guidelines for development of a quality assurance program: … · 2015-08-28 · the objectives of...

EPA-650/4-74-005-i

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM:

VOLUME IX - VISUAL DETERMINATION OF OPACITY EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

bY

Pamela Wohlschlegel and D .E. Wagoner

Research Triangle Institute Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709

Contract No. 68-02-1234 ROAP No. 26BGC

Program Element No. lHA327

EPA Project Officer: Steven M. Bromberg

Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory Office of Monitoring and Technical Support

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

Prepared for

U. S , ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Research and Development

Washington, D. C . 20460

November 1975

--___ll”--.-_I-L - - ,_ - .

EPA REVIEW NOTICE

This report has been reviewed by the U .S . Environmental Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environ- mental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commer- cial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, have been grouped into series. These broad categories were established to facilitate further development and applica- tion of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was cons@ously planned to foster technology transfer and maximum interface in related fields. These series are:

1. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH

2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY

3. ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH

4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

5. SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

6. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS

9. MISCELLANEOUS

‘1’his report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series. This series describes research conducted to develop new or itnproved methods and instrumentation for the identification and quantifica- t ion of environmental pollutants at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes studies to determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.

This document is available to the public for sale through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

Publication No. EPA-650/4-74-005-i

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of Figures

List of Tables

1.0 INTRODUCTION l-1

2.0 VISUAL DETERMINATION OF THE OPACITY OF EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

5.8 Visual Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources

5.8.1 Reference Method 2-4 5.8.2 Plan Activity Matrix 2-15 5.8.3 Operational Procedures 2-26 5.8.4 Auditing Procedures 2-56

3.0 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TEST METHOD

3.1 Variable Evaluation and Error Range Data

3.2 Combining Error Terms

3.3 Precision Estimates

LIST OF REFERENCES

Appendixes

A GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS

B GLOSSARY OF TERMS

C TE~ICAZ, FJZPO?T DATA SHEET

iii

V

vii

2-1

2-2

3-l

3-2

3-6

3-7

R-l

A-l

B-l

C-l

- - ^ - , - . . - . - - . . . - . - - , _ . . , - _ -_ . - .

.l_”

_”

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

5.8.1 5.8.2

5.8.3 5.8.4 5.8.5 5.8.6

5.8.7 5.8.8 5.8.9

5.8.10 5.8.11

5.8.12

5.8.13

Method procedures relationship Sequence of operations in training, certification, and field observations for determinations of visual emissions Sample smoke generator log Sample observation information form Sample data log Sample form for testing determination of weather data Sample certification test form Audit data form Sample data assessment form for each audit Auditing period data assessment form Example illustrating p < 0.10 and satisfactory data quality Example illustrating p > 0.10 and unsatisfactory data quality Sample course evaluation form

2-5

2-27 2-37 2-44 2-47

2-51 2-53 2-58

2-60 2-62

2-64

2-64 2-67

iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

5.8.1 Methods of monitoring training variables 2-12

5.8.2 Methods of monitoring field variables 2-13

5.8.3 Sample plan constants, k for p (detecting a lot with proportion p outside limits L and U) > 0.9 - 2-66

ABSTRACT

Guidelines for the quality control of the visual determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary sources are presented.

These include:

1. Good operating practices.

2. Directions on how to assess performance and to qualify data.

3. Directions on how to identify trouble and to improve data quality.

4. Directions to permit design of auditing activities.

The document is not a research report. for use by operating personnel.

It is designed

This work was submitted in partial fulfillment of contract Durham 68-02-1234 by Research Triangle Institute under the Sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency. Work was completed as of November 1975.

vi

Section 1.0 Revision No. 0 Date: November 1975 Page 1 of 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION

l-1


1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document presents gilidelines for implementing a quality assurance program for the visual determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary sources.

The objectives of this quality assurance program are to:

1. Provide routine indications for unsatisfactory

performance of personnel and/or equipment, 2. Provide for prompt detection and correction of

conditions that contribute to the collection of poor quality data,

3. Collect and supply information necessary to de-

scribe the quality of the data. To accomplish the above objectives, a quality assurance pro-

gram must contain the following components: 1. Routine monitoring of training and qualification

procedures, 2. Routine monitoring of the variables and/or param-

eters which may have a significant effect on data quality,

3. Development of statements and evidence to qualify data and detect defects,

4. Action strategies to increase the level of precision in the reported data and/or to detect training equipment defects or degradation and to correct same.

Implementation of a quality assurance program will result in data that are more uniform in terms of precision and accuracy. It will enable each observation team or individual to continuously generate data that approach the highest level of accuracy attainable with the visual method.

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This document is divided into three sections, as follows: 1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION --This lists the overall objectives

of a quality assurance program and delineates the program components necessary to accomplish the given objectives.

2. 2.0 VISUAL DETERMINATION OF THE OPACITY OF EMISSIONS

FROM STATIONARY SOURCES --This section includes the

method description, plan activity matrix, operational

procedures, and auditing procedures. Subsection

numbering is consistent with section 5.8 of a larger document, The Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurements, Volume III, Station- ary Sources Specific Methods.

3. 3.0 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS --This section includes an

estimate of the precisions and biases of the various measurements which collectively comprise Method 9, and an estimate of the total precision and bias of the method.

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Section '2.0 Revision No. 0 Date: November 1975 Page 1 of 1

2.0 VISUAL DETERMINATION OF THE OPACITY OF EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES*

*In this section, subsection numbering is consistent with section 5.8 of a larger document, The Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurements, Vol. III-- Stationary Sources Specific Methods.


5.8 VISUAL DETERMINATIONS OF THE OPACITY OF EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

This section describes a quality control program designed specifically to check the validity of opacity data generated from routine visual determinations. To present the quality control program more systematically, the section has been divided into the following subsections:

5.8.1 Reference Method, 5.8.2 Plan Activity Matrix, 5.8.3 Operational Procedures, 5.8.4 Auditing Procedures.

The formal reference method for Visual Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources is included in section 5.8.1 for convenient reference. Also included in

that section is figure 5.8.1, which delineates the procedures for Method 9 in a block diagram. Basically, the method can be broken down into a series of operational categories defined as:

1. Observer training,

2. Observer testing and certification,

3. Field observations, 4. Data analysis.

bvJihin each category both routine and nonroutine procedures are described. The routine procedures form the basic criteria needed for a school to adequately train, test, and certify

the observer, and for an observer to generate data. The nonroutine procedures provide characteristic checks for each of the routine procedures to insure that valid data will be 7Jltimately collected and to properly assess the quality of

that data. The Plan Activity Matrix in section 5.8.2 includes the

characteristic checks for each of the operating procedures:

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the procedures themselves are outlined in section 5.8.3. The audit procedures described in section 5.8.4 provide a

basis for assessing the performance in each operational

category.

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5.8.1 Reference Method

METHOD g--VISUAL DETERMINATION OF THE OPACITY OF EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

Reproduced from Appendix A, "Reference Methods," Federal Register, Vol 39, No. 219; Tuesday, November 12, 1974

2-4

METHOD 9

I I I I I (TRAINING)

I I (TESTING AND

; CERTIFICATION) 1 (OBSERVATIONS) (DATA ANALYSIS)

I------- v!

2 I f

TRAINING SCHOOL I TRAINING SCHOOL 1 FIELD OBSERVER I FIELD OBSERVER I I I

N G I I ul i% PREPARATION

E 8 E

CALIBRATION

\\ PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE

z n : 2 I

*“IzEs: \ AUDIT

FIELD I I FIELD

; .

PRACTICE OBSERVATIONS I

TESTING

Figure 5.8.1. Method procedures re .ationship.

Section 5.8 Revision No. 0 Date: November 1975 Page 5 of67

5.8.1.1 Variables Accuracy- Many stationary 6o”rces dlscharge visible

tmi~~10~ Into the atmosohere: these emls- slons are “Sually in the -shape of s pl”_me. !I%18 method involvea the detennlnation of olume oDacitY bv aualisied observers. The - - __ method includes procedures for the trsinlng and certlflcatio~ of obserwrs. and procedures to be used in the Ueld for deter&lnatlon of plume opacity. The appearance of a plume as viewed by an observer depends upon a number of variables. same of which may be controllable and nome of which may not be controllable In the fleld. Vsrlables which can be COlltrollWl to an extent to which they no longer exert . signillcnnt mnuence upon Dl”me ~D~e~r.%nce include: AnMe 02 the ob- krvsr witi respect ta the PI”&; nngle of the observer with tCSDWt to the Bun: DOhIt Of observation of attorhed and detach&i steam plume; md angle of the observer wlth respect t4. plume emitted from a rectangular atack ath l large length to width rst10. The

method includea 6pe~lfic criteria applicable to the= varlableq.

Other variables which may not be cant%+ JebJe in the i¶eId art? lumlnescenco end color contrast between th8 plume and the bwk- ground against ahlch the plume Is rlewed. These variables exert an 1nRuence upon the appearance of D plume 118 viewed by an observer. and csn affect the ability of the observer to alxuratc1y ass1gn opG.e1ty vn1ues to the observed plume. Studles of the theory of plume ooscltv and field studies have dem- on&rated ihat ; plume Is most vlslble and Dl’eSenta the ,~Xat,?St PDDiW,nt OJDsCitY when il,ewed again& e. contr-&ting background. It followa from this. and 1s conflrmed by fleld triaJals. that the ouaclty of . Mume. viewed “ndei conditIona -where a con-&&idg back- around Is DrCSent Ellll be 8ssJmed with the greatest de-Fee of accuracy. I&ever8 the po- tential ior a positive error is also the greatest when a plume is viewed under s”ch contrnst-

lng coadltiona. Under condItIona preeentlng a less contrasting background. the appnrent OpaCity of . plume Is less and appronches zero aa the color and luminescence wntrost decrease toward zero. Aa a result. dgnlbcant negative bias and negative errors can be made when a plume la vlewed under less contmstlng conditions. A negative bins de- creases rather than increnses tha Jxalblllty that a plant operator will be cited for a rio- Iatlon of opacity staidads due to obrcrver error.

Studles have been undertaken to determine the magnitude of positive errors which can be made by qualified observers while rend- ing plumes under contrasting condltlons and “sing the procedures s-et forth in this method. The results of these studlcs (fleld trials) which Involve a t&d of 769 sets of 25 readinp each are as follows:

IlJ For black oJ”mes (133 sets at a smoke geneiator) ) lOO-percent’ of the sets were read with a posltlve error1 of Jew thnn ‘7.6 percent opacity; 09 percent were read with a positive error of less than 5 percent oDacltv.

-(a) For white plumes (170-s&s at sirnode generator. 168 sets at a coal-fired power p1nnt. 238 wts at L sulIurlc acid plant), 99 percent of the sets were read with B posltlve error of less than 7.5 perceut opacity: 35 percent R’PTB read with B posltlve error of less tllnu 6 percent opacity.

The positive observational erro, Rssoclnted with hn average oi twenty-five rcadln~ Is therefore established. The sccuracy of ths method must be taken into account ,vJ,en detirmlnlng possible rlolatlons. 01 nppJ,-

cable opacity standards.

1 Fat a set. positlve error~=w&“ge cqwclty determined by observec?’ 25 obserrntlons- average opacity determined from tnvwnis- ~~meter’s 25 recordings.

5.8.1.2 Principle and Applicability-

I. Principle rind applicability.

1.1 Prlnclple. The opnc1ty of rml~ion# from stationary sources Is detennlned $4~ “ally by a qualified observer.

1.2 Appllcablllty. Tbls method Is nppll- cable for the detenninatlon of the opsclty Of emJs510ns from stat10nnry sources p”r- suant to 5 60.11(b) and for qualU)lr,g observers for visually determllllng opnclty of em!.%10ns.

5.8.1.3 Procedures for Opacity Observations- 2. Procedures. The observer quallficd ln

accordance wlth prvagraph 3 of this method shall “se the following procedures for %‘lS- “ally determining the opacity Of entirslOU:

2.1 Position. The qualilled obwrvcr abnll stand at e. distnnce suiTlclcnt to provide . clear view of the emls~lona with the Sun orlented in the 140. sector ta hla brick. Can- &Aent with mnlntalning the above rcqulrc- merit. the observer shall. IU much aa poalble. mRke his ObsarvatlonS from 8 posltlon such that his Ilne. of rLslon la approximntcly perpendicular to the plume dlrcctlon. ArId ,when observing opsclty of emlsalons loom rcctnngulw outieb (e.g. roof monitors, oyca baghouse&, non~lrc”lu staclw), npprorl- mstely perpendicular to the longer nxls of the outlet. ne observer’s Jlne of slght sJw”ld not Include mofe thba one plume at n tlme when multiple stacks are involved, nnd in any cabe the observer should make hls ob- servatibns with hia llne of slght pcrpcndlcu- leer to the longer ~~1s of such LL set of multl- pie stacks (e.g. stub stacJcs on bnghouscs).

2.2 Fleld records. ho obxrver sb,dl rc- cord the name of the plant, emlsslon locn- tlon. tvoe facllltv. observer’s mxme rind I - .

sfllllatlon, and the-date on a flold dnto. sheet

(Figure S-i). The time, estlmnted dlsinnce t,, the emlsslon location. approxlmnto wind directlon. estimated wind speed, demrlptlon of the sky condition (presence rind color of cloudsl. and Dlume background rue recorded in s fidicl dati sheet at the time opnclty rtbd- ings are inltlated and completed.

2.3 ObservatloM. Opacity obserwtlons shall be made at the point of greateat opnclty ln that Dortlon of the plume where con- densed wat.er vapor Is ndt present. The observer shall not look continuously at the plume, but instead shall observe the plume nwmentarlly at 15-second lntervalh

23.1 Attached steam plumes. When con- densed water vawr ia Drcsent wlthln the &ne 85 it emer& ironi the emlsslon out’ let. opacity observatlone shall be mnde be- yond the point In the plume at wvhich con- densed water vapor is no longer visible. The

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CONPANY

LOCATION

TEST NUMBER

DATE TYPE FACILITY

CONTROL DEVICE .

FIGURE 9-1 RECORD OF YISUAL DETERMINATION OF OpACrrv PAGE__af-

' HOURS OF OBSERVATION

OBSERVER

OBSERVER CERTIFICATION DATE - OBSERVER AFFILIATION - POINT OF EMISSIONS

HEIGHT OF DISCHARGE POINT -

CLOCK TIME

2 OBSERVER LOCATION Distance to Discharge

t Initial Final

Direction from Dfscharge

Height of Observation Point

BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION

WEATHER CONDITIONS Wind Direction

Hind Speed

Ambient Temperature

SKY CONDITIONS (clear, overcast, % clouds, etc.)

PL;;WJo;ESCRIPTION

Distance Visible

OTNER 1:IFOR:MTION

SUMMARY OF AVERAGE OPACITY ‘

Set Number

Time I Opacftj Start--End 1 Sum 1 fiverage

I .-

1 I I I I Reddings ranged from -to -% opacity

The source was/was not in compliance with-.at the time evaluation was made.

Section 5.8 Revision No. 0 Date: November i975 Page 7 of 67

5.8.1.3 Procedures (cont.)-

observer shall record the approxlmota die. the *verage opnc1ty of emlsslone ior l 16. tance from the emlsslon outlet to the point second pcrlod. In the,&Mne st which the observations ore 2.6 Date Reduction. Opnclty ennll be de. made. termhtd M an arcrage of 34 consccutlve

2.3.2 Detached steam plume. When wnt.er observntlone recorded at IS-second lntcrv~le. vapor lnthe plume condenses and bccomee Dlvlde fhe observstlons recorded on the rec. vlslble at s dlstlnct distance from th0 C~IIS- ord sheet lnta sets of 24 consocutlve obscr- slon outlet, the opacity of emlselona should vatlone. A eet b composed of any 24 con. be evaluated at the emlsslon outlet prior to secutlve observatlone. Seta ueed not be con. the condensation of water vco~* ami t.b4 for. secutlve In tlme and In no case shll two matlon of the steam plume. sets overlap. For each set of 24 obncrvntlona.

2.4 Recordlng observatlone. Opnclty 01). calculate the average by summing the ol>,wIty servatlons shell be retarded to ths ncnrcst 6 of the 24 observatlone and dlvldlng Ulh “urn percent at 16-second lntcrvala on nn ob. by 24. If an applicable standard spcclflrs en servat!onal record sheet. (See Flguro O-2 for averaging tlme requlrlng more t.h%a 24 ob- on example.) A mlnlmum of 24 obscrvntlons servatlons. celrrrlnta the averaga for all ob. shall be recorded. Each momeutary obhcrvn- servatlons made durlng the speclfled time tlon recorded shall be deemed .t.o rcprcsent wrlod. Record the average opnclty on 4 record

sheet. (See Figure D-l for an exnmple.)

5.8.1.4 Qualifications and Testing-

3. QuaZtj7caliona and testing. 3.1 Certification requlremcuts. To rfcrlve

rertif,cntlon 8s a quaIlRed obscrvcr. h efw- didate must be tested and demonstr8rlo l.114 ability to esalgn opnclty rendlllgs In 5 pcrccnt Increments to 25 dlffcrcnt blnck plumes and 25 different whlte pluma, wllh in error not to exceed 15 percent opacltp on any On4 rerrdlug and 4n avcrage’error not to exceed 7.5 pcrccnt opacity In each category. Gindl- detes shaI1 be tested nccordlng to the pm- oedures described In pnrngreph 3.2. Smoke generators used pursuant to paragraph 39 shall be equipped wlth 4 smoke meter which meets the rtqulrcm4nts Of psragnph S.S.

The certiflcztlon shall be wild for a period of 0 months, at which time the quallflcatlon procedure must be reprntrd by auy observer In order to retain certl6c8tlori

5.8.1.5 Certification Procedure-

3.2 Ccrtlncntion proirdure. ~l-he cert1Bcn. t!on tent co~lsts of SJIUHIII~ the csndldate a complete run of 50 plumes-- 25 black plumes and 25 wvhlte plumes-generated by 4 smoke generator. Plumes wlthln each set of 25 black :\nd 25 \vhite rums shaJ1 be presented In ran- dnm order. The rrmdldatc n?.+ns an opnclty vdue to euch plume sud records his obser- %wtlon on a sultnhle form. At the completion of each run of 50 reedInKs. the score of th4 carldidnte ls determined. If L\ calldldste fail4 to quallfy. the complete run of 50 rcadlngs must be repeated In 8ny retest. The smoke test may be ndministcred as part of a smoke school or trslnlng progrrrm. and mny be pre- ceded by trninlog or f:~n~lllarlzatlon rune of the smoke generator during which candidates BX ~Juxvn black e.nd nhltc ulumes of known OpRClty.

2-8

FIGURE 9-2 OBSERVATION RECORD PAGE - OF -

COMPANY LOCATION

ii:: N"MBER

OBSERVER TYPE FACILITY POINT OF EMISS-IONS

STEAM PLUME

Hr. Sec0nd.s (check if aoolicable)

Min. a[ 15 ( 301 6 1 A ttached 1 Detached COMMENTS

FIGURE 9-2 OBSERVATION RECORD (Continued)

PAGE -Of-

COMPANY LOCATION TEST NUMBER BATE

OBSERVER TYPE FACILITY POINT OF EMISSIONS

STEAM PLUME Seconds (check If apollcable)

Hr. Min. 0 115 (30 145 Attached 1 Detached cot44Ens I

FmeuAl ~unn# vol. Jr, No. 219-lUE2DAY, Nov2M222 12, 1974


5.8.1.6 Smoke Generator Speciricatlons- CultlT lncludlng the Chart Fecorder or outout

met& i&&ed to me&&il cqaclty aclna the dlrmeter d the smoke generator stack The smoke meter output .&all dlsp&y ,n- hack opsolty bnsed upon 8 pathlength equal to the tit&k exit dlnmater. on s full 0 to 100 pcrc?4nt chart m.=m-der scale. The smoke llleter OptlCBl design and &erformancs shall meet the sDeclflcatio”S shown In Table 0-l. The smoke-meter shall be calibrated Ed prs- #Cribed & ParaWaph 3.3.X orlor b the con- duct Of (Mch ;“ike read& test. At the COmpletloIl Of WG& test. the zero and span drift shall be checked and If the drift er- CW& *l peFcent opacity. the condltlon shall be CAMTOOted DdOr to MllduCtlriP sllv subs.,- quent test r&s. The smoke meter ihall be demonstrated. at the time of Insts1latloa ta meet the speclflcatlons llsw ln Table 6-l. Thl~ demonstratton shall be repeated lol- loalng my subsequent rep.& or replxcement c4 the photocell or associated electronic clr-

PaMmeter: L LlgbC sourcc-~~~-

b. Sprctml responsn of photaell.

i. b61e Of Vkti---

d. Angle d proJec- t1oa

e. CdlhrAtlon error..

f. zero and smn dl-ut.

g. Response time---

5.8.1.7 Calibration of Smoke Meter-

specipcatfcm Incsndescent lS”P

operated at nominal rated vo1tW.e.

Photop1o &lpllgl,t spec1ra1 response or the hmn eye- reference 4.3).

16. marlmum total nnplsx

IS’ mnxlmum total angle.

53% opnclty. mnxl- mu”.

Itl% opacity, 30 mlnclt.es.

(5 seconds

3.3.1 Callbratloa The smoke meter U .x,llb&ed drter n11OW11>g e ml”1”“m Of‘30 minutes vnnn”p by alternately producing s!mulated op;clty,o! 0 percent snd 100 percent.. When stzable response et 0 percent or 100 percent i&noted. the smoke meter !a nd- Justed to prod& an output of 0 percent or loo percent. 88 approprlste. Tbb cnllhrstlon shall be repeated “ntll stable 0 percent and $00 percent readlngo are produced wIthout adJustme& Sln~ulated 0 percent and 100 percent opaclty vnlues msy be produced by oltwll&ely Si”ltchlng the power to tbe llgbt MIUTCB on and off whlle the smoke gelWr.ltOr lo not produring smoke.

5.8.1.8 Smoke Meter Evaluation-

3.3.2 Smoke meter ev‘duntlon. Zlle :,nlOke meter design and performnnce Rre to be eraloated as follows:

3.3.2.1 Light so”rce. vcr1ty from mnnu- factuwr’s d~?.a zod from vl>lt~e meUure- merits mnrle at the lnmp. 89 lnstallcd. that the Imp is operated althln 55 peXe”t Of the uonllnal rated vo1tnge.

3.3.2.2 Spectrd response of photocell. Verify from. manufacturer’8 data tbet t.he photocell hru a photiplc re.<ponse: I.e.. the spectral sEns1tlvlty of the cell shall rlasly approxlm.lte the standnrd spectral-l”mlnos- 1ty c:,rve for photoplc vision which Is refer- enced ln (b) of Table 9-l.

3.3.2.3 Angle of view. Check cor,dntctioa geometry to ensure that the total ankle of dew of the smoke plume. en seen by the photocell, do& Dot exceed 16’. The total angle of view mny be calculated from: #=a tar-’ d/2& where U-total angle ol tiew; d =z the sum of t,he photocell dlemeter t the dlalneter of the 1ilo1:lflg aperture; and L=the d1stanc-e from the photOcell to the Ilmltlng aperture. The 1in1111ng eperture I# the point In the path between the photocell and the smoke plume where the angle ot vlcw fs most roslrlctpd. In 6mo c e gencrntor smoke meters thla la normally M orlflce PlBb3.

3.3.2.4 Angle of proJectloa Check con- structlo” &COmCtry to ensure tha) the totel angle of proJect.lon o? the lnmp on the smoke plume does not exceed 160. The tot&l 8W9e Of proJeCtl‘,n m&y be Cnlc”lnt.?d from: b-=2 tnn-’ di2L. where 8~ tot,.1 an&e Of pro-

Jectlon; d= the s,,,n of the lcngtb of lb. Inmp fllnment + tile dlarncter 01 Cho llmltlng nporture; and Lz: the dlstnnre from the lnmp to the llmitlng npcrture.

3.3 2 6 Cnllbmtlon error. l,SfIlg ncutrl- dsoslty Bltera of known opnclty. check tire error bctwern the aclunl r~spouse rind the theoretical llncnr rc,:ponse of the smoke meter. Thla check 18 nccompllshed by Crst CNlbratlllg the snloko mctcr nccordlng t., 3.3.1 and then 1115,‘rt!llg R srrlea of three neutral-den&y filters of nonlln~l opsc1ty of 20, M). end 16 prrccnt In the smoke meter pathlength FUtcrs cnl!bnrtrd uIWn t3 percent shall be used. Care should be tnken &he” 1lWrt1ng tile nlter!X to ~XCvcut str,,y Ilght from nfrrctlng the mctnr. M&e s total Of rive lrollconsccutlve rWi1ng. for eacn filter. The U~RXIIII”~ error on ,any one rend- lug shal! be 3 percent oynclty.

3.3.1.6 Zero and spnn drift. Dctcrmlne the zero nod spnn drift by callbrntlng and operntlng the smoke generator In * normal manner over a I-hour per&t. Tbe drift le “eabured by chcrklng the ecro rind sp,,, at the end of thti perlod.

3.3.2.7 Response tlme. DcLermlue the re. Sponse time by prodncng the nerlea of dve simulated 0 perce”t rind 100 percent opnclty ralues and observing the time required to reach stable response. Opnclty values of 0 percent and 100 pcrccnt may bo slmulrrted by alternately swltchlng the power to tbe Ilght Source om’end on while the snloke g0n0WdOr b not OpNlt1og.

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