BY Susan Enfield PHOTOGRAPHY Crystal Cartier FOOD STYLING Liesl Maggiore

STRATEGIES TO GET LEAN AND REGULAR IN THE NEW YEAR

G U T H E A L T H

A WEALTH OF NEW RESEARCH SHOWS THAT OUR OVERALL HEALTH STARTS!OR STALLS OUT!IN THE GUT. Researchers believe the key is the gut microbiome, the trillion or so bacteria that inhabit the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and help regulate everything from metabolism to immunity to mood. In the spirit of the New Year, why not consider a tune-up for your “digestive engine”? You’ll feel better, likely gain energy, reduce risks for some diseases, and probably even drop a few pounds.

YOUR MICROBIOME, YOUR METABOLISM“There are 10 times more bacteria in our digestive system than cells in our bodies, and 99 percent of our DNA is in these bacteria,” says Liz Lipski, PhD, director of nutrition programs at Maryland University of Integrative Health and author of Digestive Wellness. “The gut microbi-ome really runs your metabolism. If it’s imbalanced—which is easy to do—your metabolism won’t work the right way.” This is especially true for people with “thrifty genes,” she says. “Their systems use every single calorie, so it’s easy for them to gain weight.”

Established during the first two years of life, the gut microbiome is shaped by diet, antibiotic use, stress, and other environmental factors. “We used to believe that once established, we couldn’t change it,” Lipski says. The good news: the latest research indicates that specific dietary changes can re-establish a healthier bacterial balance.

Even if you consider yourself a healthful eater, some seemingly benign habits can compromise your digestive e!ciency over time. Read on to discover a handful of pitfalls that may be messing with your digestive and weight-loss mojo, along with expert-approved strategies to achieve belly bliss.

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“If you’re not moving, neither are your bow-els,” says Robynne Chutkan, MD. Exercise stimulates the contrac-tions that move things along the GI tract. Try running or other aerobic exercise and the twisting poses of yoga.

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“The foods you eat consistently determine the types of bacteria in your gut. Most people eat too many processed foods,” says Robynne Chutkan, MD, founder of the Digestive Center for Women in Chevy Chase, Md., and author of Gutbliss. The average American gets less than half the fiber we did 150 years ago, says Lipski.

GET MORE FIBER. !IT’S THE ORIGINAL PREBIOTIC." Eating a variety of fiber-rich plant foods helps fuel “good” bacteria strains. “Seventy percent of the immune system is in your gut,” explains herbalist Christopher Hobbs, PhD, LAc, co-author of Grow It, Heal It: Natural and E#ective Herbal Remedies from Your Garden or Windowsill. “A healthy balance of beneficial bacteria protects against pathogenic bacteria and regulates immune response, so your body doesn’t overreact to certain foods.”

In a study published in 2010, researchers compared the gut microbes of young children in Europe to those of kids in the West African country of Burkina Faso. There were lots of protective bacteria associated with cellulose breakdown in the guts of the African kids eating a traditional diet rich in high-fiber tubers. The European kids lacked the protective bugs.

A study published in the journal Science in 2011 showed that switching to a high-fiber diet can change gut bacteria within 24 hours. For lasting benefits, Lipski notes, people need to change their diets over the long term.

Which high-fiber foods most e"ectively foster good bacteria? Research points to fruits, vegetables, and grains that contain digestion-resistant starches such as inulin and FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides). These include root vegetables (such as beets, turnips, rutabagas, and sweet potatoes), garlic, onions, leeks, Jerusalem artichokes, asparagus, apples, oats, barley, jicama root, broccoli, and cauliflower, says Lipski. “The prebiotic fibers [in root vegetables] seem to have the most e"ect.”

“Many of us lose our ability to digest dairy products as we age,” says Chutkan. “More than half the population has some degree of lactose intolerance.” Lactose sensitivity can cause gas and bloating, and saturated fat–rich dairy foods such as cheese and ice cream can slow digestion and contribute to constipation, she says. Gluten sensitivity is another problem for a growing number of people, who report that bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and other symptoms improve when they cut out wheat and other grains that contain gluten.

ELIMINATE PROBLEM FOODS FOR #$ DAYS. Cut out dairy and wheat, along with added sugar and alcohol, for up to 10 days. It may sound extreme, but you’ll feel significantly better in three or four days, promises Chutkan. “People may eat these foods every day and always feel suboptimal, so they never put together the big picture,” she says. Especially after holiday indulgences, a gentle cleanse will also kick-start your metabolism and help regulate fluctuating hormones, says Lipski.

Keep it simple: replace wheat and dairy with nutrient-dense alternatives that you enjoy, such as brown rice, millet, quinoa, and buckwheat; low-sugar milk alternatives such as unsweetened almond milk and soymilk; and dark leafy greens for calcium.

GUT#FRIENDLY SUPPLEMENTSPROBIOTICS Use probiotic supplements to help populate your system with beneficial bacteria. Try: American Health Probiotic CD ($21.99/60 tablets; drugstore.com), a formula that includes Bifidobacterium longum, a probiotic strain shown to reduce anxiety, or Rainbow Light ProbioActive 1B, a vegan probiotic-prebiotic formula ($19.95/90 veg caps; rainbowlight.com)

FIBER Choose a ground psyllium husk supplement without artificial colors or sweeteners. Try: Now Foods Psyllium Husk Powder ($14.59/24-oz. bag; amazon.com)

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Along with probiotics, taking extra enzymes can help with food sensitivities. For instance, lactase helps break down lactose. Because enzymes help you digest food better, you also may feel more energy. Try: Renew Life DigestMORE Ultra ($26.99/90 veg caps; renewlife.com)

TURMERIC This potent antioxidant spice combats chronic inflammation, Hobbs says. Choose a supplement that lists a bioavailability-enhancing agent to improve absorption of the active ingredient. Try: Life Extension Super Bio-Curcumin ($28.50/60 veg caps; vitaminshoppe.com)

“Although food quality is important, so is quantity, as well as when you eat,” says Hobbs. “Even healthy people overeat when they’re stressed.” Chutkan reminds clients that the stomach is small: the size of a closed fist. Overfilling it—especially with hard-to-digest rich or fried foods—and then lying down to sleep can cause delayed emptying of the stomach and lead to heartburn, bloating, and abdominal pain.

Also keep in mind that metabolism naturally slows as we age, says Chutkan: “We need to make a gradual shift toward smaller portions.” Skipping meals, however, is a no-no, she adds. “It inevitably leads to overeating later in the day.”

EAT MORE MINI%MEALS AND HEAD OFF STRESS.Try eating five nutrient-dense mini-meals throughout the day to keep blood sugar steady and ease digestion. If you do eat a larger meal, Chutkan recommends doing it earlier in the day: if you plan to eat out, make it breakfast or lunch rather than dinner, she advises.

Many people overeat because they’re bored or stressed, says Hobbs. To combat emotional eating, he recommends proven stress relievers such as taking a walk outside and deeply breathing the fresh air. “Walking and other physical activity helps reset insulin binding and reception, leading to better insulin production,” he says. His other favorite strategies: Meditate daily; it promotes calm and emotional balance. Cultivate activities you’re passionate about; they’ll absorb your attention. Don’t procrastinate; it starts a cycle of anxiety. Work on good communication; you’ll minimize relationship stress.

There is growing awareness of the negative health e"ects of the average American’s 135-pound-a-year refined sugar habit, from obesity and diabetes to the chronic, low-grade inflammation that’s linked to many major diseases. Even so, it’s easy to have a blind spot when it comes to your own sweet tooth. Excessive sugar consumption causes bacterial imbalance in the gut, such as an overgrowth of candida yeast, says Chutkan. Symptoms can include acne, vaginal discharge, fatigue, and trouble concentrating.

When it comes to women’s hormones, excess sugar is particularly problematic, says Lipski. “It changes the way hormones work in the body: the pancreas works overtime releasing insulin to try to get the sugar out of the bloodstream, which can lead to insulin resistance and hypoglycemic tendencies.”

GET SMART ABOUT SWEETENERS.It’s easier than you think to cut back on—or even cut out—added sugars, says Hobbs. “The stimulation in the brain goes away after about a week; it resets to its natural level rather than an artificially stimulated level,” he notes. If you’re not ready to swear o" the sweet stu" altogether, eating naturally sweet foods, such as fresh and dried fruits, can ease the transition. Unlike refined sugar, fruit o"ers nutrients and fiber.

Choose whole-leaf stevia over artificial sweeteners, which may throw o" your metabolism and increase diabetes risk, according to initial research on people who drink diet soda. “Stevia is an herb with chemicals in it called steviosides. They taste very sweet but do not metabolize like sugar,” Hobbs says. “Stevia has beneficial e"ects on insulin binding and metabolism, helping to normalize blood sugar levels.” Grow a stevia plant indoors and chew on a sweet-tasting fresh leaf to help control cravings, he suggests.

“People—and doctors—have a blind spot when it comes to NSAIDs and acid-sup-pressing drugs, both of which upset the GI tract’s delicate balance,” says Chutkan. Taken regularly, aspirin and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as asprin and ibuprofen) can damage the GI tract lining and stress the liver. “Proton-pump inhibitors block stomach acid very e"ectively, but we have stomach

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acid for a reason. Taking these has a significant ripple e!ect over the long-term: not digesting food properly,” Chutkan says. Taking a round of antibiotics upsets bacterial balance in the gut. Not adequately re-establishing good bacteria can have lingering e!ects. Finally, commonly prescribed antidepressants have been linked with weight gain and digestive problems such as diarrhea and constipation in some people , although scientists aren’t yet sure why.

TALK TO YOUR DOCTOR ABOUT FINE!TUNING YOUR MEDS.Make a list of all of the prescriptions or over-the-counter drugs you take, and discuss with your health care provider whether any of them might be negatively a!ecting your digestive health. If so, discuss safe ways to try to reduce their use over time.

In some cases, lifestyle changes or alternative remedies can help. For instance, drinking Swedish or Angostura bitters mixed into a small glass of seltzer can help prime the digestive system before meals and head o! heartburn, says New Mexico–based Tieraona Low Dog, MD. To relieve chronic pain, massage therapy, acupuncture, and anti-inflammatory supplements such as devil’s claw, turmeric, and ginger are all backed by initial research. If you take NSAIDs, a milk thistle supplement can help support your liver’s detoxification process, says Hobbs. And new research about the “gut-brain” shows gut bacteria a!ect brain function, and that consuming probiotics may help relieve anxiety and depression. Regular exercise, meditation, and omega-3 supplements also can improve symptoms, researchers say.

Susan Enfield is a health writer and editor based in Boulder, Colo.

Taking a round of antibiotics upsets the bacterial balance in the gut. Not adequately re-establishing good bacteria can have lingering e!ects.

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