency range of 99.1 to 100%. Turbidity reduced from

64.13±0.75 NTU to 0.92-1.77 NTU equivalent to 97.2 - 98.6% reduction. M. oleifera seeds reduced turbidity of

artificially turbid at 100 NTU to 0.83 NTU corresponding to a 99.2 %. With naturally occurring turbid water at

initial turbidity of 22.2 NTU, the residue turbidity was 4.02 NTU indicating lower removal efficacy. 1g/l of the

seeds reduced E. coli load from 260 CFU/ml to 14.5 CFU/ml equivalent to 94.4% removal. De-oiling the seeds

and using the seed cake residue showed similar efficiency in turbidity removal.

Keywords: Ceramic filters, M. oleifera, drinking water, E. coli, turbidity

I. Introduction Access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation is essential to human health and survival; however,

for many people living in low-resource settings, these vital services remain out of reach [1]. According to WHO and UNICEF recent reports, an estimated 768 million people did not use an improved source for drinking-water in 2011, including 185 million who relied on surface water to meet their daily drinking-water needs. In Kenya, about 39% of the rural population use unimproved sources of drinking water. Of this percent, 30 % use surface water without any treatment on the water [2]. Globally, demand for freshwater and energy will continue to increase significantly over the coming decades to meet the needs of increasing populations, growing economies, changing lifestyles and evolving consumption patterns. This will greatly amplify pressures on limited natural resources and ecosystems [3]. The unimproved sources of drinking water pose a great challenge to a nation by causing water borne diseases that claim the lives of 700,000 children under five each year [4].

The lack of access to piped water has sparked interventions into alternative Point of Use (POU) technologies [5]. One of the most common point-of-use (POU) water purification system is the ceramic water filter (CWF) which has gained widespread use around the world as an inexpensive method to treat microbial contaminated water for potable use [6]. Ceramic filtration involves the use of porous ceramic (fired clay) to filter microbes or other contaminants from drinking water. The ceramic filters are in the range of microfilters and are therefore able to trap particles that are in the micro range as it is the case with the suspended particles and the particles responsible for turbidity, and some bacteria, [7]. The filters have been reported to have a reduction efficiency of 88-100 % and 3-6.8 LRV against E .coli. [8]. Since purification is by size exclusion, very turbid water which is the case with most surface water would clog the filters pores resulting in undesirable flow rates. As a result, a coagulative procedure should precede the filtration.

Native plants have also been traditionally used to improve quality of water in many countries in Africa and Latin America. The most common is the Moringa oleifera. Its seeds contain proteins that have active coagulation properties and are being used for turbidity and microbial removal in many countries [9]. The protein has been extracted using methanol and tested against E. coli. 100 mg/ml of this extract demonstrated a marked inhibition of 15mm as opposed to an inhibition of 1mm and 17 mm for alum and chlorine respectively [10]. Studies on the microscopic structure of aggregates formed with the proteins show that the clusters of material (flocs) that are produced with the protein are much more tightly packed than those formed with conventional flocculating agents. This implies better purification capacity since such flocs are easily separated [11].

II. Experimental Section

2.1 Material collection

Clay was obtained from the department of fine Arts at Kenyatta University, Kenya while, M. oleifera seeds were obtained from International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). The local sawdust was purchased from local vendors in the city. These materials were dried under shade for ten days, then ground separately to obtain powder. The powders were sieved with a 425 µM sieve to obtain fine powder and stored in brown paper bags ready for use. The clay was characterised using Philips Minipal2 XRF from Shimadzu.Water

Moringa oleifera and Ceramic Filters for Escherichia coli And Turbidity Removal from Drinking..


samples for microbial and physicochemical parameters experiments were collected by grab method into 2.5 litres amber glass bottles that were previously washed with detergent and rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Sampling was done at Nairobi River at the Chiromo bridge (coordinates 1º 16.27’ S, 36º 48.436’ E). The samples were immediately analyzed on arrival at the laboratory. All the chemicals used in this work were of analytical grade while the water used was doubly distilled. 2.2 Filters

Moulds of clay were prepared on a clay- sawdust powder (C-S) volume ratio basis by mixing clay and appropriate amount of sawdust powder with water. Four ration that is, 50:50, 55:45, 60:40 and 65:35 of clay to sawdust ration were selected and frustum shaped filters prepared from them in triplicates. The filters were dried under shade for five days and then fired by first preheating at 100 °C for two hours followed by sintering at 850°C for 8 hours. Another set of filters was prepared in the same way but fired at 650°C. Water of known levels of contamination was passed through the filters and the filtrate collected for analysis. For the determination of flow rates, distilled water was passed through. 2.3 Coagulation and disinfection

200 ml of the contaminated water was put in a 250 ml conical flask. Various amount of ground M.

oleifera seeds powder ranging from 5mg to 200 mg were added to the conical flasks. The flasks were shaken in an orbital shaker at 150 rpm for 4 minutes followed by slow mixing at 50 rpm for ten minutes. A blank sample was treated in a similar way to act as a control. The conical flasks were then removed from the orbital shaker and left to stand on the bench for one hour. At this point the measurements were taken for the various target contaminants to determine the coagulative and disinfection effects.

2.4 Extraction of hexane soluble oil from M. oleifera Seeds

Hexane soluble oil was extracted from the seeds by soaking around 5 g of dry M.oleifera seeds powder in 50 ml HPLC grade hexane in 100ml beaker. The contents of the beaker were shaken for 15 minutes in an orbital shaker before being allowed to stand overnight. Whatman filter paper was used to filter out the seed cake residue. This seed cake residue was dried in the air for one hour before drying in an oven at 105°C for another two hours and cooling it to room temperature. The weight difference of the seed cake was used to compute the percentage composition of the oil.

2.5 Turbidity and E. coli analyses

Turbidity was determined using a turbidity meter model LaMotte TC-3000e Tri-Meters. The spectrophotometric turbidity meter was calibrated using standard solutions of turbidity 1 and 10 NTU with zeroing of the meter done with distilled water. Water samples were placed in the glass bottles provided and the bottles placed into the sample holders. The turbidity readings were taken and recorded. E. coli count was determined using the 3M E.coli Petrifilm plates. The count plate was placed on a flat surface, top film lifted and 1 ml of sample dispensed onto the centre of the bottom film. Slowly, the top film was rolled down onto the sample to prevent the entrapment of air bubbles. The plate was then left undisturbed for one minute to permit even distribution of the sample and solidification of the gel. The plates were then incubated in a horizontal position with the clear side up at 37.5°C for 24 ±2 hours. After the incubation, the plates were removed and enumeration of E. coli carried out. Blue colonies associated with entrapped gas were counted as E. coli. 2.6 pH adjustments

pH of the samples was adjusted to 5, 7, and 9 using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH.

III. Results and Discussion 3.1 Filters

3.1.1 Clay composition

The XRF analysis of the clay used in making the filters revealed that it contained the following oxides.

Table 1. Chemical composition and loss on ignition (LOI) of the clay used. Oxides SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 LOI %Composition 57.8 15.37 1.11 1.90 2.34 2.10 0.49 0.10 7.62 10.75

The soil was rich in Silicates (57.8%) and Alumina (15.37%) and had low concentration of titanium

oxide (0.49%) and manganese oxide (0.10%) as indicated in Table 1. This is in agreement with chemical characterisation of clays as aluminosilicate minerals [12].



3.1.2 Determination of flow rates

The filters flow rates ranged between 20ml/hr and 104.5 ml/hr. The rates were dependent on the ratio of clay to sawdust (C:S) and the thickness of the filters wall. They increased with increase in the amount of sawdust for the first two filters which could be attributed to the fact that as the sawdust increased, more pores were available for the passage of water. However, a decrease is observed with an addition of more sawdust to the clay. With addition of sawdust, the elasticity of the clay is lost. For this reason , the 55:45 and 50:50 filters were made from inelastic mould of clay that implied making filters with thicker walls to compensate for the inelasticity. As a result, their flow rates decreased with the 50:50 filter having the lowest flow rate. The flow rates can be enhanced without compromising the efficiency of the filters by reducing the wall thickness of the filters and making larger filters that can accommodate more water. The flow rates are graphically presented in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. Illustration of the various filters flow rates

By varying the grain size of the sawdust (300, 600 and 900 µm) and using a clay: sawdust ratio 1: 2, Varkey and Dlamini [13] obtained flow rates ranging between 50- 140 ml/h which compares to flowrates recorded for some of the filters prepared in this work. 3.1.3 Filters efficiency in turbidity removal

Sample water at different initial turbidity was used in testing the filters efficiency in turbidity removal. For all the water samples, the residue turbidity was below 3 NTU. It was observed that the higher the turbidity of the raw water, the lower the turbidity of the treated water recorded as shown in Table 2. Naturally occurring turbid water obtained from Nairobi River at the Chiromo Bridge was used in the experiment and therefore turbidity’s higher than 65 NTU could not be achieved.

Table 2. Efficacy of the filters in turbidity removal for water of different initial turbidity.

Initial Turbidity (NTU) Residue turbidity (NTU) 5 2.37±0.06 10 2.06±0.05 20 1.45±0.05 50 1.21±0.03 65 0.90±0.03

The improved efficiency with an increase in initial turbidity has also been reported by Sagara [14]. He

suggested that as the particles in water get filtered, the effective pore size of the filter gets smaller due to the clogging of the pores by the filtered particles. This therefore implies that the highly turbid water would reduce the pore size more and thus the higher efficiency. However, very turbid water would result into total clogging thus preventing any filtration to take place.

3.1.4 Microbial contaminants

The sample water obtained from Nairobi River at the Chiromo Bridge contained 390 CFU/ml E. coli. Nairobi River has generally been reported to contain high levels of the indicator organism, E. coli. Musyoki et

al., [15] recorded an average of 980 ± 130 CFU/ml for the river before the Dandora Sewage Treatment Plant



(DSTP) and an average of 1000 ± 110 CFU/ml after the DSTP point. This high levels of the feacal coliforms contamination could be attributed to the surface runoffs from the city as well as wastewater pollution from the informal settlements located alongside its course. Fig. 2 is a pictorial representation of the results.

Figure 2. Pictorial presentation of the E. coli results after filtration.

The M2 and S1 are plates incubated with water filtrate. The absence of the blue colonies in these plates

indicates that all the E. coli have been filtered out. Enumeration of the E. coli after filtration and incubation was done and the results presented in a tabular form in Table 3. The results indicate that three of the four sets of filters prepared eliminated all the E. coli.

Table 3. Residue E. coli count after filtration

E. coli (CFU/ml) Raw water 390.00±10.00 Filter 1 0.00±0.00 Filter 2 0.00±0.00 Filter 3 0.33±0.58 Filter 4 0.00±0.00

The filters recorded an average efficiency of 99.98 % E. coli reduction. From literature, ceramic filters

have been reported to remove E. coli with an efficiency ranging between 98%-100%. By using water spiked with 6.0 * l06 CFU/ml E. coli, Simonis and Basson [8] obtained an average reduction efficiency of 99.999% after filtration through ceramic filters. 3.1.5 Effect of firing temperature

To investigate the effect of firing temperatures, one set of the filters was fired at 650° C while the other one was fired at 850° C. Both set of filters were similar in appearance after the firing and were equally effective in removing Feacal Coliforms and turbidity as shown graphically in Fig. 3.



80

84

88

92

96

100

E.coli Other Coliforms Turbidity

% re

duct

ion

Parameters

Filter A

Filter D

Figure 3. Efficiency of two filters: Filter A fired at 850° C and Filter D° fired at 650 C

Since firing at 650° C was equally as effective as firing at 850° C,firing for this type of clay used

should be done at the lower temperature to save energy. The temperature should be high enough to vitrify clay and make it hard and resistant to stress. This ensures that it does not change shape when water is added to it and neither will it contaminate the water filtered through. 3.2 Coagulation and disinfection using M. oleifera seeds

3.2.1 Effect on turbidity

Both synthetic and naturally turbid water was used in testing the effects of the seeds and the optimal dose on turbidity.

Synthetic turbid water at 100 NTU

Various amount of the seeds were applied to water at this turbidity and the residue turbidity’s recorded after 0, 4 and 18 hrs. The results are presented in Fig. 4. The optimal dosage was found to be 0.2 g/l corresponding to a reduction from 100 to below 5 NTU after one hour. This dose further reduced the turbidity to 2.74 and 0.83 NTU after 4 and 18 hours respectively. Optimal dosage as low as 0.1g/l have also been reported initially. Yongabi, [10] in his findings reported that 2 grams of crushed M. oleifera seeds was used to treat 20 litres of water in Malawi resulting in residue turbidity below 5 NTU.

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10 15 20

Turb

idity

(NTU

)

ATime in hours

0.00g/l

0.05g/l

0.1g/l

0.15g/l

0.2g/l

0.25g/l

0.4g/l

0.5g/l

Figure 4. M. oleifera optimal dosage for synthetic turbid water at 100 NTU initial turbidity

Synthetic turbid water at 16.3 NTU



With water at this initial turbidity, lesser amount of the seeds would be required as indicated in Fig 5. The optimal dosage for water with an initial turbidity of 16.3 NTU was 0.025 g/l. This dose reduced the turbidity to 2.88 NTU and 1.44 NTU after 1 and 4 hours respectively corresponding to a reduction efficiency of over 91.2 %.

Figure 5. Optimal M. oleifera dosage for synthetic turbid water at 16.3 NTU initial turbidity

The lowest turbidity value achieved for this water sample with an initial turbidity of 16.3 NTU was

1.44 NTU which is high compared to 0.82 NTU value achieved by using water at initial turbidity of 100 NTU. The behaviour has been reported by other scholars and could be attributed to the fact that low turbidity waters contain limited colloidal matter; hence, a very limited inter-particle contact system for the polyectrolyte [17, 18]. Naturally turbid water

Naturally turbid water obtained from Chiromo River and at an initial turbidity of 22.5 NTU was used in this test.

Figure 6. M. oleifera optimal dosage for naturally turbid water

The optimal dose was found to be 0.2 g/l lowering the turbidity from 22.5 to 9.23 and 4.02 NTU after 1

hr and 4 hrs respectively. This corresponds to a 59 and 82% reduction. Mathematically, the optimal dosage for this natural water is around 10 times greater than that of the synthetically turbid water of the same initial turbidity range. Moreover, this lowest residue turbidity achieved is higher than that of the synthetic turbid water which gave a residue turbidity of 1.44 NTU.

Pritchard et al [18] had previously reported that the seeds were not as effective with the natural turbid water as they were with artificial turbid water. They reported that natural water require far higher doses (x15) of M. oleifera seeds than the model turbid water to successfully produce coagulation. It has been proposed that the reduced efficiency with water of lower and natural turbidity could be as a result of formation of small and less dense flocs that could not settle effectively, [19].

For all the cases studied, the optimum dosage that reduced turbidity to acceptable limits for drinking water was found to be equal or less than 0.2g /l. Increasing the dosage beyond the optimal dosage resulted in



slight increase in the residue turbidity. Sutherland et al., [20] in their work have mentioned that once the optimal dosage is achieved, the excess polyelectrolyte proteins repel each other due to their charged nature leading to the flocs floating or suspending in the water. Such floating flocs could be filtered to achieve lower turbidity [21].

Effect of de-oiling the seeds on turbidity removal

The M. oleifera seeds were de oiled and the hexane soluble oil content found to be 26.40±1.04 % of the total mass of the seeds. From literature, the seeds have been reported to contain over 40% edible oil [22]. The de oiled seeds were as effective as the shelled seeds in turbidity removal as illustrated by the residue turbidity’s in Table 4.

Table 4. Comparison of the shelled and de oiled seeds in turbidity removal. Amt of M. oleifera seeds (g/l) Residue turbidity (NTU)

Shelled seed powder De-oiled seed powder 0.05 4.925±0.078 4.85±0.071 0.1 3.725±0.078 3.66±0.057 0.2 2.45±0.212 2.45±0.106 0.25 3.665±0.078 4.83±0.028 0.5 5.44±0.042 6.62±0.056

3.2.2 Disinfection properties of the seeds.

An experiment with raw water at an initial concentration of 260 CFU/ml and 300 CFU/ml E. coli and other Coliforms respectively was used. Fig. 7 is a plot of the residue number of the faecal Coliforms after one hour against the various amounts of the seed powder used.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

Co

lifo

rms

(CFU

s/m

l)

Amt of M. oleifera seed powder (g/l)

E coli

Other coliforms

Figure 7. Optimal dose disinfection results

The various dosages ranging from 0.125 to 2 g/l resulted in residue E. coli count ranging from 60 to 15

CFU/ml corresponding to reduction efficacy range of 55.67 - 92.33%. 1g/l dosage recorded the best efficiency of 92.33% reduction. The results were within the range reported by other scholars. Yongabi et al., [10] reported a 95% efficiency reduction of the total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts, E. coli counts as well as coliforms counts. They reported an optimal dosage of between 4 and 5 g/l. Pritchard et al., [18] reported different efficiency at different working conditions, by changing the initial microbial load, and initial turbidity of the test water, they observed efficiency that ranged between 84 and 88% for artificial model water and 77 and 88% for natural water. Their model water was spiked with 100-300 CFU/ml E. coli while their river was reported to contain an average of 26.5 CFU/ml. For their work, they reported an optimal dose ranging between 0.75 and 1.25 g/l.

3.2.3 Effect of time on E. coli disinfection

The minimum amount of M. oleifera seeds that could result in maximum disinfection when the treated water samples were left to stand for upto six hours was sought in this experiment. The jar tests were carried out as previously outlined with the sampling of water for inoculation conducted after 1, 3 and 6 hrs. Fig. 8 is a pictorial presentation of the effect of time on the disinfection properties of the M. oleifera seeds.



Figure 8. Pictorial illustration of the effect of time for the blank and 1g/l dosages after 1, 3 and 6 hours of

coagulation.

The blank sample had a high residue number of Coliforms as evidenced from the blue and red dots

even after leaving the waters to stand for six hours. With a dose of 1 g/l, the residue coliforms considerably reduced after one hour with an almost 100 % reduction after 3 and 6 hours. Enumeration of residue Coliforms was carried out and the results presented in Table 5.

Table 5. Effect of time on E. coli disinfection Amount of M.

oleifera (g/l) Residue E. coli count with time 0 hr 1 hr 3 hrs 6 hrs

0 260±10 125±5.0 92.3±4.2 96.5±7.8 0.1 260±10 115.3±4.7 76.3±4.9 92.3±2.6 0.2 260±10 86.7±2.5 67.3±5.9 69±2.8 0.25 260±10 69±2.6 36±3.6 59.7±1.5 0.5 260±10 43.3±3.8 26±5.3 39.7±8.5 1 260±10 28±2.6 3.7±2.5 3.0±1.0 2 260±10 28.7±4.2 2.0±1.0 2.7±1.5

The E.coli were found to reduce for the first 3 hours for all the dosages. At 6 hours, the E. coli residue

has increased for dosages lower than the optimal dose. For instance at the lowest dose of 0.1 g/l, the residue count after 3 hours is 76.3±4.9 CFU/ml. After six hours, the same sample record a residue E. coli count of 92.3±2.6 CFU/ml. The increase would be as a result of the residue E.coli feeding on the nutrients present in the water and multiplying thus resulting in the increase. At a dose of 1 and 2 g/l the residue number of E. coli was 3.7±2.5 and 2.0±1.0 CFU/ml respectively after three hours. After 6 hours, the average residue counts were 3.0±1.0 for the 1 g/l dosage and 2.7±1.5 CFU/ml for the 2 g/l dosage. Since almost all the E. coli were eliminated after the first 3 hours for the 1 and 2 g/l dosages, there was no significant increase in the number of Coliforms after leaving the samples to stand for an extra 3 hours. Leaving blank samples on the bench after shaking also resulted in decreased number of colonies due to the natural dying process. 3.2.4 Effect of pH on E. coli dsinfection

A dosage of 1g/l M. oleifera was chosen and the samples pH adjusted to acidic, neutral and basic conditions. The disinfectant tests were carried out and the enumeration of E.coli after 1, 3 and 6 hours done. Residue fraction was calculated using equation (1): Residue fraction = N/N° Equation 1 Where N is the number of coliforms after phytodisinfection N° is the initial number of Coliforms before disinfection. Fig. 9 gives the results for the effect of pH on E. coli disinfection. For all the pH values chosen, the residue fraction after one hour was between 0.02 and 0.06 with the highest residue figure recorded at pH 5 and the



lowest figure at pH 9. The same trend is observed after the third and sixth hour but with reduced discrepancy between the residue fractions values.

Figure 9. Effect of pH on E. coli disinfection

A basic media of pH 9 was found to be a better working pH for the M. oleifera seeds while acidic

conditions were found to lower the efficiency of the seeds. Since natural water is generally slightly basic, then the seeds would be effective in disinfecting water. Previous work by Pritchard and co-workers [23] had reported that the seeds were more effective in neutral pH but also observed that alkaline conditions were overall more favourable than acidic conditions.

IV. Conclusion

The study investigated the effectiveness of ceramic filters and M. oleifera in the removal of E. coli and turbidity from drinking water. The filters efficiency in turbidity removal was above 97.2 % while it ranged between 99.91 and 100% for E. coli. However, filtering turbid water clogs the filters and may block the filters completely thus a pretreatment process is required. The M. oleifera seeds were effective in lowering turbidity and the feacal Coliform loads of water samples. A turbidity reduction efficiency of 97% was achieved by a dosage of 0.2 g/l, that is, turbidity was lowered from 100 NTU to 2.74 NTU. With E. coli 1g/l dosage reduced the total count from 260 CFU/ml to 14.5 CFU/ml. The deoiled seeds were also effective in treating the water implying that the edible oil could be extracted first before the residue seed cake is used in water treatment. Combining the two POU (filtration and use of M. oleifera seeds) would produce quality water and also prevent clogging of filters.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to acknowledge the USAID/National Academy of Science PEER project No. PGA-2000001967 for the support grant, International Science Program (ISP) grant KEN01, the Department of Chemistry of the University of Nairobi, and the Department of Fine Arts of the Kenyatta University.

References [1] UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2014 – report. Investing in water and

sanitation: increasing access, reducing inequalities. [2] World Health Organization and UNICEF 2013- Progress on sanitation and drinking-water update. [3] United Nation World Water Development Report (UNWWDR) 2014. Water and Energy volume one. [4] Walker C.L., Rudan I., Liu L., Nair,H., Theodoratou, E., Bhutta Z.A., O’Brien K.L., Campbell H., and Black R.E., Global burden

of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 381, 2013, 1405-1416. [5] Sobsey, M.D., Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. WHO 2002 report. [6] Angela R. Bielefeldt, Kate Kowalski, R. Scott Summers, Bacterial treatment effectiveness of point of use ceramic water filters,

Water research 43, 2009, 3559 – 3565. [7] Jean Jacques Simonis and Albertus Koetzee Basson,, Evaluation of a low-cost ceramic micro-porous filter for elimination of

common disease microorganisms. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 36, 2011, 1129-1134. [8] Simonis J. J., and Basson A.K., Manufacturing a low-cost ceramic water filter and filter system for the elimination of common

pathogenic bacteria. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 52, 2012, 269–276. [9] Subramanium Sotheeswaran, Vikashni Nand , Maata Matakite and Koshy Kanayathu (2011). Moringa oleifera and other local seeds

in water purification in developing countries. Res.J.Chem.Environ. 15, 2011, 135-137. [10] Yongabi K.A., Lewis D. M. and Harris P. L., Application of phytodisinfectants in water purification in rural Cameroon. African

Journal of Microbiology Research 5(6), 2011, 628-635. [11] Maja S. Hellsing, Habauka M. Kwaambwa, Fiona M. Nermark, Bonang B.M. Nkoane, Andrew J. Jackson, Matthew J. Wasbrough,

Ida Berts, Lionel Porcar, Adrian R. Rennie, Structure of flocs of latex particles formed by addition of protein from Moringa seeds, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Science Direct 433, 2013, 30-36.



[12] Grimshaw RW, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Allied Ceramic Materials (Ernest Benn Ltd, 4th Ed 1971. 1:29, 1971). [13] Varkey AJ and Dlamini MD, Point-of-use water purification using clay pot water filters and copper mesh. Water SA. 38, 2012,

721-726. [14] Sagara Junko, Study of Filtration for Point-Of-Use Drinking Water Treatment In Nepal. MSc Thesis Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Massachusets, USA, 2000. [15] Musyoki Abednego M., Mbaruk Suleiman A., Mbithi John N., and Maingi John M., Water-borne bacterial pathogens in surface

waters of Nairobi River and health implication to communities Downstream Athi River. Life Science and Pharma Research. 3, 2013, 1-7.

[16] UN-HABITAT (ed.) Tibaijuki A. Cities can achieve more sustainable land use if municipalities combine urban planning and development with environmental management: Nairobi and its environment, 2007.

[17] Weber Jr., W.J., Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control (John Wiley & Sons, New). York, 1972. [18] Pritchard M., Craven T., Mkandawire T., Edmondson S. A., O’Neill J.G., A comparison between Moringa oleifera and chemical

coagulants in the purification of drinking water – An alternative sustainable solution for developing countries. Physics and

Chemistry of the Earth 35, 2010-a, 798–805. [19] Emelie Arnoldsson, Maria Bergman, Nelson Matsinhe, and Kenneth M Persson, Assessment of drinking water treatment using

Moringa Oleifera natural coagulant, VATTEN, 64, 2008, 137–150. [20] Sutherland JP, Folkard GK, Mtawali MA, Grant WD, Moringa oleifera at pilot/full scale. In Pickford, et al. eds. Water, Sanitation,

Environment & Development, Proceedings of the 19th WEDC Conference, Accra, Ghana, 6th -10th September 1993. [21] Arama P, Wagai S, Ogur J, Walter A, Owido S and Mahagayu C, Harvesting surface rainwater – purification using Moringa

oleifera seed extracts and aluminum sulfate, Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 3(6), 2011, 102-112. [22] Stavros Lalas and John Tsaknis (2002) Characterization of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Variety ‘‘Periyakulam 1’’. Journal of food

composition and analysis 15, 2002, 65–77. [23] Pritchard M., Craven T., Mkandawire T., Edmondson S. A., O’Neill J.G., A study of the parameters affecting the effectiveness of

Moringa oleifera in drinking water purification. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 35, 2010-b, 791–797.

Trends in teaching and research of inorganic chemistry and its applications in Kenya

P. O B o x 3 0 1 9 7N a i r o b i , 0 0 1 0 0

U p p s a l a U n i v e r s i t yB o x 2 5 6 7 5 1 0 5 U p p s a l aS w e d e n


National Inorganic Chemistry Workshop Report 2016

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

2

The Team.

National I C

Report 2016

3

Editors

Prof. Shem Wandiga,Director - Institute of Climate Change and Adaptation

Prof. Lydia NjengaDirector - Board of Postgraduate Studies

Prof. David K. KariukiHead - Inorganic/Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Section

Dr. Vincent Madadi-Lecturer

Dr. Ruth Odhiambo-Lecturer

Mr. Charles Mirikau-Lecturer

Ms. Rachael Njogu-Graduate Assistant

.

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

4

Preface

The holding of this first workshop on the theme of “trends in teaching and research of inorganic chemistry and its applications in Kenya” marks a recognition of systematic organization and use of scientific knowledge in

the country. The topics covered during the workshop highlights what is on-going and what needs to be done to improve the situation.

The teaching of chemistry is a challenge to most countries. However the challenges faced by developing countries and Kenya in particular have been reviewed by various presenters in the report. The solutions to the many obstacles to improved teaching of inorganic chemistry require close collaboration amongst institutions of learning, paternership with private sector and close links with the government and international communities.

As this collaborative initiative matures, there will be future opportunities to do detailed studies and present coherent solutions to the teaching of inorganic chemistry challenges in Kenya. A first step has been taken in a long journey to improving science education in Kenya. Let us walk this way knowing that it requires hard work and great investments of efforts and resources. We are grateful to the International Science Programme of University of Uppsala and the Swedish Government for the financial support given to the University of Nairobi for the support of Inorganic Chemistry Division of the Department of Chemistry.

Let us walk this way knowing that it requires hard work and great investments of efforts and resources.

Prof. Shem Wandiga FRSC, Dsc (hc)(Professor of Chemistry and Chancellor Egerton University)

National I C

Report 2016

5

PREFACE 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9

TABLE OF CONTENTS 5

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7

1. INTRODUCTION 14

1.1WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS 15

2. WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES 16

3. WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS & DISCUSSIONS 17

3.1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: GLOBAL TRENDS IN TEACHING &

RESEARCH OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY & ITS APPLICATIONS

-PROF S. WANDIGA (UON) 21

3.2 PLENARY SESSION: TRENDS IN TEACHING, RESEARCH &

APPLICATIONS OF CHEMISTRY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

AGENDA - PROF L. NJENGA (UON) 22

3.3 THEME 1: TEACHING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

3.31 SECONDARY SCHOOL CHEMISTRY CURRICULUM IN VIEW OF

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – MR. F. MUNENE (KICD) 23

3.3.2 TEACHING OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN HIGH SCHOOLS –

MS. S. MWANGI (NAIROBI SCHOOL) 24

3.4.4 TEACHING AND RESEARCH OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY AT

POSTGRADUATE LEVEL – DR. F. ORATA (MMUST) 27

3.4.5 TRENDS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY AT POSTGRADUATE

LEVEL LEVEL - PROF. D. KARIUKI (UON) 27

CONTENTS

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

6

3.5: THEME 3: RESEARCH, POLICY & APPLICATION 28

3.5.1: APPLICATION OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRIES IN

KENYA – DR.R. JANOOWALLA (UNIVERSAL CORPORATION LIMITED)

28

3.5.2: APPLIED RESEARCH OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:

GEOPOLYMER; AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY - MR. P. MWITARI

(KIRDI) 28

3.6: PRESENTATIONS BY EXHIBITORS 29

3.7: BREAK OUT SESSION 29

GROUP 1: CURRICULUM 30

GROUP 2: APPLICATION OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 31

GROUP 3: RESEARCH 31

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 32

5. WAY FORWARD (ACTUALIZATION OF THE

RECOMMENDATIONS) 34

APPENDIX 1: WORKSHOP PROGRAMME 35

APPENDIX 2: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 38

National I C

Report 2016

7

Name

APBET Alternative Provision of Basic Education and Training

BOM Board of Managers

CUE Commission for University Education

CV Cyclic Voltammetry

ESR Electron Spin Resonance

ICCA Institute of Climate Change Adaptation

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

FTIR Fourier Transform Infra Red

JKUAT Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

KCSE Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

KCS Kenya Chemical Society

KICD Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development

KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute

KU Kenyatta University

MMU Multi Media University

MMUST Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

MOA Memorandum of Agreement

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MS Mass Spectroscopy

NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

List of Abbreviations

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

8

Name

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

SNE Special Needs Education

STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and Math.

TUK Technical University of Kenya

TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy

UON University of Nairobi

USIU United States International University

UV-VIS Ultraviolet-Visible

XRD X-ray Diffractometer

National I C

Report 2016

9

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A National Inorganic Chemistry Workshop was conducted at the Department of Chemistry,

College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi with the intention of bringing together key stakeholders in the teaching, research and application of Inorganic Chemistry in Kenya. The players included policy makers, generators and users of inor-ganic chemistry skills and technology in private and public institutions, to participate in lay-ing down strategies of how to plug into our nation building as envisaged in the Vision 2030. The workshop intended to lay grounds for improved delivery of inorganic chemistry skills to students in learning institutions, starting from secondary schools, undergraduate and postgradu-ate training in the universities and subsequent utilization of inorganic chemistry knowledge in addressing our national development agenda. It looked into curricula; schools and universities, capacities; human and infrastructure, as well as research capabilities of inor-ganic chemistry.

The Workshop activities comprised of one key note address, one plenary, nine presentations covering three themes and a breakout session. Three key private instruments and chemical distributing companies exhibited their products in the two day workshop. A total of sixty participants including facilitators, presenters, exhibitors and University of Nairobi dignitaries (Did they grace or attended the workshop?).

Eight univer-sities were represented, one second-ary school, the gov-ernment’s national

school curriculum institute, government industrial research institute and one pharmaceutical company.

The three thematic areas of interest were; Teaching of inorganic chemis-try in secondary schools, Teaching & Research at undergraduate and post-graduate levels and Research, Policy & Application at public and private research institutions.

The secondary school curriculum was found to have a large percentage of

YOU CANNOT ESCAPE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF TOMORROWBY EVADING IT TODAY.

(Abraham Lincoln)

National Inorganic Chemistry Workshop

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

10

inorganic chemistry, although there are challenges in its teaching due to mismanagement, infrastructural and human capacity deficiencies. The linkage between secondary school and university education needs to be ad-dressed since there is an apparent lack of a smooth transition between the two. Across the Kenyan universities under-graduate level, the curricula compare well with international standards. At postgraduate level, curricula compare well across the local universities but the mode of delivery varies. The curricula at both undergraduate and postgradu-ate levels have not taken advantage of the availability, exploitation, utilization and value addition of locally avail-able resources. Practical lessons are challenged by high running costs, high student population and infrastructural limitations such as space and equip-ment.

Vision 2030 which is the Government of Kenya roadmap of transforming the country into a newly industrialized na-tion lays down the framework for poli-cies which promote science, technology and innovation through Science, Tech-nology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). In order to achieve this, there is an ongoing reformation of the educa-tion system to include Special Needs Education (SNE), Alternative Provi-sion of Basic Education and Training (APBET) and Basic Education (early years, middle school, high school and middle-college), to prepare for careers,

higher education and training.

Research forms an integral part of technology and innovation in address-ing national challenges with the uni-versities, public and private research institutions being at the forefront of this endeavor. The national allocation of research funds has been steadily grow-ing in the recent past although it is still inadequate. Collaborations between public and private sectors, who are the major employers of university gradu-ates, are going to be instrumental in driving the research agenda forward for sustainable development. The work-shop highlighted the need to build an inorganic chemistry network among the local key players, create international linkages between the North-South & South-South and improve dissemination of research findings through publica-tion, workshops/conferences and public awareness.

The pivotal role that inorganic chemists play in the generation of knowledge that addresses health issues, resource utilization and matters pertaining to so-cio-economic development and sustain-ability, to achieve a more prosperous nation cannot be underestimated. The nation’s technological advancement is directly proportional to her utilization of this knowledge.

National I C

Report 2016

11

co

Inorganic chemistry is the study of the synthesis, reactions, structures and properties of compounds of the elements. This subject is usually taught after students are introduced to organic chemistry, which con-cerns the synthesis and reactions of compounds of carbon (typically containing C-H bonds). Inorganic chemistry encompasses the com-

pounds - both molecular and extended solids - of everything else in the periodic table, and overlaps with organic chemistry in the area of orga-nometallic chemistry, in which metals are bonded to carbon-contaning

ligands and molecules. Inorganic chemistry is fundamental to many practical technologies including catalysis and materials (structural,

electronic, magnetic,...), energy conversion and storage, and electron-ics. Inorganic compounds are also found in biological systems where

they are essential to life processes.

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

12

EVERY ASPECT OF THE WORLD TODAY EVEN

politicsAND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,

IS AFFECTED BY

chemistryLinus Pauling, 1901 To 1994

National I C

Report 2016

13

International Science Programme (ISP), Sweden and the Department of Chemistry,

College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi collaboration involves capacity building, North-South and South-South collaborations, student interchange and fellowships with various science departments within the college.

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

14

1: Introduction

There is a collaboration between International Science Programme

(ISP), Sweden and the Department of Chemistry, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi. It involves capacity building, North-South and South-South collaborations, student interchange and fellowships with various science departments within the college. Under the programme, we conduct conferences, workshops, trainings and scholarly visits. In the Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, there exists two programmes KEN01 in the Inorganic Chemistry Section and KEN02 in the Organic Chemistry Section since 2010. KEN01 has recieved two fellowships of PhD students and acquired a number of equipment.This workshop was organized by KEN01 at CBPS Chiromo Campus, University of Nairobi, on 12-13th May 2016. The aim of the workshop was to bring together practitioners and stakeholders to assess the status of teaching, research and application of inorganic chemistry in Kenyan institutions which include secondary schools, universities, government research institutions and industries. In addition, it aimed at establishing a network to foster collaboration among the players

within the public and private sectors in the country. This would lay ground for improved delivery of inorganic chemistry skills to students in learning institutions, and enhance research and application.Inorganic Chemistry is the mother chemistry; it is the rest of chemistry after the split of organic, physical, analytical, pharmaceutical etc., chemistry disciplines. While there are no clear-cut boundaries of inorganic and the other chemistry disciplines, the mainstream inorganic chemistry feeds into other disciplines of chemistry and various chemical sciences. It is concerned with the study of the synthesis, structure and behavior of chemical compounds, including the discovery and placing of the elements in the periodic table. It is the only chemistry discipline that examines specifically the differences, behavior and interactions among all the different kinds of atoms. It looks into the influence of species of elements in molecules and compounds, in coordination chemistry, organometallic molecules, bioinorganic chemistry and in the synthesis and catalysis of reactions just to name a few.Inorganic chemistry is rich and wide in its spread of influence in the world we live in today. It transcends across

National I C

Report 2016

15

the general classifications of science and technology, from the engineering sciences, through the agricultural sciences to the health sciences. It is domiciled in the environmental and natural sciences where its influence is not in dispute. The most prosperous nations of the world today, the Group of Eight (G8), have one thing in common, a strong inorganic chemistry research and development base, that supports their technological advancement, so are the new developed nations of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS). It is imperative that a young nation such as Kenya should focus on enhancing science and technology, particularly inorganic chemistry, at this point in time. In our Vision 2030 development agenda, among the three pillars of social-economic, political and technology emphasis to achieve and sustain a middle level income country status, science and technology are placed very highly as vehicles for delivery. The recent discovery of minerals such as titanium, rare earth, fossil fuels of petroleum and coal, has placed chemistry and in particular inorganic chemistry at an elevated pedestal, so has the advancement of organometallic sciences in health.The two-day workshop was officiated by the Principal, College of Biological and Physical Sciences Prof. Bernard Aduda, who welcomed the participants and stated that the workshop’s objective resonated well with the college’s vision to be the premier African Center of

excellence in Science and Technology.

1.1 Workshop

ParticipantsThe workshop drew participants from the public and private universities, research institutions, government agencies, the private sector and industry. The University of Nairobi hosts included the Principal College of Biological and Physical sciences Prof. B. Aduda; Dean School of Physical Sciences Prof. C. Nyamae; Director BPS and Group leader KEN01 Prof. L. Njenga; Director ICCA and advisor KEN01 Prof. S. Wandiga; Chairman Department of Chemistry Prof. J. Onyari; Group Leader KEN02 Prof. J. Midiwo; Thematic Head Inorganic/Analytical/Environmental Chemistry section Prof. D. Kariuki. The participants were drawn from 17 institutions from academia, industry and government agencies. Universities were represented by the University of Nairobi (UoN), United States International University (USIU), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenyatta University (KU), Pwani University (PU), University of Eldoret (UoE), Technical university of Kenya (TUK), Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST) and Multi Media University (MMU). The government agencies included Government Chemist, Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), Kenya Institute

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

16

of Curriculum Development (KICD) and Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI). The industry was represented by Universal Corporation Limited (UCL), Kobian Scientific Limited, Vision Scientific and Educational Scientific and Technical Company (ESTEC) Limited. (Appendix 2)

2. Workshop ObjectivesThe objectives were classified into various categories to address the delivery and practice of inorganic chemistry as outlined in Table 1.

Objectives Implementation Strategy

Outcomes

1 To assess the trends in teaching, research and applications in Kenya

Facilitators’ presentations

An overview of trends in teaching, research and applications

2 To identify the challenges and gaps in teaching and research

Round table discussions, presentations

An overview of challenges and gaps

3 To assess the existing capacity for synthetic work in inorganic chemistry in research in Kenyan universities

Presentations, exhibitions

Status report of capacity of inorganic chemistry synthesis in Kenyan universities

4 To initiate collaboration and linkage with industry and policy makers

Nomination, round table discussions and presentations, exhibitions

Collaborations and linkages within academia, industry and policy makers

5 To establish an inorganic chemistry national network

Nomination and round table discussion

National network in inorganic chemistry

Table 1: An overview of trends in teaching and research in inorganic chemistry and its applications in Kenya

National I C

Report 2016

17

3. Workshop Presentations and Discussions

The keynote address started off the workshop at 10.00 am day one, followed by a plenary that ushered in 10 presentations spanning two days. The break-out session on day two

provided an opportunity for participants to discuss issues that arose from the presentations. Three participants from the industry also exhibited their products. The various themes explored in the workshop are as shown in Table 2.

Thematic Area Class/Level Topic Guide Points Facilitator

1 Teaching Secondary Schools

Secondary school Chemistry Curriculum in view of Inorganic Chemistry

-Aims of the chemistry (inor-ganic) curriculum

-Updates and reviews of the curriculum-Outcomes

Kenya Institute of Curriculum Develop-ment (KICD)

Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools-Skills in Inorganic Chemistry

- Challenges of teaching chemistry a) Infrastructureb) staffingc) equipmentd) consumables(chemicals and other related materials)e) Exam preparation- Availability/ access of teaching materials- Level playing across schools (investment in chemistry vis a vis other subjects)

Secondary SchoolTeacher(Nairobi School)

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

18

Table 2: Workshop Themes and Topics (Continued)

Thematic Area

Class/Level Topic Guide Points Facilitator

IITeach-ing & Research

University

Teach-ing and coverage of Inorganic Chemistry at undergradu-ate level

-Evaluation of inorganic chemistry at undergraduate level-CUE compliance-Benchmarking.-Caliber of students -Challenges in teaching (in-frastructure, materials, time)-Career paths in Inorganic Chemistry field-Importance of internship programmes to translate the theory into practice-Industry linkages-How does chemistry apply policy (national/ interna-tional), environment, safety, security-Time management

Evaluation of inorganic chemistry at undergrad-uate level(KU)

Inorganic Chemistry curriculumat Under-graduate level

-Evaluation of inorganic chemis-try curriculum at undergraduate level-CUE compliance-Benchmarking.-Challenges in teaching (infra-structure, materials, time)-Career paths in Inorganic Chemistry field-Industry linkages-How does chemistry apply policy (national/international), environment, safety, security-Time management

Jomo Ke-nyatta Uni-versity of Agriculture & Technol-ogy(JKUAT)

National I C

Report 2016

19

Table 2: Workshop Themes and Topics (Continued)Thematic Area



University

Teaching and cov-erage of Inorganic chemistry at Post-graduate level

-Evaluation of inorganic chemis-try at postgraduate level-CUE compliance-Benchmarking.-Caliber of students -Trends and advancement in inorganic chemistry-In-service courses-Challenges in teaching (infra-structure, materials, time)

University of Eldoret (UoE)

Teach-ing and research of Inorganic Chemistry at Postgradu-ate level

-Evaluation of inorganic chemis-try at postgraduate level-CUE compliance-Benchmarking.-Caliber of students -In-service courses-Research in inorganic chemistry -Challenges in teaching new research concepts -Career paths in Inorganic Chemistry

M a s i n d e Muliro Uni-versity of Science & Technology (MMUST)


University

Teaching and cov-erage of Inorganic chemistry at Post-graduate level

-Evaluation of inorganic chemis-try at postgraduate level-CUE compliance-Benchmarking.-Caliber of students -Trends and advancement in inorganic chemistry-In-service courses-Challenges in teaching (infra-structure, materials, time)

University of Eldoret (UoE)

Trends of Inorganic Chemistry at Postgradu-ate Level- Challenges in teaching new research concepts- Instru-mentation and skilled personnel.

-Challenges: in research learning designs, adopting new research ideas, methods and techniques (and lack of emphasis on these challenges)-Trends and advancement in inorganic chemistry-Lack of instrumentation and relevantly skilled personnel -Are the graduates able to apply their theory going forward into research?-How can professional bodies/societies impact on research?

University of Nairobi (UoN)

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

20

A fact acquires its true and full value only through the idea which is developed from it.

Justus Von Liebig, 1803 To 1873

Table 2: Workshop Themes and Topics (Continued)

Thematic Area


III

Re-search, Policy & Applica-tion

Industry/Employ-

ment

Role of Inorganic Chemistry in Industri-al Develop-ment

-Ministry of industrialization- brief on contribution of inorganic chemistry to policies in light of vision 2030-Marketing of inorganic chemis-try through presentations and to attract grants and support from the government-Brief on inorganic chemistry industries contribution to GDP

Ministry of Industrial-

ization

Applied Research in Inorganic Chemistry

-Current applied research areas of inorganic chemistry-Aims/objectives-Expected outcomes-Uptake of research findings

Kenya Industrial Research and De-

velopment Institute (KIRDI)

Application of Inorgan-ic Chem-istry in Industries in Kenya

Application of inorganic chemistry in the Pharmaceutical industry.

Universal Corpora-tion Ltd (UCL)

National I C

Report 2016

21

Inorganic chemistry ¬is the study of atomic structure, crystals, bonding

mechanisms of all elements including their coordination compounds and applications. This presents a great potential to develop the country in areas such as resource extraction, value addition, health, environment sustainability and socio-economic development.

Teaching of inorganic chemistry covers two major aspects.

(i) Practical: This may be descriptive, demonstrative and / or experimental, for example the demonstration of beauty of colors and bubbles.

(ii) Theoretical: This mode of delivery can be descriptive, narrative and / or by use of visual aids.

The theoretical aspect is well established in Kenya while the practical approach faces challenges due to the immense

costs and importation constraints of chemicals. Micro science kit use could potentially help in reducing the costs of running experiments and therefore should be encouraged. Moreover, content in our syllabi highlighting locally available resources such as soda ash, diatomite, vermiculite, flouspar, tiomin, niobium, silica, gemstones, gold, coal, oil, iron and rare earth metals, should be included. Inorganic compounds have direct application in real life e.g. the use of catalysts in water treatment, TiO2-WO6 and TiO2-NO3 for degradation of Ecoli, dyes and pesticides. Synthesis and characterization of these materials require analytical instruments such as ESR, MS, elemental analyzer (CHN), XRD and TEM. Young graduate chemists should take up interest and passion in running and maintaining instruments in order to reduce their maintenance costs and increase lifespan.

Global Trends in Teaching and Research of Inorganic Chemistry and its Applications – Prof. S. Wandiga (UoN)

3.1 Keynote Address:

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

22

The most developed countries in the world are known to have a strong

chemical science and technological base. Thus, chemistry as a discipline is key to industrial advancement yielding specialized high value products that find application in diverse sectors. Chemists in the pharmaceutical industry for instance, synthesize 59% of new drugs compared to 6% that occur naturally, thereby contributing to economic and human development.Kenya has had two distinct education systems since independence; (i) 7-4-2-3 – This system concretized chemistry concepts at ‘A’ levels (-2-) prior to university (-3). (ii) 8-4-4 – The students join university without having concretized chemistry concepts in secondary school (-4-) after four years. This knowledge gap is not addressed at first year university level thereby posing a great challenge to learning undergraduate chemistry concepts.Whereas the course outline at the undergraduate level (last 4 years of 8-4-4) covers several inorganic chemistry units, lack of facilities, cost of chemicals and large student numbers

make it impossible to offer adequate practical lessons. Teaching of inorganic chemistry at postgraduate level (Master of Science in Chemistry) is equally affected negatively by inadequate laboratory facilities (financial constraint, space, apparatus and instruments). This compounds the challenge of the knowledge gap. Among the three pillars for Vision 2030: Social, political and economic; Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) plays a major role in both economic and social pillars hence the inorganic chemist has a huge role to play. Inorganic chemistry can contribute to this Vision 2030 in many ways since it satisfies most varied demands in industries and it is developing rapidly as an important source of scientific and technological progress. Contributions of inorganic chemistry are immense. These include metal extraction, industrial preparation of inorganic compounds, material science, coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry and organometallic chemistry. Kenya is rich in mineral resources that need to be processed locally for value addition.

Trends in Teaching, Research and Applications of Chemis-try in National Development Agenda – Prof. L. Njenga (UoN)

3.2 Plenary Session:

National I C

Report 2016

23

Under this theme, two presentations were done; one on secondary school curricu-lum highlighting the aim of chemistry in the secondary school including updates and reviews over the years and the other discussing challenges of teaching chemistry (infrastructure, staffing, equipment and chemicals) and exam preparation.

Education in Kenya is guided by national goals of education which

include fostering nationalism, patriotism, socio-economic development, ethics, innovation in technology and industry and environmental sustainability. Secondary school education objectives are designed to provide the learner with opportunities to acquire knowledge, skills, critical thinking, innovation, patriotism and ethics so as to participate in national development through technological and industrial advancement.

The bulk of secondary education chemistry is inorganic chemistry and the objectives are such that by the end of the course, the learner should be able to carry out experiments, write chemical formulae, identify physical and chemical properties of substances, apply

knowledge to promote environmental and health practices as well as advance technological and industrial innovations. There are challenges in teaching and learning of chemistry in secondary schools in Kenya which include; linkage between primary science and secondary school chemistry syllabi, poor infrastructure in secondary schools, financial constraints, poorly motivated and overloaded teachers.

The current 8-4-4 system of education commenced in 1984 with a view of enhancing learning of science subjects. This disadvantages learners who are not gifted in sciences and mathematics. The curriculum is under review with the aim of giving every learner an opportunity to become the best that they can be. The system will be divided into Basic

3.3.1 Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum in View of Inorganic Chemistry – Mr. F. Munene (KICD)

3.3 Theme 1: Teaching in Secondary

Schools

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

24

The foundation of chemistry is laid in high school which affects the calibre

of students joining universities. A large proportion of high school chemistry syllabus is inorganic, hence teaching and learning of its concepts are fundamental.

However, there are many challenges facing the delivery, such as; lack of adequate infrastructure; understaffed, undertrained, overloaded, under-motivated and non-insured personnel (teachers and technicians); financial constraints; school mismanagement; high

3.3.2 Teaching of Inorganic Chemistry in High Schools – Ms. S. Mwangi (Nairobi School)

Education comprising of Pre-primary, primary and secondary school levels; Special Needs Education (SNE) and Alternative Provision of Basic Education and Training (APBET).The proposed Basic Education will be organized into 3: Tier 1: Early Years Education {Pre-primary (2yrs) & Lower primary (3yrs)}, Tier 2: Middle School Education {Upper primary (3yrs) & Junior secondary (3yrs)} and Tier 3: Senior School and Tertiary {Senior secondary (3yrs) & Tertiary (middle-level college)}. The APBET and SNE curricula will be competence-based.

In the reformed curriculum, chemistry will be taught starting from Junior

Secondary. In Senior secondary, there will be 3 pathways (General; Vocational; Talents – sports and arts) to prepare for careers, higher education and training, and world of work. , hence there will be a chemistry curriculum for each pathway.

Emerging topics will be introduced in tandem with the changing needs of the country; for example mining of coal, titanium, and petroleum oil among others. Consequently, the curricula for middle level colleges (diploma education), will need to be aligned with those of the university to ensure continuity and smooth transition across tertiary institutions.

student population; cheap sub-standard supply; last minute purchases and lack of practical lessons.

Poor examination performance is compounded by incomplete syllabus coverage; inadequate examination preparation; varying student exposure to chemicals and apparatus.

National I C

Report 2016

25

3.4 Theme 2: Teaching & Research at the

University Schools

Inorganic chemistry entails the study of physical and chemical properties

of all elements in the periodic table. Undergraduate inorganic chemistry curricula at various universities in the country are diverse in depth and width. The university curriculum needs to equip the students with inorganic chemistry skills to solve scientific and technological challenges. Core topics that should be taught across all universities include material science, catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, nanochemistry and environmental chemistry. The syllabus should be dynamic and reviewed periodically to address current and emerging issues.

Higher education history in East Africa starts with Makerere

University which was a constituent college of the University of London.

The Commission for University Education (CUE) has established broad guidelines for undergraduate academic programmes that allows for standardization across Kenyan universities. The content of a given academic programme should be systematic, relevant and aligned to the institutional, national and global goals and trends. Benchmarking and standardization of inorganic chemistry programmes in Kenya universities require continuous discussion and networking across faculty to improve the education of the next generation of inorganic chemists.

At independence, University of East Africa was formed with constituent colleges in Nairobi, Dar es Salaam and Makerere. In 1970, the constituent

The status of teaching, coverage of curricula and research was explored both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Several presenters drawn from different higher learning institutions attempted to demonstrate the status, benchmarking, challenges and opportunities of inorganic chemistry.

3.4.1 Inorganic Chemistry Curriculum at Undergraduate Level – Dr. E. Changamu (KU)

3.4.2 Curriculum Development of Inorganic Chemistry at Undergraduate Level – Prof. C. Nyagah (JKUAT)

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

26

3.4.3 Teaching and Coverage of Inorganic Chemistry at Postgraduate Level - Prof. S. Lutta (UoE)

college in Nairobi got a charter to form University of Nairobi, as the first university in Kenya. UoN therefore is the mother of most of Kenya’s universities.

Inorganic chemistry curriculum at undergraduate level across all universities introduces students to courses like atomic structure and chemical bonding in year one. In the

Inorganic chemistry is an interdisciplinary research field with a

wide area of application which include material science, pharmaceutical, petroleum, agriculture and industry in general.

Entry requirements for postgraduate studies in inorganic chemistry programmes in various universities in Kenya is standardized. An applicant seeking to pursue a Master of Science programme requires an undergraduate degree with a score of at least an Upper Second class honors or its equivalent. Applicants with undergraduate degree but of a lower score must have relevant experience of at least one year and show evidence of research ability. Doctor of Philosophy programmes require one to have a relevant academic

latter years, the courses concentrate on studies of the elements in the s, p, d and f blocks in the periodic table and coordination chemistry which “links” inorganic chemistry to the chemistry of “life.” Inorganic chemistry is the precursor of nuclear science that includes nuclear energy and space science. In Kenya, the use of inorganic chemistry knowledge to solve socio-economic challenges has been lacking.

master’s degree. Commission for University Education guidelines require that a postgraduate degree program should comprise of coursework and research. There are various modes of coursework delivery which include face-to-face, open and distance and e-learning.

The major areas of inorganic chemistry include solid state, physical-inorganic, group theory, nanochemistry, coordination, organometallics, material science, bioinorganic, surface, ceramics, inorganic polymers, semi- and superconductors and characterization techniques. Challenges identified at postgraduate level include insufficient funding, infrastructure, inadequate staff and low student enrolment.

National I C

Report 2016

27

At the postgraduate level, experimental and theoretical

lessons are critical since inorganic chemistry feeds into various multi-disciplinary fields. The key inorganic chemistry topics taught across the various universities are similar, however, there is need to standardize programme structures and course titles to reflect the content taught. All postgraduate programmes should abide by the CUE guidelines that include regular review to address

Inorganic Chemistry is the mother chemistry and is credited with the behavior of the 118 elements in the periodic table. It encourages reaction innovations of all elements and feeds into other chemistry and science disciplines. Chemistry Postgraduate programmes in Kenya contain substantial inorganic chemistry topics, but they are not considered in the mainstream education system (8-4-4) as (8-4-4-2-3). They include i) Master of Science (MSc) by coursework and research over a minimum period of 2 years after a four year undergraduate study and ii) PhD by research over a minimum period of 3

emerging issues.Universities in Kenya face various challenges in the delivery of postgraduate programmes. They include poor infrastructure, inadequate staffing and funding constraints which need to be addressed in order to achieve the desired objectives. programmes in Kenya universities require continuous discussion and networking across faculty to improve the education of the next generation of inorganic chemists.

years after a master of science study. Enrollment and completion rate of postgraduate programme is low due to challenges such as changing interests, infrastructure, funding and career. Inorganic chemistry postgraduates are absorbed in academia, government research institutions, parastatals, cement and other auxiliary chemical manufacturing industries. The oldest chemistry postgraduate program at UoN is only 46yrs old and has not established an academic legacy. In developed worlds consistence of research in specific areas span 50 years with a patriarch researcher. Inorganic chemistry has

3.4.4 Teaching and Research of Inorganic Chemistry at Postgraduate Level – Dr. F. Orata (MMUST)

3.4.5 Trends of Inorganic Chemistry at Postgraduate Level - Prof. D. Kariuki (UoN)

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

28

Manufacturing sector in Kenya contributes approximately 18 percent of GDP, and constitutes a very small percentage of the chemical industries. Inorganic chemicals / products manufactured in Kenya include sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, diatomite and fluorspar. Industries that apply inorganic chemistry in various processes and

One of the emerging technology in inorganic chemistry is in the area of natural occurring inorganic polymers such as geopolymers. They consist of binders, aggregates,

operations are pharmaceutical, agro-chemical, cement, sugar, fertilizers, paints, printing, construction and battery & dry cell. Inorganic chemists in industries are involved in understanding processes and analogues of elements and compounds and how they can be modified, separated, and used to arrive at the desired products.

water, and superplasticizers, and their polymerization mechanisms and application is of great interest to inorganic chemists. The properties of geopolymers include heat resistance,

3.5 Theme 3: Research, Policy &

Application Under this theme, discussions involved current applied research areas of inorganic chemistry, uptake of research findings and application in fields such as pharmaceutical industry in Kenya.

3.5.1 Application of Inorganic Chemistry in Industries in Kenya – Dr. R. Janoowalla (Universal CorporationLimited)

3.5.2 Applied Research of Inorganic Chemistry: Geopoly-mer; An Emerging Technology - Mr. P. Mwitari (KIRDI)

contributed immensely in the fields of medicine, energy storage, fine chemicals and sonachemistry among others. Inorganic chemists can play critical role in a variety of areas in the country, through networking, sharing of resources and concerted problem solving approach. Research groups that are grounded on specific needs, interests and resource exploitation can grow to be formidable national research institutions.

National I C

Report 2016

29

fire resistance, high compressive and tensile strength which render it suitable for use as refractory material. A prototype geopolymer community cooker was constructed which performed well though it didn’t last long due to structural failure over repeated use. Geopolymer technology offers

Three companies; Educational Scientific & Technical Company (ESTEC) Limited, Vision Scientific, and Kobian Scientific Limited presented to the forum on the diverse equipment, Lab solutions and chemical reagents they offer. Of note was the willingness to collaborate with / partner with the universities; train staff and students on how to use the equipment and sponsor students in terms of lab equipment as well. They were eager to participate in promotion of inorganic chemistry in the country; and participants were encouraged to invite them to such similar events

advantages over cement manufacture for financial and environmental sustainability. It presents a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and also can be used as an additive in paint, soil stabilization and acid precursor polymerization.separated, and used to arrive at the desired products.

3.6 Presentations by Exhibitors

3.7 Break Out Session

The last session of the Workshop was designed to elicit the maximum contribution from all the participants, and consisted of two main sections, each aiming in different ways to promote re-flection and deeper exploration of the themes emerging from the presentations and discussions. 1.Discussion in Break¬out Groups 2.Reports from the Break¬out Groups and concluding plenary discussion session The participants were randomly placed into 3 groups of 15 members under thematic areas of curriculum, research and application of inorganic chemistry. They were assigned guide notes for discussion on workshop presentations over the two day period, and reported back to the plenary.

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

30

The group suggested that undergraduate level curriculum content, should include chemistry concepts such as; atomic structure, bonding, s & p block (comparative study), d & f block, coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, group theory and include special topics on national interests in discovery and extraction of minerals or any other emerging issues. Postgraduates should be taught; Advanced techniques of analysis, topics in organic chemistry, advanced group theory, crystallography, bioinorganic chemistry, research methods and have regular graduate seminars which help in building confidence to communicate to peers on scientific information and also improve performance in interviews. This will make graduate to be hands on, innovative, highly skilled, creative,

resilient, and focused in area of specialization). PhD graduates should mainly focus on research and will have been ingrained into a working system.

Reactions from participantsMathematics courses for chemistry students should be included and tailor made to suit chemistry courses. These include, statistics for chemists, calculus for chemists and algebra for chemists. At Master of Science programmes should be merged with PhD programmes as is the case in the United State of America. However, this cannot be the case as CUE has laid down structure regulations for postgraduate programmes. Project management and data analysis courses should be included in the MSc chemistry curricula.The universities should introduce short

Group 1: Curriculum - What kind of graduate do we want to produce? Coverage of the curriculum for the undergraduates (in 4 years) and postgraduate (MSc and PhD)

Group 2: Research - What kind of skills do you require? What’s our niche as we address Vision 2030? What kind of collaboration is required? What kind of equipment are required? How do we overcome the challenge of the equipment? What kind of proposals for grants are required?

Group 3: Application - What kind of skills are required in the industry? What kind of col-laboration with industries? How do we strengthen the collaborations? What’s our niche?

Group Reports

Group 1: Curriculum

National I C

Report 2016

31

courses in specialized areas of interest. This will serve as induction courses and will allow for n effective linkage and collaboration with industry. It was suggested that after every 4 years, when programmes are reviewed, the curricula should be reviewed as well. The need for standardization of curriculum was strongly recommended and emphasized. CUE recommends curricula reviews every 4 years and this should include standardization of the programmes.

Group 2: Application of Inorganic Chemistry

Group 3: Research

The group identified:

(i) Relevant skills required in the industry as; Chemical analytical and synthesis of complexes, data analysis, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Occupational Health and Safety skills.

(ii) Industrial collaborations which include; Internship and attachment, research and development, consultancy, facilitation of equipment, upscale of pilot innovation, sponsorships.

The group identified qualities of a good researcher as; Chemistry graduate qualifications, ICT skills, scientific writing skills, mineral extraction and characterization (e.g. niobium, tantalum, titanium), value addition, identification of relevant local applications and inorganic synthesis in support of industries.

Collaboration was identified as a key ingredient to relevant research. This includes; local and international, inter university, public and private institutions, university and government

The interaction that followed established that: Inorganic chemists need to acquaint themselves with locally available resources and add value, establish linkages and collaboration with industry in order to offer substitute to imports. They must sustain relevance in the field. Inorganic chemists should endeavor to quantify the value of these resources while raw and after value addition. They will then include them in curricula and entice students in the field of inorganic chemistry who will be relevant to industry upon graduation.

institutions (KICD, Government Chemists), university and industry in line with Vision 2030. It was identified that these collaborations need to have a sense of permanency.

Equipment: IResearch requires diverse high-end equipment which are expensive to purchase and maintain. Therefore collaboration and networking are encouraged so as to share the scarce equipment and defray costs. Institutions need to acquire different equipment to complement one another, rather than purchase similar ones. Equipment for

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

32

purpose of teaching at undergraduate level need not be the expensive high end ones. The government needs to increase the research allocation and capitation to universities.

In conclusion, it was noted that good oral communication skills are essential to – effectively discuss and inform scientific concepts. An Inorganic Chemists Network should be established so as to share and congregate periodically to discuss pertinent common issues. The network should bring on board all inorganic practitioners from industry, academia, government institutions, curricula developers, school teachers and students.

To reiterate the importance of networking, a kikuyu proverb that directly translates as “friendship is footsteps” was used. The network can utilize social media that is cheap to keep it alive and active in addition to emailing and website.

A conference to be held next year 2017 at the University of Nairobi was proposed while MMUST proposed to host an activity in 2018.

Benchmarking with top universities of the world including local ones was proposed and can be anchored in the south-south and south-north linkages

engraved in the ISP. In the end all the inorganic Chemists in attendance were challenged on several key issues like how inorganic chemistry rhyme with the new national curriculum, business opportunities and resources, their contribution to value addition of natural resources (How much is lost by not adding value?), the need to establish a niche and occupancy (where they fit in the nation, region and global), and the absolute need for networking with others due interests/research convergence. Ultimately, chemistry should be taken as a career; with long-term deliverables on societal/commercial benefits with universities prioritizing chemistry research holistically- not as an event and professors and researchers establishing thematic areas of interest.

Key points noted are numerated below: 1)There is need to train the scientists in operational maintenance of the instrumentation used in research. It involves understanding the principles/theory and passion to keep the instrument running. It is costly to bring engineers from Europe to do minor trouble shooting on instruments.

4. Conclusions and Recommendations

National I C

Report 2016

33

2 )Key components that should be addressed in teaching of inorganic chemistry: Increased Practical sessions, theoretical and application of locally available materials

3)Need for emphasis on current trends in inorganic Chemistry. E.g. Catalysis, organometallic, bioinorganic

4) There is need for inorganic chemistry to be geared towards addressing national development agenda e.g. Vision 2030 and the global sustainable development goals. What is the niche for inorganic chemists?

5) Need to develop linkages between academia and industries including guided internships/ attachment of students, honors practicals, partnership research geared towards solving industrial problems.

6) What are the minimum concepts and principles that students must be exposed to understand and apply inorganic chemistry upon graduation?

7) Need to continue engaging and networking as teachers, researchers and industrialists applying inorganic chemistry.

8) Need to revise university chemistry curricula in recognition of the ongoing Basic Education curriculum framework.

9 )There need to make teaching of inorganic Chemistry to make it relevant to the real life situation e.g. Fertilizer manufacture, mining, petroleum industry.

10) Need to address of affordable inorganic chemistry textbooks.

11) Kenya Chemical Society was requested to participate in chemistry education at all levels, starting at schools, colleges, universities and its applications in research institutions and industries.

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

34

1. Inorganic Chemistry Conference in 2017

2. Increase the number of training of inorganic postgraduate students

3. Capacity building in inorganic synthesis laboratory analytical equipment

4. Strengthening of North –South linkages through exchange programs, workshops and conferences

5. Strengthening of South–South linkages through exchange programs, workshops and conferences6. Establish an Inorganic Chemistry Network

5. Way Forward

(Actualization of the Recommendations)

“Strong support for the field of Inorganic Chemistry is crucial for the Advancement of other research fields, such as Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Environmental Chemistry and Materials Science. In particular, Inorganic Chemistry is poised to become a major player in solving the impending energy challenge confronting us this century. To this end, if any country is to contribute to the global efforts already launched to address the energy challenge, as well as to the advancement of other fields, key measures must be taken to ensure the vitality of Inorganic Chemistry and its prominent role in science in the country” Swedish Research Council, 2008

National I C

Report 2016

35

Appendix 1

Venue: Sps Boardroom, Chiromo Campus Date: 12-13 May 2016

Conference Programme

NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE OVERVIEW OF TRENDS IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN INORGANIC CHEMIS-TRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN KENYA

Day 1

8.00 – 9.00 Registration

Programme Manager: Mr. Charles Mirikau

9.00 – 9.45

Opening CeremonyKEN01 Group LeaderChairman, Department of ChemistryDean, School of Physical SciencesPrincipal, College of Biological & Physical Sciences

9.45 – 10.30

Keynote AddressGlobal overview of trends in teaching and research in inorganic chemistry and its applications – Prof. Shem O. Wandiga, University of Nairobi

10.30 – 11.00 Health Break

1.00 – 11.45

Plenary Session Trends in teaching, research and applications of inor-ganic chemistry in addressing national development agenda as envisioned in Vision 2030 – Prof. Lydia W. Njenga, University of Nairobi

Session Chair: Prof David K. Kariuki Rapporteurs: Dr. Vincent Madadi / Ms. Rachael Njogu

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

36

Day 2

8.00 – 8.30 REGISTRATION

Programme Manager: Mr. Charles Mirikau

8.30 – 8.45 Rapporteur’s Report

11.45 – 12.15Teaching and Coverage of Inorganic Chemistry at Undergraduate Level – Dr. Evans Changamu, Kenyatta University

12.15 – 12.45Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum in View of In-organic Chemistry – Mr. F.N. Munene, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development

12.45 – 14.00 Lunch

14.00 – 14.30

Applied Research of Inorganic Chemistry – Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute

Session Chair: Dr. Ruth Odhiambo Rapporteurs: Dr. Vincent Madadi / Dr. Farida Were

14.30 – 15.00Inorganic Chemistry Curriculum at Undergraduate Level – Prof. Christopher Nyaga, Jomo Kenyatta Uni-versity of Agriculture and Technology

15.00 – 15.30Application of Inorganic Chemistry in Industries in Kenya – Dr. Radiyah Janoowalla, Universal Corpora-tion Limited

15.30 – 16:00 Health Break

16.00 – 16.30Teaching and Coverage of Inorganic chemistry at Postgraduate Level – Prof. Samuel Lutta, University of Eldoret

16.30 – 18.00 Departmental Visit / Exhibition

18.00 – 20.00 Dinner – Ms. Rachael Njogu / Mr. Charles Mirikau

National I C

Report 2016

37

8.45 – 9.15

Session Chair: Dr. Dickson Andala Rapporteur: Ms. Rachael Njogu / Dr. Faridah WereTeaching and research of Inorganic Chemistry at Post-graduate level – Dr. Francis Orata, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology

9.15 – 9.45Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools - Skills in Inorganic Chemistry – Ms. Susan W. Mwangi, Nairobi School

9.45 – 10.15 Trends of Inorganic Chemistry at Postgraduate Level – Prof. DK Kariuki, University of Nairobi

10.15 – 10.30 Health Break

10.30 – 11.00Session Chair: Prof. Lydia NjengaRapporteurs: Ms. Rachael Njogu / Dr. Vincent MadadiVendors

11.00 – 12.00 Break-Out Session

12.00 – 12.30 Reporting

12.30 – 13.30 Way Forward

13.30 - Lunch

18.00 – 20.00 Dinner – Ms. Rachael Njogu / Mr. Charles Mirikau

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

38

Appendix 1 List of Participants

S/No NAME INSTITUTION TEL. NO EMAIL

1. Ms. Susan W. Mwangi Nairobi School 0721379625 susanmwangimuri@gmail.

com

2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.

Prof. Lydia W. NjengaProf. Shem O. WandigaProf. Geoffrey KamauProf. John M. OnyariProf. David. K. KariukiProf. Christopher NyamaiProf. Jacob MidiwoDr. Fredrick OdourDr. Albert NdakalaDr. Solomon DereseDr. Boniface N. NjomoMr. Godfrey WafulaDr. Faridah WereDr. Vincent MadadiDr. Ruth OdhiamboDr. Joyce KithureMr. Charles MirikauMs. Rachael NjoguMr. Dennis mureithiMr. Amboga D. AnzeeMs. Vane BonareriDr. Joseph Mutemi Ms. Cecilia Ndiritu


07227682450722816153072282219607241449040722831418072281387307227766520722833693072044338607339355790763324922072284415307335515180720742415072327375207140130560722387827072115689907088127510720343245072616599907228901760722676812

[email protected] [email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected] [email protected]@[email protected] [email protected]@[email protected]@uonbi.ac.ke [email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected] [email protected]@uoubi.ac.ke [email protected]

25. Dr. Francis Orata

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST)

0718282462 [email protected]

26. Dr. Bowa O. Kwach Maseno university 0706757839 [email protected]

27. Prof. Samuel LuttaUniversity of Eldoret (UoE)


28. Dr. Leonard Gitu

Kenya Chemical Society (KCS)/ JKUAT


National I C

Report 2016

39


1. Ms. Susan W. Mwangi Nairobi School 0721379625 susanmwangimuri@gmail.

com

2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.

Prof. Lydia W. NjengaProf. Shem O. WandigaProf. Geoffrey KamauProf. John M. OnyariProf. David. K. KariukiProf. Christopher NyamaiProf. Jacob MidiwoDr. Fredrick OdourDr. Albert NdakalaDr. Solomon DereseDr. Boniface N. NjomoMr. Godfrey WafulaDr. Faridah WereDr. Vincent MadadiDr. Ruth OdhiamboDr. Joyce KithureMr. Charles MirikauMs. Rachael NjoguMr. Dennis mureithiMr. Amboga D. AnzeeMs. Vane BonareriDr. Joseph Mutemi Ms. Cecilia Ndiritu


07227682450722816153072282219607241449040722831418072281387307227766520722833693072044338607339355790763324922072284415307335515180720742415072327375207140130560722387827072115689907088127510720343245072616599907228901760722676812

[email protected] [email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected] [email protected]@[email protected] [email protected]@[email protected]@uonbi.ac.ke [email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected] [email protected]@uoubi.ac.ke [email protected]

25. Dr. Francis Orata

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST)


26. Dr. Bowa O. Kwach Maseno university 0706757839 [email protected]

27. Prof. Samuel LuttaUniversity of Eldoret (UoE)


28. Dr. Leonard Gitu

Kenya Chemical Society (KCS)/ JKUAT


S/

NoNAME INSTITUTION TEL. NO EMAIL

29. Prof. Christopher Nyaga Jomo Kenyatta University of Agricul-ture and Technology (JKUAT)


30. Dr. Eunice Nyawade 0722680866 [email protected]

31. Mr. Dennis Ngolania 0728615631 [email protected]

32. Dr. Dickson Andala Multimedia University 0705204610 [email protected]

33. Dr. Evans Changamu

Kenyatta University (KU)


34. Dr. Kibe Macharia 0722380607 [email protected]

35. Dr. Henry Mwangi 0722484282 [email protected]

36. Dr. Mwende Noah

United States In-ternational Univer-sity – Africa (USIU-A)

0717414129

37. Dr. Holiness NoseThe Univer-sity of Kenya (TUK)


38. Dr. Erick Njagi Chuka University 0706459315 [email protected]

39. Dr. Aloise Ogweno Laikipia University 0791293834 [email protected]

40. Dr. Solomon Matata Karatina University 0715940597 [email protected]

41. Mr. Nyinge Mwadzombo Pwani University 0704488866 nyingemwadzombo@gmail.

com

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

40


42. Mr. J. WeruKenya Institute of Curriculum Develop-ment (KICD)


43. Mr. Franco Munene 0722344304 [email protected]

44. Mr. Hassan Abdi Omar 0726404810 [email protected]

45. Dr. Eric ApiyoPesticides and Poisons Board (PPB)


46. Dr. Raditah Janoowalla

Universal Corpora-tion Limited (UCL)


47. Mr. Tom OumaEducational Scientific & Technical Company Equipment Limited (ESTEC)


48. Mr. Steven Kuria 0723507851 [email protected]

49. Mr. John Wanjala Kenya Industrial Research Development Institute (KIRDI)


50. Mr. Mwitari Paul 0724142498 [email protected]

51. Mr. Rotich K. JamesKobian Limited (K)


52. Mr. Felix Abdalla 0710140277 [email protected]

53. Mr. James M. Welimo Government Chemist 0721325443 [email protected]

54. Mr. David OdourVision Scientific


55. Ms. Sameedha Chavan 0729244844 [email protected]

National I C

Report 2016

41

Annu

al R

epor

t 201

6

42

Part of the team that made the workshop possible

PROF. SHEM

WANDIGA

DR. RUTH ODHIAMBO

PROF. LYDIA NJENGA

MR CHARLES MIRIKAU DR VINCENT MADADI

PROF. DAVID KARIUKI

MS. RACHAEL NJOGU

Director ICCA, KEN01 Group Advisor


Director BPS, KEN01 Group Leader

University of Nairobi (UoN) University of Nairobi (UoN)

Director BPS, KEN01 Group Leader

Graduate Assistant

National I C

Report 2016

43

National Workshop ReportTrends In Teaching And Research OfInorganic Chemistry And ItsApplications In Kenya

University of NairobiP. O B o x 3 0 1 9 7N a i r o b i , 0 0 1 0 0

U p p s a l a U n i v e r s i t yB o x 2 5 6 7 5 1 0 5 U p p s a l a

S w e d e n

guidelines for blue underlined words 1. organization …...1. organization program chemistry...

Documents