hajijah bt. jenawi video.pdfdan . universal serial bus (usb). kelebihan penggunaan video dalam...
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DIGIT AL VIDEO
HAJIJAH BT. JENAWI
Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan
Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Telekomunikasi) 2001
I
Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat Penganugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan
Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Telekomunikasi) 2001
They light up my life; Apak, Mak, Abang Wandi, Tiyah, Lan & Dicky
So much in heart;Dedeng
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, Alhamdulillah to Allah S.W.t for giving me such strength and patience.
My supervisor, Mr. Ng Liang Yew. Thanks for guiding me to finish my thesis.
Thanks for all your support and only God can give it back to you.
To my beloved family, nothing much 1 cant do without your pray and hope. For all
support, physically and mentally, thanks for eternity.
My greatest love and friend, Oedeng who always and forever remains in my heart.
Thanks for everything.
Last ever after, my dearest and gentle ciassmate.fhis will be the greatest moment
ever alive in my heart. Thanks so much.
" LOOKBEFORE YOU LEAP"
1\
ABSTRACT
Recently, the widespread use of digital electronic signal processing
techniques has allowed video system to move more into the digital era. Digital video
performance are very much dependent upon the various features and parameters.
Major features of concerned include the digital storage system such as Compact Disc
(CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD). Some parameters of importance in digital
video are the interface, which include Firewire, Small Computer Systems Interface
(SCSI) and Universal Serial Bus (USB). The advantages of having video in digital
form allow various types of applications, which include the nonlinear editing that
deal with such program as Adobe After Effect, Adobe Premiere, Edit DV Unplugged
and Photo DV. Hence, digital video plays important roles in future for such
application in Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), High Definition Television (HDTV),
video via Internet, video conferencing and desktop conferencing. This research is to
study and develop knowledge of various features and technologies advancement
towards digital video. This research also includes the basic fundamental concept of
digital signal.
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ABSTRAK
Kepesatan penggunaan alatan digital elektronik telah membawa kepada
sistem video ke era digital. Pengaplikasian video digital bergantung kepada pelbagai
faktor dan ciri tertentu. Antara ciri-ciri utama dalam video digital ialah sistem
penyimpanan yang terbahagi kepada dua iaitu CD (compact disc) dan DVD (digital
versatile disc). Antara parameter terpenting dalam video digital ialah an tara muka
termasuk Firewire, Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) dan Universal Serial
Bus (USB). Kelebihan penggunaan video dalam bentuk digital juga turut
menyumbang kepada pelbagai aplikasi lain. Antaranya ialah penyuntingan tidak
linear yang pada masa yang sama melibatkan perisian-perisian seperti Adobe After
Effect, Adobe Premiere, Edit DV Unplugged dan Photo DV. Selain itu, video digital
juga turut memainkan peranan yang penting pada masa yang akan datang. Contoh
aplikasi video digital ialah Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), High Definition Television
(HDTV), video melalui Internet, video conferencing dan desktop conjerencing.
Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mempelajari selia mengembangkan pengetahuan
terhadap peJbagai ciri dan kemajuan teknologi dalam video digital. Kajian ini turut
merangkumi konsep asas isyarat digital.
IV
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CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK VII
LIST OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of Digital Video
1.2 Project overview 4
1.3 Scope of work 4
1.4 Objective project 5
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Digital video 7
2.1.1 Digital signal 8
2.1.2 Digital video formats 12
2.2 Digital audio 13
2.3 Digital video vs. analog video 14
v
2.4 Digital Video camcorder
2.4.1 Digital camcorder formats
Chapter 3 DIGITAL VIDEO STORAGE SYSTEM
3.1 CD Format
3.1.1 Single Vs Multisession
3.1.2 Book specification
3.1.3 CD Drive
3.2 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 DVD category
Chapter 4 DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACE
4.1 Firewire
4.1.1 Firewire features
4.1.2 Firewire advantages
4.2 Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
4.2. I SCSI Features
4.2.2 SCSI advantages
4.3 Ultra Wide (UW) SCSI
4.4 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
4.4.1 USB introduction
4.4.2 USB Basics
4.4.3 USB power
4.4.4 USB speed
VI
16
19
20
22
25
29
30
34
34
38
38
38
41
42
44
45
46
47
I
4.4.5 Application of USB 47
Chapter 5 DIGITAL VIDEO EDITING
5.1 Introduction 50
5.2 Digital editing requirement 52
5.2.1 PC requirement 53
5.3 Nonlinear editing 53
5.3.1 Digital editing advantages 55
Chapter 6 EDITING SOFTWARE
6.1 Introduction 57
6.2 Adobe After Effect 58
6.3 Adobe Premiere 60
6.4 PhotoDV 61
6.5 Edit DV Unplugged 61
Chapter 7 DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF l)IGITAL VIDEO
7.1 Development of digital video 63
7.2 Future of digital video 64
7.2.1 HDTV 65
Video via Internet 67
7.2.3 Video conferencing 67
7.2.4 Desktop conferencing 68
I
VII
....
Chapter 8 CONCLUSION
8.1 Conclusion 72
REFERENCES 74
v
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TABLE LIST
Page
3.1.3 (i) Modes produces by CD-I Audio drive 26
-. 1 .. ( .. )j. .j II Summary of CD-I video modes 27
4 -. .j Specification of UW Ultra Wide SCSI host adapter 43
4.4.5 General interface connectivity methods 49
IX
FIGURES LIST
Page
1.1 Flow of editing picture using digital
Technology 3
2.1.1(i) Digital video signals are recorded on the
evaporated-metal layer, a hard-carbon
layer fights abrasion, and other layers
add stability and durability. 8
2.1.1(ii) Digital Signal path and signal flow of
analog video. 10
2.4.1 Panasonic's DVC-J 000 has an IC input
to let user dub a second audio track onto
previously recorded tape. 17
3.1 CD Interface 20
3.1.1(i) CD R Interface 21
3.1.1 (ii) CD RW Interface 22
3.2.1 DVD Layer Interface 30
3.2.2(i) CD and DVD pits comparison 32
3.2.2(ii) CD and DVD optical reading comparison 11 .).)
4.1.1(i) The Firewire cables and connector 35
x
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--------------------_...._-jiii:
4.1. J(ii) The Firewire protocol stack and serial bus 36
management controller
4.1.1(iii) The Firewire terminates in a "Gameboy"
Iike connector 37
4.1.1(iv) Topology of typical PC based Firewire bus
system for digital video application 37
4.2.I(i) The 16 pin SCSI card 39
4.2.1 (ii) A SCSI Bus 40
4.4.10) Logo of USB 44
4.4.10i) USB port at behind computer view 44
4.4.5 USB Topology 48
5.1 Flow in digital editing process 51
5.3(i) Nonlinear editing setup 53
5.30i) A simplified depiction of audio and video
timelines in a computer-based of nonlinear
editing system 54
6.2 (i) Infinity effects using Adobe After Effect 58
6.2 (ii) Expo scale effect using Adobe After Effect 59
7.2.1(1) Oversampling between HDTV cameras,
down converter HDTV camera and normal
TV camera 65
7.2.I.(ii) Application of high definition in business
and industrial facilities. 66
7.2.3 VC applied by satellite 68
I
XI
7.2.4(i) Flow of desktop conferencing 69
7.2.4(ii) Flow of desktop conferencing and server 70
xii
ADPCM
Bps
CD ROMXA
CD
CD-DA
CD-I
CDRTOS
CD-R
CD-ROM
CD-RW
CPU
DCT
DMA
DV
DVD AR/DVD SR
DVDR
DVDRAM
DVDROM
DVDRW
ABBREVIATION LIST
Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation
bit per second
Compact Disc Read Only Memory Extended
Architecture
Compact disc
compact disc digital audio
Compact disc Interactive
Compact Disc Real Time Operating System
Compact disc recordable
Compact Disc Read Only Memory
Compact disc rewriteable
Central processing Unit
Discrete Cosine Transform
Direct Multiple Access
Digital video
A specification
Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory
Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory
Digital Versatile Disc Rewriteable
xiii
I
p
DVD
ECC
EDC
fps
GB
HDD
HDTV
110
IC
IEEE 1394
ISO 9660
KB
MB
M-1PEG
MPEG
NTSC
PAL
PC
PCA
PCI
Digital Versatile Disc
Error Correction Code
Error Detection Code
frame per second
Giga bytes
physical mechanism
High Definition Television
Input! Output
Integrated Circuit
Standard used by Institute of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering of interfacing between computers and
electronic products such as camcorders, VCRs, TVs
and digital camera with no age degradation
format standard by International Standard organization
in 1984
Kilo by1es
Mega bytes
Motion Joint Picture Expert Group
Moving Picture Expert Group
National Television System Committee (video format)
Phase Alternation Line
Personal Computer
Power Calibration Area
Personal Computer Interface
xiv
________________________________________________________~I
p
PCM
PMA
PnP
pxl
SACD
SCSI
SDI
SPI
USB
UW
VC
VCR
VHS
VTR
---_.._ ...• _._-------
Pulse Code Modulation
Program Memory Area
Plug and Play
pixel
Super Audio CD
Small Computer System Interface
Serial Digital Interface
SCSI programming interface
Universal Serial Bus
Ultra wide
Video conferencing
Video cassette recorder
Video High Solution
Video Tape Recorder
xv
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.] Introduction of Digital Video
In this whole new world, everything about digital has one main benefit
lower cost. Digital circuitry costs less to manufacturer. Regarding to this reason,
there are so many devices that basically using digital principal. Digital electronics
signal processing techniques have allowed any systems to move into digital era. In
other hand. digital process can handle more functionality on one chip. Digital
procedural was standardized components outlines and easier to assembly on
automated equipment. One of the most interesting devices that now produce by using
the digital concept is video - digital video.
Digital video has been a commonly in use among people and environment
nowadays. Digital video can be explained as video signal that exists as a set of
numbers representing analog voltage values. Digital video also refers to any system
where the information for images is represented by a collection at digital bits.
Digital video was conceptually made possible by invention of pulse code
modulation (PCM). Experiment was made with digital video since lately 1950s. On
1950s time being, cost remained prohibitive for commercial applications until there
was invention widely in microelectronics and high-density recording being made.
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F
r !
Digital equipment simply falls short of the idea by a smaller distance that
I does analog and at lower cost, can have same performance as analog. It also
indicating in pure processes binary.
One of the vital concepts to grasp is that digital video is simply an alternative
means of carrying a video waveform. An ideal digital video system has the same
characteristic as an ideal analog system where both reproduce the original applied
waveform without error. Digital video equipments use techniques that have no
parallel in analog video and it really needs new skills and knowledge.
One most common challenge for digital video has been the massive number
of analog video devices that already in use. The video medium has been primarily
based on a signal composed of waves captured through electronic cameras and stored
in analog form on electro-magnetic tape.
Digital Video has become more economical. Several tools of digital video
have come onto the market aimed at both consumers and professionals. Even though
there are differences in production features and handling of the picture data in digital
video format, all digital video formats are based on encoding video images onto
digital videotape.
Video camcorder is commonly application of digital video. Camcorder itself
involving in higher resolution. It applied all the digital process in order to give the
best picture output. Sony and Panasonic produce the higher quality of camcorder.
Camcorder device that produce by Sony and Panasonic records images using a
precise stream of binary bits - a computer language based on I 's and O's. From this
camcorder or other digital video devices, it possibly can edit picture that being
captured (by both device). easily can be edited lIsing software in personal computer.
2
~~-~~--~---------------,...-~ p
Acquisition Processing Output
Figure 1.1 Flow afedit ing picture using digital technology
For a most year before, video production depended on nonlinear (computer
based) editing. With the term nonlinear itself means the editing process mainly lIsing
software personal computer (PC). Linear editing doesn't allow cutting and pasting.
To make the editing process, it include editing piece by piece, shot by shot - one by
one process. In nonlinear editing, editing by cutting and pasting process can be done
anyway without having to start over. Its all depend on our choice using which
software is good and special hardware.
To make a connection between a digital video and a PC, for editing process
being possible, its need an interface. All digital interfaces required to be standardize
to fit consumer needs. As digital video of any type is only data, its follows that the
same physical and electrical standards can be lIsed for a variety of protocols. Both
paraliel and series interfaces llses common connectors. pinouts, and e[ectrical level in
component and composite versions. Type of video being transferred is taken care of
in protocol differences.
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p
1.2 Project overview.
This project is made to carry out information on how the editing picture
captured by digital video can possible done with personal computer using software
application. This project gains information about digital video area and the
application of software being used in editing process. Choosing the best interface that
connect the digital video to personal computer for editing also indicate in this
project. This project contains all the description of interfaces, software and other
features to edit picture that being recommended. As a conclusion, this project bring a
widely enhance of digital video area into computer environment together with
Information Technology growth.
1.3 Scope of works.
During the process in finishing this project, some works have to be done to
dig up all the important information. This project is to study the mechanism of the
connection and process that involved in giving the best output when the picture
display in computer. It allowed user to make the picture more creative by using
appl ication that offered by the software itself. One also gain information process to
search how computer deal with input from digital video by using interface. The
interface must give high quality in order to give higher performance for both digital
video and PC. At the end, we will find how far this digital video area can go and the
future itself. In other hand, J also looked out which higher level it can achieve.
~ ~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~
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1.4 Objective project.
Objective of this project are;
l, To understand the fundamental of using digital video,
o Using the digital video is actually same as analog video but digital video more
complex and easy to be used, In meantime, digital video gives us advantages by
processing the signal in binary,
2, To understand fully mechanism of connection from a digital video to
computer using interface module,
o To edit a picture from a digital video to computer, this needs linking such as
using an interface to make the nonlinear editing success. This project also covers
connection between digital video and computer using whether the parallel and
series as a connection by choosing the best one.
3. To study the architecture of the interface module,
o Interface module for editing digital video picture using software nowadays being
marketed widely in any kind of brand and special feature. This project exposed
which characteristic of these interfaces that give high performance, This project
also carries out which ways it makes the connection of both are ideal and
efficient.
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f •
4. To understand how software applications can give such a great picture after
editing.
o Adobe After Effect is most widely software that being used to edited the picture
from digital video. It contains much more techniques to present the picture in
different style. This project also makes a comparison with the other editing
picture software and deeply focuses on Adobe After Effect.
5. To look into the possibi I ity of enhance certain of its future.
o Each material that used digitally, have more enhance future compare to analog.
In a world towards digitally, this project looked how far can this digital video
come over through the year. This project provides information about digital video
growth, before and towards years.
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p $!
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Digital video
Digital video is a time-based media, typically running anywhere from Sfps to
30fps, which is normally viewed in a linear sequence and consists of a series of
frames or images timed with audio. Digital video apply the Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM) digital recording one 16 bits I 48 kHz stereo channel or two 12 bits I 32 kHz
channel. Usually digital video has been created from an analog master or analog
source tape, although this is changing due to new digital cameras and digital audio
capture devices.
Digital video is an approximation of analog video. Each works with the
same basic principle to create motion, but each has a distinct set of characteristics.
As there digital technology in video, the previous technology has to be referred to
as analog.
The reason why digital being used in video field are;
I. Quality of reproduction of a well engineered digital video system is independent
of the medium and depends only on the quality of the conversion process.
2. Conversion of video to the digital domain allows tremendous
opportunities that were denied to analog signals.
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