h. v. - nasa · pdf fileh. v. watts** sincerely yours, ... basaltic lava volcanic bomb...

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

TECHNICAL LETTER NASA-32

REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TO

VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION*

by

H. V. Watts**

July 1966

These data are preliminary and shouldnot be quoted without permission

Prepared by the Geological Surveyfor the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration (NASA)

*Work performed under NASA Contract No. R146-09-020-006**IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19700029568 2018-05-19T00:35:49+00:00Z

UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WASHINGTON. D.C. 20242

Technical LetterNASA-32July 1966

Dr. Peter C. BadgleyChief, Natural Resources ProgramOffice of Space Science and ApplicationsCode SAR, NASA HeadquartersWashington, D.C. 20546

Dear Peter:

Transmitted herewith are 2 copies of:

TECHNICAL LETTER NASA-32

REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TO

VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION*

by

H. V. Watts**

Sincerely yours,

William A. FischerResearch CoordinatorEarth Orbiter Program

*Work performed under NASA Contract No. Rl46-09-020-006**IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois

u. S. Government Agencies Only,

APPROVED:

Technical Memorandum W6l37-l

REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TOVISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

by

H. V. WattsAstro Sciences Center

oflIT Research Institute

Chicago, Illinois

for

William A. FischerU. S. Geological Survey

18th & F Street, GSA Bldg.Washington, Do Co

C. A. Stone, DirectorAstro Sciences Center

liT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

April, 1966

REFERENCES

Appendix: SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE DATA CURVES

10

II.

IlL

IVo

TABLE OF CONTENrS

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

A, Sample Surface PreparationB. Reflectance Measurement

DATA AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS AND FUlURE WORK

1

3

3

3

6

17

18

19

Table 1 Reflectance Samples 8

Figure 1 - Spectral Dependence of Total Diffuse Reflectance from the Ground Surfaces of a SelectedSet of Rock Samples 16


ii

REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TOVISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

I, Introduction and Summary

The reflectances of 38 different samples of rocks and

minerals were measured throughout the visible and ultraviolet

spectral range of 7000A down to 2300A, Reflectances were

measured for both a flat ground surface and a polished surface

of each material except for the samples of pumice and mica

whose surfaces were measured as received, The diffuse

reflectance was detected both with and without the inclusion

of the specularly reflected component 0

None of the reflectance curves showed any characteristic

peaks or bands, The shapes of the reflectance curves are

generally the same for both the ground and the polished sur

faces with the total reflectance from the ground surface

greater than that from the polished surface, For most samples

the reflectance increases as the wavelength increases.

Of major interest is the fact that the relative

reflectance from sample to sample does not remain the same

throughout the spectral range, Thus~ the contrast in imaging

an array of different rocks could vary appreciably between a

visible sensitive imager and an ultraviolet sensitive imager,

For example~ pumice has a diffuse reflectance of 32 percent

at 5000A (one of the higher observed reflectivities) and only


-1-

a 3 percent reflectance at 2500A (the lowest reflectance

recorded), monzonite has reflectance values of 16 percent and

18 percent at 5000A and 2500A, respectively. Pumice would

appear about twice as bright as monzonite at 5000A, but mon

zonite would be about five times brighter than pumice at

2500A, Many other examples of contrast changes with wave

length can be shown from the data reported herein.

Also of interest is the observation that several of the

samples exhibited an apparent increase in reflectance as the

wavelength decreased below 2500A, These increases in

detected light could be due to the onset of photoluminescence,

Additional measurements extending the wavelength range below

2300A and into the vacuum ultraviolet will be performed and,

in so doing, any photoluminescence from these samples will be

determined,

One' correlation with rock composition was noted, That

is, the rocks with high quartz content showed a marked

increase in reflectance with increasing wavelength. On the

other hand the rocks low in quartz showed no appreciable

change in reflectance with wavelength,


-2-

II, Experimental Techniques

A, Sample Surface Preparation

Each sample was cut to form a one~quarter inch thick

slab, One surface of the slab was then ground with 320

silicon carbide (30 micron particle size), This surface is

designated as the "ground" surface for the reflectance

measurements,

The other surface was ground with W8 aluminum oxide

(8 micron size) and then polished with Linde "B" (0005 micron)

on one-quarter inch felt, This surface is designated as the

"polished" surface for the reflection measurements. The

samples of pumice and mica were not ground or polishedo

Immediately after grinding or polishing, the surfaces

were washed under running water to remove all abrasiveo The

sample surfaces were than rinsed in absolute alcohol, Care

was taken in subsequent handling of the samples to insure

that the surfaces were not touched or contaminated,

B, Reflectance Measurement

A Cary* Model 14 MR recording spectrophotometer with a

model 1411 diffuse reflectance accessory was used for all

reflectance measurements, The instrument was used in the

'$',Applied Physics Corporation, Monrovia, California


~3-

Type I illumination mode~ ioe., a dispersed (monochromatic)

collimated light beam is incident upon the sample surface, and

the total diffuse reflectance is collected by an integrating

sphere and detected by a DuMont type 7664 multiplier phototube,

The sample reflectance was measured relative to a magnesium

carbonate block which in turn was periodically calibrated

against freshly prepared magnesium oxide surfaces,

The incident beam size at the sample surface has a con

stant height of 15 mm and a width of from 1 to 2 rnrn, propor

tional to the slit width of the spectrophotometer, throughout

most of the spectral range studied. At wavelengths below

2500A the beam width increases continuously to about 5rnrn at

2300A. The spectral resolution varies from lOA to 20A

throughout the visible and near ultraviolet, and then the

spectral band opens up at wavelengths below 2500A to about 45A

at 2300A. All data were recorded at a spectral scan rate of

lOA/sec,

Two detection modes are possible with this instrument,

In one mode the specularly reflected component is trapped or

masked off from the integrating sphere. In the data which

follow we designate this mode as (D), diffuse reflectance

only. The other mode includes the specularly reflected

component and is designated as (S), specular plus diffuse,

The absolute values of reflectance used for the magnesium

oxide standard reference are listed below. These values


=4=

i\(A) % Refl, of MgO

7000 to 4000 97,0

3500 96,S

3250 96,0

3000 95,S

2750 94,8

2500 94,0

2400 93,0

2300 92,0

are selected from several references (1,2,3), There are

still uncertainties of the absolute values of reflectance

in the ultraviolet spectral range, However, differences of

a few percent in the absolute values of magnesium oxide

reflectance would not change the reported data significantly,


III. Data and Discussion

The samples studied are listed in Table 1. These are

grouped first as Rocks, Minerals, and Meteorites. The rocks

are then grouped roughly as to their composition and texture.

For example, Granite is the coarse-grained equivalent of

Rhyolite (both have about the same composition), and Gabbro

is the coarse-grained equivalent of Basalt. Diabase is

approximately the same composition as both Gabbro and Basalt,

but it has an intermediate texture.

The data curves are given in the Appendix in the same

order as the Table 1 listing. The notations for the four

curves for each sample are the following~

Ground (D) = ground surface, diffuse reflectance only;

Ground (S) = ground surface, diffuse plus specular

reflectance;

Polish (D) polished surface, diffuse reflectance

only;

Polish (S) = polished surface, diffuse plus specular

reflec tance.

Since the incident beam size is 1 to 2 mrn in width,

one could expect differences in reflectance for the coarse

grained samples which are dependent upon the sample position.

This was tested on several of the coarse grained samples and

it was found that the reflectance curves obtained for

different positions of the sample surfaces had the same shape

lIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

-6-

with a constant reflectance value difference of one or two

percent. The absolute reflectance values of these data are

considered, therefore, to be good to within plus or minus two

percent, i.e. a plotted value of 10 percent is 10+ 2 percent.

The instrument stability and reproducibility are far better

than that quoted above. Thus the curve shapes and relative

values are accurate as shown.


-7-

Code No,

Table 1

REFLECTANCE SAMPLES

Ty~ _ Source Loca li ty

ROCKS

--i

;:0

mCIlm»

I;:0

00()

!::I:

-ZCIl...,--IC-Im

Li 2617

Li 3823

Li 4582

Li 2730

Li 3760

324

Li 1832

326

Li 1221

Li 2213

Li 3946

Biotite Granite

Granite

Granite

Rhyolite

Rhyolite

Obsidian (banded)Rhyolitic

Obsidian

Rhyolite Pumice

Pumice

Nepheline Syenite

Nepheline Syenite

Pike's Peak, Colorado

Moose-a-bec, Maine

Newark, Vermont

West flank of Black Range, Grant Co"New Mexico

Nathrop~ Colorado

Mono Craters, Lee Vining, California

Regla Falls, Aidalgo, Mexico

Mono Craters, Lee Vining, California

Latacunga, Ecuador

Cripple Creek, Colorado

Magnet Cove, Arkansas

Table 1 (continued)

'T'vnp Sou]:'ce LQcaJi~yCode No. -Ie J

Li 3765 Quartz Monzonite Garfield, ColoradoPorphyny

Li 3905 Monzonite Tintie, Utah-....::0 312 Quartz Monzonite June Lake, CaliforniamCII

m>::0

I n Li 2816 Diorite Bar Harbor, Maine\!) :x:I

Z Li 3770 Diorite Timichi Creek, Gunnison, ColoradoUl...,

Li 3662 Hornblende Andesite Larch Mountain, Oregon-.....c.....m

Li 3676

G-l

Gabbro

Gabbro

Tahawas, New York

Near Clearwater Lake, Gunflint Trail,Minnesota

Li 4238

258

Gabbro

Anorthosite-PyroxeneGabbro

Everton, New York

Grass Valley, California

Li 2288 Basalt Whatcomb Co., Washington

Code No.

Table 1 (continued)

Type Source Locality

--l;:g

menm>

I ;:g

I-' (')

0 :J:I -

Zen-i--lC-lm

101

G 3161

Li 4156

Li 2811

222

El 8086

289

Li 2402

Basalt

Basaltic Lava

Volcanic Bomb(probably Basalt)

Diabase

Diabase (Triassic)

Dunite

Olivine (Dunite)polycrystalline

Kimberlite

Jack Green-IR Standard sample

El Paricutin, Mexico

Near Needles, California

Hall Quarry, Mount Desert Island, Maine

Buck Creek Dist., Macon Co., North Carolina

Jackson Co., North Carolina

Elliot Co., Kentucky

Code No.

Table 1 (continued)

Type___ __ Source!,.oc?lity

MINERALS

Amphibole-Hornblende Faraday Twp., Ontario

Dolomite (fine-grained) Wise Co" Virginia

IJ--'J--'I

Li 3675

260

251

292

288

44

Anorthosite

Potash Feldspar

Microcline

Plagioclase FeldsparAlbite

Mica - Biotite

7 miles N.E. of North Hudson, New York

Keystone, South Dakota

Bancroft, Ontario

Bancroft, Ontario

METEORITIES

ME 1990

ME 1252

Hypersthene Chondrite

Coarse Octahedrite(iron-nickel)

Colby, Clark Co., Wisconsin

Canon Diablo, Cononime Coo, Arizona

At 4000A the instrument's light source is changed from a

tungsten filament lamp for the visible to a hydrogen lamp for

the ultraviolet. There are related changes in slit width

(beam width) and slight changes in beam position due to this

light source change, Thus, the reflectance values of these

inhomogeneous samples are not precisely the same at 4000A for

the different light sources, Again it is noted from the data

that, in all curves but one, the differencein reflectance

values is no more than two percent at the 4000A change-over

point, Sample No. 258 (Anorthosite - Pyroxene Gabbro) has an

abnormally high gap of five percent at 4000A, Unfortunately,

this sample was returned to the sponsor and has not been

rechecked,

None of the reflectance curves showed any characteristic

peak or bands, In genera1 3 the shapes of the reflectance

curves for all samples are the same for both the ground and

polished surfaces, and the total reflectance from the ground

surface is greater than that from the polished surface. Also,

in general, the reflectance increases as the wavelength

increases, In the few cases where these general observations

are not true, the exceptions occur primarily in the ultra

violet wavelength region, The inclusion of the specularly

reflected component is significantly noticeable only for the

polished surfaces where the total reflectance increases

appreciably but the reflectance curve shape remains the same.


-12~

In the ultraviolet region, at 2500A, for example, the

vast majority of the rocks and minerals examined have

reflectance values which lie in the range of 5 to 15 percent

while, in the visible region, at 6000 - 7000A for example,

these same materials have reflectance values ranging from

10 to 50 percent, The relative reflectance from sample to

sample, however, does not remain the same throughout the

spectral range, Thus, the contrast in imaging an array of

different rocks could vary appreciably between a visible

sensitive imager and an ultraviolet sensitive imager. For

example, pumice has a diffuse reflectance of 32 percent at

5000A (one of the higher observed reflectivities) and only a

3 percent reflectance at 2500A (the lowest reflectance

recorded), monzonite has reflectance values of 16 percent and

18 percent at 5000A and 2500A, respectively, Pumice would

appear about twice as bright as monzonite at 5000A, but

monzonite would be about five times brighter than pumice at

2500A, Many other examples of contrast changes with wave

length can be shown from the data reported herein,

Several of the samples exhibited an apparent increase in

reflectance as the wavelength decreased below 2500A, These

increases in detected light could be due to the onset of

photoluminescence, Additional measurements extending the wave

length range below 2300A and into the vacuum ultraviolet will

be performed and, in so doing, any photoluminescence from

/IT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

-13-

these samples will be determined,

The rocks with high quartz content (>10%) show a marked

increase in reflectance with wavelengthc These are Eranites

and rhyolites. On the other hand, the rocks low in quartz

(about 0%) show no appreciable change in reflectance with

wavelength (ecgo, gabbros and basalts), So the presence of

quartz seems to cause the reflectance to increase with

increasing wavelength. This is shown very nicely by comparing

the quartz monzonites with the monzonite~ the reflectance of

the quartz monzonites increases with increasing wavelength

whereas the reflectance of the monzonite decreases with

increasing wavelength.

Notice also that the reflectance of both the potash and

plagioclase feldspar increases with increasing wavelength.

In general~ the total feldspar content of common rocks is

constant~ say 85% for a number. In the granite type rocks

most of the feldspar is of the potash variety whereas in the

basaltic type rocks most of the feldspar is the plagioclase

variety. Since the reflectance vs. wavelength characteristics

of both are vary similar, it appears doubtful that the feld

spars (either potash or plagioclase) will provide a diagnostic

means for determining rock types by ultraviolet spectral data

(as does the quartz content as pointed out above).

The effect of texture on reflectance may be indicated

by a comparison of obsidian or mica, very smooth glassy like


surface, and pumice, a very rough and porous surface.

Obsidians reflectance is nearly independent of wavelength

while the reflectance of pumice increases markedly with wave

length.

The above mentioned dependence on the reflectance

curve shape with the quartz content of the rock is illus

trated in Figure 1, where the spectral curves of the total

diffuse reflectance from the ground surfaces of a selected

set of eight different rocks are shown. It must be under

stood that the actual quartz content of these particular

samples is not known; however, the ordering of increasing

quartz content as given in the figure is one which could

generally be expected geologically and is used to indicate

a possible trend in reflectance versus rock composition.

The monzonite sample (Li 3905) exhibits an anomalous

behavior below 4500A compared to the other samples of this

set, i.e. its reflectance continues to increase with de

creasing wavelength. At this time there is no suggested

explanation for this fact.


-15-

--1 I -r-- I I I I ~_GRANITE

LI 4582

401- 1- --t---------J-~I- IQUARTZ

- MONZONITE I

PORPHYRYLI 3765

i----- w(/)

«301 1 ~ 7/1 -+ w

)-

a::: r-~ z- l.LI

t-' z QUARTZ Cl r-0 - z0, MONZONITE wr-

312 r- 0u u Ul.LI l.LI...J

20 NEPHELINE 0- NI.L ----- i-w /SYENITE

Xw 0:::a:::

1I 2213 «~ ::>

I-MONZONITE 0z ...J

w -L1 3905 « zu a::: -a::: --. DIORITE ww ZIl- ,0 -- LI 2816 w

---GABBRO(!)

1I 4238

'" BASALT

I I I L_ f I 1I 22880 1 I I I I

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS

FIGURE I. SPECTRAL DEPENDENCE OF TOTAL DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE FROM THE GROUND SURFACESOF A SELECTED SET OF ROCK SAMPLES. THE DATA CURVES ARE CHOSEN TO ILLUSTRATETHE POSSIBLE TREND IN REFLECTANCE CURVE SHAPE WITH THE QUARTZ CONTENT OF .THE ROCKS.

IV. Conclusions and Future Work

In general, the reflectance from rocks and minerals

increases as the wavelength increases from 2300A to 7000A,

and the shapes of the reflectance curves are the same for

both the ground and the polished surfaces,

Rocks with a high quartz content showed a larger

increase in reflectance with wavelength than those with a low

quartz content,

Since the relative reflectance from sample to sample

does not remain the same throughout the spectral range, the

contrast in imaging a rock pattern would vary appreciably

between a visible sensitive imager and an ultraviolet sensi

tive imager.

Future work will be conducted extending the wavelength

range below 2300A and into the vacuum Ultraviolet to about

lOOOA. This work will utilize a scanning vacuum grating

monochromator of the Seya - Namioka Type. A special sample

and detector housing for this instrument has been designed

and is now being constructed. The study will look for both

reflectance and photoluminescence from the samples. Also,

the data to be obtained with this instrument will overlap

that reported herein up to 3000A. This overlap in data

should indicate whether there are differences in reflectance

from a rock surface in vacuum versus that in air.


-17-

REFERENCES

1. W. E. K. Middleton and C. L. Sanders, J. Opt. Soc. Am.

41, 419 (1951).

2. Gene A. Zerlaut and A. C. Krupnick, "An Integrating

Sphere Reflectometer for the Determination of Absolute

Hemispherical Spectral Reflectance," presented at 1st

AIAA Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C., June 29 -

July 2, 1964.

3. Gene A. Zerlaut, (private communication of unpublished

work) .


-18-

APPENDIX

SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE DATA CURVES

Rocks

Minerals

Meteorites

pp, 20 - 49

pp. 50 - 55

pp, 56 - 57

Note: The data curves are presented

in the same order as listed

in Table L


-19-

rilUZ<CHu~~r.~

~

~rilU~rilp..

:j

40 --!------~--+_,--------___1----------.--.--+__-----------___i-----__________1

20 --+-------------l __+ -'--~-----, -,----'_+--.:....-'- '~.-.+--;---_~. _;-'_ ~ ...,_--,..c....:__~~__,_+::;,.-"'------'-:-::--- ..L.,-+-,-,-,------+--'---'-,,--+-

2000

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 2617 Biotite Granite

-20-

..',;;: c. ,;, .:::.:.. .1.. ....1---_.... '_~. . c

~ ,

o~

~~NV~~a~~aE L~~O~ad

ooo('i"\

C/.)

6 (J)ex: .j..J~ -.-1U) Ce" (IjZ H<C (j

Z IH ~

::r:: NI

H C")e" NZ 00I:il C")HW -.-1

~ H:>

70006000500040003000r

2000

20 -r- - ','" -:'--r~-':-'-+--A><r",-~'!"T-i" mt1--r'-r:1-r-j':-r;-rT!T-Tn'TT~,n11 r tT1 ~ ; t-j ; ~_Tn--ji';- ,~~.:...t -:----j-;-' T::1':

40

60

80_--+ -+--~----,-----+--- I +-- I

100

;:£loZ<CHoriJ.-:If-<.t

~HZ,Wo'~riJiP-l

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 4582 Granite

-22-

r:rJU

~E-Iur:rJHIi-<

~

~r:rJU~r:rJp..,

40 -1--------1-------+- ---~- , I ----,-----+

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 700e

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 2730 Rhyolite

-23-

:I

6000

(D)

(S)

(D)

(S)

2000

20 ----.}~.--.----~-+-.-----~1'":...--~--'------'-+---.----..~,;. --I-·-·..------~-- I ---,---j

G 40

-~==:-j-- -------l~-~~-~f ------------t-------------j;---- ----1~-=-.~ .::..,--~~_:h~1 .• _ .•~;..,~~~-~=;o.-~~;·~t~.. ~/,~nf.-l - j ~ ;;;::;...:;;;-~ -- . -. - . , ,-. , -- ...............-~~

~

~wu~rilP-t

IN ANGSTROMSRhyolite

WAVELENGTHLi 3760

-24-

;+'[1j:

-h -;-'-1 ._~

I-

Tfi -j

! -~

~1 !

j

:j '+1,

,

; 1I •

,

: 1

I :

~j

l·~

J.~

I::

~()zE=Su~Hj:r..,

~HZ~

~~P-l

4

1--

,-- .-. -4 -~'--i----

GroundGroundPolishPolish

(D)

(S)

(D)

(S)

'.j..j.;.- -1--,.

._--_.

---- - ------ -4---1 -~----1____t_--l--\____~

l~

-:-1--

2000 3000 4000 5000

1

6000

_.,-++ .L~-- .j J" i' l'

7000


324 Obsidian (banded) rhyolitic-25-

~

p'-"

'0l=:::t0

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

p Cf) 0 p Cf)

'-" '-" '-" '-"C~

clj

Cf.l

~~E-l l=:Cf) clj0 .r-!Z '0-< .r-!

CIlZ ..0H 0

I::r:: I.DE-l NC) IZ N

0W C"')

...:l 000 rLl r-I0 >-..j" -< .r-!

::>: ...:l

-----\-~,._---+_._---.;..._n_~--r-r-;__-~.--~rrH_,_4_-_e__;_~__+'""'+h_H_~_h_-W-~-:.-;.~_1_go("'")

oooN

N

2

w 40u~E-lUw....:lr:z..~

~>.:tJUp::WPo!

20

I~ . i , ; Ii: [+, c, . ~,j 11.,1: :1 i 1,) 1

I : : .. >. =:i..·.. I_ii. 1: .: . : : :-it I'T:L ,,:. ," ,t._'., .", 1:' fl--; U ; " I;.:~ Ii' i .1'T.------ , iii tit. ' ) I . ! i-

I ,'-' , ,j'. . i' ii 1, I 1.'1!' . _. 1 t.,.., i" ; t

.+; 1C~~i ; 1 '1-1: r i ';j . i ,·+i·+"1

; .,;-' . Ii' iTi i- . - ! fiLii. ; , 'II· . . . " ". . ' i "!' '1 ];-, f- ',:

.::~;'Tj '; ..... ,----.~ ;jl:~J.T: LTi'r·L ,t '1 .,.. '11,.' )J Hi~ ~I-..-- . • 1 • -~'. L :,.;,J, . ,_. :i.' .'1+ ,.1. .,~

-- . ~: I· i •.... __ ._ , :+Ii'j' ;-',' I<T-1" '; Jr , Til ., .. -. :' +, ,.F 'i

, ., .·IT'-I-,- . "T:: "I • . • i it 1 ,LI+H--f-----.--.- G d (D)

~: . G::~:d (S) ~-~-'~--:--.-.----- :J :'~ i '< +, ,~1 'j " i! j-C 'irt~u ' 4Ground (8) same as . . ,i]: '- .++, ·, -+

'-,-'- Ground (D) from 2300 _ ;,"-', -,:J"fT " :',ii" ..; .Tt, .1. - i., , ! ::1 -~.__ 4000' , , . ., .. j; r~ pr-;

"- 'T'; -.', -, i' 1 hi -; ...-- ;~i ._ ~." L' i-, ~ "~Lf'-, ..'-'! "'~. '-t. i-·.,._'i__ , T i " i-,-, '. ~ ,-'&' : ji 'i.; i,i·-- H

_ .• L,. ,- iT'J '1: I .'~ ."....... i,T' r': 1-+--':' ,.,.IT :::!Ji- -,t---1 T. ~. ~ ~.1 .,,'i .-." 'T'-+ ,.;."' ~.+ i- i+ tti1,~.L'H--·

I' :J-1 ""': ...._"+,~,/ ..J 'T: '1 " i: 11 "r:L: 1,.1 . iT "'-;---1+c

-- -~~~------:-----===---.·--1 "1 ' . if',/j ;--c l~,~T'T+·t1-;-1 .~ -:~L- i.i' f----

~-~.:. '- T;,"'+-+r: .• - ;" T ;A~J," 'H c~;r1_+' IT F ._. 'J.~ .++:.ii~+' i.1 . l f

",-+', L..!.< r}l,U: tTl-; r~j+ I':T .,

: ... ;.:.--i'· in Y1t--..~- IT: li++-Iri++J-+··C-+ -,-l+--+·i+,+--:. --". 1" ,',1 i : . iT

. ~,.;, i-' i~/.. ,-~. , .~

--.-,--;--+ r-~h·j;;;.""'''-: " -- . r +'i-fi'I'i-i'i;·1 ,.; - 1 -l~.' -'1' I~ .. ~ ...~.+- ' . i, II' 1- H",J -. " L, : _. +,r.'r \- Hr+i"H'iH j--t-·,t-1+-+-i--t--+-+

00 3000 4000 5000 6000 700[


326 Rhyolite pumice

-27-

3000

r--------2000

20

100I

I· ....... ·····l Ground (D)

w 80 _Ground (S)

uz~HUW....:l~W~ 60 _HZWU~Wp..,

40

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 1221 Pumice

-28-

..

700e

(D)

(S)

(D)

(S)

540003000

Ground

Ground,ii--,·,-H- Polish

+----~~+ --+ --+ i .~. ...,....Polish

It----,--.-.-..,.2000

10

E-;'Z[.iJu~>ilP...

f.ilUzfS 20--+------·-----+----.--,---.+------............... ---~-.-+_1. +-----: I . f--+-'-----'-i...-'--4-'-'-.'-.-'.----+--,.....;--,.-.--:-+-u>ilH~

~


Li 2213 Nepheline Syenite

-29-

rzJU

Ground (D);Z;~ 20

Ground (S) - - - - -HUrzJ

Polish (D)H

-~--

fr.< Polish (S)~

------ -

H:z:;J:i]up::rzJp..,

10

2000


Li 3946 Nepheline Syenite

-30-

-------r~-·-------·

5000

w 40uz~HUW,....:lfi..<

~H:z;W

~Wp..,

20

2000 3000 4000

Ground

Ground

Polish

Polish

(D)

(s)

(D)

(s)--- - - - 1-----....-....

I6000 7000

Li 3765

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSQuartz Monzonite, Porphyry

-31-

U)

~ Q)

-l-lE-i .r-!VJ c:GZ 0

<: Nc:

Z 0 I

H ~ NC""l

::c I

E-i If")G 0Z 0'\

0 W C""l,...:10 W0 > 'r-!...j' <G ,...:1

:.s:

:" ,

~ I

III ,0...---..' _-...J.-'- -"-_\-_-'--'--'-_-'-.l.--..;...---. -'- '-- --L 0

oN

7000

, ...

J • j': j : : . ; ~ . . .

:: j": 1':':'.~..T ----;- -~~ : ...•••. :..-.. ,- .. ---L.~ •.

t3 .L ~ ... ~ .•• ':. , .• 1: '.:: "1':~ . :. :.•.:: :. . ..:.. .. . 1 ). ..... , 1 .. . ...g20 -;==~~-~ .~~+ •••• _-:T·-~·' .-.. .- .•.':-. ~:~~:~ ~~~ same as (D) [~:.E

~ '=:'::.:::. ~:'1 .::: . ... . :J:::' -': : : Pol ish (S) - - - - ---1 ~-~-~ ~. ~ ...... --- ....~ ~... .. . .. . . . .. -~. "'~" ." ~C".. . j .. . t .. _..... L--~-.:~~ ..~~ ._..,~.~ .. ,. .__ .. --.. :':'1~"~-"~ -,' -... ~·-i~--.·-:-~ :'-") --:-~. ": -1-" :- -~--1' ::-.' r-..

1 $- -' ~ ~ ~ , , ~.1 _

_.,. ~ __ ~ ,~_,~.-, .•. ,~.,~+-t-~:~ _.-.... It 6« ~ 4.-<>'1 -.- J

.'." : .' •. ... T:A ,.. . ..; >:. :: _. I . ,..;~ :=-:::::::o±~L.~ 1.':::U:·::.:::'. ~~ .. :~:;l-:··:,··!~:~ . ~.: ..+ :.:: .... ' ·:-l~·.-::-;:........~.~~ .L." ._. ~+c .c.. •..•.. • ., .•• • . • • • • 1 . ,., • . .. _ ... _~ ... _

...i-----O--....;--,~-~-_l~..:.-~:---'---+-'--..;-- "- _~ __ J __ ~' - --.<_-.l-_--J- __~ __..L .i __ ,,- .... _--O ~, _-*'- . _ :J ,_ ...- I _ ~" ~. _ ~ 4 ~ .. ~ ~ _

.... . ;~~ ~:~ d~·t·.::~;£':;. .; ;...•..•.. ;...> •:.... 1••. '. .J--- .... j •• -- .= .•.• c~ :-u ~. . - -:····1- .;. ....... : :: •. :::::::: •....• :. : :j" . :.': .. :: j . : : ,.. : I·: :.:: ..j : .::: : .: ::::. ::: ,:U

'-"'-'.-"-'''-''.J~. ··~~·~-~-·.~--l~.~....-.....,.~~~_.~.-.- ._.~~~._._L. .. -- ~.~ ..- ... --"·-'·"~1-·-..--·~-"···_·-·~. --t~JEf:Slt:F;~, ~·.II:~~:~~ "~~II;~ .. :-~~ "y: ." : ..: :~: '.: ~ JI ..••.••.•.••. ·1 ••• ••..•. 1•. - .•'••.••1.: :"~'-J';~~TTl'" c""'C"' ,"~. ." .. _"~L.,... ._j,.... .. I' ...• "j " .. "., -I- .. .., j - .

~-i:::"~:: 1:' .~': ,::t:=:·::r~: :,::~~:jT~: :~:~~-: :" .• ;= :'~ ': : • .1 ": '.• 1 " : : ;.: . :' .• '::~" - :~'1 ~: ~:~~;~:.~_~L .-.-i4~_~~~L_"-_ ~--- --'~'~"~~'--'" -." ~-_..·"·~-l·_·_·~ _--_L~._'--~--t--_.~~

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTRO~fS

Li 2816 Diorite

-34-

f-4'.~

~re

6000

(D)

(S)

(D)

(S)

Ground

Polish

Polish

4000

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3770 Diorite

3000

6 I

2----+ + I I 1:1 I

4 I

10

.~

uZ<t:f-lUWHIi-<

~HZWUp::f.il.'l.,

-35-

f.rJ0Z<C 20E-<0W....:l~W~

HZ~0~wP.;

10

Ground (D)

4000

Polish (D)Polish (S) _Same as Polish (D)7000

from 4000

2000 3000 5

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3662 Hornblende Andesite

-36-

000 7000

filUZ~ 20E-iUrLJHrz..~E-iZ1iJUp-::filp...

10

i---2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3676 Gabbro

-37-

,......, /-.. ,......, ,......,0 C/) 0 C/)'-' '-....-' '--' '--'

'D 'D ,.c; ,.c;G p UJ UJ;:::I ;J -rl -r!0 0 r-i .-I)...: N 0 0, .. CJ C (l; p..,

oN

o+-'-~..,.--.........-,-;:........h-~"';"'-"'-:--'--r,\';-~-,;-,---J..- 0

o\.0

oooN

--'

70006000500040003000

,---_.2000

10 ---t----- -f----.-,- -----1------ ...-----------.....-+-.----.---..+-----,.--~---_+---.-:.---____l-_,___---,--~ -t-

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 4238 Gabbro

-39-

-!

...,!--l~· +. 1.+-I~

·-t--1---+-+--Hi

H + j... }-+·H--f-,

--+-T +--t----i----+----t-+--+--+--+~f_=J·-'

(D)

(S)

(D)

(S)

Ground

Ground

Polish

Polish

10 -+-.----c---+~_:____~-'-----''1·:;".'F'___---'-.~-_j--c---_;____:;;;;;o;_'4_·---~·__+_·-_t__,__,__-'-·~__c_·_:____{-'-~-__:··+·~+--h-'---'---·,·-..-~-··-_1-··_,__··---~-,~+-'--···-c-·· .........e.-t---J-+

wuZ

~ 20uWH~

~E4Zr£lUt:t::WP-<

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 70m


258 Anorthite-pyroxene gabbro

-40-

3000.---

2000

2 ·--J----~---··~--t·--.-'---'-'--'--j. -+ I : "':._'--,-c-l '~c-i-'-+~'_'-:-'-rt, -'---'--+.,-.--,-'-,---+--.-.-,-~'-H

101 .:: ~ :~' ~':J: c, , j ,

,.j ..,. j 1 ~- ~ .- ~- - 1 .•

. .. ... _-.. .__ I. • _~_- _~_____•._

Ground (D)

Ground (S)

11 ~..·····r"-~~'~~~-w 8 __ ~.~~__~-:_~ . Polish (D) ______(.)

z _I=t.:~.:·.: .. LLL .l'.:jj~~· : Polish (S) ________~H :': : :': : ' , ! i "

(.)

WH~W~

6HZW(.)

~WP-<

4

IN ANGSTROMSBasalt

WAVELENGTHLi 2288

-41-

w0z.q;

20H0

~rx.~

- --.- ~.

_.. -

HZ~

~

Ground (D)

f::tJp...

Ground(8) - -=-::.--_._--

l=~ ~~=~~~Cj+

Polish (D)Polish

-- -

10

.... r-7.. "r'. "._ ~ ,'," ,--'-, 1"

(8)

~-c ;,.l .j2;·+~·+~'·

,~--=- -

;-------;-

~. 1--i -t--+- -~ --:-.-t-t

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 700:(


101 Basa It

-42-

---~",",,",.'.

(D)

(S)

ii

[-

8

I -----l-~-- -----1------------

6 -----'---+-----='F-=t-.,---'---~__+__c__:_:----~+_'_..l--~-

4 - ,-- -- -_n , I I '

-~ 't-~ ~-+-+ ,.., .'~~~:::;_.::-:-:s.:4=L~:r::I:;~~1-~lJ~r=:n+=r1:ir f,TJ-T- 'lj-T'--'~-' il-n-t--Cfi--TTTTTT,-1-- • ' ---e-+ --WM'-1-1j-r-1-1iT1LL-GrOUnd

_l_~__+-~_+ ~-LL+~ '-j, ,- J-j+ I-+-d-i--t,-J-,-tt'ri-L--J--'--_--, ..-'--+_'--t+;_,-_~;'+_--I--c-+-,,--:-+-c.--'-~j- Lli-1j.q++--l+i-j+-c-~-+- -H-1--;, -,-ii- Ground

10

liJU

~UliJ....:J~

~HZliJ

~liJa...

~:: iT T Ii;' :TTT T T IrTT:T+~:FSame as Ground CD) from

2 --- __,_', -Jf--l-t-rR::H -2300 - 4000- ,---:::-::l,-l~+trrr;-HPolish(D) _- .. =-_=_dJ,--'--'J j -: fjli---tll-+r:rpoliSh (S)

: - ,. "-,, ___--+t ~+flt:i~Tt: --- ---~;, ~-, l-;~'i' _:+1 i- -~J=t--, H

4:L+ ! , , .. , +i t H + 't ' 1 ' ' , , 1.. 1 I " ; ! ' ,____,T_ • - --. __:_;-L-Ij!'j' ',-- .- -,Tn'j' .... :<·,-,-tT-- -T-_nt'-T.-_-n-t--1T+~'-++

" -~', I ' L..Li.-; ,I ! t r ! I , : , ' :! -. ) Iii' I

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSG 3161 Basaltic Lava

-43-

7000

t-- +-~++~--+--t--4-

(D)

(S)

(D)

(S)

500040003000

+H-h-:+-H+ Ground

- - "'1"'" - Ground

2 -+=..... '-T .... 'T' ': " !, :'1 ::~~~- .~=~~; '~~~~1;1t#J-Wj ::~~:~j 1+-:-1 i '11 " ;

____--'-1","-_ -j1~J......:.":-l...1...-'-.l_.L1__ ' j I _LL:±Ltt_'-'_"-f -------'-...L;~;-'_L~ '_"'"----..L-_~_ I

10 ~ I --'-1--,~-,-'-,~+-c--,-,,~.~~-;--i--,-,-~ ~rH-'-·-,~-'----'-~-j---.,....,-; I -!----'--'-,-----f I

r.z.l80z

~H0WH~

~6

HZW0,::G,-~

'1<

4

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 4156 Volcanic Bomb

-44-

~'~-'-r-1_,-'-:~:~i_'r:I~;,-"i,-,-iirl-\!-\I-rr~I-+'1-+1'-tI-mH-i--i-++:+1+1+1-:-+1'·.;..!.;..I.;..1++1.:-1i-I ,-11\-r',...'1r-;!h'-j--l1h-1....'!-;T-:.T-:.T-t·!",;,'_'·4--8I I '::':'.::r·T+·I"H"!',f+'-H I'~:-_+-I;.'.,.~!II ::j_ji.-_hft H:_I+;·t-,IT+H,.,.---t-·,i-... [".+, ~

,,'" ,.~.j ..,--l-,-++,!t ·,__~';'H·+Ti.. :" \_;i+:+;-c'I"'_:__H_tH.++.j.I_+...",.j... ,_+-~.

, /.:: ',. tj :.1 j'i :i i: I ""1', +. ','."1, : i'~l :,

Cf.l

~~ OJE-< [J)

Cf.l coC) ..0Z co< .,-1

~ IZ Lr)

H ..:tI

::r:: ~

E-< ~

c.:; coZ NILl .,-1t...:lI:Ll H>-~

I i

: ':

,., ..

, .. ,

., .. ,,:: ..,,' J 'H, ,., ,_,.H-(.I!'H++-i., .~'i "!-,.' ,- ,+TltT,..t·· 1+l-I··H--+-+.;..+·"-:·,;",' .. , ,-' 'CT·; .... ·· +++:. t' j··+·:"r,;-t·j->-·;-H l-j.·,,,f.++ri-I+-""-~r-l"';"'i'-I . I_+.c_,., ,.j i· "ILfH-i-+I--t-;-+-r,.,-i,,,,,+._-j

1-'1"1-,--,,+-,--,··,- I 'I "L+Tt+rt-t-+-:--;--,+-'-'-!-',-1,"":,-+.. ,-- 1--'-:··;-j-·I-'1 1"'1-+ "'-'-+-i---+-i -]-i-I ',-,-!tl-r1-itT: i;, i" 1/-1 ..1-, :,1.;. . t-l=tttTH-:+++-H-~-++++-,-1

: J "":-1-""'+1 --i,·:iJ::;~+rtr~-tt-+:-ii'::-~'::+;-+:I'++-~+--;:-·11 0---+~-~_·,-+--.I-,-h-~r+'-r-~,-;-\""';-<'+--'-H--H-++-;-t-~+'..;.!'~'-:-+-r'.;...'-'H-.-t-H-H-.-.-i,....-O

+- ,. '--\-1,1·-)-+-1+++",11",""', '1-++'r+'I"1 0..:t

+1__;i'+i __4"f l "'j',·:·i'i·,H·+-,-I-+·+-H...i+··H+-f,·,j--'-++ :--'-'-"~---I

- r ,.- ,- /. <--

: i

1,.tI : i--

1 tor"

.:: , 1 : ' :,

00aN

..:t Ncoo~

I,,' ';, I 1::1)i~ II: : . - i+ ,! r!;

: ,., .. ' II ,III1 ,;" "I ' ,

_'...-J-'1__: ,-':-t;1_''--,-''_·i!; .1

w Ground (D)u ....~-_ .....~-----

Z . --_ ... Ground (S) - - - -<t: ~_.-

H 20 ---Ground (S) Same as Groundu

wH (D) From 4000 - 7000I:x; -.----

~-~----

Polish (D)--_ .. -- -- -- - -H Polish (S) ______z~ur:r;wp...,

10

2000 4000


222 Diabase (Triassic)

-46-

6000

oM

oN

-- -- -- --A (J) A (J)

'-" '-" '-" '-" (J)

~0~

(I)Eo-<(J) .j.J

l:l OMZ §<r: pz I,.....H ..j-

::r:: I

Eo-< \.0r-, 00Z 0ILl 00....:l MILl

W><r::3

.~--L_-'-- '----r_~_......._--L-,-'-'-_-l.."':'-_~-'-~ ..............;....;-.....L--''-'-----'_-'---'-'--J.- goN

--~--!---'-~~~-:-+---';""'''----+;--'-'-'--I,.:.-;,:-LL;--+--;-r-+-+--:'''';-:-:..-..i4~-:-h-----'-+-'.h-~...;....j-+-~...:-._~--+- go\.0

rLl 400Z<t:H0W,-4~We.t::

HZW0~wp..,

20

2000

Ground (D) "~".""'_~_.""_~__"'_Ground (S)

Same as Ground (D)

From 2300 ~ 4000

Polish CD)Polish (8)

5 000


289 Olivine (dunite) ploycrystalline

-48-

wuzt1 20 --!---------~:----_______c--_'------{--------------~;-------:--------+- -:----- -----------UWt-:l~

~HZj:£lup::;wp..,

10

2000

vJAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROHS

Li 2402 Kimberlite

-49-

000 7000

30002000

2 0 -1~----------+-~---~---+------_.-----'-f-------,---+:-~~--.----j-.--.-------,-------'

10~=-==-Ht!t8'~mfm~~*ETIffi~~~.~*t~~$~~l~tEfL~

HZWUr:t:;WA-c

wu

~HUW.....:lf:t.t

~

WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3675 Anorthosite

-50-

oooM

.goN

Q)

c:-.-I

tf) .-I

~(j

0p:: HE-i (j

CI.l -.-Ic.5 6Z I

< Hqj

Z 0- IH Ul .-I

"d t.r)

::c: .-I IH Q)

c.5 lHZ ..r::t:£l....:l Ul

~ eu

~.w0

8: Pol

0'-0N

Ground (D)_ ••~_·~""".P~..-= ......- ....-.,."",-·~..,.·_-

W (fa I Ground (S) ~ - - - -u ---j--

Polish (D)z~H Polish (S)u .".........""--.,---~w Same as Ground (S) from...:lr.>:<w L,cOOO - 7000~

HZWU~Wp.,

20

2000


251 Plagioclase feldspar-albite

-52-

"1

I

700t60002000

2

10 --f----.-.-- --+--.-----+-.:.....--.-.-----!.---;----'--~..:----+___- ...--,~.-.---;~-! ....,.--,-j_._•.~-.,.----+----t

WI _ .. \. .1 ..

0 8I .~... 1 ..

Z~H0

' , ,1.~ .. U ... 1 .

W

Polish

_ ~ J. L l._~~_~D

H

(D)

fz.<w

Polish(s) -- - - - ~~~--

U··I-nij~

~6

~"~~----... - --~-

__._..~_~ _1

H

~._-- -'--~---~--T----t'--1": I i--:"I'··1'-t".,----!Ii

Zru0~WP-.

4


292 Mica-biotite

-53-

4000


2000

10 ---J----------+- I +-------.~.--.-'-1------·----i-,-.~-'--.-'-,-4--,-,

w 80z~~0WH~WP::

6~zw0P::W j1_'P1 Ground (D)

-=""_",_"-~",,,,z=__.'_'...-.·_____

4~--"-- J ~------, r p Ground (S) - - - -

Polish (D) --"",,---._-Polish (S)

~-

2 I .-----.1 r- I

288 Amphibole - hornblende

- 54-

......_~

-""...~

60005400030002000

w 40u --- -.~- - _.- - ~--- , , __.__....... ~.....,.,--.'u ••""...-_

Z Ground (8) Same as Ground<t:£:-I - (D)u .- --W .- .-- Polish (D) ___ _ _ _ ______....:l -.---+

r:z., .------- --w Polish (8) ____._p:: .. -.-.~_ .._- - ...... -

~wup::wp.,

20


44 Dolomite (fine - grained)

-55-

(D)

ril 40 I I(5) - - - -

u -l······ ---- ----+------ .···1 ._~- +:-1 ;:;::~ (D)z . . -I~1 "<."._...•- -" '-; j' - ,

H 'I "--] - -' Polish (5)urilH~rilP::

HZrilUP::rilfl..

20

~.~

2000 6000 700e

Me 1252WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS

Canon Diablo, Coarse octahedrite

- 5 7-

h. v. - nasa · pdf fileh. v. watts** sincerely yours, ... basaltic lava volcanic bomb...

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