H.?:? 9 H A W A I I H I S T O R I C A L R E V I E ! ? * 212 C?Q]& VOL. I , NO. 9

-- OCTOBER, 1964

OLD-TIME PARKER RANCH CO5!3OYS*ee.oe.ee.e**e161 Larry Kimura

MAUI HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 1951 TO 1 9 1 3 1 ) . * e e * e 1 6 8 Barbara Lyons

HAUAII MID THE PANAfIA CANAL* r 4 7 3 G a r y S. Victor

A NOTE ON TVO LOGBOOKS OF THE K A I l l I L O A . * w . . 1 7 7 Jacob A d l e r

RESEARCH ROUNDUP~~...e.~....ee~~~.e~~~~~~e~178

CONTRISLJTORS AND ANNOUNCElIE!JTS.. . . . . . . . . . . .I79

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HAWAII HISTORICAL REV1W.t VOL. I, NO. 9 OCTOBER, 1964

OLD-TIME PARKER RANCB CaIBOYS* by

Larry Kimura

Through the yea r s organized publici ty,along wi th word-of-mouth repor ts , have ainted the f ami l i a r p ic tu re of Hawaii as a wonderfully f r i end ly paradise i n the oute of the t r ade winds. It is here: appealing bronze maidens i n gent ly undu- at ing s k i r t s , lovely c o r a l s t rands , f i e l d s of pineapples, b a r r i e r r e e f s with g r e a t ropical waves, wild orchids, haunting, unforgettable music, a beach ca l l ed Waikiki, ern-bordered ca ta rac t s , and mis t - f i l l ed grot tos . But Hawaii is not a l l su r f , palms,

hala Mountains. It is o f t e n c h i l l e d by r a i n and wind, and it takes a while f o r e morning sunbeams t o climb the slopes of the 14,000-foot Mauna Kea. Mauna Loa

nd Hualalai s tand t o tk side , and Mauna ICea presents a grand view of t h i s Cod's

(cowboy)." Let ' s see how the f i r s t cowboys compare with those of today by ack t o t r a c e t h e i r evolut ion i n Hawaii. the fourteenth o f February, 1793, Captain George Vancower made tho second

b a i i a n cowboy himself. ) It is s a i d t h a t the Spanish cowboys f i r s t went t o Hanaipoe t o work-a lace

elve miles e a s t of aaimea, i so la ted on the s lopes of Mauna Kea. Here they l ived

n the wild country, &st of them stayed fo r a t i m e and then returned t o Mexico. ws however, married W a i i a n women and remained u n t i l deathO8 lhis Spanish h o d still runs i n the ve ins of some Parker Ranch catboys and t h e i r famil ies .

Espanol was t h e word t h e Hawaiians heard when people r e fe r red t o t h e Spaniards, Wing t h i s word constantly, they Havaiianized it to paniolo o r paniola. The rd general ly means cov~boy, because the only cowboys which t h e Hawaiians knew were

M A 1 1 HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 162 i ,singer, creeper, and ohia, refreshed by tha cold air and l i g h t sprays of m i s t . To- day a d i r t road leads t o the two bui ld ings t h a t remain standing; tlmy serve as a museum of the l i f e of the Parkcers.

I n 1030, Adams Kuakini es tabl i shed residence i n Waimea f o r the purpose o f tak- ling w i l c a t t l e . He was appointed by Kamehaneha a s governor o f the i s l and of ~tawaii. 8

S A l e t t e r of 1833 between two businessmen s t a t e d t h a t Spaniards wore employed t o obtain tal low and hides f o r the Lima market. It is s a f e t o say t h a t the Spaniards came no l a t e r than 1830. They came not only f o r the purpose o f obtaining h ides and 4allm1, but t o teach the Hawaiians how t o become cowboys. These Spanish cowboys were hired by John Palmer Parker t o work on the already-established Parker ~anch .5

When Parlcer came t o Hawaii i n 1815, he and another man, Jack Purdy, began tho . - f i r s t s laughtering of c a t t l e . Purdy cane aboard a whaling s h i p t h a t landed i n Kawaihae a t about t h e same time as t h a t of Parker. There Purdy l e f t the sh ip and .took refuge up i n t h e 1Jaimea area ; he a l s o chased h i s name t o Jack Purdy s o t h a t no one could f ind out t h a t he had jumped ship. We can say, then, t h a t the Parker Ranch was f i r s t s t a r t e d by these two men slaughtering the wild c a t t l e on Hawaii.

And Jack Purdy and John Parlcer can be considered t h e f i r s t cowboys i n Hawaii, though t h e i r methods of capturing c a t t l e wore not those used today. It is s a i d that because Purdy could g e t more hides than Parker, he received t e n cen t s f o r every hide he e o t , while Parker received only f i v e ccnts. Purdy trapped the c a t t l e :in p i t s l e f t by lava flows, o r i n swamps where mud held the animals.

The Parker Ranch could belong t o t h e Purdy family today; Purdy married a hal f - Hawaiian woman of royal blood who owned much land, and he was an a d r o i t c a t t l e 'hunter. But he eventual ly so ld the land t o Parker because he was too fond of h i s /liquor; on one occasion he traded an ac re of land f o r a gal lon of wine, Despite +his weakness f o r s trong drink, he was a powerful man. He knew Mauna Kea l i k e the [palm of h i s hand, and he worked hard u n t i l h i s death. Hc was buried a t h i s home, i ~ a ' a Kanaka - man's head. Po'o kanaka i s a l s o the name given t o the pansy flower, rbecause its blossom reminded Havaiians o f a pcrson's head. Purdy was the f Lrst t o iplant the pansy i n Hawaii, and from t h i s h i s home obtained i ts name. Even today htrboys of the Parker Ranch wear pansy l e i s on t h e i r hats. This flower i s found a t kfew other p laces on Hawaii. 6

The hides and ta l low obtained were exported t o pay a debt of $3,500 owed by ?gamehameha I11 t o the American merchant, Pcirce, and t o increase the economy of i8awaii. I n 1840, some 5,000 hides were taken. Between 1645 and 1884, an average !of 2,000 were exported annually. S t i l l t h e population of c a t t l e kept increasing, :fiere were an estimated 25,000 wild and 1f3,000 tame c a t t l e on Hawaii i n 1846.7 !With a l l these c a t t l e , Parker b u i l t a business which by t h i s time had become the faecond larges t of i t s kind i n the world. Hawai i a n cowboys were now j u s t as good a s [any others--perhaps be t t e r . This can be credi ted t o the Spanish c a ~ b o y s , vaqueros, *who came t o Hawaii about 1832. But most of the c r e d i t should be given t o the

a o f Spanish origin. r The Spanish cowboys brought wi th them t h e i r own clothing, which c o n s t i t u t e s 5

MWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 196rr 153 t

, . ithe cowboy's o u t f i t today i n Hmaii. A vaquero wore a bandana around h i s head o r . {neck. He wore a ttide-brimmed, low-crowned hat , and pants which were baggy t o the

knee and snug from the knee down t o thc an!cle when buttoned on the side. He wore ,lmt-heeled, high l ea the r shoes, ca r r i ed a kn i fe strapped t o h i s r i g h t leg, and t i e d -,a shawl on the baclc of h i s saddle. Most typ ica l of h i s o u t f i t was h i s Spanish-style *saddle 1 with a b ig horn, and h i s l a r i a t made of rawhide, o r sometimes of h ~ t s e h a i r . ~ i Today hemp and l i n e n have talcen the place of rawhide, but a few old-timers

' ae t i l l make and use the rawhide rope, o r lcaula ili, a s the Hawaiians c a l l it. The ?Hawaiian saddle has the general f ea tu rcs of a Spanish saddle, except t h a t the horn :or pomel of a Hawaiian saddle i s n ' t a s large. No o the r ranch has saddles l i k e those :of Parker Ranch. A t the end of t h i s paper a r e desc r ip t ions of the Hawaiian saddle wand rawhide rope, and a l s o b r i e f ins t ruc t ions fo r making them. The Spanish not only

I :influenced the Hawaiians with t h e i r customs, but they a l s o taught the Hawaiians how ' t o use the l a r i a t and t o t r a i n and r i d e horses. P 0

The f i r s t horses, which were given t o John Young, an advisor of ICamehameha I, ,came t o Hatraii i n 1803 with Richard Cleveland, another sea captain.1° They were ;small i n build and very powerful. Since most of them l ived trild on t h e slopes of -Mauna Kea, they were ca l l ed Mauna Kea horses by people fami l iar with them.

Havaiian cowboys had t o l e a r n a l o t from t h e i r own experience, because the 'vaaueroe were not accustomed t o the wild c a t t l e on Hnwaii. The c a t t l e i n Mexico iwere f a i r l y domestic. There i s no denying t h a t the vaaueros were exper t r i d e r s and j ropers, f o r it showed i n t h e i r Hawaiian students. Parker Ranch cowboys had t o be ,excel lent ropers and slcilled i n r id ing and handling t h e i r horses t o ca tch those wild janimals. For once an animal was roped, it c h a r ~ e d both horse and r i d e r ; thus the

.';handling of the ca tch was highly important. The old-timers say t h a t t h i s is one thing the vaqueros could not do. Put t ing it i n the word6 of liudcini Lindsey, t ,, r- Anle hilci ke olal<ai"--t'no can lead8'--meaning t h a t the vaqueros could not lead the wild ca t t l e .

Here a re s t o r i e s of a cowboy's l i f e i n the o ld days a s t o l d t o me by E l i z a I / Purdy Lindsey, granddaughter of the f i r s t Jack Rtrdy and widow of the famous fore-

{ man of the Parlcer Ranch cowboy gang awhile back, John "Polcot' Kawananakoa Lindsey, or, a s some people ca l l ed him, "Keoni liilii ke luna nui o !:a pska ranch". Mrs.

j Eliza P. Lindsey's fa ther , JacIc Purdy, Jr., son of the f i r s t Jack Purdy, was a l s o a b e r y good cowboy. & worked on the former Hind's Ranch at P u ~ a a w a a . "Nobody can i beat: my papa. - t u t u (grandfather), my ksnd (husband), no can beat my papa," were : Mrs. Lindsey '8 words. 1 I regre t t h a t I cannot w r i t e down the accounts and s t o r i e s a s they were t o l d

t o me. I cannot br ing out the l i f e , emphasis, and t r u e meaning as they were re-

/ Waled by expressions and gestures. The l i f e of a cwboy was haid; they labored f o r very l i t t l e pay. Work s t a r t e d

f before the sun rose and l a s t e d u n t i l sunset o r even l a t e r . A l l day the cowboys a Worked on horsebaclc. Today's cowboys, i n cont ras t , a r e accustomed t o the standard

'j .i eight-hour day. I n order t o stand up t o t h e i r jobs, the old-timers needed stamina a Strong baclc. Whatever time a paniola had a f t e r work he would spend car ing f o r h i s saddle,

ming a rawhide rope, chopping wood f o r the stove, gardening, doing yardwork, aining a horse, o r sometimes catching p igs f o r meat. Only a good roper can ca tch running p ig wi th h i s rope from a horse. One throw--kmo kaula-nnd a good roper

had h i s pig. h c e roped a pig, e spec ia l ly a boar, is dangerous. I f a male p i g skinny, i t was cas t ra t ed and its e a r marked o r its t a i l cu t off. Each cawbap

had h i s way of marking a cas t ra t ed pig, o r laho ole. Roping and CaStratiN3 p igs are S t i l l pract iced, but the most popular after-norlc a c t i v i t y was and probably 8till is, drinking and reminiscing.

,mWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 164

The paniola preferred full-moon nights , f o r t h a t was when the wild ca t t le - - the -came down i n g rea t numbers from the fo res t o r higher grounds t o drink at s ponds. I n the Waimea a r e a a pond ca l l ed Hakini is espec ia l ly remembered a s

r i t e drinking-hole of the p i p i and a favor i t e waiting-place of the paniola. ometimea the l a t t e r had t o t r ack down h i s animal; i f he had a good horse, t h a t orse could smell and sense the Pipi before h i s r i d e r did. When t h i s happened, the orse'e e a r s and eyes were a l e r t , point ing out the d i r e c t i o n of the PipL,

oon a s the p i p i were seen, the paniola jumped o f f h i s mount and t ightened d l e g i r t h (kaula opu) a s f a s t a s he could. He then remounted and got h i e

(rope) ready. He moved a s near ae he possibly could u n t i l the a sensed e r e of f . Then came the chase. A paniola usually chose a b u l l a s h i e

rey because a b u l l ' s hide was of f i n e r qua l i ty and tho animal was bigger. Also, ay t o g e t r i d of the s i r e s of wild herds t o make room fo r new breeds of

I n the old days, the re were many ohia, mamane, and koa t r e e s growing i n the e wild c a t t l e l ived , and the t e r r a i n was rough. But the re were c lear ings ,

e poniola ca l l ed kipulta o r pa hu'a. Every poniola knew the locat ion and each Icipulca; he chased h i s animal toward ono i n order t o l a s so it without

ing branches tangle h i s rope. It might be q u i t e a while before the paniola a chance t o l a s s o h i s pipi. H i s horse had t o be sure-footed, f a s t , and strong.

ce the p i p i was i n a lcipuka, the paniola made h i s throw. He d i d n ' t o f t e n m i s s , ecause i f he d id , he would be wasting h i s horse ' s steam and sweat. It took yea r s

. ;of e m e r f e m e and b r a c t i c e beebre a ~ a n i o l a became a ~ o o d ronsr . As soon P-s tbe - n5ni was rooed, t h e i c ~ a very s w i f t l ~ took a few turns an

' the smVle horn with h i s r i p h t hand, a n d w h e remaininp: c o i l of rooe and t h e j refq, vhich he ?eld in h i s l e f t hand, ha oulIled h i s horse t o a otoo. It took a !

. ; s t t . on~ horse t o stor, and hold a 1,050-oound h u l l , and a ticrht and stronr! saddle : d r t h was roauired; if it were n o t so, t h e b u l l would c e r t a i n l v o u l l t h e saddle and ' ~ f d e r u n 8 e ~ t h e horse's h l l v . QI the o t h e r hand, if t h e sadOle e i r t h broke, no t ; F onlv Waul* both t h e sadale and r i d e r be drapsed off t h e horse, bu t t h e r i d e r would % k CmsheA hv t h e n13d bul l .

'trice the h u l l was ronec! and s t o o ~ e d , he fouoht t d l d l y t o break Free--eli ka 1 len0, e l i ka leno---ad l i k e hell--and c h a r ~ e d both horse and r i d e r . "Onlv one damn 8 Caof no tratkh the b u l l when t h e h u l l is ope?.^^ "any pood horses have had t h e i r :$ Puts torn out. q e baniola was alone, hu t he and h i s horse keo t c a b . During t h i s i t ime t h e naniola look- a s t ronF koa, ohia, o r r.mane tree. He then naneuvered 1 h t s h u l l t o that e e e and ~u1let-l t h e b u l l t i a h t l v a v a l n s t t h e t r e e with t h e he lp of I h f s home. We t-.eR h < s pooe t o t h e sadEle born and $ismounted, l e a v i n ~ t h e horse ! ' o l d h a and nu l l tnp the h u l l f i rmly aqa ins t t h e t r ee . we went ub t o the mad b u l l $ t h e head pone an? tied t h e b u l l secure lv t o t h e t r e e . Ye removed h i s l a s s o

1 and returned t o h i s horse. The pan io la t i e d h i s ca tch to a -0 only if it was too 1 wild t o be l e d t o a nearby pen o r i f t h e pen was f a r away. The average ca tch of 1 the ganiola was between e i g h t and t e n head of wild cattle. 5 In most cases t h e paniola t i e d h i s ca tch t o a t r e e and then continued t o look '

fop mope wild pipi . Each paniola remenbered where he had t i e d h i e animals The A $ following day he took a tame animal with him, t y i n g t h e tame one t o t h e wild one t o

simplify driving. Usually t h e tame bullock t h a t was t i e d t o a u i l d Cow or b u l l was allowed t o l ead t h e wild b u l l o r cow t o t h e pen. Such a bullock was c a l l e d a && by the Hawaiians. Sometimes a paniola would discover h i s ca tch dead b u t still t i e d t o the tfee; such was t h e r e s u l t of a broken neck caused by t h e constant e f f o r t of the wild animal t o break free. A t t imes a herd of tame pipi was taken t o t h e lands t o m i n g l e w i t h a w i l d herd. Then t h e paniola would d r i v e both tame a d wild

MWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTODER, 1964 165 1 1 &.& t o a pen. : when t a lk ing about t h e i r hunting exporicnces, t h e paniola never forgot t o give

2 .

t he i r horses c r e d i t . I t is s a i d t h a t a good paniola can make an inexperienced horse work w e l l with c a t t l e . On Puuwaawaa Ranch mules were somctines used ins tead of horses t o rope wild p i p i .

The o ld paniola were t h e b e s t ropers , as proven by Ikua Purdy, f o r i n 1900 i n Cheyenne, Ilyoming, t h r e e Hawaiians took top honors a t t h e F ron t i e r Day contes t . bong them was Ikua Purdy, who won t h e worldls s teer-roping championship, Even to- ' +

.day h i s record time i n t h a t contes t s tands unbeaten. Archia Kanud took t h i r d , and , Jack Low took s ix th . A l l t h r e e cowboys rode unfamil iar horses; t h n i r i n v i t a t i o n s . mad: "Bring your saddle and l a r i a t ; horses w i l l be proviaed a t the R o d e ~ . ~ * l l Hany old Parker Ranch cowboys claim t o have beaten Ikua Purdy's t i m e i n roping a s teer , but t h i s has never been recorded. 4 Each paniola broke and t r a ined h i s own horse. This was done t h e hard way i n open country, J u s t throw t h e saddle on a kau l i o and r i d e , Cotrboys cherished t h e i r horses but made them work hard, and t h e work thoso horses d id was beyond compare. ,They ran over t h e a l a (a jagged type of l ava ) , c u t t i n g t h e i r f a c t (manene). They swam i n t h e o c e a n , x l i n g an unyielding b u l l o r cow. They held a -ton o r even heavier bul l . They ran f o r miles chasing wild c n t t l e o r wild horses without rest. :They dragged logs l i k e d r a f t horses. They were blinded by t h e d u s t while herding . :cattle. They could do whatever t h e i r r i d e r s made them do. j A t shipping t i n e t h e c a t t l e had t o be roped and dragged by both horse and r i d e r

. Out i n to the s e a i n order t o reach t h e steamer anchored offshore. Ifen i n a dingy . .waited beside t h e steamer t o keep t h e cow o r b u l l from drowning by ty ing t h e .. 'anirnalls head t o t h e s i d e of t h e dingy. A s t r a p was then s l ipped over its b e l l y ,

sand the animal was hois ted up t o t h e steamer. This was t h e only way of shipping "cattle because t h e r e were no man-made harbors. Often sharks would snap a t t h e l e g s

. ' :of swimming c a t t l e and horses. Sometines the ocean would be very rough; but ship- . :ping was not hal ted. The type of saddle used f o r shipping was made o f very l i t t l e , lea ther because of t h e salt water. The water would r o t even the s t ronges t lea ther .

, .Shipping day was whenever t h e steamer appeared, and it was a holiday f o r the v i l - lagers.

% In a l i t t l e v i l l a g e named Kiholo o f f t h e Kona coas t o f Kawaihae, t h e people ! a l l knew Jack Naela Purdy, son of t h e first Jack Purdy, who hunted c a t t l e with &John Palmer Parker. Jack was a s tough as h i s f a t h e r , and he was a l s o a super io r '4cowboy. The people of Kiholo espec ia l ly knew him f o r shipping c a t t l e because he

' !was one of the few who dared t o s w i m ou t on h i s horse t o t h e steamer. A t Xiholo I ! the Water is rough, and t h e s teanor had t o anchor f a r Out. Jack Purdy, Jr . , had

in0 f e w of t h e water, nor was he a f r a i d t o s w i m out t o t h e Steamer. Once a t Kawai- r hae a cow got w a y from t h e dingy and swam i n panic f a r o u t t o sea ; no one dared >try t o catch it. Jack Pwdy happened t o be there ; he go t a canoe from one of t h e ' villagers, paddled ou t , roped tho s u i m i n ~ cow, and bmught her back t o land.

Weather i n t h e Waimea a r e a was and is t o an ex ten t damp, cold, and misty in the ea r ly The sun may be shining, b u t t h e a i r is cool , and t h e dew i n

! shaded spots doesn't dry up. \ h e n it is windy, t h e surface of t h e ~ u n d d r i e s f a s t , and dried horse and c a t t l e droppings a r e mixed with dus t t o form matteI? t h a t Stii.zs when it g e t s i n t o eyes o r n0s tPiU. But cowboys can t a k e t h e and present-day c a t t l e d r ives you Can hea r them y e l l i n g t o t h e c a t t l e . "Isaaa! ~i lepo,

= 8 a i lepo!" They t h e i r d i s ~ s t toxard t h e c a t t l e f o r k icking Up dus t ; "ai lepow

! means literally, W e a t dirt". I n t h e l a t e afternoon foe r o l l s i n fm di-

g rections, and everything seems t o be still, except f o r a l i g h t breeze t h f *

~ M I I HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 166 E the face, o r perhaps t h e d i s t a n t bellowing o f a bu l l . A l l one has t o do i n order to see t h e Haimea weather is t o look a t a Parker Ranch cowboy's face.

. ! People o f t en say t h a t one can recognize a person d i r e c t l y from Vaimea because i f h i s rosy cheeks, a r e s u l t of t h e cold climate. But as soon a s t h e sun sets, t h e tnimea p la ins tu rn golden, con t ras t ing with t h e orange, purple and b lue of Ilauna Kea. In a home a family gathers around t h e ki tchen t a b l e a f t e r dinner t o t a l k . Cowboys a t t h e t a b l e are cha t t ing over a b o t t l e of whiskey, A paqiola - --- t e l l s how bard the work is, but an old-timer says, "Kul;ae tlui oukou, kukae21-na p a n i o l d 2 keialtt - --meaning, cowboys today are good f o r nothing. The o the r cokboys ob jac t

ongly, bu t t h e old-timer i n t e r r u p t s loudly: "l?ac!ai i hapni ]:a Pakn Ranch?"-- o b u i l t t h e Parker R a n ~ h ? ~

There is no doubt i n my mind, and I am sure t h a t those who know t h e s t o r y of he Parker Ranch w i l l agree with me, t h a t t h e old-time cowboys of Parker Ranch are the bes t i n t h e world. Although a cowboyts l i f e was hard and t h e pay was very m a l l , if you ask any old-timer what t h e happiest days o f h i s l i f e were, he w i l l t e l l you t h a t those he spent i n t h a saddle were bas t ,

"Aloha no i a maula,It my h e a r t aches whenever I think o f those days o f t h e wild

$ Aloha no i ka Paniolol " i

i

TIIE PARKER RA??CH SADDLE - KA NOH0 LIoJ-2

Around 822 B.C. people were t e l l i n g a s t o r y about Queen Dido, who outfoxed t h e orth A-f-ican na t ive chief Sarbos by c u t t i n g an ox hido i n a t h i n s p i r a l thong t o

fenclose an e n t i r e h i l l , on which she b u i l t a f o r t . It seems t h a t Sarbos t o l d Ween &Dido t h a t she could have as much land as could be contained i n the s k i n of an ox.

,$Dido figured it ou t , and on he r land rose t h e famed c i t y of Carthago. This Phoenician fab le conta ins one of t h e e a r l i e s t references t o t h e rawhide,

$ 8 commodity which t h e Parker Ranch cowboy considered priceleSS* Phoenicians i m - <Parted t h e i r knowledge of t h e s p i r a l c u t from a hide t o t h e Arabs. The l a t t e r Passed it on t o t h e Noors, and t h e Moors took it with them when they conquered '+Spain. Eventually it reached t h e Ilexican va ucro, who i n tun b r o u ~ h t it t o Hawaii. -4- ' I i The Parker Ranch saddle horn o r pommel s smaller than t h e horn o f a Spanish saddle, The o ld Parker, Ranch saddles have no n a i l s o r t acks i n them. They were hand pegged, sewed, and t h e t r e e hand planed. I n t h e o ld days a l l t h e saddle work

.was done a t home. Each cowboy made h i s own. But today John Kianiani Kauwe, whose fat he^ taught him t h e art of saddle-making, makes a l l o f t h e saddles f o r t h e Parker *Ranch.

In F i w e 1 we see t h e two underboards of neleau wood. The s t rong neleau wood 9 hand-planed and serves as t h e foundation f o r t h e saddle tree. These two under-

:boards a r e covered very t i g h t l y with a piece o f raxhide and hand sewed with goat jhide onto t h e underboards. 1 I n F igwe 2 we see t h e -9 okuma o r pommel, made of a s o l i d piece o f woad. The zkuma is a l s o covered t i g h t l y with rawhide, and l a t e r a tough piece of h ide covers :the okuma, because it is on t h i s t h a t t h e paniola wraps h i s rope t o s t o p h i s catch. +If there is n o t a s t rong t h e rope would eat away a t t h e okuoa, burn* 'the wood w i t h its friction. The okuma is temporari ly tacked t o t h e under- - !boards. Next, holes are h i l l e d through t h e two j u t t i n g ends of t h e okuma and t h e i t W 0 pieces of underbomds, and pegged with neleilu Wood about half an inch t h i c k and ifoW inches long. These pegs a* tapped secunt ly i n t o p lace with a mallet. The tacks can then be removed and t h e okuma pegged t o t h e mderboards, as ~im 3.

FIG. 2

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 167

In Figure 4 we s e e the back board, which i s a l s o hand-planed and covered t i g h t l y with a piece of rawhide hand-sewed with goat hide. The back board is temporarily tacked t o the two underboards, and l a t e r holes a r e d r i l l e d and t h e pieces hand-pegged securely i n t o place.

Figure 5 shows the completed Hawaiian t r e e . Ncxt the l e a t h e r p a r t s a r e added-- the underpiece of l e a t h e r , then t h e back piece and s t i r r u p s and o the r necessary par ts . See Figure 6 f o r the completed saddle.

Sometimes a l a r g e piece of l e a t h e r , ca l l ed t h e -- l a l a , is put over t h e saddle a s a decorat ive item o r t o fu rn i sh a s e a t padding. The - l a l a was brought by the vaquero. Figure 7 p ic tu res a Parker Ranch saddle with a l a l a . -

Each Parker Ranch cowboy puts h i s own l e a t h e r markings on h i s saddle. Pat terns a r e hand-stamped and jealously guarded. Thus cowhands have t h e i r own markings, j u s t a s Hawaiian fami l i e s have t h e i r own t apa pat terns.

THE RAWHIDE ROPE - KE KAULA 1 ~ 1 1 3

The e a n i o l a first begins t o make h i s kaula ili by s e l e c t i n g a good, s trong hide. He then scrapes o f f a l l t he hair--koe i ka hulu. The cen te r of t h e hide he c u t s i n a s p i r a l manner (from three-quarters of an inch t o an inch t h i c k ) with a very sharp knife. It takes much s k i l l t o c u t a s t r i p of hide evenly. When he has f in ished c u t t i n g t h e h ide , t h e paniola d iv ides the long s t r i p o f h ide i n t o four even lengths. If he wants a fancy rope, he can b ra id e igh t s trands. The paniola uses c a t t l e f a t t o o i l and so f t en h i s s t r i p s of h ide by running t h e s t r i p s corz- s t a n t l y through t h e c a t t l e f a t held i n one hand. When he th inks t h a t t h e s t r i p s a re s o f t enough, he proceeds t o b ra id h i s rope. Usually a paniola w i l l do t h i s during t h e evening, when the rawhide seems t o be a l i t t l e s o f t e r . During t h e day he hangs it where t h e dogs can ' t reach it, and continues t o bra id it t i g h t l y and with g rea t care.

The loop is fashioned from a metal r i n g , and t h e opposi te end o f t h e kaula ili is usual ly made i n t o a fancy knot. The length of the kaula ili depends on the wish of t h e paniola. Some may want it t o be a s long a s 110 f e e t .

The kaula ili is strapped t o t h e saddle,horn, t h e - okuma, with a piece of l e a t h e r with a loop i n it, and t h i s l e a t h e r piece is fastened t o t h e saddle t r e e . The kaula ili is co i l ed s o t h a t it is ready f o r immediate use , and t h e piece of l e a t h e r t h a t holds the rope--the --- kaula hoopaa--is s l ipped through t h e c o i l a couple of times and t h e loop placed over t h e saddle horn. Another way of carrying t h e kaula ili is by simply placing t h e c o i l over t h e saddle horn. This is usual ly done when a paniola knows hc w i l l need t o use t h e rope a t any second. A good kaula ili is l i k e a cowboy's r i g h t aym; it is a very cherished possession.

llVisits of Vancouver ," The Hawaiian Book (Chicago : J. G. Ferguson Co., 1952), p. 95. Ibid. - Parker Ranch Booklet (Hilo, Hawaii: Hilo Tribune-Herald Press, 1964), pp. 7-16. R. S-e Hawaiian Kingdom, 1778-1854 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, l.957), pp. 317-318. Ibid. -- Various persons i n Wzimea who wish t o remain anonymous. R. S. Kuykendall, l o c c i t .

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 16 8

8. Interview with Kuakini Lindsey. 9, "Vaquerot1, Cowboys and Ca t t l e Country (New York: American Heritage Co., 1961),

p. 10. 10, "South of t h e Paradise of' t h e Pac i f i c , June, 1962, p. 17, 11, "Catt le Took t o Hawaii and Vice Versa," E!onolul.u Advertiser, June 22, 1959,

P. 30. 12, Wake a Saddle Easy, Says John Kauwe," Honolulu Star-Bullet in, August 11, -----

1963, p. A-12. 13. various persons i n Waimea who wish t o remain anonymous.

KP. PANIOLO

Holo l ana ka paniolo kau l i o Olinolino i ka ua Kipuupuu Hoohae a komo kaula i ka p i p i ahiu O w i l i a p i l i ke kaula ili Ua paa no ka p i p i ahiu E l i i a ka lepo, h 'a 'a , maka u la , o, o ka hao Hele o , he le n e i ka l i o , a l a k a i ka p i p i Ua paa ka p i ~ i ma ka Mamane Naenae me hou ka l i o e hoopaa ka p i p i Paa no ke poo p i p i Alu mai ke kaula a ka l i o Poo makaukau o ka paniolo Ua nalo i a i ka 24alanai Aloha no i ka paniolo

(An o r i g i n a l poem wri t ten by Larry Kimura t o honor old-time Parker Ranch cowboys, both l i v i n g and dead),

MAUI HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 1951 TO 1964

Barbara Lyons

Thirteen years ago, a group of t h i r t e e n met t o d iscuss t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of organizing a h i s t o r i c a l soc ie ty on Maui. It was one hundred and ten years a f t e r t h e Royal H i s t o r i c a l Society, t h e first associa t ion of its kind i n Hawaii, had been formed i n Lahaina with Kamehameha 111 a s pres ident , I J i l l i a m Richards a s v i c e pres ident , Sheldon Dibble a s sec re ta ry , and Samuel M e Kamakau a s t r e a s u r e r and h i s to r i an . After t h r e e years of existence, t h e soc ie ty dissolved upon Xr. Dibble's death and t h e king's removal t o Honolulu.

;Iaui H i s t o r i c a l Society has grown t o a t o t a l of 312 individual and nineteen business memberships. I t holds bi-monthly meetings with speakers from d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of the s t a t e ; supgorts a museum i n ilailuku; r e s t o r e s h i s t o r i c s i t e s and has a s s i s t e d i n t h e placing of many Hawaiian Nsrrior markers; exh ib i t s i n various places; has conducted numerous f i e l d t r i p s t o points t h a t a r e of h i s t o r i c a l in- t e r e s t ; and f o r the seventh time has sponsored an annual Holoku Garden Party t h i s pas t summer.

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 16 9

That first meeting was held on November 16, 1951, i n the Board of Supervisors ' Room i n t h e County Building of Plailuku, with Hollis Havdy ac t ing as moderator and A. B. Brown a s secretary. Hol l i s Hardy was e lec ted pmsident .

Beginning i n Januapy, 1952, meetings took place i n t h e Bailey House, o r i g i n a l l y the home of t h e p r i n c i p a l o f t h e Mailulcu Female Seminary. On May 24 of t h a t year , Judge W. Frank Crockett and h i s committee presented by- law, which were amended and adopted on t h a t date.

During t h e Society 's first year , t h e 14aui Kiwanis Club sponsored a l e c t u r e by D r . Kenneth P. Emory of t h e archaeological department of t h e Bernice P. Bishop i4useum, on t h e theme, W e t t i n g t o Know Hawaiin. D r . Edward 8. Bryzn, cura tor o f the Bishop Fluseum, spoke t h a t year a s well.

IvIembers of t h e Hawaiian TJoman's Club, a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n of i4rs. I rv ine Richards, loaned jewelry and ancient medicines f o r an exh ib i t a t t h e Kailuku Library. A display a t t h e Maui County Fa i r showed a r t i f a c t s , and demonstrations of lauhala work and h a t weaving, - t apa beat ing, poi pounding, - 'awa brewing, and q u i l t making.

After October 6, 1952, t h e Society d id not meet f o r two years. In October, 1954, under t h e presidency of iks. Roy H. Savage, t h e h i s t o r i c a l depa19tment of t h e Maui Ilonan's Club was re-ac t iva ted with the purpose of re-es tabl i sh ing the 14aui H i s t o r i c a l Society. Mrs. Thelma B. Watson was chairman of t h e department during the f i r s t year , with blrs. Savage being both president and chairman t h e following year.

During t h i s two-year period, many h i s t o r i c a l s i t e s were v i s i t e d , and, i n co- operation with t h e Hawaii Vis i to r s ' Bureau, plans were made t o e r e c t Hawaiian Warrior markers a t eighteen of t h e most important of these. The p o s s i b i l i t y o f a museum was discussed, and plans were mode f o r c l ea r ing and reconst ruct ing the twin heiau of Halekii and Pihana Kalani. Tour d r ive r s were given copies of information __. about h i s t o r i c a l s i t e s i n Lahaina.

On February 23, 1.956, t h e Haui His to r i ca l Society was re-act ivated a t a well- attended meeting i n t h e Hawaiian Room of the iiaui County Library i n tc'ailuku. By- laws drawn up under t h e chairmanship o f George R. Car ter were presented and adopted, and a nominating committee was appointed which i n tu rn was t o nominate t rus tees . On March 22 , t h e t r u s t e e s were e l ec ted and they made t h e i r appointment of E h . Savage a s president . Mrs. Savage held t h i s o f f i c e with d i s t i n c t i o n during a l l club years bu t one u n t i l 1962. In 1960-1961, Zlrs. Sevath E. Boyum ably took over t h i s r e spons ib i l i ty . Flrs. Frank Alameda l e d the Society from 1963 u n t i l fhrch of t h i s year, when Colin Lennox was appointed.

The purpose of t h e Maui I l i s t o r i c a l Society is t o c o l l e c t , study and preserve mater ia l per ta in ing t o Hawaiian h i s to ry , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h a t of t h e t h r e e i s l ands t h a t form Naui County: Bl'aui, Nolokai and Lanai. This includes the l i s t i n g of h i s t o r i c s i t e s and t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of some of them.

The first important goal , and e s s e n t i a l t o t h e Society's aims, was a museum. This was achieved i n 1957 with t h e opening of Hale Hoikeike, o r House of Display. I t is located on t h e s i t e of t h e Vailuku Nission i n the Bailey House and i n what was t h e Female Seminary's di.ning room. The ma.in bui ld ing was s o named f o r the missionary, Edward Bailey. It was b u i l t for him i n 1841, when he succeeded Jonathan S. Green a s pr inc ipal .

The coral-stone and p l a s t e r x a l l s a r e twenty inches th ick and a r e reinforced by t h e long h a i r contr ibuted by many Hawaiian women. Beams throughout t h e building a r e of hand-hevn sandalrrood. The ki tchen, with its earthen f l o o r and crude f i r e - place, was o r i g i n a l l y separated from t h e r e s t of t h e house because it was con- s idered a f i r e hazard.

Use of t h e bui ld ings a s a museum was made poss ib le by t h e generosi ty of Mr.

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 170

and Nrs. John Cushnie and the Wailuku Sugar Company. Hale Hoikeike s tands on t h e grounds of the managerts home, and is leased t o )iaui H i s t o r i c a l Society a t a d o l l a r a year.

The formal opening of t h e museum was on Ju ly 6 , 1957, which was t h e one hundred and twentieth anniversary of the founding of Wailuku Female Seminary. I t wes celebrated with a luau, Hawaiian prayers, and a fashion show of t h e o l d e s t and most beau t i fu l holoku t o be found on Xaui.

I n i ts first year , Hale Hoikeilce had four thousand v i s i t o r s , and attendance 1 grew t o a peak of seven thousand i n 1962. The museum is maintained by a p a r t of the Maui H i s t o r i c a l Society dues, by donations, and by proceeds of t h e shop, t h e Kutai.

For t h e f i r s t t h r e e years , Hale Hoikeike was s t a f f e d e n t i r e l y by volunteer I service , with an average of a hundred and f i f t e e n hostesses each month. G i r l Scouts were of g r e a t help a lso . I n Ilay, 1960, Hrs. Hannah Lai became head hos tess on a ful l- t ime bas i s , and she is a s s i s t e d by volunteers.

Mrs. Richard Thomas was chairman of the Kulai f o r the f i r s t year, and s ince !larch 1, 1958, Llrs. Cable Wirtz has held t h i s p o s i t i o n and has been the competent business manager of the museum. The shop averages a p r o f i t of from s i x t o seven hundred d o l l a r s a year. I n it a r e t o be found a s e l e c t i o n of the b e s t books on Hawaii; jewelry of na t ive seeds, s h e l l s , -- kukui nuts , black c o r a l and o l iv ines ; s t a t ionery of Hawaiian motif; f igur ines t h a t depic t Victorian Hawaii; cribbage boards with ivory pegs i n designs of -9 t i k i . k a h i l i and petroglyphs; and o the r items of i n t e r e s t a s Hawaiiana.

Mrs. Sevath Boyum was accessions chairman from t h c time of t h e museumls open- ing u n t i l June of t h i s year. She and her family have now moved t o Oahu. She has weighed, measured, examined and marked thousands of valuable a r t i f a c t s as they were received by Hale Hoikeike. Relieving her a r e co-chairmen Mrs. Robert H. Hughes, Jr. and lirs. P h i l i p Conrad.

The museum's exh ib i t s a r e intended t o depic t t h e l i f e o f Kaui from e a r l i e s t days through the nineteenth century of the Hawaiian monarchy, the missionary e r a and pioneer indus t r i e s , t o our present mid-twentieth century--to show t h e way i n which our l i f e of today has developed.

:iany ancient a r t i f a c t s have been acquired a s loans o r g i f t s , and furnishings of the monarchy and missionary periods, both Hawaiian adaptat ions and belongings brought around Cape Horn by missionaries from New England and nearby s t a t e s .

Several o i l pa in t ings by Edward Bailey hang on t h e wal ls , including one of the two bui ld ings t h a t house t h e museum and an adjoining school building of t h e g i r l s t seminary, which is no longer standing. Other pa in t ings have been loaned by descendants of t h e missionary f o r s p e c i a l exh ib i t s , and it i s hoped t h a t eventual ly a l l t h a t e x i s t w i l l f i nd t h e i r way back t o Sai ley House as a permanent co l l ec t ion ,

h f i l e of newspaper c l ippings and per iodica ls is being added t o cons tant ly , with the i n t e n t t h a t i n time t h i s w i l l represent an au then t i c record on sub jec t s of Hawaiian i n t e r e s t and w i l l be useful i n reference.

The o ld Seminary dining roorn, now c a l l e d t h e Tapa Room, is given over l a r g e l y t o a d isplay of -- taps and t h e ma te r i a l s used i n its making. I n the rnain bui ld ing, rooms a r e named f o r t h e Kawananakoa and t h e Kepoikai fami l ies ; f o r Kahekili , l a s t g rea t king of Maui, who came c lose t o u n i t i n s a l l of t h e i s l ands under one r u l e before Kamehameha succeeded i n doing t h i s ; f o r Kamehamehats most high-born wife, Keopuolani, t h e f i r s t Chr is t ian convert; f o r h i s f a v o r i t e wife, Kaahumanu, who was i n f l u e n t i a l i r ? br inging Chr i s t i an i ty t o he r people. The name llDavidll has been s i g n i f i c a n t i n Is land h i s t o r y because of two grea t men who bore it: Kalakaua and David Flalo, the h i s to r i an . Present-day 3aui has i ts share of Davids, and t h e Kawika Room is named f o r our th ree David K ' s : Kail iponi , Kahookele and Kahanamoku. The Keoni Room is i n memory of John Valentine I h r c i e l ; and t h e basement workshop is

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEI! - OCTOBER, 1964 171

t h e Keoki Room i n honor of t h e l a t e George i!eight. Specia l exh ib i t s a t t h e museum have included p ic tu res of ancient Hawaiian a r t i -

f a c t s owned by the B r i t i s h iluseur,l; photographs of o ld Hawaii, mostly Honolulu, loaned by Ray Jerome Baker; r a r e books; old newspapers; stamps; Bailey pain t ings from t h e Lyman i4useum i n Hilo, Hawaii; and a r e p l i c a of an image found on liaui, which is now a t t h e New York World's Fair .

An Open House is held annually a t t h e museum, usual ly on t h e Sunday nea res t t h e opening d a t e of Ju ly s i x t h . FOP one of these events , a d isplay was the g i f t of Beatr ice Jackson Kett lewell o f Piedmont, California, which included - tapa bea te r s , a l e i niho palaoa, - koa seed ornaments of e labora te design, and a unique spear of polished hardwood. For another, John Dominis Holt, a great-grandson of Edward Bailey, r e l a t e d t h e h i s t o r y of Bailey House. Thir ty-f ive of t h e missionary's de- scendants were honored guests on t h i s occasion. During t h e Open House of 1963, Flrs. George E. Goss of Honolulu presented a charming Children's Story Hour; and t h i s year, tirs. Walter Soule gave a program of d e l i g h t f u l chi ldren ' s s t o r i e s and music .

There have been t h r e e major r e s t o r a t i o n s t o da te , t h e first of which was t h e renovation of Bailey House i t s e l f . Two t h a t were performed i n conjunction with the t e r r i t o r i a l Commission f o r H i s t o r i c a l S i t e s were of the - heiau of Halekii and Pihana Kalani, and of Hale Paahao, t h e old prison. Dedication ceremonies were held f o r both of these s i t e s on November 19, 1959. An appropriat ion of $18,000 by the 1957 l e g i s l a t u r e made poss ib le these r e s to ra t ions ,

Preliminary work on the recorlstruction of the -.- heiau was done by D r . Enory, and t h i s was continued by D r . Chandler bJ. gowe, anthropologist of Appleton, Wis- consin, with t h e a s s i s t ance of t en men from t h e Olinda projec t .

Pihana Kalani is s a i d t o have been erec ted f o r Kahekili , who borrowed the high p r i e s t Kaleopuupuu fwm Oahu f o r t h e purpose of choosing t h e loca t ion , d i r e c t i n g the building, and conducting ceremonies t o dedicate it as a -.. heiau. This was a luak in i , o r s a c r i f i c i a l temple, and thus very important because human s a c r i f i c e $!as offered only a t temples of the h ighes t c l a s s . Short ly a f t e r i t s completion, Kalani- opuu of Hawaii at tacked Raui with h i s famed Alapa regiment, which was vanquished i n t h e Sand H i l l s of Wailuku. Later , it is believed t h a t Kamehameha I made s a c r i f i c e s a t t h i s temple before defeat ing l b u i i n 1795.

Pihana Heiau is approximately th ree hundred by a hundred and twenty f e e t i n s i z e , Halekii i s of equal length and two hundred f e e t wide, and had when it was i n use four t e r r a c e s a t he ights of from twelve t o t h i r t y f e e t . Large, water-worn boulders, topped by beach pebbles, were used i n its construction. Halekii was adorned by rows of images. Its platforms and walls have been p a r t i a l l y r e s to red , and when t h e work is completed the re w i l l be r e p l i c a s of iiilages, an o rac le tower, and houses f o r kahuna and moli. -

Hale Paahao was b u i l t i n 1852 by the Lahaina blission t o f u l f i l l a need caused by the presence of whaling ships i n l a r g e numbers offshore. Hawaii was t h e prin- c i p a l base i n the Pac i f i c f o r the whaling indust ry , a s tho harbors of Honolulu and Lahaina were the b e s t within a radius of trio thousand miles. Twice a year sh ips , a s many a s two o r th ree hundred, converged here t o r e f u e l and t o take on suppl ies , and thousands of seanen were i n port . The prison was b u i l t t o house d isorder ly men who did not r e tu rn t o t h e i r sh ips a t sundown.

The res to r ing of the prison c e l l s and t h e guardhouse was done in accurate d e t a i l , with care given t o every phase of the o r i g i n n l condition. The o ld pr ison is now a p a r t of t h e Lahaina Restoration.

In 1960, tiaui His to r i ca l Society received an a:iard from t h e ~ m e r i c a n Asso- c i a t i o n f o r S t a t e and Local History, f o r outstanding contr ibutions. The c i t a t i o n lauded t h e "act ive and e f f e c t i v e campaign of r e s to r ing and marking h i s t o r i c a l s i t e s ,

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 172

re ly ing s o l e l y on the help of volunteer workers and members." September, 1961 saw t h e publicat ion of the Lahaina His to r i ca l Guide, a f t e r

t h r e e years o f research by a committee of s i x whbse chairman was Harold Hall. Three thousand copies were pr in ted by t h e Hono1ul.u Star-Bullet in Press a t a cos t of $1,950, and a second p r in t ing w i l l be issued soon. This booklet is a most useful guide t o the Lahaina k e a fo; both mal ih in i and kamaaina. I n t h e fu tu re , a s i m i l a r -- publ ica t ion is planned f o r East tlaui.

Tape recordings have been sponsored on such subjec ts a s t h e making of canoes, medicinal herbs, kahuna, and legends of Lahaina and of Kahului, Pa r t i c ipa t ing i n these recordings have been fvlrs. I r v i n e Eichards, IIrs. h a n k Alameda, David Kahookele, J. Pia Cockett, and Matthew Hano.

Fie ld t r i p s have been made t o such a reas a s a three-mile s t r e t c h of t h e King's Xghway, which crosses an ancient l ava flow, from La Perouse Bay i n t h e d i rec t ion of Muu, This road is s a i d t o have been begun by P i t i l a n i i n t h e e a r l y s ix teen th century, " tha t h i s name mipht not r o l l out ,I ' and f in i shed by h i s son, Kiha-Pi' i l a n i . Other t r i p s have been made from Ulupalakua t o Kaupo and Hana, t o see a v i l l a g e s i t e where t h r e e hundred once l i v e d , t h e remains of s h e l t e r s where armies camped, petro- glyphs and petrographs, heiau, b u r i a l s i t e s and canoe s h e l t e r s ; t o Lahaina, f i r s t c a p i t a l of Hawaii and s i t e of t h e first mission on Maui; t o Kaiwaloa Heiau; petro- glyphs a t Olowalu, Kohoma, Pukalani, Maialtoa and Kaalaea; t o the Arboretum a t (Jlu- palakua, where David Fleming planted many now-rare indigenous t r e e s ; t o see the p r iva te co l l ec t ions of Hiss Iza Lindsay, Hrs. Norman Ignacio and Mrs. Charles B. Cooper; t o t h e Haiku Sugar M i l l and t h e home of Mr. and Ilrs. Dwight H. Baldwin, where IIr. Baldwin has added t o the i n t e r e s t i n g assortment o f t r e e s planted by h i s f a the r , D r . Villiam D. Baldwin.

Groups of Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, and school and summer camp groups have been escorted by members of t h e H h t o r i c a l Socioty t o Halekii Heiau, Hale Hoikeike, the petroglyphs a t Olowalu, and t o some of the many h i s t o r i c po in t s of Lahaina.

Explorer Scouts under t h e leadership of t h e l a t e Stephen Okada made a s t a r t on f inding t h e o ld pass between Iao Valley and Olowalu, used f requent ly by ancient Hawaiians and occasionally by missionaries. I t is hoped t h a t t h i s p ro jec t w i l l be continued i n the fu ture . The Explorer Scouts have been very helpful a l s o i n t h e work done on Hale Hoikeike, i n c l ea r ing t h e grounds of Hale Paahao and Haleki i Heiau, and i n parking ca r s at t h e annual Holoku Garden Party.

Exhibi t ions a r e held each year i n t h e Hawaiian Building a t t h e Haui County Fai r , i n conjunction with the f i n e d isplay put on by Alfred Souza and t h e Olinda Project . The l a t e Harry and Kapiolani Field were very generous i n loaning he i r - looms of t h e Kawananakoa family f o r these exh ib i t s , a s well a s t o t h e museum. Other d isplays have fea tured Queen Li l iuokalani ' s ca r r i age , on loan from Bishop hseum; machinery used i n the e a r l y days of the sugar industry; Hawaiian gems; and demonstrations of Hawaiian c r a f t s .

Krs. Charles Dubois is now exh ib i t s chairman f o r Hale Hoikeike, and she has a l s o been arranging i n t e r e s t i n g d i sp lays a t t h e F i r s t National Bank i n Kahului and a t the ilaui County Library i n Wailuku. am on^ her exh ib i t s have been: r e l i c s of t h e whaling e r a ; personal belongings of Kalakaua; a d isplay t h a t fea tured Kame- hameha I; h a t s of many mater ia ls and weaves; and Bailey pain t ings and family p ic tures .

IIany s i t e s have been recommended f o r preservat ion. Two of these t h a t a r e now safeguarded a r e Wainapanapa and Loaloa Heiau. An inner cave of Mainapanapa, o r Sparkling Waters, was the scene of a legendary roya l tragedy, and t h i s a rea has now become a S t a t e Park. Loaloa was a l a rge and important heiau; it has r ecen t ly been named a National His to r i c S i t e . I t is s i t u a t e d on t h e Kaupo Ranch, and w i l l be maintained by Dwight H. Baldwin and h i s he i r s .

HATJAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 173

Talks on a wide range of sub jec t s and by d is t inguished speakers have been presented on t h e programs of Gaui H i s t ~ r i c a l Society meetings. These have included D r . Alexander Spoehr on llRecapturing Hawaiian HistoryT1; D r . Kenneth Emory on Bishop Museum excavations a t South Point , Hawaii, and on Tah i t i ; Katharine Luomala, pro- f e s so r of anthropology a t the University of Hawaii, on myths of t h e demigod Maui; Margaret Titcomb, l i b r a r i a n of the Bishop Kuseum, on "The Uses of 'Awa i n Early Hawaii"; Mrs. Flora Hayes on "Hawaiian Language, Culture and A r t " ; D r . Bryan on Hawaiian b i rds ; D r . Ear le G. Linsley, astronomer of t h e Bishop Nuseum, on ' W a r s of Hawaii, Past and Present"; D r . Agatin Abbott of t h e geology department of t h e University of Hawaii on Hawaiian gems; lirs. Johanna Drew Cluney on Hawaiian fea ther- work; Kalupena Wong on "A H i s t o r i c a l Tour of Oahuu; Albert ine Loomis on t h e longest l e g i s l a t u r e , t h a t of 1892; Mr. Emerson C. Smith on t h e evolut ion o f Hawaiian music; and Russel l A. Apple of t h e National Park Service on t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of the City o f Refuge and a mile of t h e Kona coas t l ine . I n May of t h i s year , D r . Emory presented recent f indings i n t h e f a sc ina t ing study of man's first a r r i v a l and movement i n Polynesia.

The Holoku Garden Party is held each year i n t h e garden o f one of t h e m e d e r s , when poss ib le i n a place of h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t . The proceeds from these events a r e marked f o r s p e c i f i c -purposes, such a s the p r in t ing of t h e Lahaina Historic& Guide, and improvements a t Kale Hoikeike. -

Hawaiian programs a r e presented, usual ly i n t h e form of ancient mele, chants and dances. Among p r i n c i p a l performers have been Winona Love, I o l a n i ~ u a h i n e , Nona Beamer, Katupena Wong, Maiki Aiu, Pele Pukui, and members of the S a l l y Wood studio.

The f i r s t garden par ty was held i n t h e grounds of Nr. and Mrs. John ~ u s h n i e , adjacent t o t h e museum. This was i n 1958, and it fea tured a parade of o l d and modern holoku, worn by l o c a l Hawaiian models. Other gardens i n which t h e event has taken place a r e a t Keanuenue, home of Mr. and Nrs. J. Walter Cameron, i n a sunken garden which was formerly a r e se rvo i r ; a t Hr. and ilrs. ~ e i t h B. Tester 's a t ~ a h a i n a ; a t Paholei , then t h e home of M r . and Frank C, church i l l , with t h e r u i n s of an o ld sugar m i l l i n the background; a t Ainamakua, home of and Nrs. Dwight Baldwin a t Haiku, where a - luau was given f o r Queen Li l iuokalani ; and again i n t h e p ic tur - esque gardens of the John Cushnies, I n August of t h i s year t h e garden par ty was held a t Kapalaea, home of Mr. and Idrs. Raynond R. Lyons.

Maui H i s t o r i c a l Society, i n i t s n in th year s ince re-ac t iva t ion , is a firmly- es tabl i shed organizat ion which looks ahead confidently t o i ts continuing place i n Maui's c u l t u r a l l i f e , a s guardian of the i s l and ' s h i s t o r i c past.

HA!*lAII AND T I E PANANA CANAL::

Gary S. Victor

William Russ i n The Hawaiian Revolution remarked of t h e p a r a l l e l between t h e revolut ion of 1893 i n Hawaii and t h e Panamanian r e v o l t of 1903. Russ commented on John Latanets wr i t ings about the Panamanian revolut ion i n America a s a Norld Power. An order issued by an American naval o f f i c e r s t a t e d t h a t he d id not want any f i g h t i n g between Colombian troops and Panamanian rebels . Latane sa id , "It can

$This paper was prepared f o r D r . C. H. ~ u n t e r ' s course, History 577, a t t h e - - univers i ty- of Hawaii i n t h e spr ing of 1964.

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 174

hardly be denied t h a t t h i s was c rea t ing a s i t u a t i o n favorable t o a revolut ion . '~ l Russ remarked t h a t Latane, fo rge t t ing the Yawaiian Revolution, averred t h a t t h e ",..hasty recognit ion of a new government [Panama] was..,without precedent i n t h e annals of American diplonacy ."a

Russ seemed t o be chas t i s ing Latane f o r not drawing p a r a l l e l s between t h e Hawaiian and t h e Panamanian revolut ions. The device of using American troops t o keep order during an insurrec t ion was e f f e c t i v e l y demonstrated i n Hawaii before i ts Panamanian copy. American naval o f f i c e r s were used i n Hawaii and Panama t o prevent "public disorder^".^ The American minis ter t o Hawaii's immediate recognit ion of the new Hawaiian government was another par5allel t o the l a t e r Panamanian revo l t .

In 1893, an e d i t o r i a l i n t h e ?e r iod ica l , Review of Reviews saw a r e l a t ionsh ip -9

between the Hawaiian Is lands ( a f t e r annexation) and a f u t u r e canal:

The mere f a c t of our firm possession of the Hawaiian group a s an i n t e g r a l and ina l i enab le p a r t of our na t iona l t e r r i t o r y , ins tead of making f u t u r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l complications probable, is prec ise ly what w i l l tend t o keep such complications a t a minimum. Ue can protec t our P a c i f i c Ocean com- merce, guard our western coast l i n e , and maintain our con t ro l of t h e pro- spect ive canal.. . .4

I n 1893, a l so , t h e Rev. Sereno Bishop of Hawaii spoke of the commercial r e - l a t ionsh ip between Hawaii and the f u t u ~ l e isthmian canal: Honolulu is d i r e c t l y i n the rou te of a f u t u r e p a r t of heavy t r a f f i c from t h e At lan t i c t o the P a c i f i c which is waiting f o r t h e crea t ion of a Nicaraguan canal. Trade t o and from China and Japan v i l l use t h e canal route. Impending commerce using t h e fu tu re canal w i l l have se r ious importance t o t h e p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Hono- l u l u w i l l be a convenient por t of c a l l f o r China-bound Cal i fornia steamers. The opening of t h e canal w i l l increase Hawaii's importance a s a coaling and general c a l l i n g s t a t i o n . Tremendous new cargoes of suppl ies t h a t w i l l c ross t h e Pac i f i c , because of the canal , w i l l need s h e l t e r and protec t ion a t a common por t of supply- Honolulu. "A government must e x i s t the re s o strong a s t o ensure complete s e c u r i t y from d i s tu rbe r s within o r aggressors without.w5

On October 27, 189Q, Theodore Roosevelt remarked i n a l e t t e r t o Henry Cabot Lodge how everyone, even Southerners who l i v e 6 outside t h e United S ta tes , hated and were contemptuous of Cleveland's administrat ion because it was betraying U. S. in- t e r e s t s i n fore ign countr ies . Roosevelt wrote, "1 do wish our Republicans would go i n avowedly t o annex Hawaii and bui ld an oceanic canal with t h e money of Uncle sam . "6

Alfred Thayer Hahan saw t h e proposed isthmian canal and the annexation of Hawaii a s p a r t s of t h e same problem: If the Hawaiian Is lands were f o r t i f i e d , t h e most important outpost i n t h e Pac i f i c would be secure. A f o r t i f i e d Hawaii and canal zone would form protec t ion f o r the P a c i f i c Coast.7

The recent Hawaiian Pevolution had captured the i n t e r e s t of the United Sta tes . Hahan reasoned thus:

Whether t h e canal of t h e Central American isthmus be eventual ly a t Panama o r Nicaragua matters l i t t l e t o the question a t hand....J.Jhichever it be, the convergence the re of s o many ships from the ~ t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c w i l l c o n s t i t u t e a cent re of commerce,...one t~hose approaches w i l l be watched jealously, and whose r e l a t i o n s t o t h e o the r cent res of t h e P a c i f i c by the l i n e s joining it t o them must be examined ca re fu l ly , Such study of t h e commercial routes and of t h e i r r e l a t i o n s t o t h e Hawaiian i s l ands , taken together with the o the r s t r a t e g i c considerations...determine t h e value of t h e group f o r conferr ing e i t h e r commercial o r naval c o n t r 0 1 , ~

H A H A I I HISTORICAL REVIEV - OCTOBER, 1964 175

Mahan had i n i t i a t e d a correspondence with Theodore Roosevelt and had urged t h e annexation o f Hawaii. Roosevelt r e p l i e d i n a l lconfidentialf l l e t t e r t h a t , "1 suppose I need not t e l l you t h a t a s regards Hawaii, I take your views absolutely.. , .If I had my way, we would annex those i s l ands tomorrow....I be l ieve we should bui ld t h e Nicaraguan Canal a t once.. . . "9

In 1900, Kahan believed t h a t t h e American l i n e of communications t o the Orient was by way of Nicaragua and Panama, a s t h a t of Europe was by the Suez. The Mediter- ranean, Egypt, Asia IIinor, Aden and t h e Red Sea designate t h e s t r a t e g i c points of the Suez route , The Caribbean, a reas surrounding the f u t u r e canal , Hawaii and t h e Phil ippines composed t h e s t r a t e g i c outposts f o r t h e f u t u r e isthmian canal.10

On June 12, 1911, ex-president Theodore Roosevelt wrote t o Senator Henry Cabot Lodge asking him not t o sanction t h e a r b i t r a t i o n t r e a t y :

I am a pe r fec t ly p r a c t i c a l man, and if t h e r e was a g rea te r good t o be ob- ta ined by keeping s i l e n t o r even acquiescing i n t h e matter , I should be wi l l ing t o do it. For instance, i f w e could only secure t h e f o r t i f i c a - t i o n s o f Hawaii and Panama, and the upbuilding of t h e Navy, by agreeing t o such an a r b i t r a t i o n t r e a t y , I should say t h a t t h e good f a r outweighed t h e evil .11

Mahan remarked i n t h e same year t h a t i f the l o c a l needs of t h e Hawaiian Is lands , causing t h e p e a t in f lux of Japanese immigration, had happened a f t e r t h e opening of t h e canal , t h e necessary labor could have been introduced from Southern E u r o ~ e . "In such a case Hawaii a s a naval base would have received a reinforcement of m i l i - t a r y s t r eng th , i n a surrounding of European der iva t ion and t r a d i t i o n s ,"l2 Hawaii was a very important outpost f o r t h e United S t a t e s , e spec ia l ly maintaining t h e se- c u r i t y of t h e P a c i f i c Coast--but i ? was exposed. If Pear l Harbor, where HawaiLss d c f ~ n s e s were located , f e l l t o a temporarily super ior enemy, t h a t enemy would 1 1 ~ - ~ e possession of a base of operat ions very c lose t o the P a c i f i c coas t of t h e U. S, If Pear l Harbor were able t o withstand such an a t t ack , a U. S, f l e e t a r r iv ing f r c n t h e At lan t i c would f i n d a secure base of operat ions t o overthrow such an a t tack . Pt t he time of Mahanls wr i t ing it would Save taken four months f o r a f l e e t t o r e a ~ h Pear l Harbor, After t h e completion of a canal , an allowance o f four weeks would be ample. 13 -

In 1912, it was averred i n an a r t i c l e i n Paradise of the P a c i f i c t h a t Hawaii was t r u l y deserving of t h e name, llcrossroads of t h e Pacific". Even though the route t o the Orient was s h o r t e r v i a Panana than by way of Hawaii, t h e c e n t r a l loca t ion of t h e i s l ands would increase t h e i r value a s a coaling and replenishment s t a t ion . These f igures demonstrate t h e s l i g h t d i f f e r e x e s saved by using t h e Great C i rc le Route :

Panama t o Yokohama v i a the Great Circ le Route (miles): 7,645 Panama t o Honolulu--4,685; Honoiulu t o Yokohama--3,394. Total: 8,079 Panma t o San Francisco--3,246; San Francisco t o Yokohama v i a

Great Circ le Route--4,536. Total: 7,782 Panama t o San Fx~ancisco--3,246; San Francisco t o Honolulu--2,070;

Honolulu t o Yokohama--3,394. Total: 8,710 The northern rou te is one of cold and stormy seas , and i n many cases t h e

shor te r voyage might take longer an6 cos t more than t h e southern route. It was believed t h a t i f Honolulu could handle the business, it would be a n a t u r a l stopping point. And Hawaii would b e n e f i t i n another way: I n 1912 t h e Islands exported $46,000,000 worth of products t o t h e U. S., three-quarters of it going t o t h e Eastern Seaboard. Host of the cargo was transshipped by r a i l across t h e isthmus where t h e canal was being dug. After the canal ' s completion, the re would be con- s iderable f r e i g h t savings and benef i t t o t h e Is lands1 commerce. The Is lands1 value as a naval base would a l s o be increased. Admiral Cowles, t h e commandant of t h e

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964

naval s t a t i o n a t Honolulu, sa id : Its s i t u a t i o n w i l l then be not far from tne l i n e of communication between t h e canal and China and Japan. One of our f l e e t s coming out from t h e At lan t i c through t h e canal f o r operat ions i n the P a c i f i c would probably make i ts first s t o p f o r f i n a l preparations. It a l s o o f f e r s g rea t oppor- t u n i t i e s a s a rendezvous f o r reinforcement t o the personnel of a f l e e t engaged i n Chinese waters....In f a c t almost i n proportion as t h e opening of t h e canal would increase t h e e f f i c i ency of the f l e e t it would in- crease t h e importance of Honolulu as a naval base.14

A s t he proportion of t rans-Paci f ic business increased, t h e amount Hawaii would rece ive depended a g r e a t d e a l upon t h e harbor f a c i l i t i e s and r a t e s f o r passenger steamers. In 1913, Hawaii was one of t h e most expensive por t s f o r c a l l i n g steamers. The Panama Canal would benef i t Hawaii only a s it increased t h e amount of t rans- P a c i f i c t r ade t h a t would use Honolulu a s a calling-place.15

The annexation of t h e Republic of Hawaii eliminated t h e advantage of i t s geo- graphica l posi t ion. Hawaii's next s t e p would be t o make i t s e l f a t r e a t y por t i n t h e Paci f ic . F o r t i f i e d harbors should be opened on equal terms t o sh ips and com- merce of a l l na t ions t h a t agreed, by t r e a t y , t o respect the neu t ra l i za t ion of com- merce and in te rna t iona l i za t ion of t h e Is lands a s a sa fe d i s t r i b u t i n g cen te r f o r the Paci f ic . Following t h e above course a f t e r t h e opening of the canal would make Hawaii, i n t h e words of Willim A. Bryan, "...a commercial, soc io logica l , r e l i g i o u s , and i n d u s t r i a l c l ea r ing house a s wel l a s an in te rna t iona l warehouse and d i s t r i b u t i n g center . "16

There had been op t imis t i c and pess imis t ic opinions concerning t h e e f f e c t s of t h e opening of t h e canal on Hawaii. A wise na t iona l pol icy would make Honolulu a f r e e por t f o r the transshipment of goods; otherwise, only t r z n s i e n t sh ips would c a l l f o r provisions. !!hat inducements d id Honolulu offer?

In 1915, it had the reputa t ion of being t h e most expensive por t i n the world. This had t o be counteracted i n order t o a t t r a c t fore ign vessels . Some of t h e charges could be modified: customs e n t r i e s , f ees , and d u t i e s ca l l ed f o r the g r e a t e s t reduction. Ships stopping merely f o r suppl ies o r i n d i s t r e s s had t o en te r a t the custom house and go through cos t ly procedures. Before modifying such charges and requirements, it was necessary t o ask Congress t o pass measures allowing foreign sh ips stopping f o r suppl ies t o e n t e r C~ith g r e a t e r ease.17

Newspaper owner Lorrin A. Thurston believed t h a t the opening of t h e canal would a f f e c t Hawaii i n two ways. Traf f ic t o and from the Orient wculd use Hawaii a s a way-station f o r suppl ies and ins t ruc t ions ; Hawaii would a l s o be a des t ina t ion f o r f r e i g h t , passengers, and t o u r i s t s . 18

Unfortunately, the point with which t h i s paper began--the r e l a t ionsh ip , if any, between t h e Hawaiian and t h e Panamanian revolutions--has apparently received l i t t l e study. Nerly a l l wr i t ings have been e i t h e r commercially o r s t r a t e g i c a l l y oriented.

MOTES - 1. Villiam A . Russ, Jr., The Hawaiian Revolution (Sellingsgrove: Susquehanna

University Press, 19591, pp. 103-104. 2. Ibid. - 3. Ibid. - 4. E d i t o r i a l , "The Progress of t h e W ~ r l d , ~ ' Review of Reviws, V I I (Illarch, 18331,

p. 133. 5 . sereno Bishop, "American i n Hawaii," Review of Reviews, V I I (Elarch, 1893), pp.

180-185.

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIE!! - OCTOBER, 1964 17 7

6 . Selec t ions from t h e Correspondence of Thsodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 1884-1918, Vol. I (New York: Charles Sc r ibner l s Sons, 1925), p. 139,

7. William D. Puleston. The Life and Vork of C a ~ t a i n Alfred Thaver rlahan (New Haven: Yale univ&sity Press, l939) , p , 131.

8, Alfred T. Mahan, The ~ n t e r e s t of ~ m e r i c a - i n Sea Power, Present and Future .- (3oston: L i t t l e , Brown and Company, 18981, pp. 44-45.

9. X . D. Puleston, op. c i t . , p. 182. 10. Alfred T. Elahan, The Problem of Asia (Boston: L i t t l e , Brown and Company, 1900),

pp. 179-180. 11. s e l e c t i o n s from t h e Correspondence of Theodore iioosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge. . .

404. 12. Alfred T. Mahan, "The Panama Canal and Sea Power i n t h e Pacif ic ," The Century

I l l u s t r a t e d f4onthly Elagazine, L X X X I I (June, 1911), pp. 243-244. 13. Ibid. - 14. Elmer E. Paxton, "Kawaii and t h e Panama Canal," Paradise o f the Pac i f i c , XXV

(December, 1912), pp. 74-76. 15. E d i t o r i a l , Why Don't They C a l l Here?!' Paradise of t h e Pac i f i c , X X V I (January,

19131, pp. 7-8. 16. William A. Bryan, "The Panama Canal and Hawaii's Opportunity a s a Treaty Port,"

The Hawaiian Annual, 1913, pp. 138-147. 17. A. Marques, "Hawaii and t h e Panama Canal," The Hawaiian Annual, 1915, pp. 120-

123, 18, Lorrin A. Thurston, The Effec t of the Panama Canal on Hawaii (Flashin~ton, D.C.:

19151, p. 3.

A NOTE ON T\?O LOGBCOKS OF THE KAIIIILOA

Jacob Adler

'14any Hawaiian h i s t o r i c a l documents, t o the extent they have not crumbled t o dus t o r f a l l e n t o te rmi tes , probably l i e hidden o r forgot ten i n a t t i c s and c lose ts .

'One such item could be a log of the Kaimiloa (Exploper), King Kalakaua's one-ship navy.

References t o the Kaimiloa log a r e general ly t o the one i n the Archives of Hawaii. This \:as kept by L t , Samuel I. Naikai. I t covers the voyage t o Samoa and r e t u r n (May 18 t o September 23, 1887) i n connection with the d i sas t rous Kalakaua- Gibson policy of "Primacy of t h e Pacific". The log was presented t o t h e Archives i n June, 1925, by Prince Kuhio's widow, Elizabeth Kalanianaole IJoods,

A more i n t e r e s t i n g and complete log is reproduced i n f u l l i n the Pac i f i c Commercial Advertiser of November 2, 1913. This was kept by Lt. Frank J. Waiau i n a book presented t o him by King Kalakaua on Apri l 14 , 1887 ( I t is l i k e l y t h a t t h e Maikai log i n the Archives was a l s o presented by King Kalakaua; the ins ide f ron t cover shows the date , B p r i l 1 3 , 1887). The Waiau log came i n t o the possession of C. H. Brown of t h e Honolulu Scrap Iron Company when he bought the Kaimiloa i n June, 1910. According t o t h e Advertiser s to ry , he s t i l l had t h e log i n November, 1913.

For June 15, 1887, a t Apia, Samoa, t h e Vaiau log mentions the thwarted attempt of Gunner William J, Cox t o capture t h e powder magazine and blow up the ship . The Maikai log does not mention t h i s . For August 19, 1887, a t Pago Pago, t h e Waiau log mentions the l o s s of 36 r i f l e s and ammunition, a f l a g , etc.--probably traded t o

H A W A I I HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 178

Governor Mauga f o r food o r l iquor . The Maikai log does not mention t h i s , e i the r . Apart from these examples, it is q u i t e c l e a r otherwise t h a t the Pdaiau l o g reproduced i n t h e Advertiser is more complete than t h e Maikai log i n the Archives.

Now, where i s t h e o r i g i n a l of t h e IIaiau log? I n t h e h i s t o r y of t h e Kaimiloa, t h a t is su re ly one of the most important documents. Perhaps some descendant of C.H. Brown, o r some o the r reader , can br ing it t o l i g h t .

RESEARCH ROUiJDUP

In June, t h e e d i t o r asked se lec ted researchers and w r i t e r s t o l e t him know what they a r e working on, what s o r t s of information they can share with o the r s , and t h e sources with which they have enough f a m i l i a r i t y t o save o thers time and e f fo r t . Here a r e t h e r e p l i e s , arranged a lphabet ica l ly :

Jacob Adler, Professor of Accounting and Finance, University of Hawaii: Book i n press: Claus Spreckels, Sugar King of Hawaii. IJorking on a biography of Walter I4urray Gibson; hopes t o publish b i t s and

pieces of t h i s from time t o time. Has some f a m i l i a r i t y with t h e h i s t o r y of t h e sugar indust ry i n Hawaii. Generally i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e period, 1874-1898. Has a g rea t d e a l of unpublished mater ia l on t h e Kalakaua coinage.

Gavan Daws , History Department, University of Hawaii: Current research: f o r PhD d i s s e r t a t i o n : "Nineteenth Century Honoluluw.

Biographical work on nineteenth-century Hawaiians such as Ii, Ilalo, e tc .

General s o c i a l h i s t o r y of t h e nineteenth century. Has reasonable f a m i l i a r i t y with the blS co l l ec t ions a t t h e Hawaiian Mission

Children's Society and Hawaiian His to r i ca l Society l i b r a r i e s , and with English-language pe r iod ica l s and newspapers up t o about 1876.

Has a f a i r l y extensive co l l ec t ion of notes based on these sources, and would be more than happy t o pool information with o the r in te res ted people.

Would l i k e t o hear from o the r s about: Nineteenth-century maps of ~ o n o l u l u ' Nineteenth-century p ic tu res and photos of Honolulu His to r i e s , published o r unpublished, of groups and ins t i tu t ions--c lubs ,

lodges, musical o r t h e a t r i c a l s o c i e t i e s , e t c . Can be reached by mail o r phone c /o History Department, U. of H.

Albertine Loomis, 1090 Spencer S t r e e t , Honolulu: Current research: A h i s t o r y of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association ( t h e

Hawaii Conference of t h e United Church of Chr i s t ) from about 1860 t o t h e present. The voluminous papers of t h e HEA and t h e Hawaiian Board, on f i l e a t t h e 14ission H i s t o r i c a l l i b r a r y , and such publicat ions a s HEA annual re- por t s and The Friend a r e ch ie f sources, Much of t h e HEA correspondence be- f o r e 1900 is i n Hawaiian, and only a p a r t of it has been t r a n s l a t e d i n t o English. Some of t h e documents a r e only now being f i l e d s o t h a t they a r e access ib le f o r research. Facets of t h e h i s t o r y a r e t h e Hawaii-based m i s - s ionary work i n Micronesia (beginning i n 1852) and t h e Marquesas (beginning i n 1853), t h e s t o r y of Chr is t ian work among t h e Chinese, Portuguese, Japan- ese , and F i l ip ino immigrants a s they came t o Hawaii, and t h e s t rugg le of the small , out ly ing Hawaiian churches t o remain a l i v e i n changing times.

Mrs. Raymond R. Lyons, Makawao, L1;iui: Nature of research: Nostly i n legends of e a r l y voyages and of Efaui, Holokai,

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - OCTOBER, 1964 179

and Lanai. Have a l s o done some work i n t r a d i t i o n s and customs, such as the d i f f e r e n t types o f kahuna; canoe-making; f i sh ing r i t e s ; hone building; l u a k i n i templesYgod> and worship of idols . Also, a c e r t a i n amount on h i s t o r y of Naui, mostly i n connection with legends o r legendary h i s to ry ' Some on e a r l y sugar m i l l s on blaui. Much e a r l y research is not documented, except f o r quotat ions i n newspaper a r t i c l e s i b s . Lyons has wr i t ten .

Miriam Rogers, c/o Bishop Nuseum, Honolulu: Current research: Ba t t l e s , l eader s , s i t e s of b a t t l e s ; am t r y i n g t o compile

every known b a t t l e f o r each i s l and , whether l a r g e o r small. More information concerning sources w i l l be s e n t t o t h e Review l a t e r .

Robert C. Schmitt, s t a t i s t i c i a n , Department of Planning and Economic Development, Hawaii S t a t e Government:

Area of i n t e r e s t and research; f a m i l i a r with sources for : A l l phases of t h e demography of Hawaii--geographic d i s t r i b u t i o n , composition, t rends , components o f change, e tc . , a s based on censuses, es t imates , o f f i c i a l r e - g i s t r a t i o n of v i t a l events , and o the r sources.

Larry Windley, P. 0. Box 255, Lahaina, Ilaui, Hawaii: Projec ts : History o f Lahaina f o r purpose of wr i t ing book on same. Can share information on:

Location of h i s t o r i c s i t e s and Hawaiian place names People of Lahaina Legends of Lahaina Concentr3ted amount o f information concerning t h e l i f e of David Halo

Famil iar i ty with sources: Kahului and Lahaina l i b r a r i e s Archives of Hawaii: (up t o 1856) Department of I n t e r i o r l e t t e r s , Depart-

ment of I n t e r i o r f i l e s , Sher i f f of llaui f i l e s , Depmtment of I n t e r i o r miscellaneous f i l e s , Department of Public Works, Maui Governor's l e t t e r s , Privy Council Records

S t a t e Survey Office: Maps and surveys per ta in ing t o Lahaina

A l l o the r readers a r e c o r d i a l l y inv i t ed t o submit s imi la r information, o r 20 d i ~ e c t quest ions t o t h e Review--which w i l l try., bu t can ' t guarantee s a t i s f a c t i o n .

I

C39TRIBUTORS AND ANXOUNCEEE>?TS : Larry Kimura, Class of 1964 of t h e Kamehameha School f o r Boys, l i v e s among t h e Hawaiian cowboys of whon he wri tes . - - -

Barbara (Mrs. kaymond R. ) Lyons, renders invaluable se rv ice t o t h e Maxi H i s t o r i c a l Society, and is t h e Maui a s soc ia te e d i t o r f o r t h i s per iodica l .

Gary S. Victor generated h i s paper a s a s tudent i n D r . Hunter's Hawaiian h i s t o r y c l a s s at t h e University of Hawaii.

Jacob Adler, an avid h i s t o r i a n , is professor of accounting and f inance a t t h e University of Rawaii, and a productive scholar .

Wayne Gau, a high school s tudent l i v i n g at 1666 St. Louis Drive, Honolulu, asked t h e Review t o note h i s new mimeographed publica- t i o n , The Royalis t , t h e i n i t i a l nunbe: of which appeared i n July. $1.50 per year.

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H A V A I I HISTOXCAL REVIEW Richard A. Greer, Edi tor

Published quar t e r ly by Richard A . Greer a t the Kamehameha School f o r BOYS, Kapalama Heights, Honolulu, Hawaii, Telephone: 8 1 - 1 1 ilonths of i ssue a r e October, Janu- ary , Apri l , and July. By subscr ip t ion only. Rate: $1 -00 per year, postpaid.