guidelines for the microbiological assessment of water

health.wa.gov.au

Guidelines for the Microbiological assessment of Water

Contents

INTRODUCTION 1

MORE INFORMATION 2

ACRONYMS 2

AQUATIC FACILITIES 3

Swimming Pools 3

Spas 4

Hydrotherapy pools 5

Floatation Tanks 6

BIOSOLIDS 7

DRINKING WATER 8

FOOD BUSINESS WATER SUPPLY 9

NATURAL WATERS 10

POULTRY PROCESSING WATER 12

RECYCLED WATERS 13

General 13

Wash down facilities 15

SHELLFISH HARVESTING WATERS 16

WASTEWATER 17

LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE 19

Cooling towers and Air Conditioners 19

General 19

OTHER SAMPLE TYPES 21

HUMAN SAMPLES 21

MOORE SWABS 21

STANDARDS REFERENCE LIST 22

GUIDELINES REFERENCE LIST 23

APPENDICES 24

Appendix A – PathWest Waters examination laboratory request form 25

INTRODUCTION These guidelines collate and standardise PathWest’s microbiological analysis methods as part of the sampling, testing and analysis agreement between Western Australian Local Governments and the Department of Health. This document is not intended for public release.

The samples covered by this document include and are limited to:

Aquatic Facilities

Biosolids

Drinking Water

Food business water supply

Natural Waters

Poultry Processing Water

Recycled Water

Shellfish Harvesting Waters

Wastewater

Legionnaires’ disease

Other sample types

o Human Samples

o Moore Swabs

All samples are to be submitted to PathWest with the ‘PathWest Waters Examination Laboratory (WEL) Request Form’ (shown in Appendix A). How to fill out the WEL Request Form for each sample type to ensure correct testing and analysis is discussed in each section.

This document relates to and should be read in conjunction with:

Site Code Identification System for Water and Allied Samples (Department of

Health, 2015)

Standard drinking water sampling procedure – microbiological (Department of

Health, 2015a)

Recycled Water Sampling Technique (Department of Health, 2013a)

MORE INFORMATION More information is available from:

Water Unit Environmental Health Directorate Department of Health PO Box 8172 PERTH BUSINESS CENTRE WA 684 Telephone: (08) 9388 4999 Facsimile: (08) 9388 4955

ACRONYMS

Abbreviation Definition

ADWG Australian Drinking Water Guidelines

APHA American Public Health Association

AS Australian Standard

AS/NZS Australian and New Zealand Standard

AWQC Australian Water Quality Centre

CFU Colony Forming Units

DoH Western Australian Department of Health

mL millilitre

MPN Most Probable Number

NATA National Association of Testing Authorities

NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council

PFU Plaque Forming Units

WEL Waters Examination Laboratory

WHO World Health Organization

AQUATIC FACILITIES Testing required has been determined from the Code of practice for the design, construction, operations, management and maintenance of aquatic facilities (Department of Health, 2013). The code of practice is informed by AS 2610.1-2007 Spa Pools Part 1: Public Spas (Standards Australia, 2007) and AS 3979-2006 Hydrotherapy Pools (Standards Australia, 2006).

The testing category for all aquatic facilities on the WEL Request Form is ‘Pools, Spas, Hydros, Float tanks (Aquatic Amenities)’.

Swimming Pools

A swimming pool is defined as a man-made structure capable of being filled with water, and intended to be used for swimming, diving, wading or paddling, that cannot be emptied by a simple overturning of the structure. The definition does not include individual therapeutic tubs or baths used for cleaning of the body (Department of Health, 2013).

The Swimming Pool testing suite is shown in Table 1. For testing to be done as a pool, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Pools, Spas, Hydros, Float tanks’ and the sample description must include the word ‘Pool’. If the water temperature at the time of testing is greater than or equal to 32°C, the sample will be tested as a spa rather than a pool.

TABLE 1 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR POOLS (TEMPERATURE LESS THAN 32°C.)

Organism

Guideline Value Code Of Practice (DoH 2013)

PathWest Testing Method

Testing Standard

Units Minimum sample volume

Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli

<1 CFU/100 mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7(2007)

CFU/100 mL 100mL <1 CFU/100 mL

Thermophilic Amoebae

Not Detected Culture/ Microscopy

AWQC South Australia (1992)

/250 mL

250 mL (total) requires separate bottle

Detected/ Not Detected/ 250 mL

Thermophilic Naegleria



/250 mL As above Detected/ Not Detected/ 250 mL

Naegleria fowleri

Not Detected PCR In –House (NATA accredited)

/sample As above Detected/ Not Detected

Note: If Acanthamoeba is observed microscopically a comment is added stating ‘Acanthamoeba spp. Detected’.

Spas

A spa is defined as a man-made pool or other water-retaining structure designed for human use, which has a capacity of not less than 680 litres, which may or may not be heated. It incorporates, or is connected to, equipment for heating the water contained in it and injecting air bubbles or jets of water under pressure, so as to cause general turbulence in the water (Department of Health, 2013).

The Spa testing suite is shown in Table 2. For testing to be done as a spa, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Pools, Spas, Hydros, Float tanks’ and the sample description must include the word ‘Spa’.

It should be noted that any sample with the sample description containing the word ‘Spa’ will be tested as a spa regardless of temperature; in addition, if the sample description contains the word ‘Pool’ but the water temperature is greater than or equal to 32°C then the sample will be tested as a spa.

TABLE 2 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR SPAS

Organism



Testing Standard


Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli < 1 CFU/100 mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL

Presumptive Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Not detected in 100 mL of pool water

Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.13 (2008)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL


Not Detected Culture /Microscopy


/250 mL

250 mL (total) Requires Separate bottle






Naegleria fowleri

Not Detected PCR In-House (NATA accredited)


Note: If Acanthamoeba is observed microscopically a comment is added stating ‘Acanthamoeba spp. Detected’

Hydrotherapy pools

A hydrotherapy pool is defined as a pool containing heated water, designed to meet the therapeutic needs of persons of any age with impairments due to illness, injury, disease, intellectual handicap, congenital defects, or for fitness exercising, recreational and educational purposes (Department of Health, 2013).

The Hydrotherapy testing suite is shown in Table 3. For testing to be done as a Hydrotherapy Pool, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Pools, Spas, Hydros, Float Tanks’ and the sample description must include the word ‘Hydro’.

TABLE 3 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDROTHERAPY POOLS

Organism



Testing Standard


Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli < 1 CFU/100 mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL


Not detected in 100 mL of pool water

Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.13 (2008)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL

Heterotrophic Plate Count

<100 CFU / mL 22°C ±2°C and 36°C±2°C

AS/NZS 4276.3.1 (2007).

CFU/mL 50 mL <1 CFU / mL




/250 mL

250 mL (total) Requires Separate bottle






Naegleria fowleri



Note: If Acanthamoeba is observed microscopically a comment is added stating ‘Acanthamoeba spp. Detected’

Floatation Tanks

Floatation tanks, sometimes referred to as sensory deprivation tanks are small clamshell enclosed pods that contain roughly 1000L of water, contain very high concentrations of Epsom salts (Magnesium Sulfate) at around 30-40% by weight, and are usually heated to around 30°C - 35°C. The tanks are designed to be used by one person at a time, are often marketed as providing a sensation of floating and possible health benefits from the magnesium salt, and are becoming popular in Western Australia.

Testing requirements are summarised in Table 4. For testing to be done as a Floatation Tank, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Pools, Spas, Hydros, Float tanks’ and the sample description must include the word ‘Float tank’.

TABLE 4 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR FLOATATION TANKS

Organism Guideline Value

PathWest Analytical Method

Standard Units Minimum sample volume

Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli N/A Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100mL 100 mL < 1 CFU/100 mL


N/A Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.13 (2008)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL

Enterococci N/A

Defined Substrate Technology (MPN)

APHA (2012) MPN/100 mL 100 mL <10 MPN/100 mL


N/A 22°C ±2°C and 36°C±2°C

AS/NZS 4276.3.1 (2007).

CFU/mL 50 mL <1 CFU / mL

BIOSOLIDS Testing required has been determined from the Western Australian Guidelines for Biosolids Management (Department of Environment and Conservation, 2012)

Biosolids are graded one of four pathogen grades: P1, P2, P3 and P4. All sludges are assumed to be pathogen Grade P4 unless proven otherwise. The biosolids testing suite is shown in Table 5; testing is done on final dry biosolids. For testing to be done as a Biosolid, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Other – Biosolids’.

TABLE 5 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR BIOSOLIDS

Organism

Guideline Value Guidelines for Biosolids Management (2012) PathWest

Testing Method

Testing standard


Limit of Detection

Grade P1 Grade P2 Grade P3 Grade P4

Escherichia coli

<100 counts / gram <1,000 counts / gram

<2,000,000 counts / gram

>2,000,000 counts / gram

MPN AS/NZS 4276.6 (2007)

MPN/gram 100 gram <3 MPN/gram

Somatic Coliphages

<10 PFU/ 10 grams NR NR NR Single Agar Layer Method

APHA 22nd

Edition 9244E(2012)

PFU/100grams 100 gram <1 PFU/100 grams

Strongyloides & Hookworm

<1 viable ova / 50 grams



NR

Isolation and Microscopic Identification

WHO Geneva (1991)

Strongyloides & Hookworm (Larvae and Ova)

100 gram <1/100 grams

Helminth <1 ova/ 10 grams <1 ova/ 10 grams <1 ova/ 10 grams NR

Isolation and Microscopic Identification

WHO Geneva (1991)

Strongyloides & Hookworm (Larvae and Ova)

100 gram <1/100 grams

Note: Testing for Helminths - Strongyloides & Hookworm (viable ova) only required for biosolids north of the 26th parallel

Counts /gram are counts per gram of dry biosolids

NR: Not required

DRINKING WATER Drinking water testing requirements are informed by the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Paper 6 (NHMRC, 2011). The drinking water testing suite is shown in Table 6. For testing to be done as drinking water, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Drinking Water (source to Consumer)’.

TABLE 6 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DRINKING WATER

Organism Guideline Value ADWG (2011)

PathWest Analytical Method

Standard Units Minimum sample volume

Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli

<1 CFU/100 mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL




/250 mL







Naegleria fowleri



Note: If Acanthamoeba is observed microscopically a comment is added stating ‘Acanthamoeba spp. Detected’.

FOOD BUSINESS WATER SUPPLY Food businesses need to use potable drinking water in their production. If testing is being done on the water supply outside the food business then the testing requirements are the same as the drinking water section. Testing within the food business does not fall within these guidelines. It is the responsibility of the business owner to complete the correct testing as required by the Food Act to ensure compliance.

For testing to be done as Food business water supply, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Drinking Water (source to Consumer) with additional sample comments ‘Food Business’.

NATURAL WATERS This section deals with samples from naturally occurring bodies of water that may be used for boating, wading and swimming and include oceans, rivers, lakes, drains and farm dams. Natural waters that are used as source water are dealt within the drinking water section.

The guidelines that inform testing are the Guidelines for Managing Risks in Recreational Water (NHMRC, 2008). In addition the DoH has its own additional testing requirements depending on the type of water (summary shown Table 7).

The Natural Waters testing suite is shown in Table 8. For fresh to brackish and estuarine waters the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Natural Waters (Fresh). For Marine water environments the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Natural Waters (Marine).

TABLE 7 NATURAL WATER MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING REQUIREMENTS BASED ON WATER TYPES (DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH TESTING REQUIREMENTS)

Fresh to Brackish Water Environments

Estuarine Water Environments Marine Water Environments

Enterococci Enterococci Enterococci

Escherichia coli Escherichia coli



TABLE 8 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR NATURAL WATERS

Organism

Guideline Value Trigger Values


Testing standard


Limit of Detection NHMRC (2008) DoH

Category A Category B Category C Category D Primary Contact Secondary Contact

Enterococci ≤40 organisms/ 100mL

41-200 organisms/ 100mL

201-500 organisms/ 100mL

>500 organisms/ 100mL

≥ 700 (any 1 sample) > 100 & < 700 (2 consecutive samples)

≥ 7000 (any 1 sample) > 1000 & < 7000 (2 consecutive samples)



Escherichia coli No guideline value ≥ 550/100mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <10 CFU/100 mL


No guideline value Detected Culture /Microscopy


/250 mL




No guideline value Detected Culture/ Microscopy



Naegleria fowleri

No guideline value Detected PCR In-House (NATA accredited)


POULTRY PROCESSING WATER These samples include discharge waters used during the factory production of Poultry. Depending on where the sample is taken, the analyte tested for changes. The microbiological testing suite is shown in Table 9. For testing to be done as Poultry Processing Water, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Other – Poultry Processing Water.’ The sample description must contain the water type.

Whole birds are tested for Salmonellae and Campylobacter spp; however this testing falls outside the scope of this document.

TABLE 9 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR POULTRY PROCESSING WATER

Analyte Water Type PathWest Testing Method

Testing standard

Unit Minimum Sample Volume

Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli

Spin Chiller Water Tub

Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100mL 100 mL <10 CFU/ 100mL

Salmonellae

Spin chiller Wash tub Post evisceration drain

Culture AS 4276.14 (2014)

/100mL 100 mL Detected/ Not Detected/ 100mL

Note: Samples are tested at up to 3 dilutions to determine a reliable endpoint.

RECYCLED WATERS

General

Testing for recycled water is described in the Guidelines for the Non-potable uses of recycled water in Western Australia (Department of Health, 2011). Water use has been classified into four exposure risk levels: High, Medium, Low and Extra Low. The details of what types of end-uses these exposure risk levels relate to are described below.

High

Multi-unit dwellings, internal use and external surface irrigation

Agricultural irrigation - unprocessed foods (e.g. salad crops)

Urban irrigation with unrestricted access and application

Communal use – flushing toilets and designated cold tap washing machines

Medium

Urban irrigation with some restricted access and application

Fire fighting

Fountains and water features

Industrial use with potential human exposure

Dust suppression

Low

Communal sub-surface irrigation

Urban irrigation with enhanced restricted access and application

Agricultural irrigation; non-edible crops

Extra Low

Note: no monitoring is required for the extra low risk category

Woodlots

Sub-surface irrigation (non-food crops)

The recycled water testing suite is shown in Table 10. For testing to be done as RecycledWater, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Recycled Water.’ When Helminth testing is required it will need to be noted on the testing request form in the section ‘Specify non routine tests required.’

TABLE 10 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR RECYCLED WATER

Microbiology

Guideline Values


Testing standard Units Minimum sample volume

Limit of Detection Exposure Risk Level

High Medium Low

Escherichia coli < 1 MPN/100 mL < 10 MPN /100 mL < 1000 MPN/100 mL Defined Substrate Technology (MPN)

AS/NZS 4276.21 (2005)

MPN/100 mL 100 mL <1 MPN/100mL

Somatic Coliphages

< 1 PFU/100 mL Not required Not required Single Agar Layer Method

APHA 22nd

Edition 9244E (2012)

PFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 PFU/100 mL

Clostridium < 1 Spores/100 mL Not required Not required Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.17.1 (2000)

Spores/100 mL 100 mL <1 Spores/100mL

Helminths <1 ova/larvae/100mL <1 ova/larvae/100mL <1 ova/larvae/100mL Isolation and Microscopic Identification

WHO Geneva (1991)

Strongyloides &

Hookworm (Larvae and Ova)

100 mL <1 /100 mL

Note: Helminth control is necessary in the following locations:

north of the 20th parallel to irrigate public open spaces (parks, sports fields and municipal areas) or

where the recycled water is used to irrigate pasture and fodder for beef cattle; or

where the recycled water is used to irrigate pasture and fodder for dairy animals; or

where the recycled water is used for drinking water for stock (except pigs) or

where the recycled water is used as wash down water for dairies.

Wash down facilities

Washdown facilities washing water testing requirements are informed by the Guidance note for wash down facilities using recycled water (Department of Health & WorkSafe, 2011).

The washing water testing suite is shown in Table 11. For testing to be done as washing water, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Recycled Water’. The sample description must include Wash down facility.

TABLE 11 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR WASHING WATERS

Organism Guideline Values PathWest Testing Method

Testing Standard


Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli

< 10 CFU/100 mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7(2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL

SHELLFISH HARVESTING WATERS The guideline that informs testing is the Western Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance Program (WASQAP) Operations Manual (Department of Health, 2015b). This manual is intended to apply to the WA aquaculture industry that currently produces clams, mussels and edible oysters for the domestic and export markets.

This section only relates to the Harvesting waters testing requirements. Any testing of flesh falls outside the scope of this document.

The shellfish harvesting waters testing suite is shown in Table 12. For testing to be done as Shellfish harvesting waters, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Other – Shellfish Harvesting Waters’.

TABLE 12 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR SHELLFISH HARVESTING WATERS



Testing Standard


Limit of Detection

Total coliforms 70 CFU/ 100 mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.5 (2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL

Escherichia coli 14 CFU/ 100 mL Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL <1 CFU/100 mL

WASTEWATER

General

In times of drying climate and limited water supply wastewater is starting to be seen as a water source. This section relates to in stream wastewater (generally Pre-treatment) to determine the treatment requirements for the water’s intended future use. An example of a location where sampling may occur is a potential sewer mining location.

Wastewater testing requirements are shown in Table 13. For testing to be done as wastewater, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Sewage/Wastewater.’

Note: This section does not relate to post treatment effectiveness.

TABLE 13 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTEWATER

Organism Guideline Values


Testing Standard


Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli

N/A

Defined Substrate technology Colilert

AS/NZS 4276.21 (2005)

/100 mL 100 mL <10 MPN/100 mL

Wastewater Spills

There are no guidelines to inform wastewater spill testing requirements. The DOH requires testing to be done as shown Table 14.

To ensure the correct testing suites occurs, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Sewage/Wastewater;’ with additional sample comments “Wastewater Spill.”

TABLE 14 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTEWATER SPILLS

Organism Guideline Values


Testing Standard Units Minimum sample volume

Limit of Detection

Escherichia coli

N/A Membrane Filtration

AS/NZS 4276.7 (2007)

CFU/100 mL 100 mL

<10 CFU/100 mL (initial stages of spill)

<1 CFU/100 mL (as spill clears)

Enterococci N/A



LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE Legionnaires’ Disease is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. The guideline to inform testing is the Code of practice for the prevention and control of Legionnaires’ disease (Commission for occupational safety and health, 2010).

Cooling towers and Air Conditioners

Cooling tower water and Air Conditioners testing requirements are informed by the Code of Practice and AS/NZS 3666.6:2011 Air-handling and water system of buildings – Microbial control Part 3: performance-based maintenance of cooling systems (Standards Australia, 2011).

The testing regime for Cooling towers and Air Conditioners is shown in Table 15. For testing to be done as cooling tower or Air Conditioner water, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Air-conditioning/Cooling Towers.’

TABLE 15 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR COOLING TOWERS AND AIR CONDITIONERS

Organism Guideline Values AS/NZS 3666.6 (2011)

Testing Standard Units Minimum sample volume

Limit of Detection

Legionella Not Detected (< 10 CFU/mL)

AS/NZS 3896 (2008) CFU/mL 100 mL (requires separate bottle)

< 10 CFU/mL


< 100,000 CFU/mL AS/NZS 4276.3.2 (2008)

CFU/mL 100 mL < 100 CFU/mL

General

Legionella has also been known to accumulate in:

• evaporative condensers;

• hot and cold water systems;

• spas;

• humidifiers or foggers and water misting systems;

• coolant in industrial milling machines;

• high pressure cooling and cleansing processes;

• potable water aerosols, such as shower heads;

• nebulisers; and

• other domestic and industrial-based water systems.

Should testing for Legionella be required for any of the above water types the testing requirements are the same as for cooling towers and air conditioners above.’ For Legionella testing to be done a note in the additional sample comments of Legionella suite needs to written on the WEL Request Form.

Note: Testing of Spas is only recommended if there has been an infectious disease notification from the DoH.

OTHER SAMPLE TYPES

HUMAN SAMPLES

These include predominantly human corneal/eye scrapings from patients with ocular keratitis or cerebrospinal fluid from cases of suspected amoebic meningoencephalitis.

The testing requirements are shown in Table 16. For testing to be done as Human Samples , the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Other – Human Samples.’

TABLE 16 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN SAMPLES



Testing Standard


Limit of Detection

Acanthamoeba N/A Culture/ Microscopy


/sample 1 Sample Detected/ Not Detected/ Sample


N/A Culture/ Microscopy


/sample 1 Sample Detected/ Not Detected/ Sample


N/A Culture/ Microscopy


/sample As above Detected/ Not Detected/ Sample

Naegleria fowleri

N/A PCR In-House (NATA accredited)


MOORE SWABS

Moore swabs are used by the Department of Health to monitor effluents from smallgoods production plants for the presence of Salmonella spp. The testing requirements are shown in Table 17. For testing to be done as a Moore Swab, the category on the WEL Request Form is ‘Other – Moore Swab.’

TABLE 17 TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR MOORE SWABS

Organism DoH requirement


Testing Standard


Limit of Detection

Salmonellae Should not be detected

Culture AS 4276.14 (2014)

/Swab 1 swab Detected/ Not Detected

STANDARDS REFERENCE LIST The testing and analysis standards cited in this document are summarised below.

Test Reference

AS 4276.14 Standards Australia. (2014). AS 4276.14:2014 Water microbiology Method 14: Detection of

Salmonella spp. (ISO 19250:2010, MOD). Sydney, NSW, Australia

AS 4276.21 Standards Australia. (2005). AS 4276.21-2005 Water Microbiology - Examination for coliforms

and Escherichia coli - Determination of most probable number (MPN) using enzyme hydrolysable substrates. Sydney, NSW, Australia

AS/NZS 3896 Standards Australia. (2008). AS/NZS 3896:2008 Waters - Examination for Legionella spp.

including Legionella pneumophila. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AS/NZS 4276.13 Standards Australia. (2008a). AS/NZS 4276.13:2008 Water microbiology Method 13:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Membrane filtration method. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AS/NZS 4276.3.1 Standards Australia. (2007). AS/NZS 4276.3.1:2007 Water Microbiology Method 3.1:

Heterotrophic colony count methods - Pour plate method using yeast extract agar. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AS/NZS 4276.3.2 Standards Australia. (2003). AS/NZS 4276.3.2:2003 Water Microbiology Method 3.2:

Heterotrophic colony count methods - Plate count of water containing biocides. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AS/NZS 4276.5 Standards Australia. (2007a). AS/NZS 4276.5:2007 Water Microbiology Method 5: Coliforms -

Membrane filtration method. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AS/NZS 4276.6 Standards Australia. (2007b). AS/NZS 4276.6:2007 Water microbiology - Coliforms, Escherichia

coli and thermotolerant coliforms - Determination of most probably number (MPN). Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AS/NZS 4276.7 Standards Australia. (2007c). AS/NZS 4276.7: 2007 Water microbiology Method 7: Escherichia

coli and thermotolerant coliforms - Membrane filtration method. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AS/NZS 4276.9 Standards Australia. (2007d). AS/NZS 4276.9:2007 Water microbiology Method 9: Enterococci -

Membrane filtration method (ISO 7899-2:2000, MOD). Sydney, NSW, Australia.

AWQC South Australia

Robinson B.et al (1992) Analytical Methods Manual Protozoology Australian Water Quality Centre South Australia. AWQC Report No 39.

APHA 22nd

Edition 9244E

American Public Health Association American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. 2012. In: EW Rice, RB Baird, AD Eaton, LS Clesceri (eds.) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22

nd Ed. P.9-101 to 9-102.

American Public Health Association, Washington DC.

APHA (2012)

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. 2012. In: EW Rice, RB Baird, AD Eaton, LS Clesceri (Eds.) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22

nd Ed. P.9-110 to 9-

116. American Public Health Association, Washington DC.

WHO Geneva (1991)

Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology, World Health Organization, Geneva (1991)

GUIDELINES REFERENCE LIST The guidelines cited in this document are summarised below:

Commission for occupational safety and health. (2010). Code of practice: Prevention and control of

Legionnaires' disease. Perth: Department of Commerce and Department of Mines and Petroleum,

Government of Western Australia.

Department of Environment and Conservation. (2012). Western Australian guidelines for biosolids

management. Perth: Government of Western Australia.

Department of Health & WorkSafe. (2011). Guidance note for wash down facilities using recycled water. Perth:

Government of Western Australian.

Department of Health. (2011). Guidelines for the non-potable uses of recycled water in Western Australia.

Perth: Government of Western Australia.

Department of Health. (2013). Code of Practice for the design, construction, operation, management and

maintenance of aquatic facilities. Perth: Department of Health, Western Australian Government.

Department of Health. (2013a). Recycled Water Sampling Technique. Perth: Government of Western Australia.

Department of Health. (2015). Site Code Identification System for Water and Allied Samples. Perth:

Government of Western Australian .

Department of Health. (2015a). Standard drinking water sampling procedure - microbiological. Perth:

Government of Western Australia.

Department of Health. (2015b). Western Australia Shellfish Quality Assurance Program: Draft Marine biotoxin

monitoring and management plan. Perth: Government of Western Australia.

NHMRC. (2008). Guidelines for Managing Risks in Recreational Water. Canberra: National Health and Medical

Research Council, Commonwealth of Australia.

NHMRC. (2011). Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Paper 6 National Water Quality Management Strategy.

Canberra: National Heatlh and Medical Reserach Council, National Resouces Management Ministerial

Council, Commonwealth of Australia, Version 3.1 Updated March 2015.

Standards Australia. (2006). AS 3979-2006 Hydrotherapy pools. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Standards Australia. (2007). AS 2610.1-2007 Spa pools Part 1: Public Spas. Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Standards Australia. (2011). AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 Air-handling and water systems of buildings - Microbial

control Part 3: Performance-based maintenance of cooling water systems. Sydney, NSW , Australia.

APPENDICES

Appendix A – PathWest Waters Examination Laboratory request form

This document can be made available in alternative formats on request for a person with a disability.

© Department of Health 2015

Copyright to this material is vested in the State of Western Australia unless otherwise indicated. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced or re-used for any purposes whatsoever without written permission of the State of Western Australia.

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