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JOHN CARLO L. DIVINA, MSN, RNDoctorandDoctor of Science in Nursing major in Gerontology

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DEVELOPING THE TOOL

DEFINITION

Developed by LOUIS GUTTMAN (1944, 1950)

First used as part of the classic work on the American Soldier

Guttman scaling is applied to a set of binary questions answered by a set of subjects.

GUTTMAN SCALE

PURPOSE

To derive a single dimension that can be used to position both the questions and the subjects

Used in Social Psychology & Education

EXAMPLE

PROBLEMSCHILDRENCOUNTINGADDITIONSUBTRACTIONMULTIPLICATIONDIVISIONS1 10000S211000S311100S411110S511111 Develop the Items Rate the Items Develop the Cumulative Scale Administering the Scale

TOOL DEVELOPMENT

Guttman ScalingWork quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Start with a large set of items that you think all reflect the same construct.Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Work quickly and effectively under pressure49Organize the work when directions are not specific.39Decide how to manage multiple tasks.20Manage resources effectively.4Guttman ScalingHave many judges rate each statement with respect to whether it is favorable with respect to the construct -- a yes/no rating.3Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important.1Manage time effectively2Manage resources effectively.3Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important.4Decide how to manage multiple tasks.5Organize the work when directions are not specific.1Manage time effectivelyRating SheetYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoGuttman ScalingLay out a table:ItemItemItemItemItemItemRespondent27538...7YYYYYY15YYY--Y--3YYYY----29YYYY----19YYY------32YY--Y----41YY--------6YY--------14Y----Y----33------------Guttman ScalingLay out a table:ItemItemItemItemItemItemRespondent27538...7YYYYYY15YYY--Y--3YYYY----29YYYY----19YYY------32YY--Y----41YY--------6YY--------14Y----Y----33------------When sorted by row and column it will show whether there is a cumulative scale.Guttman ScalingLay out a table:ItemItemItemItemItemItemRespondent27538...7YYYYYY15YYY--Y--3YYYY----29YYYY----19YYY------32YY--Y----41YY--------6YY--------14Y----Y----33------------When sorted by row and column it will show whether there is a cumulative scale.Note the exceptions.INSTRUCTIONS: Place a check next to each statement you agree with.

_____ I would permit a child of mine to marry an immigrant._____ I believe that this country should allow more immigrants in._____ I would be comfortable if a new immigrant moved next door to me._____ I would be comfortable with new immigrants moving into my community._____ It would be fine with me if new immigrants moved onto my block._____ I would be comfortable if my child dated a new immigrant. ANALYSIS

There are several statistical techniques for examining the table to find a cumulative scale.Because there is seldom a perfectly cumulative scale, we usually have to test how good it is.These statistics also estimate a scale score value for each item.

How Does Respondent Use?For selected items (the final scale), they simply answer whether they agree or not (yes/no).Since each item has a scale value, we can add these values.Total score is the sum of the scale items respondent agreed to.

DEFINITION

First formal technique to measure an attitude (religion) Developed by LOUIS LEON THURSTONE (1928)Each statement has a numerical value indicating how favorable or unfavorable it is judged to be A mean score is computed, indicating their attitude.

THURSTONE SCALE

PURPOSE

Compensates for the limitation of the Likert scale in that the strength of the individual items is taken into account in computing the attitude score

Can also accommodate neutral statements

EXAMPLE

SAME SEX MARRIAGEIt should be against the law.Theres absolutely nothing wrong with it.Marriage is between a man and a woman.It should be a sin.Its perfectly appropriate for two consenting adults. Constructing the ScaleAdministering the Scale Scoring

TOOL DEVELOPMENT

Step 1. Collect statements on the topic from people holding a wide range of attitudes, from extremely favorable to extremely unfavorable. attitude toward the use of marijuana

It has its place.Its use by an individual could be the beginning of a sad situation.It is perfectly healthy; it should be legalized.

Step 2. Duplicates and irrelevant statements are omitted. The rest are typed on 3/5 cards and given to a group of people who will serve as judges.

Step 3. Originally, judges were asked to sort the statements into eleven (11) stacks representing the entire range of attitudes from extremely unfavorable (1) to extremely unfavorable (11). The middle stack is for statements which are neither favorable nor unfavorable (6). 1. If marijuana is taken safely, its effect can be quite enjoyable.

2. I think it is horrible and corrupting.

Step 4. Each statement will have a numerical rating (1 to 11) from each judge, based on the stack in which it was placed. The number or weight assigned to the statement is the average of the ratings it received from the judges.

StatementAverage Rating from 20 Judges (11=extremely favorable)If marijuana is taken safely, its effect can be quite enjoyable.8.9I think it is horrible and corrupting.1.6It is usually the drug people start on before addiction4.9This is a scale to measure your attitude toward marijuana. It does not deal with any other drug, so please consider that the items pertain to marijuana exclusively. We want to know how students feel about this topic. In order to get honest answers, the questionnaires are to be filled out anonymously. Do not sign your name.Please check all those statements with which you agree. ___ 1. I don't approve of something that puts you out of a normal state of mind. (3.0) ___ 2. It has its place. (7.1)___ 3. It corrupts the individual (2.2) ___ 4. Marijuana does some people a lot of good. (7.9). ___ 5. Having never tried marijuana, I can't say what effects it would have. (6.0)ScoringThe weights (favorability rating) for the checked statements are summed and divided by the number of statements checked. A respondent who selected #3, #7, and #8 would have an attitude score of 2.2 + 1.6 + 4.9 = 8.7/3 = 2.9. Dividing by the number of statements checked (3) puts the score on the 1-11 scale. A score of 2.9 indicates an attitude that is definitely unfavorable to marijuana.