Guns Germs and Steel

The Fates of Human Societies

"In the 13,000 years since the end of the last Ice Age, …

…some parts of the world developed literate industrial societies with metal tools…

…other parts developed only non-literate farming societies…

…and still others retained societies of hunter-gatherers with stone tools…

Inequality and Extermination Those historical

inequalities have cast long shadows on the modern world, because the literate societies with metal tools have conquered or exterminated the other societies."

Yali’s Question• Yali, a New Guinea

politician asked • "Why is it that you white

people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea,

• but we black people had little cargo of our own?"

Distribution of Wealth

• To rephrase, • "why did wealth and

power become distributed as they now are, rather than in some other way?”

Distribution of Wealth in the World

Common explanations

• Racial or genetic superiority? – No objective evidence

for this theory

Common explanations

• Cold climate stimulates inventiveness?

• But Europeans inherited from warm climate peoples– agriculture, – wheels, – writing, and – metallurgy

• Japan inherited– Agriculture, metallurgy, writing– Industrial Revolution

Chapter 1

Up to the Starting Point

Cro Magnons

• Cro-Magnons moved into Europe 40,000 years ago. • Tools, needles, fishhooks, harpoons, bows and arrows,

sewn clothing, houses, carefully buried skeletons, art, hunting big prey.

• Displaced or killed off Neandertals

Spreading Out

• 40,000-30,000 years ago humans used watercraft to cross from Asia to Indonesia to Australia and New Guinea.

• This time period correlates to a massive extinction of large game in those places.

Large Game in Eurasia

• Diamond's theory is that large game survived in Eurasia because humans took a million years to develop tools and become lethal predators of large game, giving game time to adapt.

Spreading to the Americas

• By 20,000 years ago, humans learned how to survive in Siberia.

• This led to migration to Americas by 12,000 BC. • It took 1,000 years for humans to cover both N.

and S. America. • Time period correlates to a massive extinction of

large game in Americas: Horses, lions, elephants, cheetahs, camels, and giant ground sloths.

Chapter 2

A Natural Experiment of History

Chatham Islands

• In 1835, a seal hunting ship visiting the Chatham islands 500 miles off the coast of New Zealand brought the first news to New Zealand of islands where:

• "there is an abundance of sea and shellfish; the lakes swarm with eels;

• and it is a land of the karaka berry...• The inhabitants are very numerous, but they do not

understand how to fight, • and have no weapons".

Chatham Islands

Maori of New Zealand• Nine hundred of the native

Maori people of New Zealand, • armed with guns, • arrived in the Chatham Islands • announcing that the Chatham

Islands people (the Moriori) • were now their slaves, • and killed those who objected.

Moriori Slaughter• An eyewitness account said • "The Maori commenced to kill us

like sheep...• We were terrified, fled to the bush, • concealed ourselves in holes

underground, and in any place to escape our enemies.

• It was of no avail; we were discovered and killed

• -- men, women, and children indiscriminately". Maori

Maori Explanation• A Maori conqueror explained:• "We took possession...in

accordance with our customs and we caught all the people.

• Not one escaped. • Some ran away from us, these we

killed, and others we killed -- but what of that?

• It was in accordance with our custom".

Natural History Experiment

• This is a natural history experiment. Both the Maori and Moriori descended from the same Polynesian farmers who settled New Zealand.

Moriori

• But the Moriori, after moving to the Chatham islands hundreds of years earlier could not farm due to the cold climate, and became hunter/gatherers.

• They learned to live peacefully because their resources were so limited.

Maori• The New Zealand Maori

– continued farming

– dense populations

– more complex technology and political organization

– ferocious wars:

• The difference was geography.• Competing agricultural

societies are prone to warfare

Chapter 3

Collision at Cajamarca

Conquest of the New World

• "The biggest population shift of modern times has been the colonization of the new World by Europeans, and the resulting conquest, numerical reduction , or complete disappearance of most groups of Native Americans".

Pizarro

• The Incas were conquered by the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro.

Pizarro’s Forces

• Pizarro had 168 soldiers.

• They were in unfamiliar territory, ignorant of the local inhabitants, were 1000 miles away from reinforcements, and were and surrounded by the Incan empire with 80,000 soldiers led by Atahuallpa.

Guns, Germs and Steel

• Pizarro, however, had steel armor and swords, horse mounted cavalry, and guns (a minor factor).

Treachery

• The account of the capture of Atahuallpa is one of the most difficult passages you may ever read, due to the treachery employed by Pizarro, and the religious justification used.

• Of course, we also know that Pizarro collected a huge ransom for Atahuallpa in gold and silver, and then killed him anyway.

Inca Gold

Conquistadors• In addition to horses and steel, the

conquistadors– Had superior ocean going ships– Had superior political organization of

the European states– Carried infectious diseases that wiped

out 95% of Native Americans (smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, bubonic plague)

– Had superior knowledge of human behavior from thousands of years of written history.

•

Conquistadors

• Pizarro got his treacherous ideas from the experience of Cortez. – The Incas knew

nothing of Spaniards.

Cortez and Montezuma

Why not the other way?

• Still, why was it that the Europeans had all of the advantages instead of the Incas? Why didn't the Incas invent guns and steel swords, have horses, or bear deadly diseases?Inca

Inca Warrior