H. Fritzsch

19781978Tokio => Tokio =>

KyotoKyoto

electron

Dear Radioactive Ladies and Gentlemen,

electron

Beta decay„neutron“

=> neutrino

neutrino masses neutrino masses very small very small m (neutrino) < m m (neutrino) < m

(electron)(electron)today: m < 0.32 eV

Pauli:

„„If one reflects a neutrino on a If one reflects a neutrino on a mirror, one does not see mirror, one does not see anything.“ anything.“

A. Salam A. Salam 1957 – 1957 – CambridgeCambridge neutrinos => neutrinos => Weyl fermions Weyl fermions

John Clive Ward

electroweak gauge electroweak gauge theory theory

gauge group SU(2) x U(1)

RL

e eedoublet singlet

SU(2) x U(1)

?????? neutral current

Gargamelle bubble chamber

W. Pauli I invented a new Particle, which Will never be observed!

Neutrino => „Poltergeist“ ( „noisy ghost“ )

RomTulsaMontreal HarwellLiverpoolDubna

1956 discovery of neutrino

Savannah River Reaktor

Fred Reines Clyde Cowan

Steinberger Schwartz Lederman

1962 muon neutrino

sincose

B. Pontecorvo Phys. JETP 6, 429

(1957) H. Fritzsch - P. Minkowski Physics Letters 62B, 76 (1976)

e e

Neutrino osccillations

221

21

21

21

21

21

e

Fritzsch - Minkowski

1963calculation solar neutrino flux

John Bahcall

1965 => Homestake Goldmine South Dakota

Raymond Davis

eArCle3737

expected: 1.5 neutrinos / expected: 1.5 neutrinos / dayday

observed: 0.5 neutrinos / observed: 0.5 neutrinos / dayday

deficit solar neutrinos

Kamioka

Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.

Atmospheric neutrinos

ok

½ of expected rate

Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.

1998 muon neutrino => tau neutrino => Neutrino oscillations

Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.

Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.

Nobel prize 2015 Takaaki Kajita

2001 Canada Sudbury Neutrino Observatory S N O

npd

eppd

xx

e

Oscillations yes no

OscillationsOscillations

Solar NeutrinosSolar Neutrinos

ArthurMcDonaldNobel Prize 2015

321

321

321

VVVVVVVVV

Veee

1000000

i

i

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P

1000cossin0sincos

cossin0sincos000

1000cossin0sincos

i

ll

ll eU

sunatl

oat

o

osun

o

4037

3532

23232

2526.022.021

2

10)11.037.2(

1054.7

eVm

eVm

321

321

321

VVVVVVVVV

Veee

Daya Bay

Daya Bay Antineutrino Detector

321

321

321

VVVVVVVVV

Veee

133 sinsinsin atleV

0

13

132

4.8

005.0084.02sin

III

II

I

weak transitions

cc tt SU(2) x U(1) // Quarks

flavor mixing

cc tt

bsd

VVVVVVVVV

bsd

tbtstd

cbcscd

ubusud

'

'

'

CKM – MatrixCabibbo / Kobayashi / Maskawa

Experiment

999.0040.0009.0041.0973.0225.0004.0225.0974.0

|| CKMV

::H. Fritzsch – Z. H. Fritzsch – Z. XingXing

10000

00

00

10000

dd

ddi

uu

uu

cssc

cssc

ecssc

V

du

experimentsexperiments

0

0

4.2

4.5

7.11

u

od

CBBA

AM

00

00

H. Fritzsch – S. Weinberg

““texture zeros”texture zeros”

“Grand Unification” “Grand Unification” SO(10)SO(10)

CBBA

AM

00

00

10000

00

00

10000

dd

ddi

uu

uu

cssc

cssc

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00

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mm

mm

tan

tan

od 4.00.13

ooExp 6.27.11:

s

dd m

mtan

oou 7.00.5

ooExp 1.14.5:

c

uu m

mtan

flavor mxiing leptons

e

e

quarks

cc tt

CBBA

A

00

00

mm

mm

el

tan

tan2

1

ExperimentExperimento

suno 3532

49.0...39.0/ 21 mm

:

44.0/104.2

105.7

21

23232

25221

mmeVm

eVm

neutrino - massen ( eV )

050.0010.0004.0

3

2

1

mmm

12

3

e

mm

mm

at arctanarctan3

2

0

00

38

1424

at

at

321

321

321

VVVVVVVVV

Veee

mm

V

el

atle

~~

tan

sinsin3

oat

o 5238

22.0~~

tan

mme

l

133 sinsinsin atleV

0013

132

2.17.8

025.0090.02sin

013

132

4.8

018.0083.02sin

???????? ??????????????? ??????? neutrino - massesneutrino - masses very small very small ???????? ??????????????? ???????

1906 => 1938

MDm

MDD

M

2

0

GeVMMaj10105

MajMmeVm2

050.0

ln E

GeVM

massMajorana

Maj10105

:

GeVM

massPlanck

Planck191022.1

:

GeVMmasskelectrowea

ew 205:

ee

Neutrinoless Double Beta decay

e.g.e.g.

not observed

eBaXe 2

:0136136

effective Majorana neutrino mass:

< 0.115 eV

KamLAND experiment

experiment:

|| 3232

221

21. mVmVmVm eeeeff

Expected: eVmeff 005.0.

eVmeff 12.0.

CBBA

A

00

00

s

dd

c

uu

mm

mm

tan

tan

ooExp 6.27.11:

oou 7.00.5

ooExp 1.14.5:

od 4.00.13

neutrino masses ( eV )

050.0010.0004.0

3

2

1

mmm

0013

0

2.17.8

38

at

Observed:

expected:

eVmeff 12.0.

eVmeff 005.0.