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SEMINAR ON GUNSHOT WOUNDS Present by Cathrine Diana PG II

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Page 1: Gun shot wounds

SEMINAR ON GUNSHOT WOUNDS

Present by

Cathrine Diana PG II

Page 2: Gun shot wounds

• CONTENTS • Introduction• Demographic• Characteristics of missile injuries• classification of fire arm injury•  • Management

– Primary management – Intermediate – Definitive management

 • Residual problems and their management

• Summary

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A case report

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Introduction• Ballistic trauma or gunshot wound (GSW) is a form of physical 

trauma sustained from the discharge of arm• firearms used in armed conflicts, civilian sporting, recreational 

pursuits and criminal activity. Ballistic trauma is sometimes fatal for the recipient, or causes long term consequences.

•  GSWs  are the second most  source of injury and death , after  motor vehicle accidents

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Demographics

•   The majority of civilian firearm injuries are sustained from handguns (86%), 

• shotguns (8%) and • rifles (5%). •   36%  0f  patients die  following admission. • All of the deaths  were secondary to injuries to the chest, abdomen 

or brain. • There is small percentage of deaths associated  with isolated facial 

injuries 

• International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine. 2013

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• National firearm murder rate of 0.36 per  100,000 people Equivalent to roughly one tenth of the rate of firearm murders in the United States. 92% were victims of homicidal attacks, 2 % suicidal and 2% accidental

• Abdomen (39%) and head (30.30%) were the two most common entry sites for the bullets

International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine. 2013

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Ballistics  the science of projectile motion, to understand the injuries caused by various firearms. The potential problems of a wound caused by a projectile can be better 

anticipated if one has some knowledge of the weapon and projectile type that cause the wound. 

Ballistic science  typically divided into three stages :

o Internal  ballisticso External ballisticso Terminal ballistics

Atlas Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 21 (2013) 15e24

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Internal ballistics• Forces that apply to a projectile from the time the propellant 

is ignited to the time the projectile leaves the barrel.•  An important consideration is barrel length. In general, 

longer barrels (rifles) allow the force of the propellant to act on the projectile longer and generate higher velocities and stabilizes the bullet over longer distance.

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• Most handguns and rifles have barrels with internal grooves referred to as rifling , This keeps the projectile stable in flight over longer distances

• External ballistics: forces that act on the bullet in flight, primarily the weight and shape of the bullet

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Terminal ballistics: study of bullet behavior once it impacts the target – how much energy is transferred and the resultant damage: most import for the surgeons.

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Factors affects the degree of injury

Factors affect the degree of

injury

Velocity and  Mass of the 

bullet

Composition and shape of the bullet

Extent of deviation of the bullet

extend of cavitation

drag and retardation

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Velocity and mass of the bullet kinetic energy has been used as the basis to explain wounds caused by the gunshot                                                              KE  =   mv2 where KE is kinetic energy , ( m ) is the mass of the projectile, and ( v ) is the velocity of 

the projectile .

Wounding power is typically related to the amount of kinetic energy transferred to the target: P = m(V impact – V exit)2 where P is power, m is mass of the projectile,and V is velocity

Based on these formulas, the velocity of a projectile considered  more important than its mass in wounding power .

Considering a typically sized projectile velocity of approximately 50 m/s is required to penetrate the skin, and a velocity of around 65 m/s will fracture the bone .

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Composition and shape of the bullet• Earliest projectile was a stone or lead ball  Over time 

theprojectile evolved to the conical-shape . • Full-metal jacket  with exposed lead tips to expand on impact 

for maximum tissue destruction 

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Extent of deviation of the bullet all projectiles become unstable in flight 

because  of the center of gravity lies  behind the center of resistance of the bullet (bullet tip

yaw ; Oscillation of the bullet  around there  long axis 

 tumble ; rotation of the bullet around there center .

tumbling  lead to  Increase in their profiles  causes more tissue wounding because it presents a larger surface areaIncreased probability of fragmentation

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COMPONENTS OF PROJECTILE WOUNDING

Penetration :  a bullet must penetrate to a sufficient depth to cause damage. 

Permanent cavity :  the space that results from direct tissue disruption and  destruction. 

                          Fragmentation : missile 

fragment or secondary fragments such as clothing or  bone.

                                

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• Temporary cavity : consists of a “shock-wave” like effect. It has two main effect-1-rush air and contaminate into cavity .2-pressure effect means damage well beyond track of missile.

•  Temporary cavitation can be up to 6-10 times the diameter of a medium to high velocity bullet. 

• results in  stretching  Of elastic tissues .                                     most tissues has an elastic nature and ability to recover from 

stretching except some tissues such as brain ,liver,spleen 

 

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Stress wave :

Precedes the cavitation phenomena 

Not like the shock wave it does not have the characteristic or velocity of the shock wave produced by an explosion 

Transmitted through  fluid filled structures like blood vessels causing endothelial damage and thrombosis 

Fracture of bone away from the wound tract  is due to stress wave rather than cavitation

For maxillofacial region  : the stress wave is more important than cavitation .

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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE ARM INJURY

low velocity   • ( < 350 m/s )

Intermediate  velocity   • (350–600 m/s) 

high velocity   • (> 600 m/s) 

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• Short gun injuries: (<1000ft/s)• These injuries have to be classified separately due to the 

particular design of a cartridge- firing sporting gun ,based on the range

• Type I < 5 m • Type II injuries (5–12 m• Type III injuries > 12 m

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• Type I < 5 m ; • the pellets strike the target as a single mass, • resulting in massive kinetic energy transfer and tissue avulsion• high mortality rate (85–90%) 

• Type II injuries (5–12 m) ; • usually result in much less tissue destruction.• there is significant dispersal of the pellets and loss of energy.•  Penetration may occur through deep fascia, but fractures are rare. 

Ocular injuries can occur as well as embolization of lead pellets,• mortality  rate  (15–20%)  

• Type III injuries > 12 m ;•  usually only the skin is penetrated •  mortality is rare (0–5%) 

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Based on pattern of injury

• Nonpenetrating : grazing or blast wound

• Penetrating   :  low impact velocity ,bullet does not exit

• Perforating   : high velocity , bullet  in and out

• Avulsive   :  massive wounds with avulsion and loss of tissues .

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• Entrance holes usually have an abrasion collar or contusion ring around them. The ring is an area of epidermis free margin around the entrance of the gunshot and is caused as the bullet penetrates the skin it mechanically indents and abrades or scrapes the epidermis of the skin leaving the collar or ring.

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Direction of trajectory• Tangential • Transverse 1. High level2. Mid –level3. Low level4. Neck

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Site of wound

• UPPER FACE• MIDDLE FACE• LOWER FACE• NECK

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Gustillo-Anderson classification

Gustilo Type I II IIIA IIIB IIIC Energy Low energy Moderate High High HighWound Size < 1 cm > 1cm >10cm >10cm >10cmSoft Tissue Minimal Moderate Extensive Extensive Extensive

Contamination Clean Moderate contamination Extensive Extensive Extensive

Fracture PatternSimple fx pattern

with minimal comminution

Moderate comminution

Severe comminution or

segmental fractures

Severe comminution or

segmental fractures

Severe comminution or

segmental fractures

Periosteal Stripping No No Yes Yes Yes

Skin Coverage Local coverage Local coverage Local coverage including

Requires free tissue flap or

rotational flap coverage

Typically requires flap coverage

Neurovascular Injury Normal Normal Normal Normal

Exposed fracture with arterial damage that

requires repair

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Contamination The  projectiles from firearms are not sterile , The heat generated by the 

discharge of the propellant as well as the friction between the bullet and barrel is not sufficient to sterilize the bullet.

 Contamination can occur from the bullet and also from skin flora and foreign bodies (clothing) carried into the wound ,and  wounds in which the bullet traverses the aerodigestive tract or paranasal sinuses are at particular risk .

Prophylactic coverage with broad-spectrum antibiotics, typically a second-generation cephalosporin, and tetanus prophylaxis,should be initiated in all gunshot wounds.

Lead toxicity may occur but it is a rare complication 

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• Duration – initiate as soon as possible • studies show increased infection rate when antibiotics are delayed for more than 3 hours from time of injury

– continue for initial 72 hours after drainage– 48 hours after each procedure

• Tetanus booster if not up to date

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Management• The chief objective in a missile injury is preservation of life• It has been estimated that for every 10 minutes of delay in

definitive treatment, survival drops by 10%.• Gunshot wounds to the head are the most lethal of all firearm

injuries.3 it is estimated they have a fatality rate greater than 90%. Those to the myocardium have fatality rates reaching 80%. Intra-abdominal injuries from gunshot wounds tend to involve the small bowel (50%), colon (40%), liver (30%) and abdominal vascular structures (25%).

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• Primary management to be consider under the following headings:

• Prevention of respiratory obstruction• Management of blood loss and treatment of shock• Prevention of infection• Control of pain and discomfort

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Management of gun shot wounds:

Late phasesoft tissue and bone reconstruction

Intermediate phaseDiet and feeding Oral hygiene Control of infection

Immediate management primary survey

(A,B,C,D,E ) Secondary survey primary surgery

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• 3 PEAKS OF DEATH• There are 3 peaks of death when it comes to deaths following 

trauma. • 1st PEAK: occurs at the scene of injury, usually due to severe 

head or spinal cord injury or massive blood vessel injury, like gun shot wound to the chest striking the heart or major vessel. 

• 2nd PEAK: occurs within 6 hours of injury and stems from internal bleeding and brain swelling.

• 3rd PEAK: it is a few weeks after injury and occurs in the Intensive Care Unit from infection and multi system organ failure.

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Airway• compromised by hemorrhage, swelling, or in low GCS – fall

back of tongue• Extensive gunshot injury to the middle base of tongue-

Prolapse of tongue back against post. Wall of pharynx• Foreign body obstruction from fragments of bone, teeth,

denture• Edema of tongue base, oropharynx and larynx• Laceration of soft palate or other parts of mouth causing

mechanical obstruction of airway

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Immediate management of gunshot wounds

• Immediate management includes:• Posture: semi-prone or face down position is what should be 

used.• Toilet of airway: removal of all foreign bodies by fingers or 

suction• Control of haemorrhage – by pressure pack, anterior and 

posterior nasal packing• Tongue traction: via transverse sutures through posterior part 

of the tongue• Endotracheal intubation• Upper airway by-pass – cricothyroidotomy, later tracheostomy

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• Indication of tracheostomy in GSW:

• Obstruction due to upper airway edema

• When prolonged ventilation is needed

• To facilitate anesthesia – in certain surgical repair

• To ensure a safe post operative recovery

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Control of hemorrhage

• Direct pressure• Direct clamping or ligation through the wound.• Anterior and posterior nasal packs for midface gunshot

wounds• Angiography and embolization for uncontrolled larger bleeds

and expanding hematoma• Low ECA ligation – necessary only when there is need to

remove a foreign body which has perforated it at some distant level. Surgical ligation of the external carotid artery is often ineffective for bleeding control due to its robust collateral vessels

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Circulation and shock• assess the pulse at the wrist, neck, or groin and measure the

blood pressure. (systolic BP <90)• The degree of shock directly related to the reduction in the

volume of the circulating blood. The clinical evidence of shock was apparent only if 30% loss occurred. Death can occur when > 40% of blood loss occurs and the volume is not replaced

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• Two clinical pictures may be seen after injury:• Neurogenic shock: brought out by severe pain and mental

stress, may occur without much blood loss. Sweating, pallor, moderate fall in BP and bradycardia , slow threading pulse are common signs.

• Oligaemic shock: caused by rapid reduction of in circulating blood volume from external or internal hemorrhage. Pallor of face and lips, cold extremities, hypotension and fast thready pulse, Decreasing alertness, Nausea/vomiting are the signs.

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Fluid replacement

• Gray and coopel(1975) recommended hartmann’s solution for early management of missile causalities. Upto 2 ltrs can be given, if there is no response to initial transfusion, O Rh negative blood can be given.

• Monitoring assisted by urine output, CVP (1.25kPa) blood pressure.

• The largest amount of replacement is needed when there is greatest degree of muscle destruction

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Secondary survey

• EXPOSE, EXPLORE AND EVALUATE• Inspection - contusion, abrasion, laceration, swelling, nerve 

fallout, bruising and bleeding. Approximately 17% of patients with a GSW to the face have associated brain injuries, and 8% have associated C-spine injuries.

•  Eye injuries are present in approximately 13%.• complete ocular examination should consist of an evaluation 

of general acuity, light perception, ocular motility, pupillary reactivity, examination of the conjunctiva and eyelids

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• palpation- for bone discontinuity, surgical empysema, tmj movements, any foreign body, broken prostheses,laceration hematoma avulsed, missing and fractured teeth, dental occlusion

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Imaging• spiral Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard• 1mm axial views, from the top of the cranium through the

bottom of the mandible, should be obtained.• Both coronal and sagittal views are necessary. • 3 D reconstruction – complex fracture• 100% sensitive and specific for facial bone injury

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• CT does not give sufficient detail of dental structures, root damage, or tooth position, which require panoramic radiographs for appropriate assessment.

• C- spine and chest X-rays should be obtained to visualise bullet fragments.

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Prevention and control of infection • Preventive measures: high velocity projectile causes risk of gas 

gangrene. A prophylactic dose of polyvalent antitoxin is to be given Appropriate antibiotic (crystalline penicillin – 2,000,000 U + streptomycin) and tetanus toxoid booster dose is also given. Gentamycin (1.2mg/kg) may be added for gram negative spectrum. In case of meningeal perforation, intramuscular sulpha-diazine or sulphadimidine or chloramphenicol should be administered. 

• Control of infection: local toilet of wounds, care of airway to prevent septicaemia and pulmonary infection. The antibiotics need to be continued for 3-4 weeks.

•  

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Based on Gustillo-Anderson classification 1st generation cephalosporin for 24 hours

after closure

1st generation cephalosporin for gram positive coverage.

Aminoglycoside (such as gentamicin) for gram negative coverage in type III injuries o the cephalosporin/aminoglycoside should

be continued for 24-72 hours after the last debridement procedure

penicillin should be added if concern for anaerobic organism

Flouroquinolones o should be used for fresh water wounds or salt water woundso can be used if allergic to cephalosporins or clindamycin

Doxycycline and ceftazidime o can be used for salt water wounds

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Control of pain and discomfort• More than pain, there is considerable discomfort from 

maxillofacial injuries. • Avoid giving powerful analgesics, which depress the level of 

consciousness and respiration.  • However it is important to keep to minimize discomfort early 

by local toilet, support of mobile mandibular fractures, posture, suction and administration of IV fluids

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Documentation and record keeping

• Date and time of injury• Cause of injury: records are frequently sketchy. Wounding 

agent must be recorded to know the range and its ballistics.• Treatment given: fluids given, antisera transfused, drugs 

administered. • Description of injury: best recorded by simple line diagrams 

for soft-tissue lacerations, tissue loss, and entry and exit points. The method of temporary or permanent fixation can also be displayed. 

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Definitive management of wounds

• After  initial management, the treatment falls into 2 phases•  Primary treatment  - aimed to achieve healed tissue with 

minimum deformity• Reconstructive treatment of residual bone and soft tissue

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Primary treatment:Soft tissue

• It is advised to go for much definitive reconstruction as possible at the time of original surgery

• 1-primary suture= facial missile wound seen with in 24 hrs.• 2-wound seen later then this and short range short gun 

blast=packing open , when clean , delayed primary closure and drained

• 3-wound edge should be excised by 1-2mm to create non bevelled edge on an even subcutaneous bed, which can be mobilized by undermining for proper approximation, but should not exceed beyond 5cm.

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• 4-watertight closer indicated after debridement and fixation of fractures

• 5- reconstruction of lip sphincter is prime important • Area of skin lost , should be left to promote  epithelisation or 

covered with split skin graft.• In high velocity injury Serial surgical debridement” second-

look procedures”, at 24-to 48 hours intervals  which reopen the soft tissue to define additional areas  of soft tissue necrosis, drain hematoma or developing fluid collections, and ensure bone integrity.

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All shotgun wounds of the mandible should be drained and it is better to be placed in several places 

Where ever possible , placed  away from suture lines 

In contaminated comminuted fracture the drain better be (through –and through ) to facilitate irrigation

Removal of the drain depend  on the amount of discharge on the dressing  which should be changed at least once daily 

In general drain should be removed  after  progressive shortening within the first 10 postoperative days .

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hard tissue• Difference from civilian• Mandibular:• mainly comminuted,compound,contaminated with 

soft tissue loss.• Viability of bony fragments and Extend of injury 

cannot be accurately evaluated.• Maxillary• rarely produce classical Lefort pattern• More tissue avulsion so more oro antral and oro 

nasal communication.• Alveolar fractures• More injury to ear ,eye ,nose, parotid gland ,facial 

nerve and lacrimal apparatus• Communion of ramus and ZMC fracures leads to 

serious complications

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• The goal is correct reduction and stabilisation of facial bone fractures and minimal morbidity for patients

• Closed reduction (MMF)• External pin fixation• ORIF-necessary for optimal results. • But in most of the studies, infection rates are found to be 

higher in ORIF cases as compared to MMF. Also, MMF is to be done for some time in all cases with ORIF for precise occlusal correction.

• But according to Majeed etal Injury, (Int. J. Care Injured 45 (2014) 206–211) Patients treated by open reduction tended to have less complications as compared to closed reduction for management of comminuted but continuous mandible defects after gunshot injuries 

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• Reconstruction plates: the shattered and scattered bone can be found and secured to a reconstruction plate to obtain mandible continuity

• Oro- anral or oro- nasal fistula  has to dealt during reconstructive phase of treatment. 

• When maxillary antrum is penetrated or perforated , it should be packed with medicated gauze pack

• Recent studies suggest reconstruction of bony defects in upper and middle part of face, provided less contamination and adequate soft tissue coverage

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Dural tears and brain damage• The management is within the scope of neurosurgery, but its 

recognition is a responsibility of the maxillofacial surgeon.•  CSF leak may be difficult to recognize in case of severe bone 

and soft tissue injury. The presence of displaced bone visible in radiographs in areas like posterior wall of  frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, cribriform plate or orbital roof and evidence of air within cranial cavity are diagnostic. Early reduction of fractures at this stage even without dural repair will reduce the risk of meningitis. 

• less severely injured patients should be operated on within 3 to 8 hours

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Foreign bodies in tissues

• A bullet its fragment may be buried deep into the oro-facial region and may lead to formation of abscess or aneurysm. Their removal is not easy. Several radiographs taken at right angles to each other are required to identify the exact position. The finger is the most sensitive probe that will palpate the buried object. If a curved hemostat is passed along the line of the finger, the foreign body can be grasped and removed through a relatively small surgical wound by experienced surgeon

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Ear and eye

• hearing loss is a complication of gunshot wound even when the ear is not directly involved. Pressure wave and cavitation during passage of missile may cause cochlear and middle ear damage. Injury to orbit may result. Patient needs specialists of the respective fields to manage these injuries

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• PENETRATING INJURIES OF NECK: Gunshot wounds involving the 

face may be associated with an entrance or exit wound in the 

neck, which is divided into three zones originally described by 

Monson and colleagues from Cook County Hospital.

• ZONE 1: area from clavicles to cricoid cartilage. Injury to this 

zone has high mortality rate (12%) due to haemorrhage., vessel 

occlusion by external hematoma, later complication as 

thrombosis formation , clot/emboli propogation – interruption 

in cerebral blood flow and consequence brain damage

• The onset of stridor is the indication for immediate exploration

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• ZONE 2: area from cricoid cartilage to angle of mandible It is the largest area, hence most commonly involved. Surgical exploration is warranted in case of penetrating injury. 

•  ZONE 3: from angle of mandible to the skull base.

• Perforation of the pharynx or upper part of oesophagus  may lead to retropharyngeal abscess formation

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Penetrating injury to the neck that need urgent management

expanding hematoma

neurologic deficit

Signs of tracheal injury

hoarseness

stridors

subcutaneous emphysema

dysphonia, or hemoptysis

signs of vascular injury

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• Vascular injuries were found in 48%,•  spinal cord injuries in 24%, and•  aerodigestive tract injuries in 6% of patients with 

transcervical injuries.•  The overall mortality was 3%

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Intermediate care • Diet and feeding• Liquid diet • Nasogastric tube can be used in extensive injury• When there is loss of oral sphincter saliva shield made of acrylic or silicon can be used• gastrostomy if longterm bypass of the oral cavity is necessary • Oral hygiene • Mouth wash with antiseptic solution (chlorhexidine )• Active irrigation with 4% sodium bicarbonate at least once daily• Brushing by soft tooth brush • 1% hydrocortisone ointment applied regularly to the lip • Control of infection• Prophylactic antibiotic to prevent infection especially septicemia,meningitis and pulmonary

infection • To prevent secondary hemorrhage• Infection of fracture site : controlled by intermediate surgery to remove teeth or sequestra

with drainage of pus if present and do culture and sensitivity test to advocate the appropriate antibiotic

• Early mobilization and physiotherapy to prevent thrombophlebitis

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secondary or late Reconstruction• Timing of definitive reconstruction is an area of continuing 

debate. Although traditional approaches advised delayed reconstruction, recent studies demonstrates success with more immediate definitive reconstruction within 24–48 h.

• Advantages of early repair: 1. immediately reducing local dead space2. immunoreactivity is improved, 3. more robust biologic coverage is provided, and 4. delivery of hematogenous nutrients essential for wound healing is enhanced. Furthermore, fewer and less complex revisionary procedures are necessary for patients who underwent immediate definitive reconstruction

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5.superior aesthetic and functional outcomes, 6.There is no soft tissue contracture or deformity in primary treatment, in addition coverage of soft tissue defects is easier and more anatomic. 7.Ease of reduction and fixation of fractures, easier restoration of occlusion, prevention of contracture and displacement, ability to reduce displaced or avulsed teeth, early mandibular mobilization, 8.less scarring, less anxiety and shorter hospital stay are among the many benefits associated with comprehensive definitive management of maxillofacial gunshot injuries in the first surgical intervention.

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Soft tissue reconstruction• Primary closure• Reconstruction of soft tissue should precedes hard tissue.Local flaps:Colour and texture matching is best done with local flaps.. 

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tissue expansion

• In the case where tissue expansion is desired, 

the wound should be maintained by dressing 

changes or vacuum-assisted therapy or 

covering with temporary skin graft until 

tissue expansion is complete. This approach 

accomplishes both wound conditioning 

providing adequate amount of local tissue 

needed for transfer without adversely 

affecting the donor site. A combination of 

both microvascular and local flap techniques 

may be necessary for the repair of severe 

defects.

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•  • Free tissue transfer: Some massive soft tissue defects 

secondary to gunshot wounds require free tissue transfer. Over the past decade, advances in microvascular technique have established free flap transfer as the gold standard in the reconstruction of severe facial trauma; however, they are not used primarily. 

• In cases that require multiple stage reconstruction, the free flap option is often best delayed until the exact nature of the defect is diagnosed and the patient is best prepared for this intervention

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Facial unit reconstruction• Tissues available for reconstruction of face may be derived 

from various sources. Some of the easily available flaps are:• Forehead flap: central, lateral, scalping/converse• Neck• Hairy scalp• Post-auricular• Delto-pectoral• Myo-cutaneous : pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius• Free flaps• All these can be grafted with micro-vascular anastomosis 

whenever possible and facilities are available. 

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• Principles of reconstruction in these cases are:• Each aesthetic unit, if possible, should be separately reconstructed to avoid 

simple flat surface devoid of shape.• Each functional layer should, if possible, be reconstructed separately – e.g. 

lining, muscle, fat and skin. • An excess of tissue should always be introduced to restore symmetry. Shortage 

of tissue can only be corrected with a further flap. Excess fat should be transferred to allow subsequent fat sculpting.

• The best tissue match should be sought, keeping in mind the inevitable defect in the donor site.

• A careful plan of the staged procedure should be prepared to reduce the time and number of procedures to the minimum, and to allow  continuity by various members of the team.

• The stages of reconstruction should, where possible, not limit the patient’s ability to see, breathe or feed.

• Soft tissue reconstruction is best achieved on a sound skeletal base.  

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Hard tissue reconstruction• Restoration of anteroposterior projection and width of the 

face should be the primary goal of skeletal reconstruction.

• When a mandibular fracture is a component of gunshot 

wounds, re-establishing mandibular continuity and thus 

restoring occlusion first is advisable.

• Some authors now advocate doing immediate bone grafting 

for nasal, orbital and mid-face areas and secondary, but early 

bone grafting of the mandible

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Bone grafts

• These are now commonly used in the reconstruction of 1. Mandible .2. nasal skeleton, 3. Onlay graft to the supra orbital region,  4. After surgical treatment of RMJ ankylosis 5. Repair of oro-nasal or oro-antral fistula

• Bony defects larger than 5 mm should be bone grafted. Depending on the nature of these defects, iliac crest, cranium and rib are all reasonable options. 

• In most cases, vascularised bone is not critical for reconstruction

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• Distraction Osteogenesis: - complex composite defects in the partially dentate patient,

• . To facilitate distraction, soft tissue reconstruction and healing should be complete to ensure integrity of the wound.

• well-observed benefit of distraction is the increase in native soft tissue.

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Management of special structures• FACIAL NERVE: occurs in high velocity firearm injury. • early documentation is important•  obvious transection requires repair. • In heavily contaminated wounds, repair should be delayed for 

48-72 hours. • Injuries distal to the zone of arborization (vertical line dropped 

from lateral canthus) do not typically require repair because of multiple interconnections distal to this line. Function is expected to return. 

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Salivary ducts

• Transected duct may be repaired or ligated depending on the amount of damage. Parotid duct can be repaired over an intravenous catheter or polymeric silicon tubing, which is then sutured to the buccal mucosa, without bringing it out into the mouth, to prevent its dislodgement. Injuries to parotid-masseteric fascia may cause formation of a sialocele or fistula, managed by drainage and pressure dressing. Aspiration may be required and anti-sialogogues may be prescribed. Foreign bodies must be removed to hasten healing. 

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Residual problems and their management

• MICROSTOMIA: destruction of lip tissue causes severe fibrosis and reduced opening of mouth. This has to be corrected before any attempts to correct mastication and facial appearance. 

• Cheiloplasty is necessary for taking impressions and construction and insertion of prosthesis. 

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• Reconstruction of lacrimal injury:•  the obstruction has to be located with probe and, exposed. A 

fine silastic rod is passed through the duct into the nose and kept in place with stiches for 3 months.

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• FIBROUS AND BONY ANKYLOSOS OF MANDIBLE:•  comminuted fractures of condyle, ramus and adjacent maxilla 

and zygoma frequently result in intra or extra-articular bony or fibrous ankylosis. Costo-chondral grafts may be used for reconstruction of RCU after release of ankylotic mass.

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Oro-antral and oro-nasal fistulae

• Closure of a residual fistula is important for adequate functional restoration.

• Single layer closure usually sufficent for oro-antral fistula with or without nasal antrostomy for antral drainage. 

• Oro-nasal fistulae are more difficult to close and single layer closure does not succeed. Nasal lining is used for a two layer closure.  Bone chips may be transposed between the two layers. Larger fistulae may be repaired with palatal transposition or island flap, tongue flap and skin flaps from naso-labial folds. 

• Very large defects need obturators

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SCAR REVISIONS AND RELEASE OF CONTRACTURES: • Although recent reports link early definitive reconstruction 

with a decreased need for revision surgery, a majority of our patients still request some form of revision. 

• Tattooing can be removed with Nd;YAG  laser but not for dermal inclusion of gunpowder  for them use minipunch. 

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Using implants and prosthesis: • .These implants of 3, 4 and 6 mm length become osseo-

integrated into bone local to the defect and serve as anchors for a nose, eye or ear prosthesis. 

• They may be attached to the prosthesis by a clip-bar arrangement or via gold-samarium magnets. Hence the patient enjoys a morphological and cosmetic prosthesis that does not fall off even with strenuous activities. 

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• NASAL PROSTHESIS • 3 implants are placed like an isosceles triangle (2 at alar base 

and one at the bridge of nose). The nasal passage may be opened by placing a tracheostomy cannula adapted to the connecting bar. This allows nasal breathing without coming in view. 

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Ear prosthesis

•  3 implants are placed into the mastoid bone along 110o arc from the anticipated external ear canal. Implants are short (3-4mm) to prevent perforation of dura. They osseointegrate within 4 months and the ear prosthesis is attached with magnets. 

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Eye prosthesis

• implants of 6-8 mm are placed in either lateral superior orbital rim or inferior lateral orbital rim. They also osseointegrate within 4 months. 

•  

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• All external facial unit prostheses undergo wear and fading of their original color.

•  This process can be slowed by limiting their direct exposure to sunlight and heat. 

• They should also not be allowed to come into contact with strong chemicals. Simple light soap solutions are best to clean these prosthesis.

•  On a yearly basis these prostheses need to be examined and, often, refitted with new clips, material added to frayed edges, and partly repainted to restore their natural-appearing colors

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Summary:

• Gun shot injury to face in civilian violence is a benign condition as long as the patient’a airway is kept patent and haemorrhage is controlled. 

• Early operative intervention for repair of soft and skeletal facial structures leads to satisfactory results.

•  mortality directly related to the facial trauma is uncommon. Improvements in imaging and fixationtechniques have resulted in an evolutionin management, with an emphasis on earlierrepair and a focus on improvement inquality of life.

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REFERENCES:• Peterson’s principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery: volume 1• Raymond Fonseca: oral and maxillofacial surgery : volume 3• Rowe and Williams: Maxillofacial Injuries: volume 2• Maurizio A. Miglietta: Trauma and Gunshot wounds: What you need to know to save a life. • Orthopaulis G, Sideris A, Velmahos E, Troulis M: Gunshot wounds to face: emergency

interventions and outcomes: World J Surg (2013) 37:2348-2352• Management of comminuted but continuous mandible defects after gunshot injuries Majeed

Rana etal Injury, Int. J. Care Injured 45 (2014) 206–211• Characteristics of Ballistic and Blast Injuries David B. Powers Atlas Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin

N Am 21 (2013) 15e24• Craniomaxillofacial Battle Injuries: Injury Patterns, Conventional Treatment Limitations and

Direction of Future Research ,Robert G Hale, Timothy Lew and Joseph C Wenke; Singapore Dental Journal June 2010 Vol 31 ■ ■

• Craniocerebral Gunshot Injuries in Civilian Practice-Prognostic Criteria and Surgical Management: Experience with 82 Cases.HUBSCHMANN, O. M.D.; SHAPIRO, K. M.D.; BADEN, M. M.D.; SHULMAN, K. M.DJournal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care: January 1979

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• Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care: • May 1996 - Volume 40 - Issue 5 - pp 758-760• 11.Shootings: What EMS Providers Need to Know • by Paul Murphy, MS, MA, EMT-P, Chris Colwell, MD, FACEP, 

Tamara Bryan, BS, EMT-P, Gilbert Pineda, MD, FACEP On Apr 1, 2010 • 12..Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Penetrating Neck

Trauma: A Preliminary Study • Vicente H. Gracias, MD; Patrick M. Reilly, MD; Jonathan Philpott, MD;

Wendy P. Klein, MD; Sun Y. Lee, MD; Michael Singer, BS; C. William Schwab, MDFrom the Divisions of Traumatology and Surgical Critical Care (Drs Gracias, Reilly, Philpott, Lee, and Schwab and Mr Singer) and Radiology/Body Imaging (Dr Klein), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.

• Arch Surg. 2001;136(11):1231-1235. doi:10.1001/archsurg.136.11.1231

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