gun shot wounds
TRANSCRIPT
SEMINAR ON GUNSHOT WOUNDS
Present by
Cathrine Diana PG II
• CONTENTS • Introduction• Demographic• Characteristics of missile injuries• classification of fire arm injury• • Management
– Primary management – Intermediate – Definitive management
• Residual problems and their management
• Summary
A case report
Introduction• Ballistic trauma or gunshot wound (GSW) is a form of physical
trauma sustained from the discharge of arm• firearms used in armed conflicts, civilian sporting, recreational
pursuits and criminal activity. Ballistic trauma is sometimes fatal for the recipient, or causes long term consequences.
• GSWs are the second most source of injury and death , after motor vehicle accidents
Demographics
• The majority of civilian firearm injuries are sustained from handguns (86%),
• shotguns (8%) and • rifles (5%). • 36% 0f patients die following admission. • All of the deaths were secondary to injuries to the chest, abdomen
or brain. • There is small percentage of deaths associated with isolated facial
injuries
• International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine. 2013
• National firearm murder rate of 0.36 per 100,000 people Equivalent to roughly one tenth of the rate of firearm murders in the United States. 92% were victims of homicidal attacks, 2 % suicidal and 2% accidental
• Abdomen (39%) and head (30.30%) were the two most common entry sites for the bullets
International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine. 2013
Ballistics the science of projectile motion, to understand the injuries caused by various firearms. The potential problems of a wound caused by a projectile can be better
anticipated if one has some knowledge of the weapon and projectile type that cause the wound.
Ballistic science typically divided into three stages :
o Internal ballisticso External ballisticso Terminal ballistics
Atlas Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 21 (2013) 15e24
Internal ballistics• Forces that apply to a projectile from the time the propellant
is ignited to the time the projectile leaves the barrel.• An important consideration is barrel length. In general,
longer barrels (rifles) allow the force of the propellant to act on the projectile longer and generate higher velocities and stabilizes the bullet over longer distance.
• Most handguns and rifles have barrels with internal grooves referred to as rifling , This keeps the projectile stable in flight over longer distances
• External ballistics: forces that act on the bullet in flight, primarily the weight and shape of the bullet
Terminal ballistics: study of bullet behavior once it impacts the target – how much energy is transferred and the resultant damage: most import for the surgeons.
Factors affects the degree of injury
Factors affect the degree of
injury
Velocity and Mass of the
bullet
Composition and shape of the bullet
Extent of deviation of the bullet
extend of cavitation
drag and retardation
Velocity and mass of the bullet kinetic energy has been used as the basis to explain wounds caused by the gunshot KE = mv2 where KE is kinetic energy , ( m ) is the mass of the projectile, and ( v ) is the velocity of
the projectile .
Wounding power is typically related to the amount of kinetic energy transferred to the target: P = m(V impact – V exit)2 where P is power, m is mass of the projectile,and V is velocity
Based on these formulas, the velocity of a projectile considered more important than its mass in wounding power .
Considering a typically sized projectile velocity of approximately 50 m/s is required to penetrate the skin, and a velocity of around 65 m/s will fracture the bone .
Composition and shape of the bullet• Earliest projectile was a stone or lead ball Over time
theprojectile evolved to the conical-shape . • Full-metal jacket with exposed lead tips to expand on impact
for maximum tissue destruction
Extent of deviation of the bullet all projectiles become unstable in flight
because of the center of gravity lies behind the center of resistance of the bullet (bullet tip
yaw ; Oscillation of the bullet around there long axis
tumble ; rotation of the bullet around there center .
tumbling lead to Increase in their profiles causes more tissue wounding because it presents a larger surface areaIncreased probability of fragmentation
COMPONENTS OF PROJECTILE WOUNDING
Penetration : a bullet must penetrate to a sufficient depth to cause damage.
Permanent cavity : the space that results from direct tissue disruption and destruction.
Fragmentation : missile
fragment or secondary fragments such as clothing or bone.
• Temporary cavity : consists of a “shock-wave” like effect. It has two main effect-1-rush air and contaminate into cavity .2-pressure effect means damage well beyond track of missile.
• Temporary cavitation can be up to 6-10 times the diameter of a medium to high velocity bullet.
• results in stretching Of elastic tissues . most tissues has an elastic nature and ability to recover from
stretching except some tissues such as brain ,liver,spleen
Stress wave :
Precedes the cavitation phenomena
Not like the shock wave it does not have the characteristic or velocity of the shock wave produced by an explosion
Transmitted through fluid filled structures like blood vessels causing endothelial damage and thrombosis
Fracture of bone away from the wound tract is due to stress wave rather than cavitation
For maxillofacial region : the stress wave is more important than cavitation .
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE ARM INJURY
low velocity • ( < 350 m/s )
Intermediate velocity • (350–600 m/s)
high velocity • (> 600 m/s)
• Short gun injuries: (<1000ft/s)• These injuries have to be classified separately due to the
particular design of a cartridge- firing sporting gun ,based on the range
• Type I < 5 m • Type II injuries (5–12 m• Type III injuries > 12 m
• Type I < 5 m ; • the pellets strike the target as a single mass, • resulting in massive kinetic energy transfer and tissue avulsion• high mortality rate (85–90%)
• Type II injuries (5–12 m) ; • usually result in much less tissue destruction.• there is significant dispersal of the pellets and loss of energy.• Penetration may occur through deep fascia, but fractures are rare.
Ocular injuries can occur as well as embolization of lead pellets,• mortality rate (15–20%)
• Type III injuries > 12 m ;• usually only the skin is penetrated • mortality is rare (0–5%)
Based on pattern of injury
• Nonpenetrating : grazing or blast wound
• Penetrating : low impact velocity ,bullet does not exit
• Perforating : high velocity , bullet in and out
• Avulsive : massive wounds with avulsion and loss of tissues .
• Entrance holes usually have an abrasion collar or contusion ring around them. The ring is an area of epidermis free margin around the entrance of the gunshot and is caused as the bullet penetrates the skin it mechanically indents and abrades or scrapes the epidermis of the skin leaving the collar or ring.
Direction of trajectory• Tangential • Transverse 1. High level2. Mid –level3. Low level4. Neck
Site of wound
• UPPER FACE• MIDDLE FACE• LOWER FACE• NECK
Gustillo-Anderson classification
Gustilo Type I II IIIA IIIB IIIC Energy Low energy Moderate High High HighWound Size < 1 cm > 1cm >10cm >10cm >10cmSoft Tissue Minimal Moderate Extensive Extensive Extensive
Contamination Clean Moderate contamination Extensive Extensive Extensive
Fracture PatternSimple fx pattern
with minimal comminution
Moderate comminution
Severe comminution or
segmental fractures
Severe comminution or
segmental fractures
Severe comminution or
segmental fractures
Periosteal Stripping No No Yes Yes Yes
Skin Coverage Local coverage Local coverage Local coverage including
Requires free tissue flap or
rotational flap coverage
Typically requires flap coverage
Neurovascular Injury Normal Normal Normal Normal
Exposed fracture with arterial damage that
requires repair
Contamination The projectiles from firearms are not sterile , The heat generated by the
discharge of the propellant as well as the friction between the bullet and barrel is not sufficient to sterilize the bullet.
Contamination can occur from the bullet and also from skin flora and foreign bodies (clothing) carried into the wound ,and wounds in which the bullet traverses the aerodigestive tract or paranasal sinuses are at particular risk .
Prophylactic coverage with broad-spectrum antibiotics, typically a second-generation cephalosporin, and tetanus prophylaxis,should be initiated in all gunshot wounds.
Lead toxicity may occur but it is a rare complication
• Duration – initiate as soon as possible • studies show increased infection rate when antibiotics are delayed for more than 3 hours from time of injury
– continue for initial 72 hours after drainage– 48 hours after each procedure
• Tetanus booster if not up to date
Management• The chief objective in a missile injury is preservation of life• It has been estimated that for every 10 minutes of delay in
definitive treatment, survival drops by 10%.• Gunshot wounds to the head are the most lethal of all firearm
injuries.3 it is estimated they have a fatality rate greater than 90%. Those to the myocardium have fatality rates reaching 80%. Intra-abdominal injuries from gunshot wounds tend to involve the small bowel (50%), colon (40%), liver (30%) and abdominal vascular structures (25%).
• Primary management to be consider under the following headings:
• Prevention of respiratory obstruction• Management of blood loss and treatment of shock• Prevention of infection• Control of pain and discomfort
Management of gun shot wounds:
Late phasesoft tissue and bone reconstruction
Intermediate phaseDiet and feeding Oral hygiene Control of infection
Immediate management primary survey
(A,B,C,D,E ) Secondary survey primary surgery
• 3 PEAKS OF DEATH• There are 3 peaks of death when it comes to deaths following
trauma. • 1st PEAK: occurs at the scene of injury, usually due to severe
head or spinal cord injury or massive blood vessel injury, like gun shot wound to the chest striking the heart or major vessel.
• 2nd PEAK: occurs within 6 hours of injury and stems from internal bleeding and brain swelling.
• 3rd PEAK: it is a few weeks after injury and occurs in the Intensive Care Unit from infection and multi system organ failure.
Airway• compromised by hemorrhage, swelling, or in low GCS – fall
back of tongue• Extensive gunshot injury to the middle base of tongue-
Prolapse of tongue back against post. Wall of pharynx• Foreign body obstruction from fragments of bone, teeth,
denture• Edema of tongue base, oropharynx and larynx• Laceration of soft palate or other parts of mouth causing
mechanical obstruction of airway
Immediate management of gunshot wounds
• Immediate management includes:• Posture: semi-prone or face down position is what should be
used.• Toilet of airway: removal of all foreign bodies by fingers or
suction• Control of haemorrhage – by pressure pack, anterior and
posterior nasal packing• Tongue traction: via transverse sutures through posterior part
of the tongue• Endotracheal intubation• Upper airway by-pass – cricothyroidotomy, later tracheostomy
• Indication of tracheostomy in GSW:
• Obstruction due to upper airway edema
• When prolonged ventilation is needed
• To facilitate anesthesia – in certain surgical repair
• To ensure a safe post operative recovery
Control of hemorrhage
• Direct pressure• Direct clamping or ligation through the wound.• Anterior and posterior nasal packs for midface gunshot
wounds• Angiography and embolization for uncontrolled larger bleeds
and expanding hematoma• Low ECA ligation – necessary only when there is need to
remove a foreign body which has perforated it at some distant level. Surgical ligation of the external carotid artery is often ineffective for bleeding control due to its robust collateral vessels
Circulation and shock• assess the pulse at the wrist, neck, or groin and measure the
blood pressure. (systolic BP <90)• The degree of shock directly related to the reduction in the
volume of the circulating blood. The clinical evidence of shock was apparent only if 30% loss occurred. Death can occur when > 40% of blood loss occurs and the volume is not replaced
• Two clinical pictures may be seen after injury:• Neurogenic shock: brought out by severe pain and mental
stress, may occur without much blood loss. Sweating, pallor, moderate fall in BP and bradycardia , slow threading pulse are common signs.
• Oligaemic shock: caused by rapid reduction of in circulating blood volume from external or internal hemorrhage. Pallor of face and lips, cold extremities, hypotension and fast thready pulse, Decreasing alertness, Nausea/vomiting are the signs.
Fluid replacement
• Gray and coopel(1975) recommended hartmann’s solution for early management of missile causalities. Upto 2 ltrs can be given, if there is no response to initial transfusion, O Rh negative blood can be given.
• Monitoring assisted by urine output, CVP (1.25kPa) blood pressure.
• The largest amount of replacement is needed when there is greatest degree of muscle destruction
Secondary survey
• EXPOSE, EXPLORE AND EVALUATE• Inspection - contusion, abrasion, laceration, swelling, nerve
fallout, bruising and bleeding. Approximately 17% of patients with a GSW to the face have associated brain injuries, and 8% have associated C-spine injuries.
• Eye injuries are present in approximately 13%.• complete ocular examination should consist of an evaluation
of general acuity, light perception, ocular motility, pupillary reactivity, examination of the conjunctiva and eyelids
• palpation- for bone discontinuity, surgical empysema, tmj movements, any foreign body, broken prostheses,laceration hematoma avulsed, missing and fractured teeth, dental occlusion
Imaging• spiral Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard• 1mm axial views, from the top of the cranium through the
bottom of the mandible, should be obtained.• Both coronal and sagittal views are necessary. • 3 D reconstruction – complex fracture• 100% sensitive and specific for facial bone injury
• CT does not give sufficient detail of dental structures, root damage, or tooth position, which require panoramic radiographs for appropriate assessment.
• C- spine and chest X-rays should be obtained to visualise bullet fragments.
Prevention and control of infection • Preventive measures: high velocity projectile causes risk of gas
gangrene. A prophylactic dose of polyvalent antitoxin is to be given Appropriate antibiotic (crystalline penicillin – 2,000,000 U + streptomycin) and tetanus toxoid booster dose is also given. Gentamycin (1.2mg/kg) may be added for gram negative spectrum. In case of meningeal perforation, intramuscular sulpha-diazine or sulphadimidine or chloramphenicol should be administered.
• Control of infection: local toilet of wounds, care of airway to prevent septicaemia and pulmonary infection. The antibiotics need to be continued for 3-4 weeks.
•
Based on Gustillo-Anderson classification 1st generation cephalosporin for 24 hours
after closure
1st generation cephalosporin for gram positive coverage.
Aminoglycoside (such as gentamicin) for gram negative coverage in type III injuries o the cephalosporin/aminoglycoside should
be continued for 24-72 hours after the last debridement procedure
penicillin should be added if concern for anaerobic organism
Flouroquinolones o should be used for fresh water wounds or salt water woundso can be used if allergic to cephalosporins or clindamycin
Doxycycline and ceftazidime o can be used for salt water wounds
Control of pain and discomfort• More than pain, there is considerable discomfort from
maxillofacial injuries. • Avoid giving powerful analgesics, which depress the level of
consciousness and respiration. • However it is important to keep to minimize discomfort early
by local toilet, support of mobile mandibular fractures, posture, suction and administration of IV fluids
Documentation and record keeping
• Date and time of injury• Cause of injury: records are frequently sketchy. Wounding
agent must be recorded to know the range and its ballistics.• Treatment given: fluids given, antisera transfused, drugs
administered. • Description of injury: best recorded by simple line diagrams
for soft-tissue lacerations, tissue loss, and entry and exit points. The method of temporary or permanent fixation can also be displayed.
Definitive management of wounds
• After initial management, the treatment falls into 2 phases• Primary treatment - aimed to achieve healed tissue with
minimum deformity• Reconstructive treatment of residual bone and soft tissue
Primary treatment:Soft tissue
• It is advised to go for much definitive reconstruction as possible at the time of original surgery
• 1-primary suture= facial missile wound seen with in 24 hrs.• 2-wound seen later then this and short range short gun
blast=packing open , when clean , delayed primary closure and drained
• 3-wound edge should be excised by 1-2mm to create non bevelled edge on an even subcutaneous bed, which can be mobilized by undermining for proper approximation, but should not exceed beyond 5cm.
• 4-watertight closer indicated after debridement and fixation of fractures
• 5- reconstruction of lip sphincter is prime important • Area of skin lost , should be left to promote epithelisation or
covered with split skin graft.• In high velocity injury Serial surgical debridement” second-
look procedures”, at 24-to 48 hours intervals which reopen the soft tissue to define additional areas of soft tissue necrosis, drain hematoma or developing fluid collections, and ensure bone integrity.
All shotgun wounds of the mandible should be drained and it is better to be placed in several places
Where ever possible , placed away from suture lines
In contaminated comminuted fracture the drain better be (through –and through ) to facilitate irrigation
Removal of the drain depend on the amount of discharge on the dressing which should be changed at least once daily
In general drain should be removed after progressive shortening within the first 10 postoperative days .
hard tissue• Difference from civilian• Mandibular:• mainly comminuted,compound,contaminated with
soft tissue loss.• Viability of bony fragments and Extend of injury
cannot be accurately evaluated.• Maxillary• rarely produce classical Lefort pattern• More tissue avulsion so more oro antral and oro
nasal communication.• Alveolar fractures• More injury to ear ,eye ,nose, parotid gland ,facial
nerve and lacrimal apparatus• Communion of ramus and ZMC fracures leads to
serious complications
• The goal is correct reduction and stabilisation of facial bone fractures and minimal morbidity for patients
• Closed reduction (MMF)• External pin fixation• ORIF-necessary for optimal results. • But in most of the studies, infection rates are found to be
higher in ORIF cases as compared to MMF. Also, MMF is to be done for some time in all cases with ORIF for precise occlusal correction.
• But according to Majeed etal Injury, (Int. J. Care Injured 45 (2014) 206–211) Patients treated by open reduction tended to have less complications as compared to closed reduction for management of comminuted but continuous mandible defects after gunshot injuries
• Reconstruction plates: the shattered and scattered bone can be found and secured to a reconstruction plate to obtain mandible continuity
• Oro- anral or oro- nasal fistula has to dealt during reconstructive phase of treatment.
• When maxillary antrum is penetrated or perforated , it should be packed with medicated gauze pack
• Recent studies suggest reconstruction of bony defects in upper and middle part of face, provided less contamination and adequate soft tissue coverage
Dural tears and brain damage• The management is within the scope of neurosurgery, but its
recognition is a responsibility of the maxillofacial surgeon.• CSF leak may be difficult to recognize in case of severe bone
and soft tissue injury. The presence of displaced bone visible in radiographs in areas like posterior wall of frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, cribriform plate or orbital roof and evidence of air within cranial cavity are diagnostic. Early reduction of fractures at this stage even without dural repair will reduce the risk of meningitis.
• less severely injured patients should be operated on within 3 to 8 hours
Foreign bodies in tissues
• A bullet its fragment may be buried deep into the oro-facial region and may lead to formation of abscess or aneurysm. Their removal is not easy. Several radiographs taken at right angles to each other are required to identify the exact position. The finger is the most sensitive probe that will palpate the buried object. If a curved hemostat is passed along the line of the finger, the foreign body can be grasped and removed through a relatively small surgical wound by experienced surgeon
Ear and eye
• hearing loss is a complication of gunshot wound even when the ear is not directly involved. Pressure wave and cavitation during passage of missile may cause cochlear and middle ear damage. Injury to orbit may result. Patient needs specialists of the respective fields to manage these injuries
• PENETRATING INJURIES OF NECK: Gunshot wounds involving the
face may be associated with an entrance or exit wound in the
neck, which is divided into three zones originally described by
Monson and colleagues from Cook County Hospital.
• ZONE 1: area from clavicles to cricoid cartilage. Injury to this
zone has high mortality rate (12%) due to haemorrhage., vessel
occlusion by external hematoma, later complication as
thrombosis formation , clot/emboli propogation – interruption
in cerebral blood flow and consequence brain damage
• The onset of stridor is the indication for immediate exploration
• ZONE 2: area from cricoid cartilage to angle of mandible It is the largest area, hence most commonly involved. Surgical exploration is warranted in case of penetrating injury.
• ZONE 3: from angle of mandible to the skull base.
• Perforation of the pharynx or upper part of oesophagus may lead to retropharyngeal abscess formation
Penetrating injury to the neck that need urgent management
expanding hematoma
neurologic deficit
Signs of tracheal injury
hoarseness
stridors
subcutaneous emphysema
dysphonia, or hemoptysis
signs of vascular injury
• Vascular injuries were found in 48%,• spinal cord injuries in 24%, and• aerodigestive tract injuries in 6% of patients with
transcervical injuries.• The overall mortality was 3%
Intermediate care • Diet and feeding• Liquid diet • Nasogastric tube can be used in extensive injury• When there is loss of oral sphincter saliva shield made of acrylic or silicon can be used• gastrostomy if longterm bypass of the oral cavity is necessary • Oral hygiene • Mouth wash with antiseptic solution (chlorhexidine )• Active irrigation with 4% sodium bicarbonate at least once daily• Brushing by soft tooth brush • 1% hydrocortisone ointment applied regularly to the lip • Control of infection• Prophylactic antibiotic to prevent infection especially septicemia,meningitis and pulmonary
infection • To prevent secondary hemorrhage• Infection of fracture site : controlled by intermediate surgery to remove teeth or sequestra
with drainage of pus if present and do culture and sensitivity test to advocate the appropriate antibiotic
• Early mobilization and physiotherapy to prevent thrombophlebitis
secondary or late Reconstruction• Timing of definitive reconstruction is an area of continuing
debate. Although traditional approaches advised delayed reconstruction, recent studies demonstrates success with more immediate definitive reconstruction within 24–48 h.
• Advantages of early repair: 1. immediately reducing local dead space2. immunoreactivity is improved, 3. more robust biologic coverage is provided, and 4. delivery of hematogenous nutrients essential for wound healing is enhanced. Furthermore, fewer and less complex revisionary procedures are necessary for patients who underwent immediate definitive reconstruction
5.superior aesthetic and functional outcomes, 6.There is no soft tissue contracture or deformity in primary treatment, in addition coverage of soft tissue defects is easier and more anatomic. 7.Ease of reduction and fixation of fractures, easier restoration of occlusion, prevention of contracture and displacement, ability to reduce displaced or avulsed teeth, early mandibular mobilization, 8.less scarring, less anxiety and shorter hospital stay are among the many benefits associated with comprehensive definitive management of maxillofacial gunshot injuries in the first surgical intervention.
Soft tissue reconstruction• Primary closure• Reconstruction of soft tissue should precedes hard tissue.Local flaps:Colour and texture matching is best done with local flaps..
tissue expansion
• In the case where tissue expansion is desired,
the wound should be maintained by dressing
changes or vacuum-assisted therapy or
covering with temporary skin graft until
tissue expansion is complete. This approach
accomplishes both wound conditioning
providing adequate amount of local tissue
needed for transfer without adversely
affecting the donor site. A combination of
both microvascular and local flap techniques
may be necessary for the repair of severe
defects.
• • Free tissue transfer: Some massive soft tissue defects
secondary to gunshot wounds require free tissue transfer. Over the past decade, advances in microvascular technique have established free flap transfer as the gold standard in the reconstruction of severe facial trauma; however, they are not used primarily.
• In cases that require multiple stage reconstruction, the free flap option is often best delayed until the exact nature of the defect is diagnosed and the patient is best prepared for this intervention
Facial unit reconstruction• Tissues available for reconstruction of face may be derived
from various sources. Some of the easily available flaps are:• Forehead flap: central, lateral, scalping/converse• Neck• Hairy scalp• Post-auricular• Delto-pectoral• Myo-cutaneous : pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius• Free flaps• All these can be grafted with micro-vascular anastomosis
whenever possible and facilities are available.
• Principles of reconstruction in these cases are:• Each aesthetic unit, if possible, should be separately reconstructed to avoid
simple flat surface devoid of shape.• Each functional layer should, if possible, be reconstructed separately – e.g.
lining, muscle, fat and skin. • An excess of tissue should always be introduced to restore symmetry. Shortage
of tissue can only be corrected with a further flap. Excess fat should be transferred to allow subsequent fat sculpting.
• The best tissue match should be sought, keeping in mind the inevitable defect in the donor site.
• A careful plan of the staged procedure should be prepared to reduce the time and number of procedures to the minimum, and to allow continuity by various members of the team.
• The stages of reconstruction should, where possible, not limit the patient’s ability to see, breathe or feed.
• Soft tissue reconstruction is best achieved on a sound skeletal base.
Hard tissue reconstruction• Restoration of anteroposterior projection and width of the
face should be the primary goal of skeletal reconstruction.
• When a mandibular fracture is a component of gunshot
wounds, re-establishing mandibular continuity and thus
restoring occlusion first is advisable.
• Some authors now advocate doing immediate bone grafting
for nasal, orbital and mid-face areas and secondary, but early
bone grafting of the mandible
Bone grafts
• These are now commonly used in the reconstruction of 1. Mandible .2. nasal skeleton, 3. Onlay graft to the supra orbital region, 4. After surgical treatment of RMJ ankylosis 5. Repair of oro-nasal or oro-antral fistula
• Bony defects larger than 5 mm should be bone grafted. Depending on the nature of these defects, iliac crest, cranium and rib are all reasonable options.
• In most cases, vascularised bone is not critical for reconstruction
• Distraction Osteogenesis: - complex composite defects in the partially dentate patient,
• . To facilitate distraction, soft tissue reconstruction and healing should be complete to ensure integrity of the wound.
• well-observed benefit of distraction is the increase in native soft tissue.
Management of special structures• FACIAL NERVE: occurs in high velocity firearm injury. • early documentation is important• obvious transection requires repair. • In heavily contaminated wounds, repair should be delayed for
48-72 hours. • Injuries distal to the zone of arborization (vertical line dropped
from lateral canthus) do not typically require repair because of multiple interconnections distal to this line. Function is expected to return.
Salivary ducts
• Transected duct may be repaired or ligated depending on the amount of damage. Parotid duct can be repaired over an intravenous catheter or polymeric silicon tubing, which is then sutured to the buccal mucosa, without bringing it out into the mouth, to prevent its dislodgement. Injuries to parotid-masseteric fascia may cause formation of a sialocele or fistula, managed by drainage and pressure dressing. Aspiration may be required and anti-sialogogues may be prescribed. Foreign bodies must be removed to hasten healing.
Residual problems and their management
• MICROSTOMIA: destruction of lip tissue causes severe fibrosis and reduced opening of mouth. This has to be corrected before any attempts to correct mastication and facial appearance.
• Cheiloplasty is necessary for taking impressions and construction and insertion of prosthesis.
• Reconstruction of lacrimal injury:• the obstruction has to be located with probe and, exposed. A
fine silastic rod is passed through the duct into the nose and kept in place with stiches for 3 months.
• FIBROUS AND BONY ANKYLOSOS OF MANDIBLE:• comminuted fractures of condyle, ramus and adjacent maxilla
and zygoma frequently result in intra or extra-articular bony or fibrous ankylosis. Costo-chondral grafts may be used for reconstruction of RCU after release of ankylotic mass.
Oro-antral and oro-nasal fistulae
• Closure of a residual fistula is important for adequate functional restoration.
• Single layer closure usually sufficent for oro-antral fistula with or without nasal antrostomy for antral drainage.
• Oro-nasal fistulae are more difficult to close and single layer closure does not succeed. Nasal lining is used for a two layer closure. Bone chips may be transposed between the two layers. Larger fistulae may be repaired with palatal transposition or island flap, tongue flap and skin flaps from naso-labial folds.
• Very large defects need obturators
SCAR REVISIONS AND RELEASE OF CONTRACTURES: • Although recent reports link early definitive reconstruction
with a decreased need for revision surgery, a majority of our patients still request some form of revision.
• Tattooing can be removed with Nd;YAG laser but not for dermal inclusion of gunpowder for them use minipunch.
Using implants and prosthesis: • .These implants of 3, 4 and 6 mm length become osseo-
integrated into bone local to the defect and serve as anchors for a nose, eye or ear prosthesis.
• They may be attached to the prosthesis by a clip-bar arrangement or via gold-samarium magnets. Hence the patient enjoys a morphological and cosmetic prosthesis that does not fall off even with strenuous activities.
• NASAL PROSTHESIS • 3 implants are placed like an isosceles triangle (2 at alar base
and one at the bridge of nose). The nasal passage may be opened by placing a tracheostomy cannula adapted to the connecting bar. This allows nasal breathing without coming in view.
Ear prosthesis
• 3 implants are placed into the mastoid bone along 110o arc from the anticipated external ear canal. Implants are short (3-4mm) to prevent perforation of dura. They osseointegrate within 4 months and the ear prosthesis is attached with magnets.
Eye prosthesis
• implants of 6-8 mm are placed in either lateral superior orbital rim or inferior lateral orbital rim. They also osseointegrate within 4 months.
•
• All external facial unit prostheses undergo wear and fading of their original color.
• This process can be slowed by limiting their direct exposure to sunlight and heat.
• They should also not be allowed to come into contact with strong chemicals. Simple light soap solutions are best to clean these prosthesis.
• On a yearly basis these prostheses need to be examined and, often, refitted with new clips, material added to frayed edges, and partly repainted to restore their natural-appearing colors
Summary:
• Gun shot injury to face in civilian violence is a benign condition as long as the patient’a airway is kept patent and haemorrhage is controlled.
• Early operative intervention for repair of soft and skeletal facial structures leads to satisfactory results.
• mortality directly related to the facial trauma is uncommon. Improvements in imaging and fixationtechniques have resulted in an evolutionin management, with an emphasis on earlierrepair and a focus on improvement inquality of life.
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