Hamilton PH. 1981. The Leopard and the Cheetah in Kenya Part 2.

Keywords: 1Afr/1KE/Acinonyx jubatus/cheetah/Leopard/status/survey/report/species

Abstract: Part 2: Report about the leopard. The related "endangered species" the Cheetah is included in Chapter 4 and 5. A survey and discussion about the status of the species.

The cheetah occurs in the Comiphora bushland below theIaita Hil ls but I hive no info.r"at i on-i i- i i l -JTa tu s.

4 .3 .1 I t . Tsavo Na t i ona l Pa rk

tTsavo Na t iona l Pa rk , a r 20 ,821 k '2 (8 ,037 sq [m i . ) t he ,a rge r i

i n Kenya , used to con ta in a subs tan t i a l l eopa rd popu la t i on i n t he1940s be fo re i t becane a na t i ona l pa rk . l t y t racke r E lu i u5ed to hun tI eopards the re fo r t he i r sk ios and found them th roughou t t l e a rea .They were pa r t i cu le r l y nu rne rous a long the Tsavo , A th i , Ga lana , andT iva r i ve rs and a t Ngu l i € , ( i asa , and J i f t e tunda .

In 1948 when the Park was gaze t ted , mos t o f i ! t rwas ccve recin dense bush cons i s t i ng fo r t he no5 t pa r t o f Comn ipho re , De lon i x ,and A (ac ia w i th ex tens i ve beds o f Sansev ie r i a g ro . . / i nA ; ;de r t t r e ;haoeof t6ElEJrees,' (sheIdrick I955).

-161;-F;5Eai conri ined n,nerou,

Iesse r kudu , ge renuk , and d i kd i k . under the tw in i n f l ! ences o f e l . -phan ts and f i r e t he t ree -bush conp lex hss been des t royed o r t h innecou t i n many a reas , w i th rep lacemen t by bush g rasg land and g rass land(Goddard 1970) . Vhere th i s ha5 happened the ie b ro rse rs ha ie l a rge l yd i sappeared and heve no t ye t been rep laced by ve ry f i l ch e l se . Th i schange o f hab i ta ! and p rey has a l i r l os t ce r ta in l y been de t r i hen ta t t othe l eopard , no t l eas t because by concen t ra t i ng them in the rema in ingsu i tab le a reas i t r nay have nade them no re vu lne rab le to poach inE .Ano the r adve rse hab i ta t change r ras the damage caused to r i ve r i nevege ta t i on i n l 95 l l r hen f l oods to re l onq s t re t ches o f f o res t f r o in thcbanks o f t he Ga lana R ive r ( cane Dep t . t t 6 t ) .

Vakamba guch as E lu i have hun ted l eopards i n Tsavo fo r maryyea rs . Bu t a l t hough they undoub ted l y dep le ted l oca l popu la t i o f l si t seems tha t t hese were genera l l y ab le to recove r . One o f € lu i , sfavou r i t e t rapp ing a reas i n t he 1940s r vas the Tsavo R ive r be lowl l gu l i a . I n Sep tember t97 t he and I spen t f i ve days wa lk ing a to r rgthe r i ve r and saw no l ess than th ree l eopards and two f resh k i l i spu re l y by chance : no rad io -co l l a rs i Leopard t racks were eve rywhere ,and E lu i be l i eved th6 t t he popu la t i on had fu l l y recove red f rom haspas t dep reda t i on5 . l n a rch 1980 Nre re tu rned to the sa rne a rea fo r aone-day r r conna issance l rh i ch a l t hough admi t ted l y b r i e f shou ld ha , , , cbeen Iong enough fo r uS to f i nd 9o .ne s ign o f l eopa rds . Ve d iC no ' .see any spoor Nrha tsoeve r , f r esh o r o ld , a t any o f t he neny po in l . sa long the r i ve r where we sea rched , o r i n f i ve hou rs o f wa lk inq i n ana rea where fo rmer l y I woq ld have gua ran teed to see l eopard t rEcks .Th is i s no t t o say tha t t he re a re no l eopards l e f t a long th i s s t re t cho f r i ve r - | knc f rqn Rangers ! repo r t s t ha t t he re a re - bu t i t doesre f l ec t a d ras t i c dec l i ne In numbers . S ta f f a t Nau l i a Lodae wherein l g i l - 74 l eopards qu i te o f ten used to d r i nk a t i he poo t

' r eoo r t

t ha t t hey no l onger do so .

Th is dec l i ne can be a t t r i bu ted to the Soma l i gangs wh ichopera tcd i n t he i l gu l i . Range and a long the Tsavo R ive r i n 197 \ -1971Hhen the l eopard was once aga in one o f t he i r p r i nc ipa l t a rge ts ;sc rne gangs were devo t i ng the i r a t ten t i on 5o le l y t o l eopa rds . I h rveseen the p i l es o f sna res recove red by the an t i -poach ing F ie ld Fo rceand be l i eve the Sdra l l s have done a tho ro lgh j ob . O the r pa r t s o fTsavo were p robab ly s im i t a r l y a f fec ted , f o r Soma l i l eopa rd poachersoperated in Tsavo East too. l{oreover after the Government took overf rq r Kenya t l a t i ona l Pa rks l n 1976 the re was a tempora ry bu t c r l c i a ldec l i ne i n t he e f fec t i veness o f an t i -poach ing ope ra t i ons , as thespec tacu l6 r dec l i ne o f t he Park ' s e lephan t and rh ino popu la t i ons s inc .then conf i rms.

f '

6 6 -

There a re noe / , i n 1981 , s igns o f a l eopa rd r come-back , i nthe Ngu l l a a rea , acco rd ing to recen t repo r t s f ro | rn Rangers . Th i s i sencourag lng bu t no t en t l re l y unexpec ted as i t was un l i ke l y t ha t t neSona l l s hed succeeded in t rapp ing 6 l I t he l eopards l i v i ng i n t h i ss teep and rugged Range . Desp i te Tsavo ' s hab i ta t changes , t he pa rk ' sleopard popu la t i ons a re l i ke l y t o recove r f rom recen t dep le t i on andony be he lped i f , f o l l * v ing the re laxa t i on o f e lephan t p ressu re , t nePresent open vegetetlon revertg to Conmi phora busl and, as pregents igns o f regenera t i on sugges t i t m .y .

. Cheetah are nov{ being seen more often than in the past inboth Tsavo East and Tsavo Vest-

4 .1 ,1 ! . Ga lana end X rJ la lu Ranches

^ The5e two large ranches, which betv,/een them cover over7 , 6 0 0 r m z ( 2 , 9 1 4 s q . m i . ) , t i e i n C o a s t p r o v i n c e a d j o i n i n g T s a v o E a s tNa t iona l Pa rk . A l though they do no t f o rm a d i s t r i c t o f t he i r ov lnand have no t been t rea ted a5 a separa te un i t e l s€where i n t h i s repo r r .I have taken them on the i r a rvn he re as the re i s qu i te a l o r o f i n fo r -ma t ion abou t t he ,n tha t i s wor th examin ing i n de ta i l . As i n Tsavo ,they have undergone eJ ( teng ive hab i ta t changes and heavy poach ing ,E c o l o g i c a l l y t h e y a r e s i m i l a r , c o n s i s t i n g o f m o d i f i e d C o n n i p h o r abush land o f neg i i g i b le ag r i cu l t u ra l po ten t i a l .

A .co rd ing to the Va l i angu lu Ga lana used to be v re t te r l nanI t i s nc r . t . I n t he 1910s bees s ta r ted to l eave as i t became d r ie r ,l n t he 1950s e lep [an ts began to open up the vege ta t i on and f i r esfol lored. Leopards were rheo numero!s and occurred throuqhout thea rea th rq ighou t t he yea r , even on h i l l s such as Dakad ima ind Daka-daka tha (o ld hun t l ng ! ' - Jund5 o f E lu i ) where i n t he d ry season theneares t pe rmanen t wa te r was ove r 70 km (43 m i l es ) d i s tan t . I nJanuary 1952 , f o r €xa rnp le , t hey cou ld be hea .d a lmos t eve rv n iqh ! onthe T i va , and i n l 96J f i ve d i f f e ren t I eopa fds fed s i mr , I t an eo , , s i y . , "b a i t s s e t N i t h i n a n 8 s q u a r e m i . l e ( 2 0 . 7 k # l a r e a a r o J n d t a l i H i l l s :a density of I leopard per 4 knrz, which is hlgh. l iovever, for menyyears before and after 1960 leopards have been poached by the VakamDaand the Va l i angu lu . The fo rmer , us ing g in t raps , { r sd to ope ra tea long and f rom the T i va , wh i l e t he l a t t e r , l s i ng bow t raps , ope ra teda long and f ro rn the Ga lana R ive r . Th i s poach ing apparen t l y i nc reased i nthe e . r l y 1970s , and i n 1977 Ga lan€ Rrnch was i nvaded by a rmed Soma l ipoachers who shot the Game | lanager in combat and proceeded to ki l le l ephan t and rh ino by the hundreds . Leopards v re re no t t he i r ma tn con -ce rn bu t t hey p robab ly t rapped wha t t hey cou ld . A t any ra te , whereasin 1973 /74 i t r , , as no t d i f f i cu l t t o f i nd 5 i9n o f l eopa rds , pa r t i cu -l a r l y a l o n g t h e G a l a n e R i v e r e n d a t L a l i B i l l s , l e o D a r d s a n d t h e i rt racks a re now ge ldc rn seen , The san re app l i es to the 971 km2 G75sq .n r i . ) Ku la lu Ranch on the sou th ba l l k where the l , l anager knows o f on l !two I eopards,

8y contrast the l lanager of Calana Ranch reports that cheeta',a re 5 t i l l o f t en seen and l t i s h i s lmpress ion tha t t he i r numbers hav€inc reased . The r i se o f t he chee tah .nd the dec l i ne o f t he l eooarda re a lhos t ce r td in l y co r re la ted to sone ex ten t w i th the hab i te !changes tha t have occu r red and i n tu rn resu l ted i n changes i n thespec ies co l rpos i ! i on and re la t l ve numbers o f po ten t i a l p rey an ima ls .lan Parker, Game Varden on the Galana River 6aDe I,tanagement Scherrlf r om 1957-1964 , be l i eves tha t t he ma in cause o f t he l ; ooa rC ,s d i s -eppearance i s i n f ac r hab i ta t change , f o r t he t rans i t i on f rom de rse

Cof i r ' n i pho ra_San5ev ie r i a bqsh land to open bush g rass land h€s resu l tedin the v i r t ua l d i sappearance o f l esse r k r rdu , ge renuk , d i kd i k , andguinea towl. Rodents are not abundant and shade is ncr{ at a premiLjm.ln 1963 , f o r examp le , when Parke r censused e igh t d i f f e ren t s tudy d reason Ga lana us lng the K ing t . ansec t ne !hod (Leopo ld 1933) , he foundd i k d i k d e n s i t i e s r a n g i n g f r o m o - 4 l k m z ( O - 1 0 / s q , m i - ) t o 1 4 8 , / k m 2 ( 1 8 4p e r s q . m i . ) w i t h d e n s i t i e s i n s e v c r a ) a r e a s e x c e e d i n g 4 p l k m 2 ( t 0 4 p e ,s q . m i . ) . I n a t o l a l c e n s u s a r e a o f 2 , 9 5 8 k # ( 1 , 1 4 2 - s a : m i . ) h e e s t i -n a t e d t h e f o l l @ r i n g h e r b i v o r e p o p ! l a t i o n s :

(

f ' 7 2 , 0 3 3 d i k d i k{ ,895 I esser kudu4,731 war thos

t ,z t o get enu k

r t t { | u r a n t s g a z e I I e .

He re tu rned i n 1980 and i n d r i v i ng the 70 km (4J m i tes ) f r c r i La l r t . )Dakad ima fa i l ed to see a s lng le d i kd i k o r gu inea f c | v , / I . Bu t v , / he reaslesse r kudu and ge renuk have a l so i a rge l y d i sappeared , o ryx have i n -c reased i n number to sn e5 t ima ted 7 ,000 -10 ,000 and Gran t r5 oaze l l et o I 3 , 0 0 0 - 1 5 , 0 0 0 . T h i s c h a n q e h a s b e n e f i t t e d r h e c h e e r a h w ; i c h r se s s e n t i a l l y a g a z e l l e e e t e r .

I n conc lus ion the s ta tus o f t he l eopard i n t he Ga lana reg roni s poo r and un l i ke l y t o improve much un less r as i n Tsavo , t he re i s ir eve rs ion to bush land . gu t t h i s i s lmprobab le because the a rea i shanaged as a catt le ranch and has been favoured by the change f ronnbush lahd to open bush g rass land . The s ta tus o f t he chee tah , on theo the r hand , i s good , desp i te the abundance o f t i ons . l , t o reove r i t r sl i L e l y t o i m p r o v e t o t h e p o s s i b l e p o i n t o f b e c o n i n g a s e r i o u s n u i s a n c ei f t he numbers o f sheep and goa ts go Up subs tan ! i a l l y 6s p lenned .

\ . 3 . 1 6 . l t u a l e , K i l i f i l { ombasa and Lanu D is t r i c t s

These d i s t r i c t s compr i se 2 / , J8 / k r# and i nc lude the fe r t i t ecoas ta l s t r i p wh ich s t re t ches abou ! 20 km in land f ron r t he sea andc a r r i e s s u b s t a n t i a l a n d i n c r e a s i n g s e t t l e m e n t e n d c u l t i v a t i o n ( q q

Leopards used to be cdnncn th roughou t t he coas ta l s t r i p ,p a r t i c u l a r l y a t S h i m o n i , n e a r t h e T a n z a n i a n b o r d e r , w h e r e i n 1 9 0 1t h e y c o u l d o f t e n b e h e a r d c a l l i n g d u r i n g d a y l i g h t ( p e r c i v a l l 9 2 q ) .0ve r t he yea rs , ho ! , / eve r , t hey have con t i nuoqs l y been sho t , t r apped ,and po i soned , pa rL i cu la r l y i n t he Bon i coun t r y be t t veen Lan i r sndKiunga (Game Dept. 1929, 1930, 1937, 1956-57, 1958-59) and are nor.rl ess con rnoh . L / i l d l i f e Depar then t wardens agsess the f as rmodera te l ynumerous r i n K . ra l e D is t r i c t and t ra re r i n LaEu , bu t t he assessmen tlha t t hey a re absen t f rom K i l i f i D i s t r i c t i s w ronq . No reoo r t5 o fs tock_ ra id ing by l eopards were reco rCed in Coas t F rov ince i rom 1977 to1980 , a fac t t ha t cou ld po in t t o dep le t i on . 8u t t he spec ies hasa lso been a f fec ted by l oss o f hab i ta ! such as reduc t i on o f t heArabuko -Sokoke , D ian i , and Sh imon i f o res ts , t he c lea r ino o f densecoas t6 l bush land fo r t he cons t ruc t i on o f beach houses a id ho te l s ,and the i n land expans ion o f se t t l emen t and cu l t i va t i on . Leopards a reno longer as corDnon at Dlani as they vrere f i f leen yelrs ago, anda l though they s t i l l ex i5 t € t Sh in |on i and a re somet i | nes he€ rd . t he i rh a b i L a t i s f a s t d i s a p p e a r i n g a s f r e s h g r o u n d i s c l e a r e d f o r c u t t i v a r i o ni n l a n d . E x c e p t i n t h e S h i . n b a H i l l s N a t i o n a t R e s e r v e ( l 9 j k " 2 ) ,where they a re p resen t l y numeroL rs , t he i r l ong te rm fu tu re on theCoas t be tween Sh imon i and Ia l i nd i does no t l ook p romis ing . They w i l Isu rv i ve bu t no t i n any g rea t numbers .

o u -

Nor th o f I a l i nd i t o t he Sorne l i bo rde r , l oss o f hab i ta !has been ruch l ess rE rked and the human popu la t i on i s s t i l I soa r< .except for thb Lake Kenyatta sett lsnent ici,er" nea. L"*. Ori-*r io f t h i s l and has h igh ag r i cu l t u ra l po ten t i a l and w i l l beco rne i n -c reas lng l y heav i l y popu la ted as peop le move in f rom o the r a reas .The Game Department reports cited shcrJ that leopard poaching haslong been heavy i n Lanu D is t r i c t , and repo r tg f r4n p ro fess i6na lhun te rs shc r r t ha ( i t con t i nued i n to the t97Os when , f o r e ran .p le ,Ba jun i s were ca tch ing I eopards be tween K ip in i and Lamu w i th i hepecu l i a r l y coas ta l t echn ique o f suspend ing ba i !ed sha rk hoo ls f r o_ - rb ranches . The Dodor i Ns t i ona l Rese rve (877 k rz ) D rov ides d r r r rusp r o t e c t i o n a t D r e s e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e ' s h i f t a ' a n d a l I D a t r o , . . : . - n e sto be done Jn we l ) -a rmed s t reng th .

C h e e t e h d o n o t o c c u r i n t h e c o a s t a l g t r i D e x c e r J iD i s t r i c t w h e r e t h e y a r e u n c o ' m o n .

4 . 3 . l 7 , T a n a R i v e r D i s t r i c t

Tana R ive r O is t r i c t (38 ,694 k# : 2 pe rsons /k .2 ; o f Lo "s tP rov ince nos t l y cons i s t s o f a r i d t ho rn -bush land spa rse l y popu la teoby nomad ic o rma and Ga l l a he rdsnen , w i th the excep t i on o f b rokF-be l t s o f l b roko ro and Pokomo cu l t i va t i on E long the Tana be tvJee :Iba lamba la and K ip in i . l t i nc ludes pa r tg o f Ga lana Ranch and Tsd?ol {a t i ona l Pa rk bu t t hese a re exc luded f rom cons ide ra t i on he re . wh i ( i i : .c o n f i n u d t o ! h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e d i s t r i c t .

I n t he 1920s l eopards used to be p ten t i f u l a lonq r t . r Tanaa n d c o u l d b e h e a r d g r u n t i n g e v e r y n i g h t ( L / a t t e v i l j e 1 9 2 7 ) . T i e ywere pa r t i cu la r l y numerous i n the r i ve r i ne fo res ts . wh ich have s rncet h e n s u f f e . - d h e a v i l y f r o m b u r n i n g a n d c l e a r i n g , b u t t h e y a l s ooccu r red awey f ro r , t he r i ve r , t hough no t i n such numbers excep tpe rhaps a long the T i va . I be l l eve the Game Depar tmen t ca r r i €c ; ou ia l eopa rd po i son ing canpa ign i n t he 1920s a t t he requeg t o f t he l oca lpeop le , h rho comp la ined o f s tock - ra id ing , bu t have no t been ab le to l aymy hands on annua l repo r t s f rom th i s pe r iod . Neve r the less deso i teth i5 campa ign , v rh i ch aus t haye caused many dea ths , and desp i te t rap -P ing by the vakamba , va l i angu )u , Ga l l a , and pokomo in the ta te 1950sthe re were s t i l l r easonab le nunbers o f l eopa rds a l l a lonq the Tandf rqn l l e ru ha t i ona l Pa rk to the coas t i n 1960 .

In the 1960s , hoveve r , Sooa l i 9an95 moved in w i th 9 in r rap5and by 1973 had heav i l y dep le ted l eopard popu la t l ons a tong th i v :ho ieleng th o f t he Tana f rom the de l ta to t {e ru pa rk . I n 1972 i he re wasl i t t l e ev idence o f l eopa rds a long the l o re r Tana nea r ven je (Andre i {5 ,Groves 6 l l o rne 1975 ,6 pe rsone l obse rva t i ons ) , where they used ro beco rn rnon , and In t978 no s iqn o f t he r r be tween Bura and Nan lo i . t n t heNora Ne t iona l Rese rve (1 ,788 km2, /690 sq . ' i i . ) on the upp€r Tana jus tdowns t ream o f l l e ru P . r k , l eopa rds were s t i l l ev iden t i n 1971 a l t nougr lt he re v re re s lgns eve rywhere o f t rapp ing by the Vakamba , Tha raka , andorma. The So f ia l i 5 t hen moved in and v i r t ua l l y w iped ou ! t he re r i a rnoe r .George Adanrson, a retired Senior oame lr€rden who l lves at Kora Rocksand v i s i t s a l I pa r t s o f t he negerve by veh ic le and on foo t , has secon ly one l eopa .d i n n ine yea rs and be l i eves the popu la t i on o f t h i sla rge a rea nc

numbers l ess than a dozen ; a dens i t y o f l e55 than1 /150 k t# o r l / 58 sq .m i . l t ! , r i l l t ake a l ong t ime io .o .ou " . "nohas not yet shorn f lrch sign of doing so.

o > -

E l sanhere .on the Tana , pa r t i cu la r l y be tween Ho la and Garsen ,con t i nued des t ruc t i on o f t he r i ve r i ne fo res t w i l l adve rse l y a f fec tthe recove ry o f t he l eopard f ro rn i t s p .esen t g rave dep le t i on . . l n r srecove ry w i l l no t be ass ig ted by the i nc reas ing human se t t l e ren t anJc u l t i v a t i o n t h a t c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o f o l l o r r e c i n t n e a r - a n n i h i l a t i o no f t he d i s t r i c t r s once l a rge e lephan t popu l . t i ons . The lF9 kn r2 TanaR ive r P r i f i l a te Reserve i s o f I i t t l e consequence because o f - i t s sna l is i ze and sca rc i t y o f l eooa rds ,

8y con t ras t t he s ta tus o f t he chee tah appears to be good .The spec ies s t i l I occu rs th roughou t t he Tana bush land , a l t houohprobably not in the numbers of the 1950s when it lras co, ion t i seethe rn , occes iona l l y even i n g roups o f t en o r twe lve , on the Hw ing i -Gar i ssa , Gar i ssa -Garsen and Garsen - Ia l i nd i roads , Even no . r , ho ieve r ,t hey a re s t i l l o f t en seen be tween Garsen and the coas t . l n Ko rawhere the l eopard was so nea r l y ex te rm ina ted , t he s ta tus o f t hechee tah i s exce l l en t . The spec ies b ras l i t t l e a f fec ted by t rapp ingand has i nc reased i n numbers such tha t George pdamson es t ima te ; t he rea r e a t l e a s t 1 0 0 : a d e n s i t y o f l / 1 8 k m z o r l / 7 s q u a r e r n i l e s . l t esee5 them "p re t t y we l I eve ry week , ' . Chee tah i n l b ra p robab ly I i vel a r g e l y o n d i k d i k a n d g a m e b i r d s - f o r t h e r e i s I i t t t ; e l s e I a n .nay the re fo re have bene f i t t ed f ro r i t he dec l i ne o f t he comDet ina l eo -pa rd . Bu t t hey obv ious l y t h r i ve i n t h i s dense bush land hab i ta i o funv io la ted Co"nn ipho ra , where they have p roved be t te r ab le to su rv i veman 's c tns laugh t ! han the nx rch vaun ted l eoDard .

4 . 3 . 1 8 . G . r i s s a D i s t r i c t

L i ke Tana R ive r , Gar i ssa D is t r i c t (q3 ,931 km2) o f No r th -Eas te rn P rov ince cons i s t5 o f ho t , f l a t , l o^ r - l y i ng , a r i d l and o fn e g l i g i b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l b u t i s o c c u p i e d b y n o r a d i c S o m a l iherdsmen (2 Dersons/k# ).

Leopards undoub ted l y s t i l I occu r t h roughou t t he d i s t r i c tbu t i n a s ta te o f dep le t i on . l t i s un l i ke l y t ha t t hey a re nc rJ p resen tanywhere - i n nu rnbe r , even i n the Raho le and A rawa le Na t iona l Rese rves(1 ,270k '# and 531 k r# ) f o r t hese were sub jec ted to Soma l i poac l i ngno l ess than o rhe r a reas . The Son i Na t i ona l nese rve ( t , 34b t# ) ,where l eopards uged to be numerous , i s a t so o f doub t fu l va lue , f o rthe game reason as Dodori. The Game !y'arden (Garissa) regards leopardsa9 | ra re r i n t he d i s t r i c t and rece i ves no repo r t s o f s to -k - ra id in9 .I t i 5 no t kno rn $ rha t e f fec t t he D i5 t r i c t Counc i l ' s hyaena po i son ingcampa igns i n t he ea r l y 1960s had on the l eopard popu le t i on bu t i n1963 a lone the tean accoun ted fo r 910 hyaenas (C i re Oep t . 1963) andi t i s l i ke l y t ha t a t l eas t so .ne l eopards n l s t have d ied too .

Chee tah a l so occu r t h ro l rghou t t he d i s t r i c t and have evenbeen reco rded f ron the Bon i Fo res t a rea (Graharn g pa rke r 1965) . The i rs ta tus i s be t te r t han tha t o f t he l eopard , f o r t he same reasons as i nT a n a R i v e r D i s t r i c t .

4 . 3 . 1 9 . l . / a j i r a n d | a n d e r a O i s t r i c t s

ya j i r and l l ende ra d i s t r i c t s (56 ,50 t k r2 and 26 ,470 k# ) o fHor th -Eag te rn P rov ince bo th compr ige ho t , f l s t , l ow- l y ing a r i d l ando f n e g l i g i b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l o c c u D i e d b v n o n a d i c S o n a l iherdsmen (2 persons/km2 and 6 persons/kfl i) .

t

Professional hunters havc not operated In l{orth-EasternProv ince fo r many yea rs becausc o f t he secu r l t y o i t ua t i on . Bu t t a i i rand handera weiE never among the mogt poFJlar hunting areas. Theyrde re remote , su i t ab le on l y f o r spec ia l l r ed hun t l ng , and have beena f f l i c ted by t sh i f t a , gue r i l t a €c t l v l t y eve r s lnc i 1963 . I os t o fnry information on the area has corne frora Ken Snith, € recently re-t i r ed Sen lo r va rden who has k ind l y t apped loca l t r i \ csmcn md 'gamerangers for u p-to-dat e infornatlon,

Leopards a re w ide l y d l s t r l bu ted .nd used to be abundan t I nboth distr icts. Alrhough the present Gdne lrarden (tJaj i r) bel ievesthe re a re none in h i s d i s t r l c t and has rece l ved no repo r t s o f s tocK-ra id ing , l eopa rds do s t i l l occu r i n t he no r them po r t i o i a lonq theE th iop ian bo rde r and a r Ko rond i l , A l l Go l l o , l a rb i j , and Xhor i fHarar. At Ajao and Bute Helu they even do a certaln anount ofstock-raiding. There are no reports of leopards in the southerhp o r t i o n o f V a j i r D i s t r i c t . n d t h i 5 l s b e l i e v e d t o r e f l e c t a l e s sfavourable habitat of open gcrub wlth f6{ of the dry Nratercorrsestha t l eope rds l i ke so ruch , re la t i ve l y t t t t l e p rey , . nd I o ! , / l i ves tockdens i t i es . I have no de ta i l s o f l eopa rd poach ing i n ya j i r bu t i thas probably been substantial enoqgh to deplete the leopard popula-t i on , g i ven the l ack o f an t i -poach ing ope ra t i ons and the p rox im i t y o fE th iop ia and Soma l ia . Leopard t rapp ing i s ce r ta in l y no th ing new inI ' landera Distr ict $,here even in the 19509 the country was heivi lypoached by l{arehan tr ibeshen fron across the border and lndioenouscu r reh ( came Oep t . 1954-55 ) .

Recent reports suggest that the status of the leopard isbe t t€ r i n l ande ra 0 i s t r i c t t han i n ga j l r , desp i te sqne dep le t l on ,The 6ame Varden (l4andera) believe5 leopards are present in noderalenumbers and rece i ves sone repo r t s o f s tock - ra ld ing . I n fo rma t ionf ro i Ken Smi th sugg€ . rs tha t l eopa rdg g t i l l occu r a lono the R ive rDaua, where they used to be ntrnerous bcfore the heavy ioaching ofthe 1950s and 1970s , and a re reasonab ly abundan t hea r Ne lka Sa lsand i n the Se i r H i l l s Hhere they s re ra id to feed l a rge l y on baboons .They a l so occu r a t F inno on the So f i a l l bo rde r , a t Tak ;ba , snd In theDan issa and Bamba h i l l s bu t a re apparcn t l y . bsen t a t n t l ak . t r on i -ca l l y i t seems tha t t he Sdna l l l eopa rd t r . ppe rs have l n f l l c ted l essdamage in th i s Soma I i - i nhab I t ed d i s t r i c t ad jo in ing the So .na l i Repub-l i c t hen i n the essen t l a l l y non -Sona l i a rcas fu r t i e r res twards 6ndsou thwards . The exp len . t l on fo r t h l s t r | ay l i e ps r t l y i n t he po l i t i cso f 5ecess ion . l bch o f t he Soma l l poach i l g o f w l l d l l f e l n no i the rnKenya has had a poll t ical ss well a5 aconomic notlve: to reduce thevalue of the land to the Kenya Government by removing a potenti€la t t rac t i on fo r t oq r i s f i , spo r t hun t l ng , . nd o the r f o r rE o f r i l d l i f eu t i i i sa t i on . The r5h i f t a r have tended to d i rec t t he b ruo t o f t he i rac t i v i t i es to Harsab i t , l s l o lo , Saoburu , t t e ru , L . l k i p ta , ca r i ssa , andTana R ive r d i s t r i c !5 ra the r t han l andera and Va j l r nh l ch a re a l reasy' in their bosofi 'r so to speak.

Prospects for reco\r.ry of the leopa.d popul.t lons of Vajirand l l ande ra d i s t r i c t5 a re aeasonrb le l f t he Sqml15 r l f r a in f ronf ! r t he r t rapp ing ; t h l s l 5 l l ke l y because reccn t I n fo rDa t ion f r cmDj ibo l t i i nd i ca tes tha t t he marke t f o r l eopa rd gk in r l s no t goodnor . Leopard p rey such as Gran t r s gaze l l e , l esse r k ldu , ge renuk ,and d i kd i k a re s t i l l abundan t (D i r sch l , Hbugua 6 l Je t rDre 1978) andthe re i 5 no l i ke l i hood o f any naJo r change in l and -use i n the fo re -seeab le fu tu r€ as , apa r t f r om 6ny th ing e l se , t he re i s l l t t l e pe rmanen t

twate r . I ndeed in mos t pa r t s o f t h i5 a r i d coun t r y the res iden t l i o r . s ,l eopa rds and chee ta f t s have so l i t t l e chEnce o f d r i nk ing a t t he r , / e l l stha t t hey r tus t be su rv i v ing w i thou t su r face wa te r f o r f i ve o r s i xmonthS of everY Year.

The g ta tus o f t he chee tah i 5 good . The spec ies occu rsth roughou t bo th d i s t r i c t s , even where the re i s no su r faae wa te r i nthe d ry seeson , as be tween Va j i r and Habaswe in . P rey i r p len l i f u l ,pa r t i cu la r l y i n t he fo rm o f gaze l l es , and the re i s no reason to be -l i eve tha t t he spec ies ha5 su f fe r€d s ign i f i can t lY f rqn poach ing . l t 5

ProsPec r s l ook good .

4 . 3 . 2 0 . l s i o l o D i s t r i c t

f s i o lo D ig t r i c ! i s an e r i d pas to ra l a rea o f 25 ,605 knzoccL rp ied l a rge l y by no rnad i c he rdsmen (2 pe rsons /kn l ) . l t used tobe Eoran coun t r y bu t s incc 1963 has been in f i l t r a ted by g ro r i i nUnrmbers o f Soqa l i s who a re no { i , do rn inan t .

Un t i l t ha t yea r l eopa rds occu r red th roughou t t he d i s t r i c t ,o f t e n i n c o n s i d e r a b l e a b u n d a n c e . A l o n g t h e x e r i l l e l u g g a i f o rexamp le , t he re were acco rd ing to one p ro fess iona l hun te r " sPec tacu -

la r l y a l o t " i n 1959 . I n the sa rne yea r ano the r hun te r i n t he Shabaarea saw ih ree l eopards i n one day w i thoJ t t he a id o f ba i t5 . I nE lock I l eopa rds were r l eve rywhere " , and i n B lock 2 o : cu r red , i n

inc red ib le nunbers " . They were found a l l a long the Ewaso Ng i ro R ive ri r om Earsa l i nga to the Lo r ian S \ . ramp and were e5pec ia l l y numerousa round shaba .

A f te r t he Sh i f t a l r e rgency o f t he m id -1960s Sona l i gangsh , i t h f i r ea rms and g in t raps began to poach th roug .ou t t he d i s t r i c tand the i r poach ing r€Eched a peak i n 1958-1970 . These gangs ope ra tedf rom base ca : ' r ps h idden i n deep l uggas o r dense vege ta t i on and d i s -pe rsed f rom the re v r i t h t he i r 20 -40 t raPs . These they ba i ted w i thrnea t f rom an in ra lg , o f ten g i ra f fe , t ha t t hey sho l . Sone t imes theb a i t s w e r e p l a c e d i n t r e e s w i t h a g i n t r a p c o n c e a l e d a t t h e b a s e o rs t ra teg i ca l l y p laced i n a b rushwood enc losu re w i th on l y one en t rance .l . l o re o f ten a sma l I hunk o f mea t was p laced ove r a g in t rap bu r iec ona game t ra i l v /he re f resh l eopard t racks had been seen , and the un -fo r tuna te l eopards were f requen t l y t rapped by the muzz le . La rqenumbers o f hyaenas were caugh t , l o t s o f l eoPards , and qu i te a fevI i ons bu t sca rce l y any chee tahs . Un t i | 1973 the Game DePar tmen tfough t t h i s menace w ; th cons ide rab le success by smbush ing ba i t s o r byfo l l cp r i ng hunan foo tp r i n t s t o base camps wh ich were su r rounded anda t tacked a t dawn . A t f i r s t t hese camps ho !5ed ra the r sma l I g roups o 'poachers (2 -6 ) bu t l a te r when the Tu rkana and Senburu had been co_op ted i n to poach ing , l a rge g ro rPs o f l 5 -30 wc re encouo te red . oneG a m e o e o a r t m e n t C o r o o r a l w a s k i l l e d i n l s i o l o D i s t r i c t a n d o t h e r s w e r cwounded e l se t rhe re , bu t t he an t i -poach ing teams recove red a vas t numbero f t raF ,s and k i I l ed ove r f o r t y Poachers . Un fo r tuna te l y a f l e t 1973chanqes i n pe rsonne l l ed to dec l i n ing e f f i c i ency and e f fec t i veness 'and the un i t s p roved unab le to co rnba t b r i t h t he seme success themass ive s laugn !e r o f e lephan ts and rh ino tha t t ook p lace th roughou tf s io lo D is t r i c t , and no r the rn Kenya qenera l l y , be tv reen 1973 a r ,d 1979 .

The tesu l t o f t he t rapp ing desc r ibed v ias tha t by l 97q thel e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n s o f l s i o l o D i s t r i c t h a d b e e n h e a v i l y d e P l e t e d :a l l i n fo rma t ion f rom p ro fess iona l hun te rs ag rees on th i s ' The 606 L ' ' r 'B i sanad i Congerva t i on A rea (nov Na t iona l Rese rve ) ad jo in ing l l e ru Pa rk

td r v o r seasona l wa te rcou rse

t '

- 7 2 -

j 1 ! ^n9 t "9scaqe . o r d id i r ha t i s nd r t he Shaba Na t iona l Rese rve(z ' : r km_ , wh ich i nc ludes the She f6 D ika a rea $ ,h i ch used to be famousfo r l eopa rds In ' t he hun t i ng days bu t where t r , u r " "n i i " t . - i r l - n - ,i a re . (Adam5on . l 9E0) . F ina l l y a p ro fess iona l hun te r who under took a. z v K n t t S t m r r e ) f o o t s a f a r i i n - 1 9 7 5 f r o m N g a r e N d a r e , v r e s t o f t s i o l o ,to l l ba lamba le , on rhe Tana , v ia ca rba fu la a ia eenane , ' f *n j i o f . o_pa rd t racks Nrha rsoeve r a l t hough he d id see chee tah t . i . t i - . " i t . . "occas I ons !

. . T h " l g h a s c l e a r l y b e e n a m a j o r d e c l i n e t o w h i c h i n t e n s i v rp o a c n r n g c o n t r i b u t e C h e a v i l y . B u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f o t h e r f a c t o r sSuch as d i sease ope ra t i ng a t t he 5ane t i n te canno t be ru led ou t ,because v r ruses and bac te r i a a re so much less obv ious l han poach inggangs and -9 in t raps the i r p resence can eas i l y go unno t i ced . Theoec r rne o t t eopards on some o f t he ranches , such as K is ima and O ll ' l € i so r , on the upper Ewaso in ne ighbour ing La i k ip ia , desp i te theabsence o f heavy poach iog , sugges is tha t i a ta t d i se i se may we l l havet a k e n a t o l l i n s o m e e r e a s , a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s n o d e f i n i t e e v i d e n c e .The poss ib i l i t y shou ld be bo rne i n m ind th rooghou t "ny "on i i a " i "a io "o f t he dec l i ne o f l eopa rds i n no r the rn Kenya .

. The Game Varden ( l s i o lo ) rega rds l eopards as ra re and re -ce i ves fen repo r t s o f s tock - ra id in9 . i h " r " . . " no " , t * r "uu i , - r , gn .o f an i nc ip ien t ' come-b .ck ' i n sone a reas , such as b locks 1 , Z , an |? : -8 r : . i , .may be many yea rs be fo re l eopards a re aga in ah jnaan i , anarna r w r I I depend upon them be ing g i ven a chance .

8y con t ras t t he s ta tus o f t he chee tah i s 5a t i s fec to ry .

4 . 3 . 2 1 . S a m b u r u D i s t r i c t

S a n b u r u D i s t r i c t ( 2 0 , 8 0 8 k m 2 ) i s a n a r ; d p a s ! o r a l a r e a o il qJ 69 r i cu l t u ra l po teo t i a t popu ta ted by the nonud i l l i rU r . , p lop r "t ) pe rsong /km. ) . Bu t l y i ng nos t l y above 3000r i t con ta ins seve ra ls teep ro res ted moun ta in ranges exceed ing 7000 , and i nc tud ino thel ( a r i r i a H i l l s , 0 t D o i n y o L e n k i y i o ( o r t h e H a ! h e w s R a n g e ) , t f , e N d o t or l oun ta ins , and tha Ny i ru Ranqe .

_ U n t i l I 9 5 3 a l l r e p o r t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o n t a r n e daD abundan t l eopa rd popu la t i on . t t w i s easy fo r p ro fess ion " i hun . "aato . f i nd l eopards i n any o f t he b locks and t i r ey o f i en hea rd themca l l i ng a round the i r camps , I n l 9G4 the s i t ua t i on began to Je te r ro -ra te as a resu l t o f i nc reased i n f i t t r a t i on by the Tu r iana and i he r i seo f t he Sona t i sh i f ra ( came Dep t . 1964) . By i 96g_1970 leoparJ poach_l l 9 : " t ,

" , i t s he igh t and l eopard popu la t i ons were su f fe r i ng heav i l y .rhe ru rkaoa $ ,e re us ing whee l t raps and ba i ted w i re sna res a i t acheo toa sap l i ng . 8u t t hey l re re ou tc tassed by the Soma l i s us ing g in t rapsb rough t i n by the hundred f ron E th iop i i and Soma l i a . l s ' i i t s i o to ,came. Dep . r tmen t pa t ro l s f ough t r r i t h cons i de rab l e r r i " " r i , l r i - i f , "5o rnBr r s were ve ry e f f i c i en t and des t royed l a rge numbers o f l eopa rds .They hrere later helped by the gradual 6reakdJn oi g"." O"o"rr i"n.an t i -poach ing ope ra t i ons e f te r t he D iv i s iona l Uarden a t Hara la t v ,ast rans fe r red i n t 971 . By 1974 the Depar then t was shoo t i no l a roe num-bers o f zeb ras fo r t he i r sk ins i n t he l l a ra la l a rea and t i e re i , , . " ron!o be l i eve tha t sc rne o f t h i s mea t was used fo r ba i t s . p ro fesg iona lhun te r5 . . t hen had d i f f i cu l t y i n f i nd ing l eopards and on . ru " , i i ,OOO, tce r ta rn o t t he reason fo r t he i r d i sappearance . La te r o the r hun te rgfound ev idence o f po igon ing a round l i a ra la l .

Unt i I l 97 l l eopa rds $ re re , desp i te the T ! r kena /Soma l i on -s laugh t , s t i l I r easooab ly common ih B locks 5 l , ! 1 , and !4 . 8U t f romtha t da te the i r dec l i ne acce le ra ted . They hanaged to ho ld ou t i nB lock 5 l i n t he Kar i s ia H i l l s eas t o f l t a ra la l bu t e l se* , /he re sub iec -t i ve impress ions o f p ro fess iona l hun te rs sugges t t hey were heav ; l yreduceC in nunber . I n B lock 52 , f o r examp le , rhey were a lmos t ex te r -m ina ted on | l oun t Ny i ru where they used !o be so p len t i f u l , and by 1973the i r t r acks were sca rce , t he i r ca l l s v {e re no l onger hea fd , and ba i t swere l e f t un touched , even i n the fo res t . I n B lock 53 , wh ich used tobe one o f t he bes t b locks fo r l eopa rd i n Sanburu , t hey were v i r t ua l l ye l i m i n e t e d a l o n g t h e S e i y i a a n d f i i l g i s l u g g a s a n d I m y s e t f f o u n d l i t t t es i g n o f t h e i r p r e s e n c e i n 1 9 7 8 . I n B l o c k 5 4 , w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h ef l a thews and Ndo tos .anges and the l l i l g i g and Sero lev i l uggas , t he rei s a l so ev idence o f dec l i ne .nd even no r , , s i gns o f l eopa rd the re a ref€w and far between, thotrgh I have seen spoor in the t ' tath$rs forests.The Game Varden (Hara la l ) rega rds l eopards as |nodera te l y numerous ancas m ino r g tock - ra ide rs bu t I be l i eve th i s assessmen t i s t rue on l v o ft h e v i c i n i t y o f M a r a l a i a n d d o e s n o t y e t a p p l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e d i s t r i c t ,

I n conc lus ion the sub jec t i ve ev idence ava i l ab le i nd i ca restha t l eop3 rd numbers have p lunge l a l rnos t as bad ly i n Samburu O is t r i c t asanywhere e lge i n Kenya . W i th in a pe r iod o f l ess than e igh t yea rs the . /t / vc re reJuced f rom g rea t abundance to 5eve re dep le t i on a l t ho r jqh thec h e e l a h r e n a i n e d r e l a t i v e l y u n a f f e c t e d a n d i t s s t a r u s i s s t i i l s a t i s -fac to ry . l f l eopa rd5 a re l e f t a lone i n Sahburu fo r t he nex t t en o rf i f t een yea rs they shou ld be ab le to recove r , and the f i r s t s i qns o fth i s have appeared . l l a j o r changes i n l and -use a re un l i ke l y i n - thefo reseeab le fu tu re bu t t he Sambu r r . : , r {ho have l ea rn t t he use o f oo rso f la n d h a v e b e c o n e a c c u s t o m e d t o k i l l i n g w i l d a n i m t s l s f o r p r o f i t , w i l lp robaJ l y keep l eopard numbers dc i , n f rom now on .

4 . 3 . 2 2 . , , l a r s a b i t 0 i s t r i c r

l . l a r sab i t D i s t r i c t (72 ,732 k r ( ' l cons i s t s o f a r i d and ve rya r i d p a s t o r a l l r n d o f n e g l i g i b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l , s o m e o f i tve rg ing on dese r t , w i th l pa rse no lT lad i c popu le t i ons o f Rend i t l e , Bo ran ,and Sanboru ( l pe rson /kmz) .

As e l s6 ihe r€ i n no r the rn Kenya sub jec t i ve i r np ress ionsba5e l on t racks and s igh ! i ngs sugges t t ha t l eopa rds were abunc jan t i nh a r s a b i t D i s t r i c t u n t i l I 9 6 0 . I n t h e L a i s a m i 5 / a u t a r e a , f o rexamp le , t hey were r rex t re rne l y numerous I i n 1947 acco rd ing to onepro fess iona l hun te r , o f ten c€1 led i n t he day t i | ne , and $ re re so un in -h ib i t ed tha t t hey used to b reak i n to l abou r camps in b road day l i gh it c t d i ( e s h e c p a n d g o a t s . I n d e e d i n 1 9 5 4 t r i b e s n e n i n t h e d i s t r i c twere Inq ln to have k i l l ed no l ess than 25 i eopardg and 3 chee tah Inde fence o f t he i . I i ves tock (Roya l Na t i ona l Pa rks 1954) . Leopardswere a l so p len t i f u l a t l | oya le , on the E th iop ian bo rde r , and on r l o !n iI ' l a r sab i t where they cou ld o f ten be hea rd ca l l i ng i n t he fo res t . I nthe ve ry a r i d l ava coun t r y be tv , ,een t l a rsab i t and Lake Tu rkana ( fo rm. r l yL6ke Rudo l f ) t hey were l ess numerous bu t occu r red w ide l y on the h i l l s ,a long the l u99as , and nea r wa te rpo in t s . They were p resen t on theHur i H i l l g and l l oun t Ku la l bL r t we re absen t f rom the Cha lb i Oese : r .They were genera l l y sma l I i n 9 i ze ,

once aqa in , as e i5e tvhe re i n no r thc rn Kenya , t hey v re re 5ub -jec ted to heavy poach ing . I n 1963 the Game Oepar tmen t repo r ted asha rp i nc rease , w i th 27 l eopards and 2 chee tah knc 'wn !o heve been

I

k i l l ed i l l ega l l y , co rnpa red w i th n ine l eopards i n 1952 (Game Dep t .t 9 6 3 ) . T h e s i t u a t i o n d e t e r i o r a t e d I n t h e n i d - 1 9 5 0 s w i t h t h eappearance of Sotia I i shlfta and withdrawal of the Game Departnentf rom l l a rsab i t i n 1964 because o f t he secu r i r y p rob l e j r . The re wd5ex teos i ve t repp ing o f l eopa rds on | l oun t | l a rgab i t , no t on l y i n t neluggas on i t s l o l i e r s lopes bu t a l so i n t he fo res t ; however , amass ive dec l i ne i n t he bushbuck popu la t i on s ince 1960 , p robab ty €5a resu l t o f d i sease , canno t have he lped . I n B tock 69 wes t o f i nemoun te in the Hor r Va l l ey i s repo r ted to have been poached ou t , anda p ro fess iona l hun te r who nc* { ope ra tes came l and foo t sa fa r i s f o !ndno s ign o f l eopa rds the re i n 1978 ,

The mos t recen t i n fo rd€ t i on on the s ta tus o f l a rge ca rn i -vo res i n I l a rsab i t D i s t r i c t comes f rom Kruuk (1980) v rho ca r r i ed ou ta q -non th su rvey o f p reda t i on on l i ves tock i n a 20 ,000 k# 0 ,720sq .m i . ) s tudy a rea tha t i nc luded a l t o f B tock 68 , mos t o f B lock 69 ,and pa r t o f S lock 71 . He found tha t ' t l eopa rds a re ve ry ra re ,recen t l y a lnos t w iped ou t by poach ing , and l a rge l y con f i ned towood laods r r . 8y con t ras t : "Chee tah a re fa i r l y f requen t l y geen ; t heya re p robab ly more co f imon than l i ons , and l r y guess a t t he i r numbersi s be tween 20 and l 00 . r r As i n t he res t o f no r the rn and no r th -eastern Kenya, Kruuk found that I ions and hyaenas are the majors tock - ra i de rs .

The game wardens at l . larsabit and Losai regard leopards asrare in theia area5 but the Gane l larden (l loya I e) says they aremodera te l y nunerous . Th i s co r responds ! r i t h i n fo rma t ion I rece i vedf ro . r p ro fess iona l hun te rs , who con f i rm f rom loca l repo r t s t ha t t he rea re s t i l l qu i t e a few leopards a long the bo rde r esca rpnen t and i n thch i l l s eas t o f | l oya le . Neve r the less they a re fa r l ess numerous thenthey were be fo re poach ing by the sh i f t a .

I n conc lus ion the s ta tus o f t he l eopard i n f . { a rsab i t D i s t -r i c t i s poo r and w i l l t ake a l ong t i l ne to improve , t hough I doub ti f t he spec ies w i l l eve r rega in i t s f o rmer abundance . The s ta tuso f t he chee tah i s be t te r bu t t hese an ima ls a re no t and p robab lyneve r v re re pa r t i cu la r l y nunerous i n t h i s a r i d and o f ten deso la teco rn ! r y . 8u t v r i t h p rey an ima ls such as ge renuk and c ran t ' s gaze l l es t i l ! r easonab ly abundan t (D i r sch t , I t t bugua t ge tmore 1978) thecheetah can be expected to survive for many yearg to come.

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s d i s t r i c t b y d i s t r i c t s t a t u s s u r v e yw i l I be sumar i sed and d i scussed i n Chap te r 5 .

I . 4 . THE LEOPARD As A SToCK.RAIDER

! . 4 . 1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

The resu l t s o f t he coun t r y -w ide s tock - ra id ing su rvey a resun rna r i sed In Tab le 4 .4 . w i th the con t r i bu t i ng s ta t i ong g rouped anthe admin i s t ra t i ve d i v l s l ons used by the l . l i l d l i f e l epa r lmeng . Thegeograph ica l o rde r o f p resen ta t i on i s t ha t used i n the s ta tus su rvey .Apar t f r o f l t r do game s ta t i ons tha t f a i l ed to respond , ques t i onna i rest re re comp le ted by a l l t he Depar tmen t ,5 wardens , bu t na t i ona l pa rksand na t i ona l rese rves , v rhose r ra rdens were ge ldom conce rned w i ths tock - ra id ing , have been exc luded excep t when they p rov ided i n fo r -ma t i on no t o the rw ise ava i l ab le ,

t

. ' t > '

T v { o D o i n t 5 m u s t b e b o r n e i n m i n d i n a s s e s s i n g t h e r e s u l t 5 .

T h e f i r s t i 5 t h a t w h e t h e r a w a r d e n r e g e r d s s t o c k _ r a i d i n q b y l e o P a r d s

a s a n n j o r o r m i n o r p r o b l c m i n h i g a r e a d e p e n d s o n s e v e r a l f a c t o r s :

h i s e x p e r i e n c e a r r d l c n ! t h o f s e r v i c e a s a r , u a r d e n , h i s f a m i l i a r i l l

w i t h t h e a r e a u n d e r h i 5 c o n t r o l ' t h e d e n s i t y o f i t s h u m a n a n d l i v e _

s t o c k p o p L r l a t i o n g , a n d t h e a m o u n t o f s t o c k - r a i d i n g b y l d o P a r d s a n d

o t h e r p r e d a t o r s . S e c o n d l y , m a n y i n c i d e n t s i n b o t h p a s t d r a l a n d

s e ! t l e d a r e a s a r e n o t r e D o n t e d , a n d t h i s c a n d i s g u i s e t h e r e a l e x t e n t

o f t h e p r o b l e m - V h e r e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n i n t h i s s u r v e y i s k n o v r n t o

b e w r o n g ( H e r u a n d l J a j i r ) | h a v e c o r r e c t e d i t t o g i v e a l e 5 5 d i 5 -

t o r t e d p i c t u r e . N e v c r t h e i e s s d e s P i t e t h e s e I i m i t a t i o n s t h e s u r v e y

h a s p r o d u c e d s c m e u s e f u l i n d i c a t i o n s .

4 . 4 . 2 . T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f s t o c k - r a i d i n q

T h e r e s u l t s i n T a b l e ! . l r ' s h c * { t h a t o f t h e 3 i r g a n e s t a t i o n s

I i s t e d , o n l y 2 9 2 a e g a r d e d t h e l e o p a r d a s a m a j o r s t o c k _ r a i d e r ' T h e s e

s r a t i o n s w e r e a ] I e i t h e r i n w e s t e r n o r c e n t r a l K e n y a ' w i t h t h e e x -

c e p t i o n o f t h o s e i n t h e s o u t h e r n d i s ! r i c t o f K a j i e d o . I n t h e r e s t

o f t h e c o u n t r y l e o p a r C s w e r e r e g a r d e d e i t h e r a s m i n o r s t o c k - r a i d e r sI ? r - ) o r a s o r e s e n t i n o n o p r o b l e n s a t a t l ( 3 8 ; ) . F i 9 ' 4 . 3 . s h o ' r s l l i s

" " o o | ' " p r ' i . " f i r , w i t n i o r r e c t i o n s f o r R u r u r u t i , l l c r u ' a n d ! . / a l r r '

O n l y f o u r s t a t i o n s ( l 2 Z ) r e g a r d e d t h e l e o p a r d . a s t h e N o ' l

o r o L l e n o ' e d J t o r , a n d t h e s c w e r e a l l i ' ' t w e s t e r n K e n Y a ( S i a l a '

i a r u w e . i i t a l e . a n d h a b a r n e t ) . t n S i a y a t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f s e v e r a l

r e c e n t a t t a c k s o n m a n w a s r e s p o n s i b l . f o r t h i 5 a s s e s 5 m € i i ' C n l y

t h r e e o t h e r s t a t i o n s ( K e r i c h o , f 4 w i n g i , a n d l l u t o m o ) r e c o r d e d s i m i I a r

i n c i d e n t s , a l t h o u ! h K i s u m u D i s t r i c t , w h i c h d i d n o t r e s P o n d , i s k n o w n

t o h a v e b e e n t h e s c e n e o f t w o r e c e n t f a t a l a t t a c k s ( " D a i l y N a t i o n "

l 3 l 2 / 8 1 , " s t a n d a r d " 2 8 / 7 / 8 1 ) . l n m o s t a r e a s , h o r v e v e r , t h e I e o p a r dw a s u n p o p l r l e r f o r t a k i n g t h e e p a n d g o a t s a n d t h e o c c a s i o n a l c a l f ,

d o g , o r c h i c k e n . I n g e n e r a l o t h e r p r e d a t o r s w e r e r e g a r d e d a s P r e _s e n t i n 9 n o r e S e r i o u s P r o b l e m s t h a n l e o p a r d s .

T A a L € q . 5 . G a m e s t a t i o n s ( w i t h c o r r e c t i o n s f o r l e o p a r d ) l i s t i n g

c a r n i v o r e s a s s t o c k - r a i d e r s .

l ' lumber of stations Z o f t o ta l

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L i o n v r e r e r e c o r d e d a s s t o c k - r a i d e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t t y

w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o n l y o f N y e n z a a n d V e s t e r n P r o v i n c e s a n c l a p p e a r

t o b e p a r t i c u l a r l y b a d i n N a r o k a n d K a j i a d o , a n d i n n o r t h e r n a n d

n o r t h _ e a g t € r n K e n v a w h e t e t h e y a t t e c k b o t h l i v e s t o c k a n d p e o p l '

H y a e n a w e r e r e c o r d e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , i n c l u d i n g l . ' e s t e r n

K e n y e , a n d w e r e r e g a r d e d a s e s p e c i a l l y b a d i n K e r i c h o , l " l a k u r u , N Y 3 n _

a i r u " , a n J n o r t h e r ; a n d n o r t h - e a s t e r n K e n y a ; t h e y h a v e a l s o a t t ; ' k e d

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l nc ludes fe ra l domes t i c dogs as we l I as the t rue v / i l dhun t i ng dog Lycaon p i c tu5 . Chee tah were reco rded asth roJghou t t he coun t r y , w i th the excep t i on o f wes !e rnCoas t , and were rega rded as bad i n the sheeo- ra i s inoP ia and l { yandarua . S tock - ra id ing by j acLa l i was s i i ibu ted bu t seems to be l ess impor lan r .

{ , l t . 3 , Leopard con t ro l

The dep reda t i ons caused by g tock - ra id ing l eopards fo rmone aspec t o f t he p rob len ; a t tqhp ts to b r i ng the i a ra r rde rs to l r s_t r ce to rm ano the r . l t l s use fu l t o examine the da ta ava i l ab le < rnc o n t r o l .

Tab le 4 .6 . p resen ts da ta on the numbers o f l eooa rdscon t ro l l ed by shoo t i ng and t rans loca t i on by the Gane Depar tmen t andNa t iona l Pa rks dL r r i ng the pe r iods 1957- t985 and 1977- l9bO. Thef i gu res a re a l f i r os t ce r ta in l y i nconp le te and can on l y be rega rdedas . rough gu ide .

fABtt 4.6. leopards shot and trapped by covernment agencies 1957-55and 1977-1980 . (Sources : Garne Oepar tmen t and i l a t i on i l pa rks i epo r t sand re tu rns f rom 1980 leopard su rvey ) .

dog or Capes t ock - ra i de rs

Kenya and thea reas o f l a i k i -l a r l y d i s t r i -

I

Year l /unber shot umber trapped To ta l con t ro l l ed

t957195819591 9 6 01 9 6 11962r 963l96lr1965

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5

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'OTALS ( 1 5 5 ) 343+ (498+)

Dur ing the f i r s t t h ree yea rs , 1957-1959 , be fo re t rans -loca t l on had beco re o f f i c i a l Game depar tnen t po l i c i , 5Z l eopards o ran ave rage o f 17 .3 pe r annu ,n were con t ro l l ed by shoo t i no and t . " r -p ing .

- l n t he nex t t h ree yea rs , 1950- t962 , 136 l eopards o r an ave rageo f \ 5 .3 pe . annum were accoun ted fo r i n t h i s way , and i n the nex tth ree yea rs r 1953-1965 , t 30 o r an ave rage o f 4 l . l pe r ann { jm . F romlyOU o f t va rds the nunber o f l eopa rds t rapped annua l l y v , / as g rea te rthan the number shot by the Game Department and National Farks. trrenumber sho t r sna in ing re rna rkab ly s teady a t t he ra te o f abou t l 5 -20per annum.

:6

o -

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F

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o :

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I

tI have no f igures for the nunSer of leopards shot on con-

t ro l by the cane oepar tnen r i n rhe nex r e leven yea rs (1956-1975) , bJ ta t l eas t 115 were t rapped fo r t rans loca t i on du r ing th i s pe r iod . T l i sr s eou iva len t t o a ra te o f 10 .5 /annum and i s , I s t rong ly suspec t , enunderes t ima te a t t r i bu tab le to i ncoop le te da ta , The f i gu rcs fo r 1977to 1980 a re a l so l o , r i l l l eopa rds sho t on con t ro l (2 .8 /annurn ) ana54 t rans loca ted (13 .5 /annum) . The to ta l nunber con t ro l t dd by bo thmethods amolnted to 65: an average of 16.3/annun which is mrch lor,/rrt han i n the ea r l y 1960s . The 1977-1980 f i gu res a re p robab ly i nco r -p le te , bu t even l f t hey were doob led the nun1ber o f l eopa rds con t ro l l edby Governn ren t annua l l y wou ld s t i l l be l ess than l o 1960-1965 .

fh€ f i gu res g l ven i n Tab le 4 ,5 . do no t , ho {eve r , re f l ec tthe t rue nunber o f l eopa rds k l l l ed i n de fence o f l l ves tock , as a morede ta i l ed b reakdorn fo r t he yea rs t96 l -1963 sho rs (Tab le ! . 7 . ) , Th i si s based on add i ! i ona l i n fo rma t ion f ro tn the Game DeDar tmen t wh ichg ives i n Co lunn I t he number o f l eopa rds knc rn to have been k i l l edby Honorary Game Wardens working tor the Departoent and by laodorrnersand o the rs ac t i ng i n de fence o f l i ves tock . t l o$ reve r , a l t hough ind i v i -dua ls were requ l red by l aw to repo r t a l l guch k i l l i ngs to the GaneDepertment, they did not el$,ays do 50, and the Chief Game l, larden be-l i eved a be t te r app rox i rn t i on to the t rue f i qu res wou ld be ob ta ined(Co tumn C) by mu l t i p l y i ng Co lumn B by th ree i o r l i on and chee tah andby fou r f o r l eopa rd . l t i s l i ke l y t hen tha t abou t 88 l eopards werek i l l ed cach yea r du r ing the pe r iod l 96 l -1963 . Th i s compares b / i t have reges o f 143 | i ons and 19 chee tah pe r annum and ve ry much la rge rthough unspec i f i ed numbers o f hyaenas . The to ta l number o f l eope rdscon t ro l l ed by k i l l i ng and t rapp ing was the re fo re p robab ly more l i keI l J l annun .

4 . 4 . { . S e x r a t i o o f s t o c k - r a i d i n q l e o p a r d s

Records o f t he sexes o f 83 e tock - ra id ing l eopards t rappcJfo r t rans loca t i on sugges t t ha t ma les p redomina te , as shd {n be lo ' ] .

TABLE. /1 .8 . Sexes o f 8 l l eopa rde t rapped fo r t rans loca t i on . (Sources :f {oun ta in t i a t i ona l Pa rks repo r t s and reco rds ; 1977-1980 leopard5u r vey ; | l e ru t rans loca t i on s tudy ) .

Per i od l l a les Femal es Sex rat i o

1957 -1974

r 977- r98o: l

: l

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2 7

l 5

1 7

r . 61 . 6

IOTAL 1 , 6 | I

S t a t i s t i c a I a n a l y s l sped than femal es (Xr

su99es t5 tha t ! i gn i f i can t l yone -samp le tes t , XZ : 4 .35 ,

nore |nal e9 are trap-d . f . : I , P ( . 0 5 ) .

The 3ex aa t l os fo r t he two pe r iods a re l den t i ca l and i tis reasonable to .3sune that they reflect a consi3tent preponderanceo f na les . Th ig may be pa r t l y because fq ra les seem to be more waryo f box t raps than the bo lde r l na les . Bu t I be l l eve i t a l so re f l ec t sa g rea te r t endency on the pa r t o f ma les to re id s tock , f o r o f t he 1 ll eopa rds sho t on con t ro l i n 1977-1980 the m€ jo r i t y (8 ) were a l so rna les .

t{ . 4 . 5 . D i s c u s s i o n

In genera l , s tock - ra id ing by l eopards i 5 no t a ,na jo r p rob temin- Kenya. In northernl north-eastern, rnd coastal K"nya, an-"r.u "orr,-p r i s i ng t ! . r o - th i rds o f t he coun t r y , l eopa rds p resen t . i ' # r l , - . i no .p rob len and i n nany d i s t r i c t s non . a t " t l . i t " r " a "y Oa- r * l r " fr e a s o D s f o r t h i s : t h e i r d e p l e t i o n o v e r l . r g e a r " a s , i t t e i " i i r . " o rr ] ! o l . d rc_ Peop les to repo r t i nc iden ts to the t r i l d l i f e bepar tmen t , anotne res t ra in t s cu r ren t l y i hposed on t r6ve l by Governmen t o f f i ce rsl l _ : : i :

o l . l . l " t t . by the poo r secu r i t y s i t ua t i on . 0n ty i n wes te rn ,cen t ra r , and gou the rn Kenya do the dep reda t i ons o f l eopa rds assumea n y r e a r s r 9 n i f i c e n c e : i n t h e d e n s e l y s e t t l e d a g r i c u l t u r a l l . n d 9 o fI i l yanza and yes te rn p rov inces , i n t he ag l ' i cu l t u ra i and ranch inq d rs t_r r c l s .o r Nyandarua , Naku ru , and La i k ip ia , and In the pas to ra l i 1a5a i11 . : I l . l , : l

Ka j i ado . Excep t i n wes te rn Kenya , N ,he re th "y " . " . ug " .o "oas . t he mos t impor tan t p reda to r , l eopa rds a re l esg o f a p iob le rn thano tne r ca rn i vo res . The g rea tes t damage to bo th human I i ves and I i ve_: : : : i , l r - , : , " l l y i n f l i c t e d . b y I i o n s a n d h y a e n a s . T h e s e a r e w i d e t yo rs t r rbu t€d and o f ten abunden t and have bo th the ab i l i t y and tendencyto take l a rge , va luab le s tock such as ca t t l e and came ls . Leoparosand . chee tah , by con t ras t , usua l t y t eke sheep and goa ts , a l t ho ign tneydo k i l l t he occas iona l ca l f o r ce r .

Leopards geldom attack nan unless molested or woundeo, anoI :?g . l . . l man-ea t i ng i n Kenya a re ra re : t ha t o f t he l eopard tha tk r f f ed and a te ten T i . , r kane ch i td ren nea r Sa rago i i n 1956 /5 j pe f tapsbe ing the bes t kno rn examp le (Game Dep t . 1955 :57 ) . Au i t n ' t [ . r " r ttwo yea rs fou r ch i l d ren have been k i l l ed by l eopards i n $ res te rnKenya and seve ra l o thc r peop le have been nau led . These a t tacks havearoused cons ide r€b le conce rn and pub l i c i t y and a re v ro r th d i scuss ingb r i e f l y .

. Twenty years ago attacks by leopards on oan were alnps!unkno$m tn vre5tern Kenya althoLrgh leopards vrere then moie nuherous.: : : :

" l ^ : l : r eg ion ' s w i l d t i f e had a t re€dy d i sappeared (Game Depr .r r o r , r ) o J , D u t t h e r e p r o b a b l y r e n a i n e d s u f f i c i e n t s | n a l l a n i n E l 5 ,sucn as ha re5 , roden tg , and du i ke rs , t o p rov ide su i tab le na tu ra tprey. Since then, hovever, the hurf ian populatioo of lyanza aidyes te rn P rov inces has doub led and l i t t l c na tu ra l veqe ia t i on no rvren ra ins excep t i n S iaya D is t r i c t v .h i ch a l so . " " r . t i t i r " - i t r " - *o . . ,l eopa rd p rob lem. I be l i eve th i s exp la ins h ,hy the re i s a p rob lemthe re . The re a re s t i l t su f f i c i en r pa tc t res o i . " . " "a inq i v ' aJ . r J ou rnto p rov ide a re fuge fo r t he re rna in ing l eopards . Bu t t i e i " oa t .n " .a re . b roken , d i scon t i nuous , and i so la ied ; t hey a re .n i r i " i " - Ju i . *na "aoy numan se t t t emen t and cu l t i va t i on and o f ten cove r no no re than afev , hec ta res . Any l eopard tha t wan ts to move f rom one i g land o fDusn to ano the r has . t o ! aespags on menrs l and . l t i s no t su rp r i s i ngtna t encoun te rs w i th nan o r h i s l i ve5 tock somet imes take o lace .

I do no t be l i eve the t l eopa rds In S iaya D ig t r i c t o r i nother. parts of rregtern Kenya are any more feroc i ;us than leooarose rsewhere , and the re l s no f i rm ev idence tha t any o f t hem ha ;e be_come.hab i tua l n ran -ea te rs , 30 fa r as I knov . I ndeed a t l eas ! one o frne rou r recen t f a ta l a t t ack r on ch i l d ren seems to have been fo r_tu i t ous ; t he ch i l d v ras pounced o . l | ' , h i l e un te the r ina a ooa t . andt n e r e o p a r d , a f t e r t i l l i n g h i n , k i l l e d a c o v , a l s o t l t h e i e o n e a r b yand d ragged rha t i n ro the bushes ( , ,S tandard , , l 3 / z /g , t r . Ra the r , Ibe l i eve these l eopards rep resen t popu la t i o f | s under g t ress and th . , | -occas iona l a t tacks on man - i nc iden ts tha t shou ld be keDt i n

- 7 9 -

pe rspec t i ve - a re nan i fes ta t i ons o f t h i s . Hdeve r , as human popu la t i onpressures

_ i nc rease and expand in9 cu I ! iv.t ion reduces the rernain inop . t cnes o r bush , t he con f l i c t be t$een man and l eopard i n S iaya ca ion l y be expec ted to i nc rease . t t t s des i rab te , a i ; r ; f o ; " ; ; ; ; r t h "l l l d l i f e oepa . tnen t i nc reases i t 5 e f fo r t s t o con t ro l , f r . rO ino ' l "o_l : : o : ^ :n : I : . - - ! l : a t

e r .dep toymen i o f box r raps wou ld un6oub ted i y ne r p ,Dur . i o r rhe reasons g i ven ea r l i e r t rapped leopards sho_r ld be s i ro tre the r t han t rans loca ted . The re i s no l ong te rm fu tu re to i l eopa .Osin wes te rn t (enya , excep t poss ib l y on l t oun t E lgon , . n l , . i " i i i " " *_tua i l y have to go , The sooner they do so , t h i be t te r t f o r t he teopardas we l l as fo r man .

€lserrhere in Kenya attacks on man are extrsnely rare andthe dep reda t i ons o f t eopards a re con f i ned to l i ves tock . i t i g d i f r i _: y ] : , I t 1 " ,

i m p o s s i b t e , . t o q u a n t i f y c o u n t r y - w i d e s t o c k _ r a i d i n g t o s s e swr rn any .ccu racy and I do no t p ropose to t r y . vha t i s impor t i n tr s no t so q rch the ac tua l oohe ta ry va lue o f t he s tock taken as rowhom i t be longs . Fo r whereas a l a rge ranch runn ing seve ra l t housandsheep can l ose f i ve o r t en o r even twen ty a yea r t i l eopa rds w i tn_o u t e v c n n o t i c i n g i t f i n a n c i a l l y , t h e s e m e l o s s c " n s p " i I d i s a s E e r r oa sma l l ho lde r $ho may have on l y a dozen o r so an ima ls . I n f ac t da taf rom seve ra l La i k ip ia ranches sugges t t ha t t o la l l osse5 o f I i ves tockto l eopards 5e ldo r . exceed 0 .52 pe r annum. As a resu l t many ranchersdo no t undu ly m ind l os ing the occas iona l an ima l t o l eopa rds , ano someregard th i s as a sna l l p r i ce to pay fo r t he p r i v i l ege o f ha ibo . r r i nga p reda to r t hey be l i eve does Dore good than ha rm by he tp inq to con t ro lve rm in . _Nos t o f t he l a rge ranches i n Nakuru and f_a i f i p i " ! t i i f " . . , ys u b s t a n t i a l h e r d s o f i m p a l a , I h o m p s o n , s g a z e l l e , a n d o i h e r p l a i n sga f3 , and i t i s p robab le tha t r . os t o f t h ; l eopa rds p resen t ;on f i nethe i r a t ten t i on to thcse , w i thou t eve r | no les t i ng l i ves tock , t houghsome nay do so occas iona l l y and o the rs - t he t roub lesome ones - 6eg int o h a k e a h a b i t o f i t .

occas i c ,na l g tock - ra ide rs a re o f ten to le ra ted by ranchers _though no t by sma l t ho lde rs - and i t i s on l y h /hen a l eopar i t akes tope rs i s ten t ra id ing tha ! i t becomes an ene rny . Few peop ie a re p repa redto l e t a pe rs i s ten t ra ide r con t i nue , f o r even a s ing l i l eopa ra cani n f l i c t s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s e s , e i t h e r o v e r a p e r i o d o f ' t i n e o r i n as ing le n igh t , I n 1957 , f o r examp le , a teopard i n t he f l ba ;a th i va l l ey ,N a i r o b i , k i l l e d t h r e e c a l v e s a n d 2 5 s h e e p i n t h r e e a p n t h s l a n dano the r l eopa rd b roke i n to a mud hu t hous ing ehee f i and k i i l ed a l l2 4 , b e f o r e k i t l i n g a n o t h e r s i x s h e e p a f e w j a y s i " t " . ( H " i i o U i - H " t i o _na l_Park qua r te r l y repo r t s 1957) . I n l 960 a i a rqe ma le t . a9Ded nea rl l w e i g a m a d e o v e r 2 0 k i l l s i n t h e n i n e r o n t h s p r i 6 r t o . " p t r r "( l ' l oun1 a i n l { a t i ona t pa rks qua r te r t y repo r t , Ja i r - I a r i iOO i l

- - i r " t . f , . .

r anchers no r sma l l ho lde rs no r no rad i c he rdsmen a re p repa red to to l c -r t t e l osses o f t h i s o rde r . Bu t vyhe reas ranchers us r i a l i y repo r t as tock - ra id ing l eopard to the U i l d l i f e Depar tnen t ana have s i ro . rn9 rea t co -ope ra t i on i n t rapp ing fo r t rans loca t i on , many nomad ic he rdg_rnen and s f i a l l ho lde rs p robab ly neve r bo the r , gn less they h ,an t t o f i gh tro r conpen5a t ion , ehd take rE t te rs i n to the i r c *cn hands , The Ga f ieVerden (Ka j i edo ) con f i rma tha t t h i s i s happen ing i n i l asa i l and nov , / .The ready ava i l ab i l i t y o f cheap po i sons , such " i ,Coop" . t * ' , . i f . " ,l n l s easy and a t t he Same t ime Saves the s tock Owner the t roub le o frePor t i ng to the nea res t g i l d l i f e Depar tnen t s ta t i on . I n add i t i onhe can a lways f i nd a ready marke t f o r t he gk ln :

I b e t i e v e t h i s p a r t I yo t I eopa rc ts con r ro l l ed i n Kenya

exp la ins the dec rease i n the nu f i be rsby t rapp ing and 5hoo t ing i n t 977 -1980

- 6 0 -

(Tab le 4 .5 . ) . l t a l so re f l ec t5 dec reased e f fo r t by the Covernhen t t ounder take p reda tg r con t ro l i t se l f ; as Tab le 4 ,1 . shon rs , t he v i l d l i f eDepar t f i en t ca r r i ed ou t success fu l con t ro l i n on l y a th i rd o f t h€g laces where l eopards were repo r ted to be s tock_ ra id ing . As th i sin tu rn encourages peop le to take na t te rs i n to the i r og rn hands , wehave the mak in ! . s o f a v i c ioug c i . c l e .

F ina l l y , t he vexa t i ous p rob len o f wha t t d do w i th s tock -ra ide rs , i n v iew o f t he fa i l u .e o f t rans loca t i on , r i I I be cons ide redi n c h a o t e r 6 .t '

- 6 l

C H A P T E R 5

S i A T U S O F T H t S P E C I E S

D t s c u s s r 0 N

5 . 1 . 1 T h e P a s t

THE TEOPARD IN KENYA

In the ea r l y pa r t o f t h i s cen tu ry l eoPards were " found

everywhere th roughou t t he ccon t r y , save on the oPen p la ins " (Pe rc i va l

1924) . L i ke mos t spec ies o f w i l d l i f e t hen they were genera l l y ab ln -dan t and o f ten l oca l l y ve ry numerous . They nus t have en joyed th i senv iab le s ta tus fo r hundreds o f t housand5 o f Years , on l y t o i ose i ta l t e r t he coming o f t he Europeans i n the l a te l 9 th Cen lu ry . Thei m o a c t o f t h i s e v e n t o n K e n v a ' s v r i l d l i f e h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d b y c u l t ' ns Do l rney (1960) and s imon (1962) , who a tso ou t l i ne the h i s to ry o fsubsequen t w i I d l i f e conse rva t i on be fo re l ndependence .

C o n m e r c i a l k i t l i n g o f l e o p a r d s f o r t h e i r s k i n s s t a r t e d t n o r erhan l i f t y )ea rs ago (Game Depr . 1929 , 1930) an i i was bad i n pa r t s o fno r the rn Kenya even i n 1932 (Game De f t . 1932-34 ) . t l eve r the lessleopards were s t i l l ' r ho ld ing the i r ov , ,n we l l " i n 1955 (Game DePt .1954-55 i a l (hough so roe op in ions (Roya l Na t i ona l Pa rks 1956 , 1957)v?e re l ess op t i rn i s t i c . F ro rn then onwards , hc i / eve r , t he poach ing o fe l e _ h a . , i , r h i n o , l e o P a r d s a n d o t h e r v r i l d l i f e s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e C d e s -p i L e t h e € f f o r t s o f t h e s m a l l , p o o r l y P a i d , a n d u n d e r - s t a f f e d G d f i eb "po r t r "n t and Nd t iona l Pa rks to con t ro i i t . l n 1956 /57 !hese lwoo r g a n i s a t i o n s c o n d u c t e d , i n c l o s e c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e P o l i c e , . eh igh l y e f fec t i ve an t i -poach ing campa ign v rh i ch resu l ted i n a . markedimprovc inen t and showed v rha t cou ld be done . Un fo r tuna te l y t he p ressu rewas no t me in ta ined , and by the end o f 1959 poach ing was r i f e aga in .There . f t e r i t de te . i o ra ted s tead i l y . 1951 v ras one o f t he uo rs t yca ' s

o n r e c o r d , w i t h d r o u q h t , f a n i n e , a n J u n s e t t l e d p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n scon l r i bu t i ng . By 1962 Add is Ababa had become the cen t re o f t he l eo -pa rd 5k in t rade and the rno /e then t o f i l l ega l sk ins to E th ioP ia andso rna l i a had rna rked ly i nc reased (Game oep t . 1962) ' I n 1953 and 1964' sh i f t a ' ac t i v i t y f o rced the DePar tmen t t o r ' r i t hd raw f ron r no r the rn andnorah -eas te rn Kenya and the ch ie f Game va rden repo r ted tha t l eopa rds k i n s h a d r e p l a c e d r h i n o c e r o s h o r n a s t h e p r i n c i P a l a r t i c l e o f t h ei l l €a i t r ade i n gane t roPh ie5 . He conc luded , he leve r , t ha t a l t houghthe l eopard had su f fe red heav i l y i n many a reas r r i t can i n no way becons ide re . ' endangered . ' r (Game Dep t . 1963 , 195 ' r ) .

I n 1 9 6 2 S i m o n a s s e s 5 i n g t h e s t a t u s o f t h e s p e c i e s c o n c l u d e d :' , V i t h t n e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e t 4 a r a r e g i o n a n d h i g h a i t i t u d e f o r e s t s. . . l e o p a r d s a r e n o l o n g e r p l e n t i f u l . " U i t h t h € b e n e f i t o f h i n d s i g h tvJe can see tha t t h i s assessmen t v ras undu ly pess im is t i c f o r ' 1962 when 'mos t p ro fess iona l hun te rs ag ree , l eoPards were s t i l l abundan t .and the i r, t " t r s , " s genera l l y good desp i te decades o f 5hoo t i n9 , Po ison ing ' anJ

t rapp i n g .

tThe f l r s t ques t i on to ask i s : r rHas the re been one?" Fo r i t

canno t be teken fo r g ran ted , Acco rd ing to the r rNev r Yo rk T ime5r ' o {22 /2 /7 \ : " I he l eopBrd has been found s t i l l ex i s t i ng i n abondan t numbersin eve ry A f r i can coun t r y sc t r t h o f t he Sahara " , a l t hough in the repo r ton wh ich rh i s was based f l ye rs (1976b) had i n fac t co l c luded l h t s t t heleopard ' s 9 ta tu5 had ' r dec l i ned tna rked ly i n many pa r t ! o f A f r i ca wh i l ere f i a in ing s tab le i n o !he r pa r t s . t r He a l so conc luded tha t t ' l eopa rd

h a v e d e c l i n e d i n n u m b e r s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n K e n y a d u r i n g t h e l B s tdecade . " By con t ras t Ea ton (1976) , a f te r a queg t i onna i re su rvey o fn ine peop le i n Keoya , c la imed tha t ' r t he l eoPard i n Kenya has a sa t i s -fac to ry s ta tus " and added tha t r rPoach ing mey have been impor tan t i n t hedec l i ne o f l eopa rds oo l y i n one coun t r y o f A f r i ca , soma l ia . " vha i t heois the t ru th? Has the re been a dec l i ne i n Kenya o r no t?

Th is ques t i on can on l y be ans t re red i n t he con tex t o f t he l o 's c i e n t i f i c q u a l i t y o f t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e . T h e r e a r e n o c e n s u s f i q u r c sto Drove e i t he r an i nc rease o r e dec rease i n Kenya '5 l eopard poo i , , e -t i on . A1 I we can say i s t ha t on the ev idence o f t he sub jec t i v : i n -p ress ions ava i l ab le , h rhe reas I eopards se€ tned to be abundan t i n K€ yain 1962 , t hey a re no ,v no l onger abundan t and i n nany , o f ten ex tens i ve ,a reas they seem to be ra re . Vha t i s t he ev idence fo r t h i s?

T a b l e 4 . 4 . s u n m a r i s e s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n b y v i l d l ; f eDepar tmen t wardens th roughou t t he coun t r y , i nc lud ing the i r sub jec t i veassessmen ts o f t he s ta tus o f t he l eopard i n t he i r d i s t r i c t s . So rne 01t h e s e a s s e s s m e ' r t s a r e w r o n g ( e . g . K i l i f i , V a j i r ) w h i l e o t h e r s a r e q u e s _

t i onab le (e .g . S iaya , l . / es t Poko t , T rans Nzo ia ) bu l heve r the less i t i 5lrort h exami n i ng them.

The 14 game 5 ta t i ons I i s ted i n Tab le 4 .4 , and sho .Jn i n F ig .I r . J . gave , vJ i t h one excePt ion , t he fo l l o r i ng unco r rec ted assessnen ts :

5 . 1 . 2 . T h e D e c l i n e

5 1 Z

3 9 2

Two fea tu res a re s ! r i k i ng . one i s t he re la t i ve l y l ow p ropo r t i on (1S l : )t h a t a g s e s s e d t h e l e o p a r d a s p l e n t i f u l o r v e r y p l e n t i f u l . T h e o t h e ri s t he unexpec ted l y h igh p ropo r t i on (391 ) assess ing i t as ra re o .a b s e n t . y h i l e i t c o u l d b e a r g u e d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f s t a t i o n s ( 6 l Z )rega rded the l eoPard as modera te l y nunerous to ve ry P len t i f u l , r hF t5 t i | | l eavea 39? assess ing i t as ra re o r absen t i n a coun t r y whereleopards were genera l l y abundan t i n 1962 .

The response o f na t i ona l Pa rk and ne t i ooa l rese rve warden 'was a l so i n te res t i ng , f o r o f t he s i x teen headquar te rs tha t 9ave ass€ss -men ts on l y e igh t (Houn t Kenya , i l oun t E lgon , Lake Nakuru , Tsavo Ea ' t ,Tsavo ves t , Lambwe, San6uru /Shaba , and Sh imba H i l l s ) c l ass i f i ed l eo -pa rds as p ien t i f u l o r modera te l y numerous . A l l t hc o the rs ( | , t e ru ,

i . l a i r ob i , 0 l Do inyo Sapuk , A tnbose l i , S ib i l o i , oodo r i , Ko ra , and Losa t lasgessed l eopard5 aa te .e . As these a re a l l rP ro tec ted a reas r t h i si s no t wha t one v , /ou ld expec t - un less someth ing has i ndeed happenecto the i r l eopa rd popu la t i ons , & r t i t cou ld be a rgued , as one p ro_fess iona l hon te r Sa id to me , " t he re have e lways been nany more l eoparosthan i s comDn I y be l i eved , " I t h i n k h e i s r i g h t . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e

regu l t s o f t h i s ques t i onna i re su rvey sugges t t ha t t he re may have beena dec l i ne . l s t he re any o the r ev idence to suppor t o r ' r e fu te th i s i

VERY PLENT IFUL IPL ENT IFUL 5tlOD ERAT ELY NUh€ROUS I4RARE 1 IABSENT 2

3 r ' l1 5 t )\2 .A J

3 3 1 l6 Z t

T a b l e 5 , 1 . s u | l n a r i s e 5 t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e d i s t r i c t b y d i s t r i c ts ta tus su rvey p regen ted i n chaPte r ! . No t on l y was th i s conduc ted i n -dependen t l y o f t he su i vey o f t l i l d l i f e oeper tmen t wardens ; i t v , / as a l sobased on | l uch no re i n fo rn ra t i on , even though th i s v {as l a rge l y sub jec t i vE .

I t e h o w s t h a t i n a t l e a s t 2 l o f t h e c o u n t r y t s 4 2 d i s t r i c t s( i nc lud ing Na i rob i , l ' l ombasa , and Tsavo Na t iona l Pa rk as s -epa ra te un i t s )i h e r e i s i u b j e c t i v e e v i d c n c e o f s u b s t a n t i a l d e c l i n e . B u d a l t h o u g hthese d i s t r i c t s rep resen t on l y 5Ot o f t he to ta l , t hey cove r some 80 t ro f t h e c o u n t r y , I n a t l e a s t l 5 d i s t r i c t s ( 3 8 8 ) t h e r e h e s b e e n e v i d € n ' eo f knoe /n heavy l €opard Poach ing s ince 1952 , and these 15 cove r 751 o fKenya . l n ano the r f i ve d i s t r i c t s , cove r ing 5 t o f t he coun t r y , l : no+ rnleopard poach ing can be c lass i f i ed as modera te . I n o the r words , i n 26

d is t r i c tg cove r ing 8 !1 o f t he coun t rY the re i s good reason to be l i evetha t l eopa rd poach ing has been modera te o r heavy , a l t hough th i s on i t so ,vn i s no t necessa r i l y ev idence o f dec l i ne . The sub jec t i ve ev idence c f

th i s su rvey 5 !99es t5 , hc t {eve r , t ha t l eopa rd Popu la t i on5 h€ve dec l i ne { lo v e r f o u r - f i f t h s o f K e n y a s i n c e 1 9 6 2 a n d t h a t t h i s d e c l i n e h a s b e e aasscc ia ted w i th ev idence o f heavy l eopard poach ing . Th i s f i nd ing re fu t csthe s ta temen t5 o f Ea ton (1977) tha t I ' t he re i s no ev idence i nd i ca t i ngtha t poach ing can ac toa l l y ha rm a l eopard Popu la t i on " , and tha ! " i f

poach ing has - i nc reased i n Kenya th i s i n no way means tha t t he l eoPard ' ss ta tus has worsened , no r t ha t i t w i I l . r '

A fu r l he r i ndependen t sou rce o f i n fo rma t ion i 5 P rov ided bydame Depar tmen ! da ta on hun t i ng o f f t akes i n con t to l l ed a reas i n re la ! i ont o t h e ; u m b e r s o f s p e c i a l l i c e n c e s b o u g h t f o r l e o P a r d s ( T a b l e ! ' 2 ' ) 'I t i s reasonab le to assume tha ! f o r any g i ven spec ies the pe rcen lageo f s p e c i a l l i c e n c e s s u c c e s s f u l l y f i l l e d s h o u l d r e m a i n m o r e o r l e 5 sc o n s t . n t f r o r n y e a r t o y e a r i f t h e r e i s n o 5 i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e i n t h ep o p u l a t i o n s o f t h a t s p e c i e s o r i n h u n t i n g p a t t e r n s . A t t h e s a m e t i n e

i t a l s c , r e f l e c t s t h e d i f f i c u t t y o f h u n t i n g d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s . F o r

e ramp le , f rom 1958 to 1965 84? and 74? o f spec ia l I i cences bough t f o r

e lephan t and rh ino were f i l l ed , whereas fo r ! ess nunerous and more

d i f f i cu l t spec ies such es g rea te r kudu and bongo the succes5 ra tes wereas I o r r es 32 t and l q : .

TABLE 9 .2 . Nmbers o f spec ia l I i cences bough t f o r l eoPards i n 1 '958 -1973and numbers o f l eopa rds sho t i n con t ro l l ed a reas .

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T a b l e 5 . 2 . s h o r s t h a t w h e r e a s t h e s u c c e s s r e t e f o r l e o o a r o st / a s r e n a r k a b l y c o n s i s t e n t b e t w e e n 1 9 5 8 a n d 1 9 5 5 , w i t h a 9 - y e a r a v e r a g co f 5 3 U , t h e r e w a s a n o t i c e a b l e d e c l i n e f r o ' r r 1 9 5 9 o r n / a r d s . T h i s d e . i i ; , .i s i n a d e q u a t e l y d o c u f i e n t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i n c o n p l e t e n e s s o f t h e o d L db u t t h e r e i s I i t t l e d o u b t o f i t s e x i s t e n c e i u n f o r t u n a t € l v t h e r e d r €n o f i g u r e s f o r t h e t h r e e y e a r g o f g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t t h a t p r e c c d e C t h e1 9 7 7 h u n t i n g b a n . A l t h o u g h t h i s t r e n J m a y t o s o n e e r t e n r r ' , f t ! : L ac n a n g e i n h u n t i n g p a t ( e r n s , s u c h a s r b r e h u n r i n g o f l l e o p a r d s o n i r i -v a t e l a n d o u t s i d e t h e c o n t r o l l e d a r e a s , i t d o e s , n e , i e r t h e l e s s , p o i . , t r og r e e t e r d i f f i c u l t y i n f i l l i n g t h e l i c e n c e 5 . t t i s s u p p o r t e ! b y l a b i e4 . 1 . w h i c h g h o / e d e s i m i l a r d e c l i n e i n t h e n u m b e r s o f l e o p a r d g s n o r I nK n j i a d o D i s t r i c t b e t w e e n 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 7 3 , r h e f a t l - o f f i n t r o p h y s r z er e c o r d e d b y t h e t a x i d e r m i s t 2 i n m e r n a n n ' s ( ' , € a s t A f r i c a n S r a n d a r d ' , c , i1 8 / 5 / 7 0 ) ' a n d t h e h i g h p r o p o r ! i o n o f f s n a l e l e o p a r d s s h o ! i o 1 9 7 2 a r z1 9 7 3 ( C a s e b e e r 1 9 7 5 ) .

I n c o n c l u s i o n s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t I i n e s o f e v i d e n c e i n d e e e n -d e n t l y s u g g e 5 t t h a t K e n y a t s l e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n s h a v e u n d e r g o n e w i d e -s p r L : a d a n d d r a s t i c d e c l i n e s i n c e 1 9 6 2 . l h e o n l y p o i n t o p e n t o C e L . : r r ei s t h e e x a c t e x t e n t o f t h i s d e c l i n e : a d e c l i n e w h i c h x y e r s ( t 9 7 6 b )u n d e r e s t i m a t e d a n d E a r o n ( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 7 ) i g n o r e d .

5 . 1 . 3 . E x t e n t o f t h e o e c l i n e

A 5 h y e r s ( 1 9 7 6 a ) p o i n t s o u r , a l l A f r i c a n w i t d l i f e i s d e c l i n -i n 9 a n d t h e l e o p a r d ' s d e c l i n e n r l s t b e s e e n i n t h i s c o n t e x t : r , T h cp o i n t o f i s s u e i s n o t w h e t h e r t h e n u m b e r s o f l e o p a r d a r e d e c l i n i n q ,b u t w h e t h e r t h e y a r e d e c l i h i n g f a s t e r t h a n w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d g i v e n t h ec o n e t r a ; n t s u n d e r w h i c h y r i l d l i l e c c n n r u n i t i e s n o r r e x i s t i n e n r e r q e r rA f r i c a . " H a s t h e l e o p a r d r s d e c l i n e i o K e n y a b e e n f a s t e r t f a n e x p e c t o l ?T h e a n s w e r f l u s t b e r y e s ' . B o t h a s t h e o f i . a k e f r c . n p o a c h i n E a n d o ! h e rc a u s e s e x c e e d c . d t l i e 5 u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d ?

l h a s u b j e c t i v e e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t i t n u 5 ! h t s v e d o r ! :o t h e r w i g e t h c r e w o u l d b e n o s i g n s o f a d e c l i n e . B J t w e d o n o t k n o !h c n r n , a n y l e o p a r d s K e n y a h a d i n 1 9 6 2 , o r h a s n o i , , o r h o t r r a n y h a v eb c e n b o r n o r h a v e d i e d i n t h e m e a n t i m e . A l t h o u g h i t i s b e / o n d t h €s c o p e o f t h i s r e p o r t t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f u r t r a d c , i ti s w c r t h e x a n r i n i n g s o n e k n c t r n o f f t a k e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r p o s s i b l ee f f e c t o n K € r : y a r s l e o p a r d p o p u l a ! i o n s .

I n 1 9 5 t r h e u n i t e d S t a t e s a l o n e i m p o r t e d 1 , 5 2 7 l e o p a r d s k i n 5f r o n r K e n y a , r e p r e s e n t i n g l 5 t o f t h e 9 , 5 5 5 l e o p a r d s k i n s l € 9 a l l y i m -p o r t e d i n t h a t y e a r . l t a l s o i r n p o r t e d 1 , 7 4 1 ( o r l 8 l ' ) f r o n E t h i o p i a ,a l t h o u g h s o n e o f t h e ! E ! h i o p i a n r r s k i n s h a d a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y c ( m e f r o nl e o p a r d s k i l l e d i n K e n y a ( l l y e r s 1 9 7 1 , t 9 7 5 b ) : l e t u s a s s u m e a m o d e s !l 0 ? o r 1 7 4 a l t h o l g h t h e r e a l n u n r b e r w a s p r o b a b l y g r e a r e r . I n 1 9 5 8 ,t h e r e f o r e , s o m e 1 , 7 0 0 K e n y a n l e o p a r d s k i n s r u s t h a v e l e f r f o r t h eU n i t e d S t a t e s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e i r o r i g i o a l o { o e r s r n a y n o t a l l h a v e b e e nk i l l e d i n t h a t y e a r . A n d a c c o r d i n g t o y e r s ( l g 7 5 b ) i t i s l i k e l y t h a ta s m a n y a g a i n w e n t t o E u r o p e , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e U n i t e d K i n q d o m a n d l / e s tG e r m a n y . F u r t h e r m o r e h e f o u n d i t i s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d i n t h e t r a d ct h a t f o r e v e r y s k i n l e a v i n g A f r i c a a n o t h e r i s r e j e c t e d a s u s e l e s s :t h e s k i n s o f s o m e l e o p e r d s a r e d c s t r o y e d o r d a m a g e d b y h y a e n a s b e f o r ct h e t r a p p c r r e a c h e s t h e m i o t h e r s f r o m l e o p a r d s k i l l c d b y p o i s o n a r cs p o i l e d b y t h c f u r r a l i p p i n g r w h i l e y e t o t h c r s a r e r u i n e d b y p o o f c u . i f lf i n a l l y , i f a f 6 n a l e w i t h a I i t t e r i s k i l l e d . t h e s u b s e q l e n t d e a t l r c fh e r c u b s c a n a l s o b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f u r t r a d e . 0 n t h e e v i d e n c ea v a i l a b l e ! ! i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u m e , t h e r e f o r e . t h a t i n 1 9 6 8 s ! - e

E 5 -

1 . 7 0 0 l e o p a r d s k i n s f r o n K e n y a l { e n t t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e 5 a n d a f u r t h e r

l : 7 0 0 t o t u r o p c , d n d . t h a t 3 , 4 0 0 o t h e r l e o P a r d s d i e d b u t p r o v i d e d n o

s k i n s o f u s e t o t h e f u r r r a d c . T h i s m a k e s e c o n s e r v a t i v e t o t a l o fg , a i j O , " f i . r ' i g n o r e s ' i l t i c i t ' 5 k i n s . l f t h i s f i g u r e h a d r e p r e s e n t e ' l

a r e a ; o n a b l e t 0 - t 5 ? 6 1 1 1 " L " f r o r K c n y a ' s t o t a l l e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n , t h c

t a t t e r w o u l d h a v e h a d t o n u m b e r 4 5 , 0 0 0 - 5 8 , 0 0 0 : r e P r e s e n t i n g a m e a n

d e n s i t y o f o n e l e o p a r d p e r 8 - t 3 t . 2 o v e r t h e w h o l e o f K d n y a ' S u c h h i g h

d e n s i t i e s $ r e r e p r o b a b l y I i k e l y i n 1 9 1 0 b u t n o t i n 1 9 5 8 , r J h e n t h e l e c -

p a r d ' s r a n g e h a d c o n t r a c ! e d a n d t h e p o a c h i n g o f f t a k e i n t h e 1 9 6 0 s h a d

a I r e a d y b e e n s u b s t a r r t i a l .

l h e s l ] c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e a d m i t t e d l y c r u d e a n d b a s e d o n r o u q h

a s s l r l p t i o n s . t s u t t h e y d o p r o v i d e , i n d e p e n d e n l l y o f a l I o t h e r i n f o r -

0 , a ( i o r , r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o f t t a k e f r o m K e n y a ' s l e o p a r d s i n

t 9 6 7 1 6 8 s u b s r a n t i a l l y e x c e e d e d l 0 - l 5 Z P e r a n n u m ' t h e l i k e l y r a n g e ' i

a n v s u s ! a i n 3 b l e y i e l d o f f t a k e . l ' l o r e o v e r t h e y a r e b a s e d o n t h e r € l a -

t i v e l ! m o d e s t f i g u r e s f o r 1 9 6 8 . S i m i l a r c a l c u l a t i o n s b a s e d o n t h o s e

f o r l : i a < ' , v h e n U l r i t e c l S ! a t e s i r p o r t s o f l e o p a r d s k i n s f r o n K e n y a ! i ! r '

2 4 . h ; g h c r , p r o d u c c a o e s t i m a t e d o f f t a k e o i 8 , 0 0 0 l e o p a r d s p e r a n ' r u n r '

A t l t h i s p o i n t s t o a n o f f t 3 k e f a r g r e a t e r t h a n a n y p o s s i b l e

s u 5 t a i n a b l e y i e t d . l t a l s o s u g g e s t s t h a t ' f a r f r o m b e i n g a f a c t o r' , f a v o r i n g t h e l e o p a r . j " ( t 3 t o n 1 9 7 6 ) , t h e d e m a n d f o r f u r s t o 5 u P p l y

t h e i n t . i n a t i o n r l f u r t r e d e l r a < t h ' p r i n c i p a l c a u s e o f t h e l e o p a r d ' s

i c c l i n e i n K e n Y a .

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n o t i c € a b l e i n w c s t e r { r K e n y a , 1 1 . s u ; l d n d , a n d n o r t h e r n a n d n o r r i - L u e l c i '

l n t h e w e s L e r n d i s t r i c t s o f ! / e s t P o k o t , E l g e y o - l ' l a r a k w e t ,

T r a n s N z o i d a n d l J a s i n G i s h u , t h e i n c r e a s e o f h u m a n s e t t l e m e n t a s l a r g '

f a r m s w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o s n a l l h o l d i n g 5 , w i t h c o n s e q u e ' t r e d u c t i o n o f

b o t l r h a b i t a t a n d h u m a n t o l e r a t i o n o f c a . n i v o r c s , h a s p r o b a b l y h a d

n | o r e e f f . c t t h a n c o r u r e r c i a l p o a c h i n g f o r 5 l i n s . T h e s e c h a n g e s b e g a n

t o t a k e p l a c e a t a b o u t t h e t i m e o f K e n y a ' 9 l o d e p e n d e n c e i n 1 9 6 3 '

S i n c e t h e n s i n i l a r c h a n g e s h a v e o c c u r r e d , a n d a r e s t i l l u n d e r w a y , i n

p a r t s o f N y c r i , N y a n d a r u a , N a k u r u a n c i L a i k i p i a d i s t r i c t s b u t c a n n o ty e t b e s a i d t o h a v e c a u 5 e d a n y m a r k e d d c c l i n e '

I n l l a s a i l a n d t h e w i d e s p r e a o u s e o f P o i s o n f o r d e l i b e r a t e

D r e d a t o r c o n t r o l . a n d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t u n c o n t r o l l e d 5 p o r t h u n t i n g '

o r o b a b l y h e d a s I T u c h e f f e c t a 5 c o r r ' n e r c i a l p o a c h i n g . T h e u s e o f

p o i s c , ! y t h e l ' l a s a i b e g a n i n t h e 1 9 6 0 5 a n d s e e n e d t o r e a c h a p e ' i '

i J i t h e r , i c i - 1 9 7 0 s , a t a b o u t t h e s a r c t i n r e a s s p o r t h u n t i n g g o t o u t o f

c o n t r o l a n d c o m m e r c i a l p o a c h i n g i n s o ! t h e r n K e n y a ! ' / a s a t i t s h e i g h t '

l n n o r t h e r n a n d n o r t h _ e a s t e r n K e n y a , i n c l u d i n g T u r l e n a '

T a n : R i v e r , a n d p a r t s o f L : , i k i p i a , c o v e r i n g n o r e t h a n h a l f t h e

c o u n t r y , c o m i i e r c i a l p o a c f i n g b , a s t h e p r i n c i p a l c a u s e o f t h e l e o p a r d ' r

o . c l i n e a t t h o u g h i n T . r n a R i v e r , L a i k i p i a , a n d S a m b u r ! p o i s o n n i a Y a l s o

h a v e r a k e n s o i r e t o l l . T h e c o n c l u 5 i o n o { y e r s ( 1 9 7 5 b ) ' w h i c h w a s r e -

p e a t c c b y E a t o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) , t h a t t h e n o r t h e r n e r i d 2 o n e o f K e n y a l t a s " t h i '

l r r c s c n t s t r o n g h o l d o f t h e l e o p a r d " w a s r e g r e t t a b l y n i s l a ( e n ' A l t h o u q h

M v e r s d i d D o i n t o , r t t h a t " t h e n o r t h e r n r e g i o n a P P e a r s l o h a v e € x p e _

r ' i e n c c d . a n d c o n t i n u e s t o e x p e r i e n c e , e x t e n s i v e p o a c h i n ! " ' h e a d d e d ,' r t o v r h a t e x t e n t t h i s h a s i n f l i c t e d a m a r k e d d e c l i n e i n t h e l e o p a r d

p o p u l a t i o n i s a m a t l e r o f m u c h d i s p u t e . ' , I f o u n d i t a l n a t t e r o f n od i s p u t e . T h e r e $ , a s u n a n i r n q l s a g r e e m e n t a m o n q p r o f e s s i o n a l h u n t e r s a r cg a m e w a r d e n s f a m i l i a r w i t h n o r t h e r n K e n y a t h a t t h e n o r t h e r n l e o o a r dp o p u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n h e a v i l y d e p l e t e d b y c o n r m e r c i a l p o a c h i n g ; i nf i | o s t a r e a s t h i s h a s b e e n s o s e v e r e t h a t t h e a f f e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n s h a v en o t y e t r e c o v e r e d , t e n y e a r s a f t e r t h e p o s c h i n g h a d r e a c h e d i t s p e a k .S o r u c h f o r E a t o n ' s s t a t e o e n t s , c i t e d e a r l i e r , d i s o i g s i n q t h e e f f e . t so f p o a ( h i n 9 o n l e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n s , a n d h i s o p i n i o n l h a t - , ' r h e r e i s n or e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e l e o p a r d w a s e v e r t h r e a t e n ; d o r t h a t t h e s k i nt r a d e w a s - c a u s i n g a s e r i o u s d e c l i n e e x c e p t p o s s i b t y i n r o m e l o c a l a r e a s ' ,( E a t o n I 9 7 7 ) .

T h e t i m i n g o f c c n m e r c i a l l e o p a r d p o a c h i n g i n n o r t h e r n ^ e n y ap r e c e d e d r h a r i n } | a s a i l a n d . c a m e D e p a r t | r l e n r r e p o r t s ( 1 9 5 2 , . t 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 \ )s h o { r . t h a t l e o p a r d p o a c h i n g w a s b e g i n n i n g t o i n c r e a s e i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 5 0 5 .8 u t i t r e a c h e d i t s h e i g h r i n 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 7 0 w h e n S o r n a l i ' s h i f t a '

9 a n g 5 n a ot u r n e d t h e i r a t t e n t i o n f r o m g u e r i l l a a c t i v i t i e s a g a i n s t r h e K e n y aG o v e r n n e n t t o c o n r r c r c i a l p o a c h i n o . A t f i r s t t h e l e o D a r d w a s t h e i rp r i n c i p a l t a r q e t a n d t h e y k i t : e d e l e p h a n t a n d r h i n o l a r q e l y ! o f i n 6 i . et h e l o n q s o j o u r n s i n t h e b u s h t h a r l e o p a r d t r a p p i n g r e q ; i r e d , t s J t i it h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s , w h e n l e o p a r d s v r e r e b e c o n i n g s c a r c c , t h e y i n c r e a s i n g l yt u r n e d t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o e l e p h a n t a n d r h i n o , a n d t h e i r k i l t i n o o ft h e s e a n i m a l s r e a c h e d e p e a k i n n a n y a r e . s a f t e r t h e K e n v a G o v e r n r n e n t , sb a n o n e l e p h a n r h u n t i n g i n I 9 l l a n d o n e l l h u n r i n g i n I 9 7 7 .

I t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t l e o p a r d p o a c h i n g i n K e n y a r e a c h e du n p r e c e d e n t e d h e i g h t s i n t h e i a t e 1 9 6 0 s a n d e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s . T h e g r o { r n 9d e m a n d f o r s k i n s f o r t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f u r t r a d e w a s a c c o i p a n i e d b yr i s i n q p r i c e s , i n c l u d i n g a n i n c r e a s e o f X 2 * i n s i x y e a r s ( N y e r s 1 9 7 3 ) .0 e n a o d w a s r e g r e t t a b l y b o o s t e d a f t e r a w e l l k . , o w n p e r s o n a l i t y i n t h eU n i t e d S t a t e s w a s p h o t o g r a p h e d i n a l e o p a r d s k i n c o a t i n 1 9 5 a , t h e r e L yt r i g g e r i n g a f a s h i o n s t a m p e d e f . o m v r h i c h K e n y a ' s l e o p a r d s h a v e n o t y e rr e c o v e r e d . I n 1 9 6 8 a n d 1 9 6 9 a l o n e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s l e g a t t y i m p o r t e c j1 7 , 4 9 0 l e o p a r d s k i n s , o f w h i c h 2 0 ? c a n r e f r o n K e n y a a n d i 5 Z f r o . n" € t h i o p i a ' r . T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e s k i n s , h o u n e v e r , c a n n o t h a v e b e e nl e g a l l y e x p o r t e d i n t h e f i r s r p l a c e , f o r r h e o f f ; c i a l 1 9 5 8 e x p o r rf i g u r e s f o r K e n y a a n d E t h i o p i a w e r e 8 0 a n d 3 l Z r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n o t h e rw o r d s 8 8 i j o f t h e 3 , 2 5 8 K e n y a n a n d E t h i o p i a n s k i n s l e g a l t y i m p o r t e d i n r ot h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 1 9 6 8 w e r e i l l e g a l t y e x p o r t e d f r o m A f r i c a , a t t h o u g ht h e y m a y h a v e h a d r p e r m i t s , o b t a i n e d i n t h e m a n n e r d e s c r i b e C b y H y e r s( 1 9 7 3 ) . F o r t u n a t e l y r e c o q n i c i o n o f t h i s f a c t v r d s o n e o f t h e r e a s o n 5t h a t l e d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o i m p o s e i t 5 c o n m e n d a b l e b a n i n 1 9 7 2 . U n -f o r t u n a t e l y t h e d e m a n d f o r s k i n s i n 1 9 7 3 w a s g r e a t e r f r o n F r a n c e , r t a r y ,5 p a i n , S c a n d i n a v i a , a n d J a p a n t h a n e v e r b e f o r e ( l l y e r s 1 9 7 6 a ) , a n o t r , . ,K e n y a G o v e r n n e n t r s * r n b a n s o n t h e i f i p o r t a t i o n a n d c o r m e r c i a l e x p o r to f s p o t t e d s l i n s ( L N 5 3 o f 1 8 / 1 / 7 0 a n d L N j 8 o r 4 / Z / j 2 ) a r e r e p o r r e Cl o h a v e r e d u c e d e x p o r t 5 b y o n l y o n e t h i r d i n 1 9 7 3 ( H y e r s t 9 7 6 b ) .

0 t h e r f a c t o r s o p e r a t i n g i n K e n y a s i n c e 1 9 6 2 h a v e s l s o c o n -t r i b u t e d t o t h c d e c l i n e o f t h e c o u n t r y r s l e o p a r d s : t h e r e e d y a v a i l a -b i l i t y o f c h e a p b u ! h i g h l y t o x i c p o i s o n s a n d t h e w i l l i n g n e s s o fs t o c k m e n t o u s e t h e n t o d e s t r o y p r e d a t o r s ; t h e p o o r g e c u r i t y s i r u a t i o ni n n o r l h e r n X e n y a ; t h e b r e a k d d { n o f c o n t r o l l e d h u n t i n g : i n c r e a s i n g l yi n e f f e c t u a l a n t i - p o a c h i n g o p e r a t i o n s ; d e r i s o r y p e n a l t i e s f o r o f f e n c e se v e n v r h e n c o n v i c t i o n s c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d ; a n d , f i n a l l y , t h e p r e s e n c ei n N a i r o b i i n 1 9 7 0 o f o v e r 4 0 0 s h o p s 5 e l l i n g a r t i c l e s m a d e f r o m l e o p a r ds k i n s .

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p o p r j l a t i o n , i f p r e s . r t ,p o p u l a t i o n , i i p r e s e n t .Poech i ng .

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The resu l t i ng ca l cu la t i ons p roduced es t ima tes o f poss ib leleopard popu la t i ons fo r each d i s t r i c t . These were conve r ted to d . :n -s i t i e s , a n d t h e ' , l i k e l y ' d e n s i t i e s w e r e u 5 e d t o c o m p i l e F i q . 5 . t .L e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e a s s e s s e d a s f a l l i n g i n t o t t e f o l l c r , i n gb road ca tego r ies :

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T h e s e d a t a s h o / t h a t i n o n l y t w o d i s t r i c t s ( N a r o L a r d N y e r i )a r e l e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n s b e l i e v e d t o b e h i g h i n 1 9 8 1 . I n s i x o t h e r sa l so i n cen t ra l o r so i r t he rn Kenya ( l l aku ru , Ka j i ado , Na i rob i , Nyandarua -K i r i n y a g a , 6 n d t a i k i p i a ) t h e y a r e b e l i e v e d t o b e m o d e r a t e . B u i a l -t h o u g h t h e s e e i g h t d i s t r i c t s r e p r e s e n t l 9 g o f t h e t o t a l , t h e y c o v e ro n l y l 2 Z o f t h e c o u n t r y : a 1 2 2 w h i c h r a t h e r s u r p r i s i n g l y i n c l u d e ssome o f t he l nos t dense ly popu la ted pa r t s o f Kenya ( f i s .5 .Z . ) , f n i ,does no t , ho^ ,eve r , re f l ec t any ab i l i t y on the pa r ! o f t he l eopard tosu rv i ve an ids t denge hu f i an se t t l emen t : i t r e f l ec t s the e^ i s tenc€ o fl a rge expan5es o f f o res t on the s lopeg o f f 4oun t Kenya , t he Aberda res .and the l l au E5ca rpmen t . Ve re i t no t f o r t hese fo res ts the l eopa .dp o p u l a t i o n s o f s u c h d e n s e l y g e t t l e d d i s t r i c t s a s N y e r i , N y a n d a r u a , a n cK i r i nyaga wq j l d be sma l l , as they a re i n wes te rn Xenya , and i ndeedou ts ide these fo res ts l eopa rds a re unco rmon , e r , cep t i n La i l i p i a andl{asa i I and.

F i g . 5 . l . s h e r s t h a t r h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e t 3 d i s t r i c t s b e -l i e v e d t o b e c a r r y i n g r l i g h t ' l e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n s , e n d c o v e r i n g l 9 : i : o ft he coun t r y , a re i n cen t ra l and wes te rn Kenya and the coas t . gu tas Tab le 5 .4 . sho rs , t he ex i s tence o f mos t o f t he cen t ra l and wes re i r )popu la t i ons depends heav i l y upon the fo res ts . I n t he l ess dense l !s e t t l e d c o a s t a l d i 5 t r i c t s t h i s i 5 n o t s o .

t

8 9 -

The r spaE5er and , . a re r l eopa rd popu la t i ons a re d i s t r i bu tedbe tween 20 d i s t r i c tg cove r ing th ,o - th i rds o f Kenya : | nos t l y i n t he5par5e ly i nhab i ted no r th and no r th -eas t , ! , r he re once abundan t poou ta -t i ons have been dep le ted by he3vy poach ing , and i n the more dense lyse t t i ed pa r t s o f t he h ,es t where the p ressu res o f human popu la t i ong .o i t h have reduced leopard popu la t i ons to remnan ts . I

Based on r r y l npub l i shed ca tcu la t i on5 o f ' l i k ; l y ' t eopa rdpopu la t i on5 , t hc geograph ica l appor t i onmen t o f Kenya rs l eopards canbe exp ressed i n ano the r w6y , as shown be t6 r . i n Tab le 5 .5 .

T A B T E 5 . 5 . E s t i m a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f X e n y a ' s l e o p a r d s .

Es t imared i o fKenya rs I eopards

Z o fKenya Geog raph i ca I area

3 C t

2 t . :

r 5 ;

1 2 2

1C / "

6 '.1.

3 L2 i

5 4 2

7 7 .6 Z

1 2 Z

7 :

\ z6 Z

4 t

Nor the rn 6 , Nor th - [ag te rn (Tu r r ,ana , Sa r -b ! r u , l l a r s a b i t , l s i o l o , t l a n d e r a , V a j i r ,G a r i s s a ) .

l{asa i t and (Nerok € Kaj i ado) .

C e n t r a l ( c e n t r a l P r o v i n c e , N a i r o b i ,f . nbu , l l e ru , La i k ip ia ) .

C o a s t ( f a i t a , K w a l e , K i l i f i , I t o m b a s a ,Tana R i ve r , Lamu) .rSe t t l ed R i f t ' ( l . es t Poko t , E lqeyo -, l a rakwe ! , Uas in G ishu , T rans Nzo la ,Nand i , Ba r ingo , Ke r i cho , t l aku r r : )

Tsavo Na t i ona l Pa rk .

Ukamban i ( f l achakos , K i t u i ) .

l { yanza E Ves te rn P rov inces .

l 0 " { . 5

2 . 8

8 9 . 6

51 8

4

zzz

i

z,.

Nat i ona I Pa rks .

,{at i onal Reserves.

Fo res t Rese rves .

Res t o f Kenya .

To sua rna r i se , t l asa i l and and the fo res ted moun ta ins o fcen t re l Kenya secm to ca r ry modera te to h igh dens i t y l eopa rd pop ! -l a t i ons and cons t i t u te the p resen t s t rongho ld o f t he spec ies i n renya .The Coas t , Tsavo Na t ione l Pa rk , and wha t I have ca l l €d the ' se t t l edR i f t ' c a r r y l i g h t t h o u g h s u b s t a n t i a l l e o p e r d p o p u t a t i o n s . I n t h erena i r , i ng two_ th i rds o f l he coun t r y , i nc lud ing the who te o f t he no r thanC no r th -eas t apa r t f r om Samburu , l eopa rds a re e i t he r spa rse l y d i s t -r i bu (ed o r ra re . I n l l ombasa , a dense ly se t t l ed u rban a rea , t hey a reabsen t , and they may poss ib l y be absen t i n K i s i i D i s t r i c t t oo thoughI h a v e l i s t e d t h e n , a s r r a r e ' . ' P r o t e c t e d a r e a s t p r o b a b l y c o n t a i n n onore than one - th i rd o f t he coun t r y rs l eopa rds , and the fo res t rese rvesa re more impor tan t t han the na t i ona l pa rks o r na t i oha l rese rves , rnanyo f wh ich a re sma l l and have been heav i l y poached . I n conc lus ion , rheleopard ' s s ta tus i n Kenya has changed w i th in a pe r iod o f l 0 -15 yea raf rom one o f l i i desp read abundence to one o f w idesp read sca rc i t y . l n

> u -

v i€n o f t h i s l t i s d i f f i cu l t t o 9ee hov r t he l eopard rs s ta tus i n Kenyacan be desc r ibed -as

I sa t i s fac to ry r ' ( €a ton 1976) : "unsa t i s fac to ry " o rIpoo r r 'wou ld be more app rop r ia te te rms o f assesgn len t .

I em no t p repa red to g i ve any spec i f i c f i gu re fo r Kenya ' sp resen t l eopa rd popu la t i on . Horeve r , i n an a t tempt to coon te r sone o fthe v r i l d es t i na tes tha t have been pub l i shed , I am p repa red to pu t f o . -w a r d r n y ' m i n i m J m t i k e l y ' , ' m a x i m , r m l i k e l y ' , a n d r l i k A l y ' e s t i m a t e sbased on the ca l cu la t i ong men t ioned ea r l i e r . I do 50 re luc lan t i y endr i , i t h t he rem inder tha t t hey a re heav i l y dependen t upon sub jec t i ve da taand assumpt ions and shou ld no t be rega rded as necessa r i l y accu ra te o rr e l i a b I e .

V i th th i s p rov i50 , | $ ,ou ld be ve ry 5u rp r i sed i f Kenya '5p resen t l eopa rd popu la t i on numbers l ess than 6 ,000 o r t ! | o re than 18 ,000 .I b e l i e v e 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 2 , 0 0 0 i s p r o b a b l y t h e c l o s e s t a p p r o x i m e t i o n . T h e s ees t i n |a tes rep resen t me^an dens i t i es o f I l eopa rd , /9 i km2 , 1 l eopa rd /J2 k ' r2 ,and I leopard/47-57 krnl over the country as a whole.

By con t ras t , €a ton ( t975 ) Pu t f o rvJa rd - r conse rva t i ve ' and' r e a f i s t i c ' e s t i m a t e s o f 2 5 , 5 { 0 ( 1 l e o p a r d / 2 2 k m r ) a n d 3 5 , 0 0 0 ( l l e o -pa rd /16 kn2 , respec t i ve l y . I be l i eve these f i gu res a re g ross l y i n -f l a t e d , s c i e n t i f i c a t l y u n j u s t i f i e d , a n d h i g h l y m i s l e e d i n g . T h e y 6 r ebased on so manv n i sconceDt ions a5 to render th€n va lue less , and Isugges t t h i s a l so app l i es to many o f h i s es t ime tes fo r o the r coun t r i e5in A f r i ca ,

5 . 1 .6 . The Leopard rs Fu tu re i n Kenya

l , l h a t i s t h e l e o p a r d ' s f u t u r e i n K e n y a / l s i t I i k e l y t o b eas p ron i s ing as Ea tsn (1975) sugges ts?

Ihe mos t baa ic fac t o f I i f e i n Kenya today i s t ha t t hecoun t ry has the h ighes t ra te o f popu la t i on g ro . r th (47 pe r annur , ) i nthe en t i re wor ld ( t l o t t s l ' l o t t 1980 ) , a l t hough the A f r i can con t i nen !a s a w h o l e , w i t h 2 . 9 2 , i s n o t f a . b e h i n d ( y e r s 1 9 3 1 ) . T h e c o m b i n a -t i o n o f d e c r e a s i n g m o r t a l i t y a n d i n c r e a s i n g f e r t i l i t y h a 5 c r e a t e d apopu la t i on $ r i t h a you th fu l age s t ruc tu re v rhose rnonen tum a lone v / i l lr e s u l t i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n d o u b l i n g e v e n i f f e r t i l i t y v r e r e t o d r o pin rned ia te l y by 752 ( xo t t 6 t l o t t l 980 ) . Shor t o f ca lam i tous v ra r ,f am ine , o r pe5 t i l ence , nos t p ro jec t i ons sugges t t ha t Kenya ' s humanp o p u l a t i o n w i l I d o u b l e f r o m i t s p r e s e n t 1 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o o v e r 3 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 ( I o t t s t l o t t 1 9 8 0 , l . B , R . D . 1 9 8 0 ) : i t c o u l d r e a c h60 ,000 ,000 by the yea r 2012 (Kenya Governn ren t Economic Su rvey l ! / ! ) '

Ye t i n 1980 the coun t r y was ab le to supPor t i t s p reseo tpopu la t i on on l y by impor t i ng food f rom ab road , and the resu l t i ngp ressu res to i nc rease ag r i cu ! t u ra l p roduc t i on a re ve ry g re . t . Th i scan be ach ieved e i t he r by be t te r and more i h tens i ve use o f l and a l_r e a d y u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n , w h i c h w i l l h a v e n o s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o nieopara popu la t i ons , o r by b r i ng ing ne , , a reas under cu l t i va t i on .T h i s i s t h e t r a d i t i o n a l A f r i c a n w a y o f i n c r e a s i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o -duc t i on and i t i 9 t ak ing p lace on a | IEss i ve sca le , bo th sPon taneous ]yand under Governmen t sponso rsh ip . I n t he h igh laod a reas i t i s re -su l t i ng i n ex tens i ve de fo res ta t i on , and i n the l c i v i and a reas i n t hei n v a s i o n o f h i t h e r t o g p a r s e l y p o p ! l a t e d s e m i - a r i d l a n d 5 . T h e a d v e . s ee f fec ts o f t hese hab i ta ! changeg on Kenya ' s l eoPard PoPu la t i ons a rel i k e l y t o b e 5 u b s t a n l i a l . l t I s m o s t u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e y c o u l d f a v o u rthe l eopard , es sugges ted by Ea ton (1976) .

[ '

The cu r ren t de fo res ta t i on o f (enya r5 rema in ing fo res ts ,wh ich a l ready cove r l ess than 3Z o f i t s t o ta l a rea , i s t he ,no5 t a la rF -ing hab i ta t change lo r t he l eopard , I sugges ted ea r l i e r t ha t t hefo res t rese rves ou ts ide the na t i ona l pa rks a rd ne t i ona l rese rvessys tem p robab ly con ta in nea r l y 202 o f t he coon t r y15 l eopards . Ye ta lmos t eve ry one i s no r under a t tack r E lgon , Kakamega , Nand i , Tan -de re t , Ka i sungur , Lo lgo r ien , I l au , Runuru t i , l l oun t Kenya , i t he Aberda res ,the Nyamben is , A rabuko Sokoke , l { e rsab i t , and the h i l t s o? Hachakos andK i tu l . Anybody who doub ts th i5 need on l y take an ae rop lane and seefo r h im5e l f , The P re5 iden t i a l ban cm the fe l I i ng o f i nd igenous fo re5 ts5eems to be honoured nore in the breach than in co.npl iance, and theFores t 0epar t rnen t appears to be e i t he r unab le o r gnw i l l i ng to p ro tec tthe fo res !s en t rus ted to i t s ca re . Some na t i ona l f o res ts , 5uch a5L e l a n i n t h e C h e r a n g a n i R a n g e , a r e s o f u l l o f i l l e g e l s q u a t t e r s t h a ten fo rce rnen t o f t he fo res t regu la t i ons was g i ven up l ong ago (V rangha i ' ,e t a l . 1 9 6 8 ) e n d t h e t e r n I n a t i o n a l f o r e s t ' h a s b e c o m e n e a n i n g l e s s .There are nurnerous other examples.

I n t h e f a c e o f s u c h a n o n s l a u g h t i t i 5 n o t s u r p r i 5 i n g t h a !Kenya ' s f o res ts a re con t rac t i ng . Recen t s t r i dy sugges ts tha ! some o fv , /es te rn Kenya ' s f o re5 ts a re c l im in i sh ing a t t he ra te o f 2 - l ? pe r annun .Th is nay no t sound ve ry much , bu t i t r ep resen ts a con t rac t i on o f 20 -30in a decade , o r a fo res t l i f ( span o f on l y 30 -50 yea rs i f de fo res ta t i o rc o n t i n u e s a t t h i s r a t e . F o r t u n a t e l y t h e r a t e i s n o t s o h i o h e l 5 e -where , bu t h igh o i I p r i ces and f requen t sho r tages o f ke ros lne a rcl i ke l y t o con t i nue to exace rba te the s i t ua t i on because the eve r -i nc reas ing ru ra l denand fo r f ue l i s a ma jo r cause o f de fo res ta t i cn .1dense ly popu I a t ed a reas .

T h c l e o p a r d r s f u t u r e i n K e n y a w i l l d e p e n d h e a v i l y u p o n R n a ,happe iE to these fo res ts . The l eopard popu la t i ons i n wes te rn Ke ryBa n d C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e m a n d w i l l b ere , j uced to mere remnan ts , p robab ly i n cons tan t con f l i c t w i th rnan , i ft h e l o r . s t s a r e a i l o , r e d t o d i s a p p e a r . A n d , a s F i 9 . 5 . 1 . s h c r r s , c e n t r a lKenya i s t he p resen t s t rongho ld o f t he spec ies .

In the a r i d and semi -a r i d l ands wh ich cove r 80? o f Kenu t ,a n d a r e m o s t l y u n s u i t a b l e f o r a r a b l e e g r i c u l t . u r e ( 8 r o H n 1 9 6 8 ) h a b i t a tchanges a re I i ke l y t o be l es5 acu te fo r t he l eopard , l a rge l y b€causeo f t h e s i z e o f t h e 5 e a r e a s a n d t h e i r h o s t i l i t y t o i n t e n s i v e l a n d - u s e .l , l eve r the less , popu la t i on p ressu res and the cu l tu ra l des i re fo r l anda re resu l t i ng i n i nc rea5 ing movemen t o f peop le i n to the sen i_a r ida r e a s , e v e n w h e r e t h e l a n d i s n o t s u i t a b l e o r t h e r a i n f a l l i s i n a d e _qua te fo r cu l t i va t i on . Th i s movemen t i s f o l I o r . / ed by the des t ruc t i ono f oa tu ra l vege ta t i on to c lea r t he l and and to p rov ide bu i l d ingmate r ia l s , f i r ev rood , and cha rcoa l . I o reove r t hese ac t i v i t i es a reo f ten accompan ied by poach ing o f t he w i l d l i f e on wh ich l eopards p re -The tw in e f fec ts a re to reduce the hab i ta t ava i l ab le fo r l eopa rds an .to reducc the na tu ra l p rey on h ,h i ch they feed . A t t he sa f l e t imegrea te r emphas i5 on I i ves tock p roduc t i o$ , and changes i n l and tenu resuch as t . he ad jud i ca t i on o f p r i va te l end and g roup ranches , consp i r .t o reduce the to le rance o f s tockmen , whe the r ranchers o r sma l l ho lde rs ,t c * {a rds p reda to rs . And as the number o f w i l d an ima ls dec l i nes i n t henew ly s€ t t l ed a reas , so the t snp ta t i on - i f no t necess i t y - f o r l eop - -1t o k i l l l i v e s t o c k i n c r e a s e s , r e s u l t i n g i n g r e a t e r c o n f l i c t w i t h m a n .Ih i s con f l i c t can on l y be expec ted to i nc rease and to the l eopard tsde t r imen t a5 i t p rovokes de l i be ra te a ! te f i p t s t o k i I I i t . 0n l y byg i v ing the l eoperd mone te ry va lue to the l andc r " /ne r , as sugges ted i nC h a p t e r 6 , ! , , i l l a t t e m p t s t o e x t e r m i n a t e t h e s p e c i e s b e f o r e s t a l l e d .

I

Never the legs i t r sna ins t rue tha t t he l eopard , v r i t h i t 9s e c r e t i v e h a b i t s a n d c a t h o l i c d i e t , l s a n ' , e x c e p t i o n ; : t i ' a a a p t a t , t ep reda to r r ' ( t ye rs 1975) . t t s ab i t i t y t o su rv i ve i n p r " . ! r - ! u i i - " ,S iaya , where S t6 , ra r t 6 S ta {a r t ( t 963 ) reco rded . i t " . " " i i nc i , ; , p ,oo to f t h i s . 8u r I be l i eve tha t bo th Hyers ( t 975b) "no t . t * i iSZg)have ove res t ima ted the ab i t i t y o f l i opa r ! s t o gu rv i ve i n s r . - f r ' i , t u " -l : : l : ! + l+

- l l l i c t w i th nan , . t n s iaya and r ,nany o the r dense ty popu-r e r e d d r s t r r c t s t h e y s u r v i v e b u t i n a s t a t e o f w a r : E v e n i n a r e a ssuch as La i k ip ia and ha5a i l and where hun ran popu la t i ons a re spa rse an , ly : 1 1 ] i f " . i 5 s t i l l p l e n t i f u t , c o n f t ; c ! o . . r ' , . j , t n d . " d , " , p " l i i , " t

. t r t r q l snows , , t h t s i . s no th ing nev , i n Kenya : even i n the e : r l y pa r ! o f

: l r : cen tu ry teopards -were repo r ted to t roub le the K ikuyu g re i t l y v r i t h

: l e : l de l rSa t i o : s .

.A t though the nun rbe r o f o f fend ing teop i rds nay be5 r | a t l , t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s c a n b r i n g h o s t i l i t y o n a l l , a n d t h i s d r u s t f o r f ithe background to any assessment of the future of the species.

ye rs (1976b) be l i eved tha t t he g rea tes t t h rea t t o t ne I eo -P a r d r s f u t u r e i s t h e i n c r e a s i n g u s e o f p o i s i n , a n d t h a t t h i s ' , i s o f r n o r - ,consequence than t t aps , sna res , guns and a l I o the r f o rms o f co rnba t -t ; n9 the Ieopard p ! t t oge the r . " I d i sag ree . l t i 9 t rue tha t po i sonr tus t have k i ) l €d rdany l eopards , pa r t i cu ia r l y i n f l asa i l and , bu t repo r t sf ron ,Naro l , Ka j i ado , La i k ip ia , and Sambur | r i ugges t t h " t no t a l t r eoparc :(Or I r ons , succumb anc l t ha t t hose tha t SUrv i ve l ea rn no t t o scaveno !o r t o do so w i th g rea t cau t i on . I ndeed fo r many yea rs l eopards s . i "t o . have . su rv i ved succes5 fu l l y i n a reas *he re the Game Depar tmen t ando the rs have ca r r i ed ou t ex tens i ve s t r ychn ine -po i son inq c impa ions d i rec_ted a r hyaenas (Game Dep t . 1930 , 1990 , 1950 , i 963 , r964 ) . no ieue , , oo t .s t r ychn ine and 'Cooper tox r a re rap id i n t he i r ac t i on , "nd i t s " " r , t n " tl eopa rds a re bc t te r ab l c t o adep t t o the - l i t han to the more i n5 id rous ,s l cne r -ac t i ng c r . rmu la t i ve po i sons such as a rsen i te o f soda . Th i s wdsu9ed bv the Game Depar tmen t i n 1958 /59 aga ins t baboons nea r Tave ta , andthe l oca l peop le a t t r i bu ted the 5ubsequen t v i r t ua l ex te rm ina t i on o fl eopards In the K i tobo Fo res t t o t he i r scaveng ing on the ca rcases o fpo i soned baboons . l t i s l i ke l y , t he re fo re , t i , a t so r " o f t he Gar r ,eDepar tnen t ' s o the r baboon po i son ing campa igns e l so accoun ted fo rI i gn i f i can t n r . :mbers o f I eopards .

Never the less I be l i eve l eopards hdve p roved to be more vu l -ne rab le to t raps , sna res , and gun5 , as the p resen t g tudy has sho |vn .There i s no founda t ion fo r t he be l i e f exp ressed by Ea to ; (1977) tha rthe l eopard i s , l ve l I adap ted to the s tee i t r ap , r , un less he me ins tnebox t rap . Hy Tsavo s tudy s ho i red tha t no t a l l l eopa rds wou ld en te rthese , bu t cunberso rne s tee l box t raps e re se ldom, i f eve r , used Dyleopard poachers i n Kenya . 0n the con t ra ry , t he s /eapon o i cho i ce fo rP roJess iona l , l eopa rd poachers i s t he s tee l g in t rap , wh ich has p robab lycaugh t no re l eopards i n t he coun t r y than a l i o the r ' i ypes p , r t t o ie tne r .The leopard t5 p ropens i ty fo r scaveng ing ensures i t s ! i r * i i r " i " i ,and i t can be read i l y concea led , l , l o reove r , un l i ke a l eopard tha t: : : ] l T ? -p l : . :

o f po i soned .mea t and has rhe oppor tun i t y o f regu r -g i t a t i n g i t , a l e o p a r d s e i z e d b y t h e f i u z z l e o r a t i m b i n ' t f r e c r u e tse r ra ted j aws o f a g in t rap se ldoo has a second chance . l f i t doese s c a p e a t d o e s s o o n l y a t t h e c o s t o f n l t i l . t i o n . U s u a l l y a l l r tcan do . i s awa i t , i n agony the re tu rn o f t he t rapper , who despa tchesi t w i t h a m e r c i f u l a r r o r , r o r , s o a s n o t t o s p o i l t h e s k i n f o r t t r cf u r r i e r , b e a t s i t t o d e a t h b y b t u d g e o n i n g t i e s k u l l w i t h a h e a v yc l u b o r r o c k . T H I S i s t h e b a s i s o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o o a l f u r t r a d e .

The g in t rap 6nd the fu r t rade w i l t con t i nue to Dresen t t heg rea tes t 9 ing le th rea t t o t he su rv i va l o f t he l eopard i n Kenya . Thespec ies can cope w i th an i nc reas lng human pope la t i on and sp read ing

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se t l l enen t ro l ong a9 i t i 5 no t n to les ted . Bu t i t i 5 vu lne rab le l cp o a c h i h g a n d t h e r e a r e l i m i t g t o w h a t i t c a n w i t h 5 t a n d . l t c e r r a r n r ycanno t t h r i ve i n t h€ face o f h igh l y o rgan i5ed and sys tenE t i c ons lau i j r . , ! 5s r r ch as those o f t he 1950s and 1970s . Con t ra ry to i he c la in r t ha r r . , ,l e o p a r d i s . r ' n o t e v e n i n d a n g e r o f d a n g e r , , ( r o t o n f S i O j , - " . o i t " r - , i , " r r " r -coun t r y -vJade a t tack on i t i n Kenya ca , . l l d reduce the coun t r y rs re rna rn_i n 9 I e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n s t o a s t a t e o f g r e a t s c a r c i t y , e , l e n ' r a r i r y . tdo no t be l i eve , however , t ha t t he spec ies i s eve r t i i e t y t o b " " r , . . . _rn ina ted co f i p le te t y i n Nenya . l he coun t r y p rov ides .no rq t l nu . . " r r i t t "and ho5 t i l e hab i ra t s i n wh ich the teopa16 ian seek re fu ie "nJ - *n " . . , , ,a d a p t a b i l i t y w i l l e n s u r e i t s s u r v i v a t . F u r t h e r m o r e , c d r e . l i a t r e o p a 1 6poachang does hav ! a se l f - l i r n i t i ng hcchan ism in tha i v rhen l eoparo ocn_s i t i e s f a l l t o s u c h l o w l e v e l s t h l t t h e r e t u r n p e r u n i t e t f o r l i s n olonger wor thwh i l e , poach ing o f t he spec ies i s aLandoned , l eav ing thewary su rv rvo r5 to recove r and rep roduce . I n tha t sense the l eoparc 5s u r v i v a l i n K e n y e - o r i n A f r i c a - i s s e c u r e . B u t i t s e " i r t e n . e i ,numbers i s no t .

A t t h e p r e s e n r ! i m e I b e t i e v e , o n t h e s u b j e c t i v e e v i d € j , : (ava i l ab le , - t ha t a reco \ ,e ry i s under way and tha t , f o i l o r l ng tne re_laxa t i o o f poach ing p ressu re fo r t he ;eason g i ven above , i . ny " ' , t u r -pa rd popu la t i on i s i nc reas ing aga in , Recen ! repo r t s f rom l . t asa i tan . . , ,and pa r t s o f Sanburu D is t r i c t a re encourag in ,o . I doub t , houeve r , i ft he coun t r y ' s l eopa rd po f ,u la t i on w i l l eve i rega in i t s f o rmer abuno-dance , excep t l oc , l l l y and on l y then i f t he fu i ! r ade does no t onc .a g a l n r n t e r v e n e . T h c n o r t h e r n p o p u l a t i o n s i n p a r t i c u l a r a r e s o d e p _le t rd tha t re . cove ry k i l l t ake a l ong t i ne : t he expe r ience o f l . 4e ruN i , r i ona l Pa rk dnd Kora Na t ions l Rese rve sugges ts t i , " t eu "n ten yea rso f r " s p i t e i s n o t . n o u g i r t o r e s u l r i n a n y i i g n i f i c a n t i " p . o u u r " i , . .Ha r , y o f Kenya ' s l eop€ rd popu la t i ons may requ r re ano the r t en o r f i i t ee ryc . r s . 8u t by tha r t ime the coun t r y rs human popu la t i on w i l l haved ! t 6 i n e d a l n o s t 3 C , 0 0 0 , 0 0 ! a r d t h e l e o p a r d ' s e n v i r o n m e n t w i l l b e f a rl e5s l , . . , c i r rab le , even i n the se fn i -a r i d l ands , Un less , h . r , i eve r , t he . .r s a r r su rgence o f con lTe rc ia l poach ing , t he spec ies r p rospec ts fo i r ven_tua l recove ry i n t he no r th a re reasonab le . l n r , {es te rn Kenya eno pa r i :o f c e n t r a j K e n y a c o n t i n u e d d e c l i n e i 5 i n e v i t a b l e r : n d e r t h e ' p r e s s u r e s o fhumao popu la t i on i nc rease , ag r i cu l t u ra l expans ion , and de fo ;es ta r i c i .

' . 2 . lHE I .TOTARD IN AFRICA

The sa rne fac to rs tha t have a f fec ted l eopard popu la t i ons i nKenya e f fec ! t hose i n o the r A f r i can coun t r i es . e l i noug i - , i t r ey nEry oo sot o d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s i n d i f f e r e n t c o o n t r i e s , t h e l e s g o ; s o f k e n y a a r .w i d e l y a p p l i c a b l e a n d n e e d n o f u r t h e r e l a b o r a t i o n . O n l y t w o p o i n r sneed b r i e f cons ide ra t i on : t he s ta tus o f t he l eopard i n A f r i ca as aw h o l e , a n d p o s s i b i t i t i e s f o r c o n h e r c i a l u t i l i s a t i o n o f t h e l e o p ; r o < ,a s u s t a i n e d y i r l d b a s i s .

Vha t i s t he l eopard ' s s ta tus i n A f r i ca? Acco rd ing to Ea ro . l( r > / o , r n c t e o o a r d h a s a r e l a t i v c l y s a t i S f a c t o r y s t a t u s i n s u b _Saharan A f r i ca . l t ce r ta in l y i s no t endangered , and i n nea r l y a l I c ft he sub -Saharan na t i ons o f A f r i ca hes a sa t i s fac to ry s ta tus w i th ,ea -sonab ly sa t i s fac to ry t rend . ' , A t though th i s conc i t , s i on was pa r t i y b . : : _ \ ,Con an assessmen t o f t he fa r more de ta i l ed su rvey ca r r i ed ou t by hye . .{1975b) , l , t ye rs ' own conc lus ion was ve ry d i f f e ren t : f r i s - s te j y I f r - . , e . :t ha t t he l e (pa rd has be !n reduced to tne re remnan t numbers i n a t l . . r s r20 coun t r i es o f sub -saharan A f r i ca and l na in ta ins subs tan t i a l nun rb ! r , .r . e . m a n y t h o u s a n d s , i n l e s s t h a n t e n c o u n t r i e s , n o t a b l y Z a i r e , 6 a D c r ,

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Congo , Zamb ia , Tanzan ia , Bo tswana , Sou th Ves t A f . i ca , and Sudan .l l o reove r , Hye rs be l i eve5 (pe rs . coe ,n r . ) t ha t t he conc lus ion5 [a ton d r r . ]f r o$ h i s asse l smeDt o f ye rs . da ta a re un jus t i f i ed anC inva l i d an ,Jh e d i s s o c i a t e s h i m s e l f f r o m E a t o n ' s g t a t i ; t i c s f o i l e o p a r d p o p u l a _t i ons i n A f r i ca sou th o f t he Sahara . l t y c l rn fee l i ng i , t t , " i Hy " r r ,su rvey rema ins the mos t comprehens ive and re l i ab le i o da te fo r A f r i caas a who le .

tThe p regen t s tudy has shown tha ! f o r Kenya a t l eas t ,

€a ton rs assessmen ts and f i gu res a re i nva l l d and tha i nanv o f h i ss t reeP . ing_ s ta tehen ts on spo r t hun t i ng , poach i ng , I eops rd dens i t i es ,anc j t he i n te rna t i ona j f u r t rade a re con t ra ry i o t he knovn fac ts .V h i l e I h a v e n o d e s i r e r v h a t s o e v e r t o b e l i t t l e h i s w o r k . I f e € l i t i sn l y du ty to po in t ou t , because o f t he i np l i ca t i ons , t ha i 5one o f h i sa s s e s s m e n t s f o r o t h e r c o l r n t r i e s a l s o h a v e n o s c i e n t i f i c j u s t i f i -ca t i on , Fo r examp le , a l t hough he says tha t t he s ta tus o i t he j ec -pa rd i n N iqe r ia r rappears to be unknowr " , he ass igns the coun t r y a: : : : l i r j l : ' I e o p a r d p o p u t a t i o n o f n o t e s s r h a n 2 6 , 0 0 0 : a d e n s i t y o ir / , t o rn - I n one o r t he nos t dense ly popu la !ed coun ! r i es i n A f r i ca ,i n wh ich mos t l a r -qe w i l d l i f e has a l ready been e l im ina ted and evensna l l p rey has been d in in i shed by the denand fo r ' bush rnea t , , ancwhere l l ye rs (1975b) conc luded tha t l eopa rds a re unconmon and dec t r r -i n g , j E a t o n a l s o a s s i g n s G h a n a a ' r e a l i s t i c r p o p u l a t i o n o f 2 0 . 0 0 0l e o p a r d s , d e 5 p i t e s a y i n g t h e s t a t u g o f t h e l e o p a r d i s ^ , , l a r g e l y u n -xn ' ) vn , and r r r s rep resen ts a mean dens i t y o f 1 /12 kn rz ( , i ) i n aco !n t r y f o r wh ich the ev idence g i ven by l ye rs sugges ts the l eopard i sce r ta in l y no t co r non and may even be ra re - | be i i eve Ea ton ,s l " r . -se rva tave ' es t i r na tes a re a l so o f ten too h i9h , as i n t he case o f renq ,a ,and tha t h i s assessnen tg fo r seve ra l o the r coun t r i eS a re ve rv r , t uchopcn to eue5 t i on ,

t i eve r the less desp i te Ea ton '5 i n f l a ted f i qu res and m is -l ead ing assessn ,enLs and h i s so rne t imes doubr fu l conc i r , s i ons . t hcleopard a5 a spec ies cdnno t ye t be cons ide red ' . endanqered ' , i n t hct r u e s e n s e o f t h e w o r d , F o r , a s t h e U . S . C o n q r e s s i n s t r u c t i o r r t ot h e o e p a r t m e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r s t a t e s : , ' A s e ; i o u s r e d u c t i o n i nnumbers i n a s ing le coun ! r y i s no t an adequa te bas i s f o r p lac inga spec ies o r subspec ies on the endangered I i s t v , / hen tha t same spec reso r sL lbspec ies i s p len t i f u l e l se l vhe re . r , The l eopard ' s numb€rs haveuecn g rea t , l y reduced in many coun t r i es o f sub -saharao A f r i ca bu r ,as l , l ye rs ( l ! 76b ) sho , , red , i t s t i l l occu rs i n subs tan t i a l numbers i nthe cou r ' t r i es men t ioned ea r l i e r and i s no t abo r . . r t t o becone ex t i nc t -€ven i n Kenya , where the p resen t g t l dy shows i t has su f fe red savdged e p l e t i o n , i t s t i l l r e n a i n s i n d a n y t h o u s a n d s .

The l eopard .s s ta tus l n A f r i ca i s , ho reve r . € lmos t ce r -!a in f y l ess sa t i s fac to ry than Ea ton 11g76 , 19771 sugges ts , and h j !c l a i m t h a t t h e s p e c i e 5 , ' a c h i e v e s h i g h e r d e n s i t i e s a i i t o t a l n u r , r b e . sove r m i l l i ons o f squa re k i i o rne te rs than any l a roe r mami ta l " i si nva l i d f o r Kcnya and p robab ly mog t o the r A f r i c i n coun t r ;es too .8u t even i f t he l eopard i s no t r rendangered" , i t shou ld s r i l I beregarded es I ' threatenedr', for the l(enyan exDerience has 5holvr.t whatcan happen to an abunda i t popu la t i on v r i t h in the sho r t oe r iod o ften to f i f t een yea rs , As , ' t ye rs (1976a) po in t s o t t . t i , r e u i r rua ,e l i n ina t i on o f t he l eopard f rom Nor th A f r i ca end f ro rn nany oa r t s o fs o u t h e . n A f r i c a s h o u l d s e r v e a s a w a r n i n q t o t h o s e w h o i n s i i t t t a ,t h e I e o p a r d w i l I a l w a y s s u r v i v e i n s i g n i i i c a n t n u n b e r s n o r . . t r e .whdt the irnpact of man.

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. F ina l l y , Hye rs ( l 9Z6a , 1976b) sugge5 ted tha t t he ha rves r -i n g o f l e o p a r d s f o r l h e i r s k i n s o n a s u s t a i n e d y i e l d b a s i s m i o h tr e p r e s e n t a s e n s i b l e c o n s e r v e ! i o n a n d m a n a g e n e n r p o t i c y f o r i h espec ies . A l though I d i s t i ke hany o f t he me thods used to ca tch l eo -pa rds , such a sche r i re cou ld g i ve the i pec ies cons ide rab le ecooomicva lue to the p roduc ing couDt r i es i f t he i n te rna t ima l f u r t rade cou ldbe 5ound ly regu la ted i n A f r i ca as we l I as ou ts ide . Bu t I t e t r . . . . o "i s no t adequa te l y regu la ted i n t he deve ioped coun t r i es a , i d t he re i sno a rean ing fu l , hones t , and e f fec t i ve con t ro l i n n ros t A f r i can counr r res .As l l ye rs po in t s o { r t , t he spo t ted fu r t rade hes 90 fa r p rwed , ' eco lo -g i ca l l y and economica l l y i ne f f i c i en t t o an ex t reme degree , has ove r -exp lo i t ed ce r !a in l eopa rd popu la t i ons wh i l e l eav ing o the rs un touched ,a n d h a s t e n d e d t o i n s t i t u t i o n a l i 2 e c o r r u p t i o n a m o n g w i l d l i f e a u t h o r i t i e sin emergen t A f r i ca . r r ' f he re l s no reason to be t i ev ! t ha t t he wor td i sany olore ready novr than it was in the 1970s to imptement 6 sound and! , ro rkab le sys tdn w i th the des i red con t ro l s and sa feguards . And i t i sce r ta in tha t many l eopard popu la t i ong a re no t ye t i eady fo r such ex -p l o i t a t i o n . I n d e e d , a c c o r d i n g r o f i y e r s ( p e r s . c o | l n l . t 9 8 0 ) : " l h eleopard ' s s ta tus i n A f r i ca con t i nues to be under rn ined , i n many i n -s tance5 seve re l y , by poach ing fo r t he i n te rna t i ona l f u r t rade : , , Ib e l i e v e , I i k e h i m , t h a t n o t h i n g s h o u l d b e d o n e t o e n c o u r a g e t h i s t r . : d ea t t he p resen t t ime . Kenya ' s expe r ience shou ld be a tess&r fo r a l l .

I t he re fo re recommend tha t t he Un i ted S ta tes Governme, rL ,w h i l e r e c l a s a i f y i n g t h e l e o p a r d a s " t h r e a t e n e d ' , a n d w h i l e p e r m i t t r n gspor t hun te r5 to impor t l ega l l y acqu i red hun t i nq t roph ies under thec o ' } d ; : i o n s d i s c u s s e J i n C h a p t e r 6 , s h o u l d c o n t i ; u e t o r e t a i n r h el e o p a r d r s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n A p p e n d i x I o f C . t . T . E . S . a n d t o p r o h i b i tt he impor ta t i on o f l eopa rd sk ins i n to the Un i ted S ta tes fo r comrnarc ia lDur'oose9.

5 .3 . STATUS OF ' I iE CHEETAH IN KENYA ANO AFRICA

Throughou t t h i s su rvey o f t he s ta tus o f t he l eooard i nKenya f requen t re fe rences , usua l l y f avou rab le , have been |hade to thechee tah . The pu rpose o f t h i s sec t i on i s t o examine the s ta tus o fthe chee tah f i l o re ca re fu l l y and to d i scuss the spec ies 'p rospec ts fo rthe future. fte-!neg!g!,, eggi_gg_) las been tle lgLigct o! severarulure. tne cheerah's ecotoqy has been tt lg l lqi lglgl l l lglqjie:-_{,.e.lcLi!eL]:I-i'I;-;;a!*a-Ar;t"n-El!-,r-au,scnao".s-Lu0 |r.974. Frame E fEqe_lgzlqr;irlq_L9lq. arl_o -qy1ll1r g@-ana-ll[:poJ e only to rqfer brief Ly t-q,celr,a"i_o _rsg:qti w-6Errr ii"Ievant.--trraddiaio; rhere'heve been two speciat stu; i . ;-;?-tI ; ; tat; of rh.spec ie5 i n I a i t A

There i s no re€son to be l i eve tha t chee tah have eve r beenve ry numerous i n Kenya , even when the coun t r y was mos t l v w i l de rne5s(Perc i va l 1924 , S imon l ! 62 , f ye rs 1975) . I ndeed even be fo re rhe F i r s rVo r ld L la r t he re was conce rn ove r i t s s ta tus and ta l k o f dec l i ne( l l ye rs 19 /5 ) . I n 1955 , a f te r chee tah had been n€de Rove l Game. theGa, .ne Depar tmenr (1954-55 ) cownen ted tha t p ro rec r i on ha j on ty j us tc o i n e i n t i n r e , I n 1 9 6 2 i t n o t e d t h a t t h e s p e c i e s h a d ' d e c l i n e d a l a r -m i n g l y t h r o u g h o u t i t s r a n g e d u r i n g t h e l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s , , a n d e s t i -ma ted tha t t he re were p robab ly on l y 1 ,500 -2 ,000 chee tah i n Kenyac . r t s i de the na t i ona l pa rks and rese rves (Game Dep t . 1962) . Iwoyears be fo re tha t , Cu l l en s oo rney (1950) had wondered i f even 100v re re l e f t , and r v ro te , r ,Chee tah i n Kenya have been s tead i l y go in ! ,and the popu la t i on has no ' , , d ropped to the po in t o f p rob lemat i ca l re -cove ry . ' r Be re (1962) dec la red : ' ,Once common in Eas t A f r i ca they

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KENYA IN 1963 .

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- 9 6 -

a re noe / becoming i nc reas ing l y ra re , r ' and S inon (1962) conc luded :" l o Kenya the spec ie5 i 5 ba lanced p reca r ious l y on the b r i nk o f ex -t i nc t i on and may a l ready have passed the po in t o f no re tu rn . r , Th i swas echocd by S tewar t 6 S te r " ra r t (1953) | i Jho wro te : , , t t i s p robab lyin tno re danger o f e l im ina t i on than mos t spec ies . " 0n l y Graham i .Pa rke r (1965) aod hye rs (1975) rook a l ess g toomy v iew , The fo rmercou ld f i nd no ev idence to sugges t t ha t t he chee tah Nras a ldec l i n ing5pec i€5 i n Eas t A f r i ca , and the l a t t e r conc luded : "Chee tah shoo ldpe rs i s t i n t he ex tens i ve a r i d env i ronn ten ts fo r a good many yea r5 .Bu t even l l ye rs , i n es t i r na t i ng the i r numbers i n Kenya a t 1 ,000 -3 ,000 ,be f i eved they wou ld p robab ly dec l i oe by 25 -5OZ by 1980 . No . / t ha rl 9 8 l h a s a r r i v e d i t i s a g o o d t i m e r o a s k : w h a t i s t h e c h e e t a h . sPre5 en t s ta tus i n Kenva?

As fo r t he l eopard ' on l y sub jec t i ve i n fo rma t ion i s ava i -l a b l e , e p s r t f r o m o n e o r t w o d e t a i l e C s t u d i e s ( I c L a u g h l i n 1 9 7 0 ,6 L r r n e y l ! 8 0 ) , a n d t h e s a m e d i f f i c u l r i e s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a p p l y .F o r a l t h o u g h r h e c h e e t a h i s I a r g e l y d i u r n a t i t i s a s i y a n d w i d € l yrpqltlg s pec i es an d i s n o t-;;s y-t o-EEis us: l-reovE,-as xie*'.-(i!17 5 )po i n r s

-6;r---a.EssnEms--f--E!i66Eii; su-i as' p I ent i f u I' or' r a r e',

ne .d to be app l i ed i n a con tex t d i f f e ren t f ron tha t o f t he l eopard\ . / h i ch has p robab iy a l l r ays been more abundan t and o f ten occu rs i r ,r e l a t i v e l y h ; 9 h d e n s i t i e s . 8 ! t w i t h t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s i n m i n d , w h a r6oes the p rescn t s ta ius su rvey i nd i ca te?

In the j i r s t p lece the re i s no ev idence tha t t he chee teh ,sd i s ! r i b u t i o n i n t 9 8 1 i s a n y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a r i n 1 9 5 5 d e s p i t e t h esp read o f human se t t l emen t and ag r i cu l t u re . So fa r as I kno { , i r sd i s t r i b u ! i o n s t i l I c o . { o r m s t o t h o s c A i v e n b y S t e l r a r t t 5 t e w a r t ( 1 9 5 3 )and 6 rahan : t Pa rke r (196 t ) . I ndeed chee tah a re s t i l l r epo r ted f romTrans Nro ia D is t r i c t l v l . - e S te tJa r r 6 S te l ra r t (1961) be l i eved they haaL ,een e l i n i r . r t ed . I n 9e1era*L_ lE - ! ! : 9 f s sL i l l occu rs rh rou u t

r r i t h t h e e x c e ; t ts. montane lnoorland, qd lFl]p]f dense human set ! a n d c u l t i v e t i o n : 0 n l y i n N y a n z a

a n d l , { e s t e r n P r o v i n c e s a n d t h e n o r e d e n s e l y s e i t l e d p a r t s o f C € n t r a lP r o v i n c e d o e s i t a p p l a r t o h a v e b e e n e n t i r e l y e l i i n a t e d , w h i l e i t sa b s e n c e f r o m n o s t p a r t s o f t h e c o a s t a l s t r i p p r o b a b l y r e f l e c t s a c o n -b i n a t i o n o f u n 5 u i t a b l e h e b i t a t . l a c l ' o f o r e v . a n d e x t e n s i v e h u m a neglgl i l fgg-

- i t

-aai-ff oaai rs-on-"6n c hes at ' [ iFi niver, ]hika, Hanyut i ,

Ru f ru ru t i , and T imau , as men t ioned by Graham E Parke r (1965) , andco r t i nues to ra id I i ves rock , and the p red i c t i on o f hye rs (1975) tha ti t m igh t be ex te rm ina ted on the La i k ip ia ranches by 1930 has no t beenf " r f i l l c J .

Repor t s f ron sou the rn Kenya a re encourag ing . -Qgrney (198 i , )found that the cheeta_b is thrivinq !! lhqf,p1a- 19q!p4- part i c-T-a i l lo , t s i de the ha l i ona l Rese rve , w i th good p rospec ts fo r t ne fu i r ,E l -a n d o t h e r r e p o r t s s u g g e s t t h a t c h e e t a h h a v e a d a p t e d w e l l t o t h e l a r g e,:!e!e'lrtcat ;qle!€jtr !4s!, !!!."_t!ry qa@!a!! earm !@n--donce !f nr€y and rhe 9Mglrs!- ell!I!9d ta__p!4jqo!s. As in 195C( ; ! n e D e p t . 1 9 5 0 ) , t h e y c o n t i n u e t o l _ o - e x i e t w e l l w i r h t h e N a r o lIto.- i , r{hose stock they do not a!racl fu!] i lElq). They oicurth ro r . rghou t f € j i ado end a re s t i l l r epo r ted f rom Ukamban i , a l t hough in

r t i r cse a reBs they do tdke so rne s tock . I n Tsavo they a re nov , seen rno re- / o ' t c r t h a n b e f o r e , a n d o n G a l a n a R a n c l - , v r h e r e s i m i l a r h a b i t a t c h a g - s

! l , a , c t t s l c n p l a c € , t h e i r n u m b e r s a p t ) e a r t o L e i n c r e a s i n g , I n n o r i h e , nKenya thcy s t i l l appear to occ ! r t h roughou t , w i th the poss ib le excep -t i on o f pa r t5 o f Tu rkana , and i t i s qener t s l l y ag reed by p ro fess iona lhun te rs and qan re wardens fa : r r i l i a r r { i t h no r the rn and no r th -eag te rn

Kenya tha t t he re i s no ev idence o f any oErked dec l i ne the re . I n .?nyd is t r i c t5 the s ta tus o f t he chee teh noh , compares favoL r rab l v w i rn

- tha t o f t he l edpard aod a l t hough poach inq mus t have caused i c . ._L!-_lras not had the same effe.t as on ahe leopard. Indeed, on lhe coi:.t r a ry , i t s $ rho lesa le reduc t i on o f t he l i on , l eopa rd , and hyaena popu-la t i ons has a lmos t ce r ta in l y bene f i t t ed the chc ( , t ah by renov iog i t 5enemi es and co'npet i tors.

p la ins . The reve rse i s t rue fo r Kenya . Jhe re a re fa r n |o re i n t he

I n c o n c l u 5 i o n , f e ' J o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l l i u n t e r s a n d w a r d e n sI s p o k e t o b e l i e v e d t b e c h e e t a h i s i n d a n g e r o f e x t i n c t i o n i n ( e n y a ,

v J h i l e ! , o s t b e l i e v e d i t i s e i t h e r h e l d i n g i r < . w n o r a c t u a l l y i n -q r e a a l A g : | l o s t a l s o b e l i e v e d t h a t i t s s t a t u s i n t h e n o r t h e r n t r r o -L l , r r d s o l t h e c o u n t r v i 9 b € t t e r r h r n r h r r ^ f r h e l e o p a r q . A s o n cp r o f e s s i o n a l h u n t e r w h o k n o w s l h a t a r e a w e l l w r o t e i n h i s d i a r v i n1 9 7 6 , " l t h i n k t h e c o n c e r n e d o n e s h a v e g o t i t a l I w r o n g i n t h € i r f e a r sf o r t h e c h e e t a h . l t i 3 t h e l e o p a r d t h a t h a s v a n i s h e d f r o n l l o r t h e r nK e n y a . . . r ' l b e l i e v e h e i s r i g h t .

H o u i s i t , t h e n , t h a t t h i s r r t i n : i d c r e a t u r e , u n a b l e t o v , ; r f -s t a n d c h a n g i n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d i n c r e a s e d d i s t u r b a n c e ' , { D o r s t 6 D a n o e r o r1 9 7 0 ) " r a c i n g t o w a r d e x t i n c t i o n " ( E a t o n t 9 7 4 ) h a s c o n f o u n d e d a l lp r o p h e s i e 5 o f i t s o ( t i n c t i o n i n l G n y a ? H o , v i s i t t h a t i t h a 9 s u r -v i v e d t h e o n s l a u q h t o f t h e f u r t r a d e a n d n @ r t h r i v e s o v e r v a s t a r e a 5w h e r e t h e m u c h - v a u n t e d l e o p a r d h a 5 b e e n r e d u c e d t o d e p l e t i o n ? C a r i tb e ! h a t r h e c h e e t a h i s n o t , a f t e r a l l , t h e r a t h e r p a t h e t i c p r e d a L o ro f i t s p u b l i c i m a g e ? A n d t h a t i n f a c t i t i s f a r m o r e a d a p t a b l e a n dl e s s v u l n e r a b l e t h a n i s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d ?

impress ion has a lways been tha t chee tah a re c rea tu res o f t he ooen

F i r s t , i s i t t r u e t h a t t h e c h e e t a h i s l a r q e l y a n a n i r n a l o f. open coun t r y and 9 .2ssy p ] ,e - ! ! l ! - -as sugqes ted by Bur ton (1962) , A r t i ( ;

; - - l : ; - i s T196- , Dors t 6 Oande lor ( t970) , ue ige t ( t97r ) ,a n . d p o p u l a r b e l i ? A s E a r o n ( 1 9 7 4 ) . n d H y e r s ( t 9 7 5 ) b o t h p o i n t o u t ,t h e c h e e t a h i s a b l c t o u s e a w i d e r v a r i e t y o f h a b i r a t s t h a n i s o f t c n.s u p p o s e d , a n d i t i s p r o b a b l y t h e a n i n a l ' s r e a d y v i s i b i l i l y o n t h ep u b l i c i s e d g r a s s l a n d s o f t h e S e r e n g e t i , l l a s a i l l a r a , N € i r o l r i P a r i ,a n d A l l b o s e l i t h a t h a s g i v e n r i s e t o t h e i m p r e s 5 i o n t h a t i t p r e f e r so p e n h a b i t a t 5 , Y e t F r a m e a F r a n : e ( 1 9 7 7 ) , w h o h a v e r e c e . t l y c c r i j -p l e t e d a s t u d y o f c h e e t a h i n t h e S e r e n g e t i , w r i t e : , ' l , r e l r e r e s u r -p r i s e d t o l e a r n h o v u n s u i t e d c h e e t a h s a r e f o r l i v i n g a n d h u n t i n g i ns h o r t g r a s s l a n d s , . . I h e y j i - e v e r y n l c h d e p e n d e n t o ! c o v - e r f o r s t a l k i n gt h e i r D r € v . f o r h i d i n o f r d n o t h e r o r e d a t o r s . a n d f o r s h e d e d u r i n .t h e i r p r e y , f o r h i d i n q f r d o i F e r o r e d ; - t o r s . a n d f o r s h e d e d u r i n (r n e n e e t o r t n e a t t e r n o o n . U ' l r n e y l l y U U J a l s o t o u n c t t h a t t h e yshored a prefere-aa for areas with a moderate amount of cover forh u n t i n g a n d r e s t i n g . A n d G e o r g e A d a n s o n , w h o k n o v s n o r t h e r n K e n y dbe t te r t han mos t peop le a l i ve today , w r i t es (pe rs . con rn . ) : ' , The genera l

5 h areas to the North ! han_lt $e more open .iEii-i-Sou t h, r l l l y i n fo rma t i on f roo o the r -sou : . s suqqes ts e r 5 r r q n t .

t t le rs (19 i5 ) adrn i ts tha t th r reerah i5 f requent lv fourC^ ids :n land i , oarT ta ;Er ly in Kenya anc i u lhern Af r i ca , bu lF i i r ' '' r n r s s n o u r o r l o t D e t a K e n a s e v r d e n c e t F . t h e c h e e t a h c a n s u b s r 5 t a s

s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n d c n s e v e g e t a t i o n . r ' I n d e r d , h e r e g a r d s b u s h t a n da s " o n l y m c d e r a t e l y 5 u i t a b l e " a n d s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e c h e e t a h t h a ti n h a b i t i t d o s o f o r H a n t o f a n y b e t t e r a l t e r n a t i v e n e a r L y . I s u q g r - ! t ,

, - l i k e C e o r g e A d a m s o n a n d m a n y o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l h u n t e r s I i n t L : r -( v i e r v e d , t h a t b u 5 h l a n d - e v e n d e n s e C o r , r n i p h o r , ' b u s b l d n d - i s n e r f e c t l y

4 g o o d c h e e t a h h a b i t a t a n d t h a t t h e s p e c i e s i s r r e l l a d a p t e J r o l i v i n g

- c A -

.nd hun t i ng i n i t . I ndeed i f l t we re no t , hov , i 5 i t t ha t i t t h r i ves sosuccess f ! l l y i n p la6e9 such as the bush land o f t l e ru Na t iona l pa rk andl(ora?

_Certainly Xenyars l lpi! ! s i glql lunters left f lre in no doubt thaLnost oi them regard the cheetah as i5 ru![qt C buC!j l , , !9l ai,nlplel lgl l t .Q!-Al! j lgl ' � while several unequivocally pro-ouncea i i to le pre-d o l r i n a n t l y a b u s h a n i r n a l . I n v i e ' , o f a l l t h i s i t i s d i f f i c u l ! t o s e ewhy bush enc roachmen t l s necessa r i l y , , poo r f o r t he chee tLh , , ( l ye rs1916a).

Bu t i f t he chee tah i s essen t i a l l y a gaze l l e_ feeder tha !depends on eyes igh t , specd , and open te r ra in to app roach and ca tchi t s p rey (Es tes 1957 , K ruuk E Tu rne r 1967 , Oors t i Oanae lo t 1970) ,hc r , does i t su rv i ve i n bush land hab i ta t s? In fac t , as l , t ye .s (1975)po in t s ou t , ' rThe chee tah i s bas i ca t l y adap ted to hun t i nq ' i n ha l i t a t s

- ! i t b _a mod_qun o f cove r i n h /h i ch s ta i k ing techn iques de ienden t on| . l : ] y i d r : t s t e a t t h p a y _ o f f b e s t . ' , T h e r e c e n t s t u d i e s o f f k L a u g h l i n( 1 9 7 0 ) , F r a m e 6 , F r a m e ( t 9 7 7 ) , a n d B u r n e y ( t 9 9 0 ) a n c o n f i r m t h e i n _por tance o f s ta l k ing , and the number o f bushbuck taken by cheeran r r

_ the K rug .e rJ la t i ona t f a rk (p ienaar l 969J sho rs tha i th i c i ree tah cant'g4-f,. g *l-f]!ry in-delgg_q G. ceorge'Ada'son beiievesl na t rn no r tne rn Kenya they feed l a rge l y on l esse r kudu , ge renuk ,d i kd i k , end gu inea f o l / | - t he same p rey as the l eop i rd - i nd tha r ,l i k e r h e I e o p a r d w i t h w h i c h i t i s c o m p e t i n q , t h e y i a k e i t b y s t e a t t h .Rllgl l l tgl l l l lLl l le Serengeti (Frame E fran,e 1977]l ?nd southern AfrrcaGabr:scha gneITn RyiE-BUaDuschagne,_in l4yers t9Z5) shci{ that ?6e;GF off;n tak anAs prj lg hares when antelope prey Ei noi-ui i table, and-Tiatran, c parr.r(t955) iTso recoia-[l l l i-f 6ares, Er fiE-To,/f, greut.i 1ur*ra,end a mole ra t . A5 l4yers (1975) po in ts ou t , per l iaps the cheetah ,sc j i e t i s m o r e v e . i e d a n d a d a p t a b i e t h a n i s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d -

o the r aspec ts o f t he c l " -_e tah rs behav iou r may a l so be moref l e ^ i b l e t h d n p o p u l a r b e t i e f s u p p o s e s . A t t h o r g h t h e s i e c i e s i s? !1T : '

I l v d iu rna l , & .L r r rq ( l j lQ obse rved chee iahs i n i he f l a ra hun t rng ,l e€ t i n9 , a rd mov ing a ( n igh t and h / ro te : "F ra rne (pe rs . co , : ,m . ) suspec rstha t chee tahs i n ! he Serenge t i a re sOme} rha t more noc tUrna l t han rnepopu la r no t i on . , ' Bu rney conc luded : r ' l n many respec ts chee tahs mEy be

i b i l i t y i n t h e i r b e h a v i o u r a n d t h e i r u t i lo f t l e a t /a i l ab te resou rces . Da i t y@n,hun t i ng behav iou r , cho i ce o f hab i ta t s , and t i r e i n te rua i be tween rnea tswere a l I cha rac te r i zed by 6 h igh deg ree o f va r i a t i on . , '

- Chee tahs e l so appear to be be t te r adap ted i n re96 rd to rna | r! ! i l . . i ? 9 f !9 " supposed and I sugges t t ha t t hey a ie no t , as - i , t ye rs(1976b) be l i eved , r rhype r -sens i t i ve to na rg ina l changes i n l and -usep a t t e r n 5 . r r l t i 9 t r u e t h a t t h e y a r e l e s s c a p a b l e t h a n t h e l e o p a r do r anap t rn9 to the expans ion o f hunan ge t t l enen t and ag r i cu l t u re andthe - loss o f t he i r na tu ra l p rey . gu t t he i r pe rs l s tence i n a reas such

w h i c h i t _ i s . r r d i s t u r b e d b y l h a n ' s m c r e a p p e e r a n c e i n t h e l a n d s c a p .l t l ye rs l 9 /5 ) has adve rse e f fec rs upon i t i n t hose na t i ona l pa rksw h e r e i t i s h a r a s s e d b y t o u r i s m , t h i s t i m i d i t y i s p r e c i s e l y t h eq u a l i t y , t h a t . h e l p s t o l e e p i t o u t o f t r o u b t e i n p a s t o r a l l a n d s .su rney ( l ydu l obse rved i n NaroL : r ' l l asa i a lmos t neve r even see

r es pjgg!]j gli1ity to nrrv'-...........'-------'ve, 'even if not in any number and i

c o v e r m o s t o f K e n y a t h e c h e e t a h h a s g r e a t a d v a n t a g e s o v e r t h e l e o p a r d ,q u l t e a p a r t f r o r t h e l e s s e r v a l u e o f i t 5 9 k i n .

I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , w h i l e i t i s t r u e t h a t t h e e a s e w i t h

-a che€ tahs because the chee tahs see then f l r s t andAnd he conc luded i ' ,They a re p robeb ly se ldom k i ls imp ly because ' they qu i te e f fec t i ve ty avo id nento take rnuch i n te : .e ' t I n a t tended l i ves tock . t , By con taas t , . ho i rgnthe l eopard can be fa r f i | o r . sec re t i ve and has the advan tage o f be ingmore noc tu rn . l , i t s g rea te r bo ldness renders l t more l i ab le to raad

run av ray o r h id€ . I 'l ed by the t > iand do not ; ta

s tock and the reby to p rovoke con f l i c t r r i t h .nan . U [e re the chee lah 9e t5in to t roub le i s h ,he re co imerc ia t ranch ing , pa r t t cuLa r l y o f sheep , h i srep laced no .nad ic pas to ra l i sm as ghe p r i n i i pa l f o rm o f i and use , asin La i k lp ia . The ] ! -g chee tah i ee rn to have l os t t uch o f t he i r 5hyness

,- but they remaio one-o-l- the more-TiTfi-u t iJiEGio=rs t G-1 w-fif> espec ie l l y wh i l e f a rmers a re no t d l l owed to shoo t rhem; the V i l d t i f e

/ Depar t rnen t r5 . ! t emprs to t rap then a l i ve have p roved l a .ge l y f u t i l e .

Fa r f rom be ing , reas i t y des t royed ' , (S l ,non 1962) the chee tahhas de lnons t ra ted by i t 5 5u rv i va l i n Kenya tha t i t ha5 a rena rkab ler e s i s t a n c e t o a t t a c k b y r n a n . t l h i l e i t i 5 t r u e t h a t i t i 9 v u l n e r a b l eto f i r ea rms and the cap tu re o f l t s cubs and can be bayed w i th ooqs o rrun ds rn on ho rseback o r by veh ic le and , un l i l e t he i eopard , i s ; o t

e o r re tu rnt111l_.]_1. 8y virtue of this s@ nas beera b l e t o s u r v i v e r e l a t i v e l y u n g c a t h e d t h e o n s l a u g h t t h a t s o d e p l e t e dt he l eopard i n Kenye , Sgne chee tah were undoub ied l y sna red i n thesane hay as any other an i m;f.6;i;ttre.s-ie.rq?Jor,t.-r--sueTw---v acciaen-tal ly, ty concealed qin trap5 set on qame t rgi_!:. But bei;-g* IE--?a c r e a t u r e o f h a b i t t h a n t h e l e o p a r d , w h i c h l i k e s t o u s e t h ; g a n e t r a i l !regularly, tte S!99!!!-l!9ll{_less l lkety to fall foul of these endwas nor of ten ca,dht. llo.eouin-iii-i-afency r o-ld;,n-;;er mu---;F1;ia?ra r e a s t h a n t h e l e o p a r d , w h i c h l i v e s i n a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a n d w e l l -de f ined home range, made i t m. rch more d i f f i cu l t to Doach. Indeed

dangerous when co .ne red , i t i s | t r r ch l ess suscep t i b le th .n mo5 t o the r

the renpval by poachers of other coopeting celnivores can only havedone the chee tah a se rv i ce ; 34!t9g_ttr!lf+U!n S and poi s6ning!

TiiE;rm. Unfortunately these are on the in-

l f t he chee tah i s 5o succes5 fu l a t avo id ing manyit not nore numerous? Those who

ltud i ed cheetahs do not--5Ed to be sure why, but nogt agreespecaes does

a t te lnp ts to k i | | i t , - why i i

I c n a

t h a t t h en

igease . 8u t , as i f t o co f l rpensa te ,i t has e much h ighe r po ten t i a l rep roduc t i ve ra te than the I i on andthe l eopard : i t a t t a ins 5exua l ma tu r i t y and i ndependence ea r l i e r ,p roduces l a r9e . l i t t e15 , and has s sho r te r i n te rva l be tween b i r t hs .I t i s l i ke l y t ha t , as Bu rney (1980) sugges ts , cub dp r ta l i t y an@nochee tahs may be deos i t y -dependen t , bo th i n te r - sgec i f i ca l l y w i th rnedens i t y o f compe t ing ca rn l vo res and i n t ra -spec i f i ca l l y t h roogh themechan isns o f d i sease and i n fan t i c i de . I n t ra -spec i f i c popu la t i onr e g u l a t i o n i 5 p n r t i c u l a r l y l l k e l y i n a n e s s e n t i a l l y s o l i t a r y y e ! ' r i d e l yroaming d iu rna l spec ie5 , such as the chee tah , rh i ch tends to avo idencoun te rs Nr i t h o the rs o f l t s own k ind ( cLaugh l i n 1970 , €a ton 1970 ,Eer t ran 1978) . Bu t v rha teve r f ac to rs a re ope r i t i ng , t he spec ie5 do€sappear to be capab le o f f t a ih ta in ing a v iab le popu la t i on a t I o {v den -s i t i e s ( S c h a l l e r 1 9 7 2 , B u r n e y 1 9 8 0 ) a n d t h i s i 5 s u r e l y a s t r o n g p o i n t

f l ps because i t w i l l no t sca

-c rea9e , p? r t i cu la f l v i n_ !o r the rn Keny l r , bu t t he chee tah ' s a le r tnessmay keep i ! ou t o f t r oub le rnd i t w iTT ce r ta in l y be sa fe r i n bush l .ndt hal,!!,aeqaloun r ry: .nother reason r;fi-5rl-ih-l-nfl-i3=a1-6G--E-a-biT6if o r i t .

\ 4 t a t o^ '?5 0o

- r 0 0 -

I n i t s f avou r . as l y€ rs (1975) po in t s ou t , sca rc i t y i 5 t he no rn ' anO)!9 i n i t se l f no gu f f i c i en t reason fo r rega rd ing the chee tah as en ' /dangered .

I su39e5 t , ho {eve r , t ha t i n t he I i gh t o f recen t s tud iesand the sub jec t i ve i n fo r rna t i on P resen ted i n th i s rePor t , h i5 e5 t ima teso f chee tah nunbers i n A f r i ca may need to be rev i sed . l l ye rs be l i evedtha t a dens i t y o f one chee tah to 50 knz was abou t t he max iou l " i nsavannah wh i l ! i n a r i d env i ronmen ls l t d ropped to one to 150 -300 kn r2 .B u t i n r e a l i t y c h e e t a h d e n s i t i e s a r e o f t e n s u b 5 t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r .i l cLaugh l i n (1970) found tha t i n Na ; rob ! Na t i ona l Pa rk res iden tchee t ;hs a t ta ined a den5 i t y o f 1 /11 kn2 and i f t r ans ien ts were i n -c luded th i5 rose to l / 4 km l . Na i tob i naY be a tyP ica l , as l ' l ye rsb e l i e v e d . 8 u t B u r n e y ' s ( 1 9 8 0 ) s t u d y l n N a r o k D i s t r l c t r e v e a l e ddens i t i es o f up to 1 /?9 km2 ou ts ide the l l a ra Reserve ' and i t maY v re l l s - -be tha t s im i l a r dens i t i es occu r i n o the r pa r t s o f pas to ra l f i asa i ]and ' ) f -I t i s a l so c lea r t ha ! we can no l onger con t i nue to rega rd no r the rnKenya ' s bush land as Poor o r marg in r l chee tah hab i ta t . -George Adam-.on i . 9u " r , o f a t l eas t t 0C che i tah i n Ko ra ' s l , ?88 kn2 ( t l i 8 t rn? )may be wrong bu t i t does g i ve an i nd i ca i i on we canno t i gno re - l ' l o re ' ve rf rom my o rn obse rva t i ons i n l l e ru Pa rk I kno { t he chee tah dens i t y i nthe Conmiphora bush land the re canno t be l ess than l / 50 kn2 and i aa l r l os t c e r ta i n l y g rea te r .

l n v i e w c f t h i s l b e l i e v c i t i 9 l i k e l y ! h a t K e n y a ' s p r e s ! n t

chee tah popu la t i on i s s r rbs tan t i s l l y n lo re l han the l ' 200 tha t i l ye rs(1975) p . . , d i . t "d fo r 1980 : pe rhaps two o r t h ree t imes tha t nunber ,a l t h o u E h t h a t i s o n l y a g u e s s - B u ! i f t h ; s i 5 t r u e o f K e n y a , i t

f o i I c r i t ha t chee tah Popu la t i ons i n o the r A f r i can coun t r i es may a l : ro

- - have been underes t ima ted , and the s ta tus o f t he sPec ies i n A f r i carney be app rec iab l y be t te . t han } l ye rs be l i eved ' i l o reove r l ' { ye rs a l sop r € d i c t c d t h a t e m a s 5 i v e d e c l i n e i n A f r i c e r s c h e e t e h P o P u l a t i o n s w a sl i ke l y t o takc p lace th roughou t A f r i ca be tween 1974 and 1980 un less

- , s t r i ngen t co rse rva t i on measures were imp lemen ted . The re i 5 no reaso r-

t o be i i eve tha t such measures have been imP lemen !ed bu t t he re i s a l s "no reason to be l i eve tha t t he P red ic red dec l i ne has taken P lace ' a ll eas t i n Eas t A l r i ce . l t has ce r ta in l y no t occu r red i n Kenya ' so fa ras we knoer , h ,he re the 5ub jec t i ve ev idence ava i l eb le s !9ge5 t5 tha tt i r r chee tah i s no t on l y t h r i v i ng bu t rnay even be on the i nc r€ase 'Recen i (1981) i n fo rme t ion f rom one o f t he p r i nc ipa l t r ophy dea le rsi n 0 j i b o u t i , a m a j o r o u t l e t f o r f a s t A f r i c a n c h e e t a h s k i n s , c o n f i r m sr h i ! i m o r e s s i o n . C h e e t a h s l i n S a r e s a i d t o b e m o r e c o " n o n n o w t h a -

ten years,ago, at the htigFi--i s no t re - t t=marke t f o r t h im and they a re no t be ing o f fe red o r bough to n a n y c r a n d c o m e r c i a l 5 c a l e . T h c i r a v a i l a b i l i t ' i n g r e a t e r n u m b e r s 'h<xeve r , does no t sugges t a dec l i n ing poPu l€ {on i n the Horn o f A f r i ca '

A r e w e j u 5 t i f i e d , t h e n , i n c o n t i n u i n g t o r e g a r d t h echeeLah as a spec ie5 i n danger o f i r un inen t ex t i nc t i on? | do no tt h i n k w e a r e . A c c o r d i n g t o t 4 y e r s ' 1 9 7 5 r e p o r t t h e s p e c i e s i s s t i l lw i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n A f r i c e a n d i s r e l a t i v e l y n u m e r o u s i n s e v e r a lcoun t r i es i n ees te rn and gou the rn A f r i ca , i nc lud inq Kenva , Bo tsv {ana 'a+r4-S€udll les t-Afr ' i ca, The total nunbers mdy not be great but high

- d e n s i t i e s a r e n o t c h a r a c t e r i s ! i c o f c h e e t a h p o p u l a t i o n s a n d w es h o u l d a c c e p t t h i s . 0 n l y i f X y e r s r p r e d i c t i o n o f m a j o r d e c l i n ebe lueen !974 and 1980 has come t rue , shou ld v re be g rave l y wor r i eda b o u t t h e s p e c i e s ' s t a t u s . B u t i f t h e c h e e t a h c a n t h r i v e i n K e n i r 'a coun t r y w i th the h ighes t ra te c ' f human popu la t i on g rowth i n t he

en t i re wor ld and one i n wh ich the commerc ia l p94 i i s o f a l l w i l d l i f e

! ! s been espec ia l I y , ! 99 ! l i n t he !aJ l l 0 -15 yea rs - , i s i t no t rea -

ts on;Fl--16-3iaEi3 L that i t may have been successful elsewhere tr iI be l i eve i t i 9 . And I sugges t t ha t a n ro re rea l i 5 t i c assess f i \ e | o li t s 5 ta tus l s " t h rea tened" ra the r t han "endangered" . & t t whe th€ ' vJ .ca l l i t " t h rea tened" o r "endangered" i s l a rge l y a na t te r o f sema. ' - ' c5fo r I be l i eve and s t rong l t reco rvnend tha t i t shou ld qon t i nue to be

y 'e t6 ined i n Append ix 1 ; f 'C , t .T .E 'S . and p ro tec ted f r l om a l l f o rns o f/ c<n r l i , e rc i a l exp lo i t a ! i on , whe the r by the fu r t rade o r ' t he l i ve_expor t{ t r ade . l t s popu la t i on5 a re no t numer i ca l l y g rea t enough to ! r i t hs tand\ u n d i s c i p l i n e d l a r g e s c a l e c o r m e r c i a l e x P l o i t a t i o n . L i k e t h e l e o p a r d ,

J h e c h e e t a h w i l I h a v e e n o u g h d i f f i c o l t i e s i n t r y i n g t o c o p e w i t h t h ( 'eve r - i nc reas ing p regsu res o f A f r i ca '5 exp lod ing huhsn PoPu la t i ons .

In conc lus ion , f o r a spec ies tha t has been hove r ing fo rso l ong "on the b r i nk o f ex t i nc t i on r ' i n Kenya , t he chee tah seems tobe do ing remarkab ly we l l . l l 9eem5 to be we l l adaP led lo bush la ldhabitatr and berter able than rh" | ""-qgI!91!:!r i ! !-yi+-I lo?:i ,D a s t o r a l i s m . U n l i k e t h e l e o p a r d i t d o e s n o t s c a v e n g e a o d r s d r t l r L L la t t ? ; p

- d _ p o i s o n , a n d t h e r e i n l i e s i t s s e c r e t o f g u r v i v a l . L i k ethe leopard it wil l suffer frol Lo!!,9!_!!! i ! ! !_9!q natu ra I Prey as

la t i on - -o -T t renya , and A f r i ca , p ro l i f e ra te and sp rea - ,an0 S l i w i l a i @ h e r i ! 9 ! -

EiE@. . 8 i , t i n t he vas t a r i d and sen i -a r i d r i n

il Kelttwil I oe ttrc jel! areas to suc_!!!q to 'deve l!Enent'_L_.i!s

i ;o rpe l tsr " , t rc imm.oi l te tu tu- tu f e-0=9iBt :20ool l " i " { . " "d ; " "b- f " t ' " -& l;- io-mad-r c pa5tarl l . isnr remains the principal form of land use anddriouth-lt-q{ql piev renains. €lsewhere the sPread of connercrel a-io.o.,k"nJi* is ili-"tv t" br-inq ii-rni6-rr-idit ei-t6nTllZii l;."ana i t * r i r t t ima l - y d i sappear , t hough less ea i l l y tF tn

-DEopTc 5T1 . j

suppose. The sr_r4:l:]f,TJ]-94_1999]_!Ej4! ii_J.L:9_I, !el, t"pose a lhreat so_!91g ai- lFe if ieetaf,- i sl in has any_ value, anc lh'

fgnya GoverohentIs Freser! p|ans to al! 11919-9.CiI!: l__lI l9j l lnl eayg qn

-on ] j l g reoa rded q ' ! Lqq ! qe l ] t l f o r a l l l / i l d l i f e as v re l l as

the chEe tah . -bu t i f ! he chee tah and i t s p rey can su rv i ve th i s t h rea t ,t h e s D e c i e s s h o u l d s t i l l b e w i t h u s i n K e n v a a t t h e t u r n o f t h e c e n ! u r y

I n s t e a d o f d i s m i s s i n g t h e c h e e t a h a s a f e e b l e a n d p o o r l y

adap ted p reda to r rac ing to , /a rds ex t i nc ! i on , pe rhaps v {e shou ld l ookupon i t i n a ne l i gh t : as a remarkab iy success fu l P reda to r t ha t hasde f i ed the p rophe ts o f dooo and i s suPreme ly adap ted to su rv i v inga t l ow dens i t i es ove r l a rge exPanses o f o f ten wa te r l ess a r i d ands e m i - a r i d l a n d s . P e r h a p s i t i 5 n o t a f a i l u r e a f t e . a l l ?

- t 0 2 -

C H A P T I R 6

T H t t E O P A R D A S A H U N T I N 6 l R O P H Y A N D T O U R I S T A T T R A C T I O I ,

| | {TR00uc T r 0N

T h e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r s h a v e s h o $ / n t h a t t h e l e o p a r d h a s an c g a t i v e e c o n o r i c v a l u e a s a s t o c k - r a i d e r . B u t t h e s p e c i e i a l s o L B 5a p o s i t i v e v a l u e a s a p o t e n t i a l h u n t i n g t r o p h y a n d a s a t o u r i s ta t t r a c t i o n . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s c h e p t e r i s t o e x a m i n e t h e s e a 5 p e c t so f t h e l e o p a r d ' s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h m a n i n K e n y a .

A l t h o u g h h u n t i n g w a s b a n n e d i n X e n y a i n f a y 1 9 7 7 ( 1 1 2 fc { 1 9 i 5 / j j ) i t w a s n e v e r t h e i n t e n t i o n t o i r n p o s e e p e r m a n e n t b a n .a n d t h e r e ; s a g r o \ . : i n g l ; k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e c o u n t r y w i l l h a v e t oc o n s i d e r t h e r e o p e n i n g o f h u n t i n g i f i t i s t o m a k e t h e b e 5 t u 5 e o fi t s w i l i l i t e r f s o u r c e . F o r t h e t r u t h i s t h a ! a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m cr " i l d l i f e h a 5 v ! r ) l i t t l e e c o n o m i c v a l u e t o t h e p e o p i e o f K e n y ae x c e p t a s a t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n . Y e t t h e n a t i o n a l p e r k s a n d n a t i o n d lr e s e r v e s t o w h i c h t h e m a j o r i t y o f g a m e - v i e w i n g t o u r i 5 t 5 9 o , c o v e ra n e r e 5 ' 1 o r t h e c o u n t r y . I n o o s t o f t h e o t h e r 9 5 ; J w i l d l i f e h a s n oe c o n o m i c v a l u e r s . t o u r i 5 t a t t r a c t i o n a n d s i n c e t h e h u n t i n g b . - } n i th a s n o t c o n t r ; l u t e d a n y r e v e n u e f r o r , h u n t i n g f e e s o r e v e n b e e n L . e da s a s o u r c e o f p r e l ! i n t o f e e d t h e p e o p l e . T h e o r d i n a r y r w a n a n c h i '( c i ! ; z e n 5 ) c u r r e n r l y o e r r v e n o b e n e f i t a t a l l e x c e p t f r o m i l l e j a lk i l l i n g f o r c o n n e r c i a l p r o f i t o r s u b s i s t e n c e o r t o d e a l v r i t h c r o p -a n d s t o c k - r a i d e r s , o f w h o s e h a r n r f u l a c t i v i t i e s t h e y a r e o n l y t o ow e l l a v a r e . T h e i r a t t i t u d e i s o f t e n o n e o f h o s t i l i t y t o w i l d a n i m a l sa n d t h i s c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o b e c o n r e m o r e v r i d e s p r e a d a n d i n l e n s e a !t h e h u r i r a n p o p , J l a t i o n e x p a n d s a n d n r a n a n d w i l d l i f e c o m e i n t o g r e a t e rc o n f l i c t u i t h e a . h o t h e : . I n s u c h c i r c u i n s t a n c e s w i i d l i f e c a n n o t b ee r p e c t e d t o s r . L r v i v e i n t h e l o n g t e r m o u t s i d e t h e n a t i o n a l p a r k s a n , lr e s e r v e s . B u t e v e f t h e r e i t s f u t u r e i s f a r f r o m a 9 5 u r e d , e v c n i ft h e a n i m a l s . r r e p r o t e . t e d p r o p e r l y , f o r m o s t o f K e n y a ' s p a r k s a n dr e s e r v e s o r e t o o s m a l l t o b e v i a b l e e c o l o g i c a l u n i t s a n d m a n y o f t hm c , s t i m p o r t a n t , s u c h a 5 l 1 e r u , A m b o s e l i , N a i r o b i , a n d t h e l l a s a i l { a r e ,a r e h c a v i l ) d c p e r d e n t o n t h e d i s p € r s a l a r e a s o u t s i d e . V i l d l i f e i nt h e c o u n t r y o n l y h . s a f u t u r e i f i t c a n s ! r v i v e o u t s i d e t h e p a . k s ,a n d i t w i l l o n l y b e a b l e t o d o s o i f i t c a n s h o v t h e p e o p l e o f t h eo ! h c r 9 5 l . o f K e n y a t h a t i t d o e s h a v e a p o s i t i v e e c o n o n i c v a l u e t o! h e , n . A e s t h e t i c s c a r r y l i t t l e v J e i g h t i n a p o o r c o u n t r y v r i t h a h u m a np o p u l a t i o n c x p a n d i n q a t s u c h a r a t e t h a t i t t h r e a t e n s t o o u t s t r i p t i r !a o ! . r t r y ' 5 r e 5 o u r c c s .

T h e l e o p a r d i s a n e s p e c i a l l y c o n t r o v e r s i a l a n i m a l , f / l d e l yl e a r e d a n d s c l d o n l o v e d . a n d i t r n u s t p r o v e t h a t i t t o o h a s s o m e p o s ; -t i v e v a l u e . C o n t r o l l e d s p o r t h u n t i n g c a n g i v e i t t h i s . T h i s c h a p t e rt h e r e f o r c i n c l u d e s r e c o n m e n d a t i o n s o n t h e r e o p e n i n g o f l e o p a r d h u n t -i n g , s h o u l d t h e X e n y a G o v e r n m e n t d e c i d e t o l i f t i t s b a n .

6 . 2 . L T G I S L A T I V E H I S T O R Y

U n r i t | 9 1 3c o r - t l d b e k i I l e d i n u n lcnd of I9J2 , ho' . /ever,

t h € l e o p a r d v / a s r e g a r d e d i ni m i t e d n u m b e r s v r i t h o u t . n ythe Game oepartnEnt became

K e n y a a s v e r m i n a n dp e r m i t , T c i r a r d 5 t h econcerned becaLrsc

t he t rapp ing o f l eopa rds had assumed a la r f t i ng po rpo r t i ons (Game Depr .1932-34 ) and on l 5 t January 1933 p laced the l eopard on the Th i rdSchedu le o f t hc Game o rd inance . Th i s had the e f fec t o f cec la r i lt he l eopard a ' game en ima l ' and p roh ib i t i ng the sa le and e^po . t o fi t s sk in w i thou t a pe rm i t f r om the Game L /a rden ' s 0 f f i ce , A t t hesame t i ne the se t t i ng o f a l I t r aps capab le o f ca tch ing a game en ime lwas p roh ib i t ed on Crodn l and v r i t hou t w r i t t en congeo t o f t he GameVardcn (Ord . \ 9 o t 31 /12 /32J . I n l 95 l a new l . l i l d lAn ima ls P ro tec t rono rd inance v , ,as i n t roduced and a spec ia l I i cence cos f i ng 200 / - was i n t ro . ,duced fo r l eopa rds (Orde r 18 o f 17 / \ / 51 ) . I n 1953 the impor te t i ono f s tee l g in t raps v , /as p roh ib i t ed w i thou t sanc t i on o f t he Game l , l a rde ' l(Cus tom5 Hanagemen t 0 rd inance 1953) . Be tween 1951 and 1971 the5 p e c i a l l i c e n c e f e e r o s e t o 1 , 0 0 0 / - ( L e g a l N o t i c e 1 5 7 o f 1 9 5 8 , L N 1 3 1o f 196q , LN 9 l+ o f 1967 , LN 55 o f l 97 l ) and con t ro l l ed a rea fees roseto 2 ,000 / - f o r a | ' l a l e l eopa rd and 4 ,000 / - f o r a fema le (LN 130 o f1964 , LN 93 o f 1957 , LN r56 o f 1968 , LN 66 o f r97 t ) . I n l l a r ch 1970the Governmen t banned dea l i ng i n chee tah and impor ted l eopard sk insand pa r t s t he reo f (LN 53 o f 18 /3 /70 ) . A t t ha t t ime , acco rd ing to theCh ie f Game l , / a rden , l a rge numbers o f l eopa rd sk ins were coming i n tothe couo t r y f rom the Un i ted K ingdo{ ' r and Ves t Germany , w i th the coun t r yo f o r i g i n s h c ^ , { n B s N i g e r i a , a n d m a n y s k i n s o r i g i n a t i n g i l l e g a l l y f r o mKenya v re re re -en te r i ng the coun t r y as l eg i t i n la te impor t s . I n l l a r ch1972 a l l dea l i ng i n l eopa rd sk ins o r pa r t s t he reo f v ras banned (LN 3Bo f 23 /2 /72 ) bu t t h ie was mod i f i ed by LN l8q o f 2818 /72 wh ich exemptedleopard and chee tah sk ins pu rchased f rom Governmen t by any pe rsonfo r ' non -conmerc ia l pu rposes r (uha teve r t hese m igh t be ) and l eoparcs k i n 5 i m p o r t e d f o r ' n o n _ c o n e r c i a l p u r p o s e s ' . F i n a l l y , w i t h t h e h u r t t -i n g b a n o f H a y 1 9 7 7 ( L N 1 2 0 ) l e o p a r d s b e c a m e , l i k e e v e r y t h i n g e l s e ,a f u l l y p r o t e c t e d s p e c i e s - a t l c a s t i n l a w - a n d t h e e x p o r t c f t h e i .sk ins v res banned by LN l8 l o f Augus t 1979 .

6 .3 . BACKGROUND TO THE HUNTIN6 INOUSTRY IN KENYA

Af te r t he i n t roduc t i on o f t he l , r i l d An ima ls P ro tec t i ono rd inance i n 1951 the na in game a reas o f Kenya were dec la red co i -t ro l l ed A reas under Sec t i on 7 o f t h i5 l eg i s la t i on . E6ch o f t hese! . / as subd iv ided i n to numbered hun t i ng b locks (F i9 .4 .2 . ) wh ich v , /e rea l l oca ted to l i censed hun t i ng pa r t i es by the Game Depar tmen t Head_quar te rs i n Na i rob i . No rma l l y on l y one pa r t y v , Jas pe r r ' i t t ed to hun !i n a b lock a t any one t ime bu t a f te r 1963 doub le book ing was i n t ro -duced i n the so r the rn b locks to compensa te fo r c losu re o f t he no r the rnand no r th -eas te rn b iocks by the poo r secu r i t y 5 i t ua t i on . con t ro l l ec la reas exc luded P r i va te l and , and gaoe maoagemen t ! , / as ca r r i ed ou t bye t t e c h i n g t o t h e C o n t r o l l e d A r e a P e r m i t s c e r ! a i n c o n d i t i o n s a n d r e s t -r i c t i o n s w h i c h v a r i e d f r o r p l a c e t o p l a c e a n d f r o m t i n e t o t i f r ! .A con t ro l l ed a rea book ing fee was cha rged i n respec t o f each a re . ,and fo r any an ima l sho t t he re the hun te r had to pay an add i t i ona l f e .wh ich va r ied w i th the spec ies and the a rea . These fees r4en t t o t hcd i s t r i c t s c o n c e r n e d a n d p r o v i d e d l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s w i t h i n c o r , ed i r e c t l v d e r i v e d f r o n t h e i r v r i l d l i f e r e s o u r c e . A t t h e t i m ( o f t h chun t i ng ban the con t ro l l ed a rea fees fo r l eopa rds were 2 ,000 / - l o rma les and 4 ,000 / - f o r f ema lcs and exceeded those fo r a l l o the r sp . . i e texcep t e lephan t and rh inoce ros . The l eoPard was the re fo re a h igh l yra tec t rophy ,

Esch pe rson hun t i ng i n Kenya wa t a lgo requ i red to pu rchasca r € u l a r h u n t i n g l i c e n c e , o f l r h i c h t h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l c a t e g c r i e s :

l 0 ' r -

n o n - r e s i d e n t , r e s i d e n t n o n _ c i t i z e n , r e s i d e n t c i t i z € n , 1 { - d a y { n o n _

r e s i d e n l s o n ! y ) , p r i v a ! e l a n d , a n d b i r { r l i c e n c e s ' T o h u n t s o n e s p e c i ! s '

s u c h a s t h e l e o p a r d a f t e r l 9 5 l , a n a d d i t i o n a l S P e c i a l L i c e n c € v r a s

r e q u i r e d , t h e f e e v a r y i n g & i ! h t h e s p e c i e s ' F o r t h e l e o p a r d - i t v J a s

f , f i ( ] o f - " t t h e t i m e o f t h e h u n r i n g b a n v r h e n ' l i k e t h e c o n t r o l l e d a r e a

f e e , i t w a s h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e f o r a l I o t h e r s p e c i e s e x c e p t e l e p h a " t

" n i . r , i n " . L i [ e t h e h u n t i n g ] i c e n c e f e e , t h e s p e c i a l l i c q n c e f e e

w a s D a v a b l e i n a d v a n c e a n d ; l l s u c h f e e s n e n t i n t o c e n t r a l ' g o v e r n r ' e n '

. " u . n r " a n A n o t , a s E a t o n ( ! 9 7 5 ) s u p p o s e C , i n t o C a m e D e P d r t m e n t

r e v e n u e . T h e s p e c i a l I i c e n c e f e e w a 5 n o t r e f u n d e d i f n o l e o p a r d l r a s

s h o t , b u t t h e c o n t r o l l e d s r e a f e e f o r a l e o P a r d w a s o n l y p a i d i f t h e

r ' r " i " r i r . . " n o " a i n s h o o t i n g h i 5 t r o p h y . S p e c i a l I i c e r l c e s w e r e o n l y

g i " n a " d a o t h e h o l d e r o f a f u l l l i c e n c e a n d w e r e n o t i s s u e d f o r I e o -

o a r d f o r a s a f a r i o f l e s s t h a n t h r e e w e e k s '

N o n - r e s i d e n t h u n t e r s , w h o P r o v i d e d t h e b u l k o f t h e c o u n t r ) ' s

r c v e . ] ! e f r o { r I i c e r ' s e d s P o r t h u n t i n o , w e r e o b l i g c d t o a c L o r ' p a i ) r

p r o f e s 5 i o n a l h u n t e r a n d n o m o r e t l ' a n t w o h L r n t i n g c l i e n t s a t a t l n d

r r c ' r e a l ! o r . r e d t o e a c h f u l l ) q r , a l i f i e d p r o f e s s i 0 1 6 l h u r t ' r ' T \ e P r o -

f e s s i o - . , a 1 h u n t e r s t h e n s e l v e s a l s o h a d t o b e I i c e n s e d ' t h e i r l i c e n c e

b e i n g k n o J n a s a n A s 5 i s t a n t ' 5 P e r m i t ' T h e r e w e r e t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s

o i t i i s : f u l l , r c 5 t r i c t e d , a n d l e a r n e r ' U n t i l 1 9 6 5 a s t r i n g e n t

s c l . . t i o n p r o c e d u r e u s e d t o o p e r a t e , a n d n o b o d y c o u l d b e c o r e - a f u l l l

t i . e " t e e p i o f e s s i o n a ! h u n t e r b e f o r e h a v i n g s e r v e d a p e r i o d o f a P ! -

r c n t i c e s h i p d u r i n g w h i c h h i s l i c e n c e w a s i n i t i a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t o n o n -

d a n o e r o u s q " , n " . i u . n t h e n a c a n d i d a t e h a d t o b e a p p r r v e d b y a j o i n t

i o # l , r " u l f , i " t " . t A f r i c a n P r o f e s s i o n a l H u n t e r s A s s o c i a ! i o n a n d

i i e G a ; . e D e p a r t m e r ) t b e f o r e h e c o u l d o b t a i n a f l l l A s s i s t a n t ' s P € r n i i t '

a " c 6 ; F r , . a l v i a s f a r f r o n a u t o n r a f i c ; i n t h ! e a r l y 1 9 6 0 s a t . l e d s t 2 i

o f a l l a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e t u r n e d d o ' / n . I n d e e C t h c r e w a s a n i n f o r r ' 3 1

" o a " " " , n n , t h a t t h e G a m e D e p a r t r e n t w o r J l d n o t i s ' - e l i c e n c e s t o P e o P l e

* h o * . . " n o t r e c o n r n e n d e d b y t h e A s s o c i a t i o n a n d w o u l d $ r i t h d r a w t h e

I i c € n c ! o f a n y h u n t e r e x P e l l e d f r o m t h e A s s o c i a t i o n f o r i l l e g a l o r

u n e t h i c a l c o n d u c t -

T h e A s s o c i a t l o n w a s f o r m e d i n 1 9 3 4 ' w i t h t h e G a n e V a r d e n

o f K e n y € a i n o n g i t s f o u n d i n g m e m b e r s ' l t s a i m s w e r e : " T o k e c p t h ?

5 p o r t o f b i g i a m e s h o o t i n g c l e a n a n d w h o l e s o m e ' . " t o c o l l a b o r a t e

u , i t n t i e o f i i i e r s o f t h e g a m e d e D a r t n e n t s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s e r _

v i c e s . . . . t o P r e v e n t a n d p u n i s h i l l e g a l a n d u n s p o r t s m a n l i k e p r a c t i c e s

. . , . a " a t o i n s i s t u p o n h o n o u r a b t e a n d g p o r t s m a n l i k e . c o n d L r c ! . ' i n t h e

p r . c t i c e o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a n d s P o r t o f h u n t i n g " r . ( D y e r I 9 7 9 J N : t

" l l i t s m e n ' b e r s l i v e d u p t o t h i s , a n d t h e r e h a v e b e e n a n u n r b e r o f e x _

g J l s i o n s s s * e l l a s P r o s e c u t i o _ s b y l 1 e G : r c D e o a r t _ L n t , b u t t L

e i s o c l a t i , n d i d r e q u l a t e t h e b e h a v i o u r o f i t s n r e n r b e r s a n d p l a l e ' l a

c o r s t r i r c t i v e r o l e i n h e t p i n g t o n a k e c o n t r o i l e d h u n t i n g v r c r ' l r

i u r n i i w a s t r e a t e d b y t i r e d o v e r n m c n t a s a r e s F e c t a b l e P r o f e s s i u n a l

i l : y . - n " i " t i o n t t t i p s

w i t h t h e G a m e 0 e p a r t m e n t w e r e g e n e r a ! l y , c c r c ' a i

" r "6" ' " 0 "p" . , ' "n t repor ts show (1935, 1936 ' 191; ' 1950 ' 1956-57 '

19 t ,0 , 1962) , and the Ch ie f Ga.ne l ' /a rden uscd to be inv i ted ton r c e t i , , o ' o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n ' s [ x e c u t i v e C o i n i i t e e ' I n c e c i ' u n t i )

" i . r , iSAa a nu r lbe r o f p ro fegs iona l hun te rs used to be Honora ry Ga i re

v a r l e n : ' w i t t ' f u l I p o l v € r s o f a r r e s t u n d e r t h c ! J i l d A n i m a l s P r o t c ' t r ! "

n . t . f n " c o r d i a i i e l a t i o n s h i P c o n t i n u e d u n t i l a b o u t l 9 7 L ' k h e n i 1

,n io . , rn "a " t v began to b reak do \ {n and the Depar tmen t i nc r ' ' - s i rq l v

i q n o r c d r h e A s 5 o c i a t i o f i .

5 . q .

- t 0 5 -

THE LTOPARD AS A HUNTING TROPHY

T a b l e s 5 . 1 . , 6 . 2 . , a n d 6 . 3 . d e t a i l t h e f i n a n c i a l c ' ' n t r ; -

bu t i on o f t he l eopard to bo th Governmen t (9Pec ia1 I i cence ) and

coun ty counc i l ( con t ro l l ed a rea fees ) revenue in 1965 and 1972 '

Tab le '6 ,1 . shc {s tha t i n t he coun t r y as a v tho le , l eoPards con t r i bu te i

nea r l y I l ? o f a l I spec ia l I i cence revenue in 1955 bnd nea r l y 7Z i "

1 9 7 2 . S i m i l a r i y l e o P a r d s s h o t i n c o n t r o l l e d a r e a s ' c o n t r i b u t e d o v e r

l6? o f a l l con t ro l l ed a rea fees i n 1965 and ove r 9? i n 1972 ' l n

1 9 7 3 t h e s p e c i e s ' c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o s P e c i a l l i c e n c e a n d c o n t r o l l e c" r " " . " u " n r " h a d d r o p P e d t o { . 1 ? a n d 4 ' 5 ? r e s p e c t i v e l y ' r e f l e c t i n E

rhe dec reas ing number o f l eopa rds sho t on l i cence i n con t ro l l ed a rea : "

TABLE 5 .1 . Con t r i bu t i on o f t he l eoPard to sPec ia l I i cence revenue

and con t ro l f ed a rea fees l n 1965 , 1972 , and 1973 .

YEAR r 9 5 5 1913'

No. o f spec ia l I i cences 5o ldRevenu e the .e f rom (K .shs . ) ' t ' rt o f a l l s P e c i a l l i c e n c e r e v e n u e

269

1 0 . 9 u

195195 ,0 0 0 , / -

6 . 8 ?

1 6 71 87, ooo, / -

4 . 1 i i

No. o f l eopa rds tho t i n C .A .sRevenue the re f rom (K .shs . ) * * ^ -? o f a l l con t ro l l ed a ree fees

1 4 070,000/ -

1 6 . 2 2

691 5 0 , 0 0 0 / - l 0 r , 0 0 0 / -

\ . 5 *

* 1972 and 1973 f igures/ : i ! s P e c i a l I i c e n c e f e e s :* * * C o n t r o l I e d a r e a f e e 5 :

f o r con t ro l l ed a rea revenue a re ques t i onab lc '1965 : 250 / ' ; 1972 t 1 ,000 / - .

1965 t 500 / ' i 1972 : ma le 2 ,000 / - ; f e r i a l e! , 0 0 0 , / - .

Sou rcee : Game Oepar tn ren t (1955) ; Casebeer (1975) '

Teb les 5 .2 ' and 6 .3 . s hon t t he imPor tance o f t he l eopard as

a revenue ea rne r i n re la t i on to o the r spec ie i i n 1965 and 1972-197h '

The l eopard cons i5 ten t l y ranked an rong !he top fou r a rd l r as so re l i r ' es

s e c o n d o n l y t o t h e e l e p h a n t . l t s i m p o r t a n c e i n t h i s c o n t e x t i 9 o D v r o u

T A B L E 5 , 2 ' R e l a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s t o r e v e n u e

f roo spec ia l I i cences .

RAN K 1965 197 2 197 3 191\

t .2 .

62\l l 1

127,

5627 Z

4U282

622

4ts\z

El ephan tLEOPARDR h i n oL aon0 the rs

LPD.L ion2ebra0 the rs

ZebraLi onLPD.0thers

El e. 16?"Ze* a 15 t ' .L P D . 1 I ZL ion 920 the rs 49?

N o t e s : i .i i .

Al I pe rcen tages rounded o f fO n l y 8 5 s p e c t a l l i c e n c e s f o rc f . 1 , 3 5 1 i n 1 9 7 3 .Zebra: cor, on orsource i Casebeer

Burche l l ' s(1915) .

to neates t whol ee l ephan t so l d i n

zeb ra .

191\ "

T A B L E 6 . 3 . R e l a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n sa u t h o r i ! y r e v e n u e f r o n c o r r t r c i l e d j

o t - r l ' f e r e n t s P e c i e s t o l o c ' l

R A i i K 137 3 197 4

1 .2 .3 .{ .

E l e p h a n tLLOPARDL i o nn i ; n o

\ 1 / .t 5 Z6 ,L.:

L P O .Zeb raL i o nO l h e r s

3 : 4

8 4( : :

| |',:

! l e .Z e b . a

0 t h e r s

37 /"142

4r:4 0 i

N ODAi A

N o t e s : I 1912 a^J 1973 f i gu res ques t i onab le 'sou :ce : Cas ebeer (1975) .

T a b l € 6 , 4 ' p r e s e n t s d a ! a o n t h e c o n t r i b u t i o o o f t h e l e r ? a r 0

to the con l ro l l ed a rea fecs ea rned by Narok and Ka j i ado coun ty coun-

. i f r i " - r g O : , t h . l a s t y e a r f o r v r h i c h P u b l i s h e d f i g u r e s a r e a v a i l a b l e '

; ; " ; , ; t " ; i nn i i t " i ng t i ' e i ' po r tance o f f l asa l l and as a ' ese rvo i r o f

f ' " o o . r c . " t t h a t t i m ; , i t s h c ' / 9 t h a t t h e s f e c i e s c o n t r i b u t e d m o r e

t f ' " 1 - " o " " . , " . o f t t , e con t ro l l ed a rea fees ea rned by the two l l ase i

i l , r , " . " , " . 1 1 s i n 1 9 1 5 . T h i s i s a n i n P r e s s i v e c o n t r i b ! t i o n ' c o n s r d r i -

l ; ; i i ; ; ; n a o - t 6 v e a , s a g o , b u t c o u l d h a v e b e c n n u c h g r e a t e r i f t h €

. , ] i . ' . f i " i " ' . " i " . ' f . . l eJpa rds had been more l han a modes t 500 / - ;

i L w a ' t a ; s c d t o 1 , 0 0 0 t - i ' 1 9 6 7 '

' i A F t - 1 . r i . C o r t r i b . r l i o n o {

b y N . - . . ( - k a n d K . r j i a d o c " u n t Yt h € I e o P a r d t o c o n l r . ) l a l a r e a f e e s € a r " '

c o u ; , c i 1 s i n 1 9 6 5

: . o . oa i eopa rdssho t Na roL / Ka j i ado

i of I eopardss h o t i n a l l c . A . s

C . A . f € e 5f r o m l e o p a r d s a l i s p e c i e s

Z o f

l t l 56,500/ - 2 6 2

S o u r c e 9 : Game Depa r t rne r t ( 1965 ) ; c a . e l , e e r ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

l n s d . i i t i o n t o t h e r e v e n u e d i r e c t l y e a r n c d b y t h e - l e o P a r d ' n

< . e . i f i c f e € s . t h c s p e c r e s w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m u c h i n d i r e c t l y e a r n e d

. - i " 1," 'a": i "" , t i ror ' , to ' .exi ,nple, the.cost ?l^t :" : ' i ' l : "1; ; i : i l_f i r e a r m s l . c e n c e s a n d a s s i s t a n t r s p e r m i t s ' l a o l e o ' > \ D ' r v / / )

r i " - g ' * , n o i t h e h u n t i n g i n d u s t r v i n t h e v e a r s 1 9 5 9 ' . 1 ? 6 1 ' ] ? 6 ? ' a n d

i9 i4 i " , . " r te . t "d by th ; numbers o f genera l 'nd spec ia l .hunt ing l i cences

i . t r " : " ^ a t h c r e v e n u e d e r i v e d t h e r e f r o n N o n _ r e s i d e n t h u n t e r s t i e r e

U V - i " . a t r . t o s t i t p o r t u n t c o n t r i b u t o r s ' n o t o n l y i n t e r m s - o f t h e a m o u n l s

i n v o l r e d b u t a l s o D e c a u s e t n e y w e r e b r i n g i n g i n v a l u a b l e f o r e i g n e J -

, t ' " n q " t o c o v e r t h e c o s t s o f t h c i r s i ' f a r i 5 a n d i n s o d o i n g P r o v r ' 1 € r

" " " i 1 " . ' " , - i ^ - , n " h u n t i n g i n d u s l r v f o r o v e r 3 , 0 0 0 K e n v a n s - i n , 1 9 7 7

; ; # : ; ' : ; " ; ; . ; ; - " i - t i " i nuu i ' . v i n r r es , c r " ' r ' " 6 H i t che r I ( 1e68 )

; ; ; " ; , h ; i l t , " u u " . u s " h J n t i n s v i s i t o r s p e n t 3 1 i a v 5 i n K c r v a a n c

1 ,1 ' , t Lo t : i . , pe rson , i o .pa red t " i t h v i s i t o rs on ou t f i t t ed Pho to 'o ranh l '. : i " ; ; . ; ; , ' o .n i . n "u " ' "q " o f l 9 davs and 11 ,200 / - pe r Pe rson ' rh€s '

1 0 7 -

cos ts exc lude t ranspor t w i th in the coun t r y and the Pho tog raph ic sa fa r i sexc lude cheap paqkage tou rs . Ten ye . r s l a te r Ea ton (1976) es t i na tedf rom a su i vey o f A rne r i can spo r t hun te rs tha t t he ave rBge Aner i canspor t sman hun t i ng l eoPard5 , amongs t o the r spec ies , i n A f r i ca spen t at o l a t o f U ' s . 5 1 1 , 7 l r l i n A f r i c a p e r s a f a r i , o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t i n K e n y acu r rency o f nea r l y 100 ,000 / - a t t ha t t ime .

TABLE 6 .5 , Nurnber o f genera l and sPec ia t hun t i ng I i cLnces i ssued andrevenue de r i ved the re f rom in se lec ted yea rs be tween 1959 and 197a '

N o . o f I i c e n c e s i s s u e d 1959 1954 1969 19711

Res id en t r s I i cencesNon- r es i d en t ' s I i cence5Spec i a l I i cence5*

531232

1 ,512

7 1 53 1 3

2 , 1 9 2508 1 , 3 1 1

3 , 0 7 6

Reveoue t heref rom (Kl) l 9 5 9 l96tr r 969 197 \

Res id en ! ' s I i cencesNon- res iden t ' s I i cencesspec ia l l i cences ' :

z , 2 1 59 , t ! 0

2 5 , 8 0 0

2 , \ 6 510 ,2352 0 , 1 1 5

\ ,29024,07560, 590 t29,895

sou r c e : ca5ebeer (1975)

t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f E a t o n ( 1 9 7 6 ) t h a t t h e ! e o p a r d i 5 h i g h l yva luq j as a t rophy by Aner i can and EuroPean spo r t hun te rs as co r rec t 'A l l t he p ro fess iona l hun te rs I spoke to i n Kenya be i i eved tha t t he i rc l i e n t s r a t e d t h e l e o p a r d v e r y d e s i r a b l e . N o s t c l i e n t ! r a t e d i t b e l o \ ' re lephan t bu t above l i on and to so r f l e ex ten t t h i s l s re f l ec ted i n t henunbers o f spec ia l l i cences bough t . Bu t a l t hough mos t c l i en ts weresa t i s f i ed v ; i t h a s ing le l eoPard t roPhy , wherea5 they o f ten re tu rnedaga in and aga in fo r e lephan t , t he l eoPard was o f ten su f f i c i en t l yd i s i r a b l e t o s e l l a s a f a r i .

' f h e r e i s l i t t t e d o u b t , t h e r e f o r e , o f t h e€ t t r a c ! i o n e x e r t e d b y t h e s p e c i e s , a n d i t i s I i k e l y t h a t t h e 1 9 7 2 u ' 5 'ban on the impor ta t i on o f l eoPard t roph ies i n to the Un i ted S ta tess i9n i f i can t I y reduced Kenyars a t t rac t i veness to Amer i can 5po r t sment he r ea f t e r .

THE LEOPARD AS A TOURIST ATTRACTION

In 1980 the tou r i s t i ndus t r y ea rned Kenya Ke /4 '000 ,000 i nfo re ign exchange , o f b rh i ch i t i s a ma jo r con t r i bu to r t o t he coun t r y rs" .ono iy , t " . ond on l y to ag r i cu l t u re ' Tou r i sm has g rov rn eno rmous lys i n c e 1 9 6 3 h , h e n i t c o n t r i b u t e d a m e r e K l 7 ' 3 m i l l i o n ' a n d t h e r e ' s

l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t K e n y a ' s $ i l d t i f e h a s b e e n o n e o f t h e c h i e f a t t r a c -t i o n s , p a r t i c u l e r l y f o r t h e l u c r a t i v e A n e r i c a n m a r k e t , a s v i s i t o rs ta t i s t i c5 fo r na i i ona l pa rks and gane lodges show. l l i t che l 1 (1958)

d i s c u s s e s t h e e c o n o m i c v a l u e o f w i l d l i f e v i e w i 6 9 a s a f o r m o f l a n d

I t i s i m P o s s i b l e t o q u a n t i f y t h e l e o p a r d ' s f i n a n c i a l c o n t r i _

bu t i on to the fo re ign exchange ea rned by tou r i s tn - Bu t t he spec ies 'imDor tanc€ as an a t t rac t i on - even i f Se ldom seen _ nus t be g rea te r

th ;n tha ! o f mos t o the rs . The l eopard i s one o f r tThe B ig F i ve " ' w i t la dangerous thou lh son rewha t embe l I i shed aePu ta t i on ' and a "g lano , r

a n i m a l " r e g r e t t a b l y p o p u l a r i s e d b y t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f u r t r a d e ' l ti s a l so a ca rn i vo re , a t ype o f an ina l t ha t seems to a rouse unusua li n te res ! i n man , pe rhaps because we a re rnade o f n rea t l Research i n

1 0 8 -

Ambose l i (Henry 1975) and obse rva t i ons i n t he l 4a ra (Bu rney 1980) t raves hc* , /n tha t t he fe l i ne .ca rn i vo res a re usua l l y t he an ima ls nos t sough tb y g a m e - v i e w i n g v i s i t o r s . I n d e e d s u c h i s t h e i r i m p o r l a n c e t h a t i nAmboge l i t he to la l numbers o f I i on and chee tah and the i r t o le rance o ftou r i sn i a re the p r imary fac to rs de te rm in in ! t he v i s i t o r capac i t y o f l nePark and hence i t s po ten t i a l f o r ea rn ing revenue (Ves te rn E Henry1979) , l , / es te rn (pe rs . con tn . ) has ca l cu le ted f ron re la t i ng Levenue f romtou r i sm to the p ropo r t i on o f t ime tha t game-v iew ing v ig i t o rs devo le roe /a rch ing d i f f e ren t spec ies , t ha t eech o f Anbose l i ' 9 app rox ima te l y f i f t yl i o n s i s w o r t h 3 1 6 , 0 A 0 / - a y e a r o r ( a t 8 . 9 s h s . t o t h e d o l l a r i n l 9 9 l )U , S . 5 3 7 , 7 5 0 , w h i l e € a c h o f i t 5 f i f t e e n c h e e t a h s i s w o r t h 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 / -o r 5 6 7 , 4 2 0 e y e a r . H e d i d n o ! i n c l u d e t h e l e o p a . d i n t h e s e c a l c u l a -t i o n s b e c a u s e i t i s 5 o s e l d o f l s e e n : b u t w h e n i t i s s e e n i t a t t r a c t sve ry q rea t i n te res t and on a va lue pe r an ina l bas i s [ us t a l so ra te ve ryh i g h ,

Bu t even i f t he l eopard i s se ldom seen , i t s mere p regenc€a n d t h e e x c i t i n g p o s s i b i l i t r ' t h a t i t m i g h t b e s e e n c o n s t i t u t e a p q r . i -f u l a ! i r a c t i o n . V i t h t h e a p p a l l i n g d e c l i n e o f a n o t h e - r e r i b e r o f t h e8 i g F i v e , . . h e r h i n o c e r o s , t o t h e p o i n t w h e r e v i s i t o r s t o K e n y a c a n n ol o n g e r b e s u r e o f s e e i n g e v e n o n e d u r i n g a t h r e e - w e e k s e f a r i , t h e i r -po r lance o f rhe l eopard (and the chee tah ) has i nc reased . A t a t ime r , rne ' ,K e f t a s e e n s t o b e e x p e r i e n c i n g a d e c l i n e i n b o t h t h e n u m b e r o f v i s i t o r scon ing and i n revenLre f ro rn tou r i sm ( "The S tandard " , 3 l / 1 , / 81 ) , i t needsa l l t h e a t t r 6 c t i o r s i t c a n o f f e r . C o n s e r v a t i o n o f t h e s p o t t e d c a t s i sth€ re fo re econor i i c€ l l y impor tan t f o r t h i s reason a lone .

F i n a l l y i t i 5 w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g t h a t i n s o m e p l a c € s t h e l e o -p a r d h a s i n f . c t b e e r , t h e p r i n c i p a l a t t r a c t i o n . T h i s w a s s o a t t h eSec re t Va l l ey Fo res t Lodge , un fo r tuna te l y b l r rn t down in 1981 , whereleooarCs i n the Houn t Kenya fo res ts v , , e re ba i ted and a t one t i ne themar iagenen t o f fe red to re fund the f i ' on ey o f v i s i t o rs $ /ho fa i l ed to seeone . Two o the r gene l odges , Sembt i ru and f i a ra l6 l , cu r ren t l y bene f i tf r om ba i t i ng l eopards , and a t t he A rk , i n t he fo res ts o f t he Aberda resNa ! iona l Pa rk , t he l eopard i s , t oge the r w i th the bongo , one o f t heo r i n c i D a l a t t r a c t i o n s .

6 .6 . IFFECIS OF SPORT HUNTI } IG ON LEOPARD POPULATIONS

t /ha t e f fec ts does gpo r t hun t i ng have on l eopard popu la t i ons i -A c c o r d i n g t o E e t o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) i t h a s n o e f f e c t , b u t s t r i c t l y 5 p e e k i n g t h i scanno t be t rue . Any humao ac t i v i t y such as spo r t hun t i ng tha t reCuces!he nu rbe r o f an i r , a l s i n a popu la t i on obv ious l y has an e f fec t i n t ha tan ima ls sho t a re renDved f rom the popu la t i on , l f t hese a re on l ya d u l t m . r l e s a n d i f t h e y a r e t a k e n i n m o d e r a t i o n , l e a v i n g s u f f i c i e n to ' . he rs u "ha rm€d , ! he re i s no s ign i f i can t de t r i n ren ta l e f fec t on thepopu la t i c , r ) as a who le - | r h i ch i s p robab ly wha t Ea ton mean t t o s t sy -l ndFed , as l t ye rs {1973) has po in ted ou t , l eopa rd popu la t i ons , I i ke thel i o n p o o L r l a t i o n i n t h e K r u g e r N a t i o n a t P a r k d u r i n g p r e d a t o r c u l l ; n g ,a l m o s ! c e r r a i n l ) r e s p o n d t o h u n t i n g p r e s s s r e b y i r r c r e a s i n g t h e i r r c p r o -duc t i ve and rec ru i tmen t ra tes . l l ode ra te hun t i ng may the re fo re s t imu l ; reb reed in t and the reby compensa te fo r t he l oss o f t hose an ima ls removedf ron the popu la ! i on . Such was the res i l i ence o f Narok rs l eopa rdpopu la t i on un t i I 1970 , whcn heavy poach ing i n te rve red , t ha t such amechan ism mue t have been ope .a t i r i g ; one p ro fegs iona l hun te r , f o rexamp le , t ook th ree b ig ma les f rom the same t ree i n B lock 60 on th recc o n s e c u t i v e s a f a r i s w i t h i n a p e r i o d o f t h r e e m o n t h s , a n d a n o t h e r r e _marked to me tha t t he re see rned to be an end less supp ly o f ma le l eopards

t

i n B lock 57 , Doub t less the same response occu rs i n poached popu la t i onsun le5s the po in t . i s reached when leopard dens i t i es a re 50 l on andsoc ia l o rgan iga t i on i s 5o d i s ruP ted tha t b reed ing i s adve rse i y a f fec tedand the popu la ! i on goes i n to dec l i ne . I n conc lus ion , t he ev idencesugges ts tha t modera te sPor t hun t i ng has no s ign i f i can t de le te r i ouse f fec t on hea l thy l eopard popu la t i ons ,

Un fo r tuna te l y sPor t hun t i ng i n KenYa has f , o t a lways beenca r r i ed ou t i n modera t i oh and l h i5 i s no th ing new (S Imon 1952) . Chap te rq re fe r red to the fac t t ha t pa r t s o f Na rok and Ka j i ado d ig t r i c t s gu f fe -

red f ron excess i ve 5po r t hun t i ng i n t he 1960s and 1970s and gavede ta i l s o f a reas where l eopard popu la t i ons were no t i ceab ly a f fec ted :i n fo rme t ion wh ich wa9 , i nc iden ta l l y , g i ven to me no t by game wardensbu t by the P ro fess iona l hun te rs th€mse lves . The acu te tho r tage o fadu l t ma les and the l nna tu ra l P rePonderance o f f € fna les and young in thea f fec ted a reas a re ev idence o f excess i ve se lec t i ve e l im ina t i on o f t hema les by spo r t hun t i ng : ' poachers r us ing t raps ' sna res , 6nd po i son wereno t se lec t i ng fo r e i t he r sex o r age . l t i 5 t rue tha t t o sc .ne ex ten tthe sho r tage o f na les may have been i l l uso ry as some o f t hem ce r t€ in l ybecame more c ra f t v and on l v fed on ba i t s a f te r da rk $hen shoo l i ng v 'asp r o h i b i t e d o r i n t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g w h e n i t w a s l e 5 5 l i k e l y t h a t a n y o n €wou ld be the re . Bu t t he ev idence sugges ts tha t m : les were be ing takenin excess i ve numbers i n some a reas .

O f f a r g rea te r consequence was the shoo t i ng o f f € tna les andyoung . A l though the l aw fo rbade the shoo t i ng o f i nma tu re an ima ls i td id pe rm i t t he shoo t i ng o f adu l t f ema les , a l t hough i t a t t e$p teC to

d i scou rage th i5 by doob l i ng the con t ro l l ed a rea fee i f a f eme le wassho t . I n b io log i ca l t e rms the tak ing o f any adu l t f ema le , t ' he the r o rno t she has dependen t cubs a t t he t ime , has a g rea te r e f fec t on theooou la t i on than the renova l o f an adu l t ma le . No t on lY does he r dea !hnean the ce r ta in dea th o f any s f l € l l cubs she f i ay be guck l i ng i n someh i d e o u t ; i t a l g o m e a n s t h e l o s s o f a l I t h e I i t t e r s s h e m i g h t h a v eborne i n he r l i f e t ime . l l o reove r t he re i s a good chance tha t any adu l tf e m a l e s h o t a t t h e h e i g h t o f h e r r e P r o d u c t i v e I i f e i s e i t h e r w i t hdependen t cubs - no t necessa r i l y accompany ing he r when the i s t ho t -

o r p regnan t . G iven the l i ke l i hood tha t res iden t adu l t f ema les ou tnun ibe rres iden t adu l t ma les (Chap te r 2 ) , t he l ak ing o f one o r two fena les f ro f la h e a l t h y l e o p a r d p o p u l a t i o n i s u n l i k e t y ! o h a v e a n y s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e ' :bu t I be l i eve the p rac t i ce shou ld be d i scou raged . APar t f r om any th inge lse , t he ave rage ad r . r l t f ema le l eopard i s no t a l a rge an ina l and doesno t p rov ide a g ;od t roPhy ' i f spo r t hun t i ng i s t o be a sPor t v ' o r thY a rt h e n a m e , i t t n u s t s e t a n d m a i n t a i n h i g h s t a n d a r d s , o t h e r w i s e i t m e r e l Yd e g e n e r a t e s i n t o l e g a l i s e d s l a u g h t e r . T h e l e o p a r d i s a s p e c i e l a n i n a land i t shou ld be t rea ted I i ke one .

In p rac t i ce Kenyars p ro fess iona l hun te rs d id no t no rma l i ype rm i t t he i r c l i en ts to shoo t f ema les , a l l hough the occas iona l r i i s takew a s m a d e i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s e x o f a l e o p a r d c l i m b i n g t o b a i t i n f a i l -

i ng l i gh t . B r . r t many o i t he hun te rs who were l i ce t t sed l r t t e r l y , a f t e r

se le . t i on p rocedures were abandoned and s tandards had fa l l en , had no5uch sc rup les and o f ten a l l o red the i r c l i en ts to shoo t f € rna l es andyoung . So .ne 25? o f t he l eopards geen in Z i r rne rnnnnrs , t he tax ide rm is t5i n H l i r o U i , i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s f e l l i n t o t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s . T h i s i s c o n f i r n ' jno t on ty o i t l ye rs ( t 9 i3 ) bu t a l so by the Gane-DePer tnen t r s o 'n s ta t i s t i cs

wn ich s t rq , . / t he r i n 1972 and 1973 no l ess than l 7U and z i i ? o f t he l eo -

pa rds sho t on l i cence i n con t ro l l ed a reag were fema les (Casebeer 1975) -

i he re i s I i t t l e doub ! t ha t t he uncon t ro ! l ed hon t i ng o f l eoPards ' anc

i i p i . t i . u t " . t h e t a k i n g o f f e r n a l e s ' h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t

l r 0 -

on some o f t he l eopard popu la t i ons o f l l asa i l and . I sugges t t ha t t heev idence f rom Ka j i ado and Narok con t rad i c t s t he sv reep ing s ta temen to f l a ton (1976) tha t ' i t he re i s no ev idence f ron any sou rce tha t t rophyh u n t i o g i n A f r i c a i s h a r n f u l t o a n y w i l d l i f e o r g a r n e p o p u l a t i o n s . "

Ea ton a l so dec la red : I ' T rophy hun t i ng i 5 no t a p rob lem a :fa r as regu la t i on i s conce rned , r r Th i s too i s con t rad i c t t d by theKenyan experience. Regllat ion became a major probl €m bef.ore thehun t ing ban . Bu t t he d i s t i nc t i on be tween con t ro l l ed and uncon t ro l l edhun t ing i s impor tan t . Un t i l 1955 con t ro l was s t i l l r e6sonab ly e -x . , r -c i5ed , a l t hough I be l i eve tha t t he l ega l shoo t i ng o f l eopa rds wasbe ing pe rm i t t ed to excess i n t ha t yea r when , f o r exahp le , 2 l l eopa rds\ , {e re sho t i n eech o f b locks 57 and 63 , and i n 1956 when 165 l eopardswere sho t i n con t ro l l ed a reas , 75 o f t hem in Ka j i ado D is t r i c t a lone ;i t ! , / as a t abo rJ t t h i s t ime tha t some o f t he rno re expe r ienced p ro fess iona lh u n t e r s b e g a n t o n o t i c e g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y i n o b t a i n i n g l e o p a r d st h e r e . f h e m o r a l i s t h a t e v e n p e r f e c t l y l e g i t i m a t e l i c e n s e d c o n t r o i -l e d h u n t i n g c a n b e c a r r i e d t o e x c e s s , a n d t h i s d o c s n o t a p p l y o n l y t othe l eopard ; I i on and rh ino v , ,e re a l so ove rsho t i n some a reas (Gar .Dep t . 1950 , 1956-57 , 1958-59 ) . Bu t whenever th ie v ras recoqn ised i nthe days o f con t ro l l ed hun t i ng the Depar tmen t immed ia te l y t ook re r ,ed ia lac t i on , o f ten a t t he i ns t i ga t i on o f conce rned p ro fess iona l hun te rs whc )d r€ r , t he Governn ,en t r s a t ten t i on to the need fo r such ac t i on . I ndeedin the ea r l y 1970s the E .A .P .H ,A . recon rnended tha t t he dec l i ne o f t heleopard war ran ted the su5pens ion o f spo r t hun t i ng o f t ha t spec ies fo ra number o f yea rs ( l { ye rs 1973) bu t un fo r tuna te l y t he Assoc ia t i on nad t ' ythen l os t a l I i n f l uence w i th Governmen t ,

U n c o n t r o l l e d h u n r i n g , a l t h o u g h i n t h e o r y l i c e n s e d a n d t n r : e -fo re pe r fec t l y l ega l , had by tha t t ime begun to p redomina te . The con -! ro l v i h i ch the Game oepar tnen t used to exe rc i se by res t r i c t i ng l heb o o k i n g s o f c o n t r o l l e d a r e a b l o € k s b y h u n t i n g p a r t i e s , b y l i m i t i n gthe nu r f l be rs and t ypes o f I i cences i ssued , and by en fo rc ing the l aw ,b roke down . f he con t ro l l ed a rea sys te rn became inc reas ing l y chao t i ca f r .e r 1972 and hun t i ng b locks r re re no l onger res t r i c ted to one o r twopar t i es a t a t ime . l n 1973 , l o r exa rnp le , t he re L ,e re somet ines as maryd s s i x h u n t i n g p a r t i e s i n B l o c k 3 7 a t t h e s a m e t i m e , r e d u c i n g t h e c c ' r -c e p t s o f r c o n t r o l r a n d ' c o n t r o l l e d a r e a s ' t o a f a r c e . T h e i s s u e o fI i cences a l so go t ou t o f hand . Ass i s tan t ' s Pe rn i t s were g ran ted t cpeop le - many o f t hem recen t a r r i va l s f ron the European con t i nen t -w h o s e r v e d n o a p p r e n t i c e s h i p a n d v r e r e u s u a l l y t o t a l l y u n q u a l i f i e d t oc o n d u c t c l i e n t s o n s a f a r i , q u i t e a p a r t f r o m t h e i r f r e q u e n t l y d e m o n -s t ra ted l ack o f e th i cs . The resu l t was a sha rp fa t I i n t he ave rageleve l o f compe tence o f t hose g ran ted A5s i s tan t ' s Pe rm i t s and th i s i ntu rn b rough ! t he hun t i ng i ndus t r y and the p ro fess ion i n to d ig repu te .V i th in B f6 . / yea rs the Ch ie f Gane Varden had g ran ted fu l l p ro fess iona ll i cences to ove r f i f t y se l f - s t y led ' p ro fess iona l h ln te rs ' t o whom th !Assoc ia t i on cou ld neve r have g i ven even p roba t i ona ry medbersh ip as theyd id no t and cou ld no t rnee t t he requ i red s tandard . Ye t as fa r back as1955 , when the re were on l y 6 l r pe rsons w i th Ass i s tan t r s Pe rn i t s , t he GaneDepar tmen t v ra rned : . "L i censed hon t i ng has no l v reached such p ropo r t i oastha t i t cou ld se r ious l y t h rea ten l he ex i s tence o f ce r ta in gam€ an r -ma ls ' r (Came Dep t . 1956-57 ) . Th i s was p robab ly an ove rs ta temen t bu tf rom I965 onwards , r . / hen the re were subs tan t i a l l y f e i , re r an ima ls , t heD e p a r t m e n t i s s u e d A s s i s t a n t r s P e r m i t s e n d o t h e r l i c e n c e s i n i n c r e a s i , ' gnunbers . as shov rn i n Tab le 6 .6 .

TABLE 6.6. t/umbersissued by the Gaie

- l t l

o f pe rm i t s and l i cences o f va r i o . r s ca teoo r iesDepar tmen t be tween 1950 and 1974 .

YEAR r 9 6 0 1965 r959 1970 1911 1972 1973 191t1

A s s i s t a o t r sPerm i t s

C . G . \ . r . Pe rm i t s

t l e p h a n t S . L . s

L e o p a r d S . L . s

L i o n S , L . s

113 r 89

1 6 3 2 , \ 0 t1 , 3 5 1 6 5

187 280

400 508

7 0

7

222

1 3 4

120

1 1

?

2 \ 7269177

f l 6

tt79

5 0 5

339

4

?

1

1

1 0 5

217

5\3176

227

I-137

805

195

296

C.G,V . : Ch ie f came l y ' a rden ;

Sou rce : Cas ebeer (1975) .

S . L . . S p e c i a l L i c e n c e s .

1972 rna rked the tu rn lng po in t . I n t ha t yea r a lone the nsmbero f Ass i s tan t ' s Penn i t s i ssued j umped by 30? and i n 1974 by a fu r the r38? . The n r . ;mbers o f spec ia l I i cences i ssued fo r I i ons and l eopardsa lso began to i nc rease aga in a t a t ime v rhen the Depar tmen t wou ld havebeen r , r i se to reduce them. Ch ie f Game Varden ' s pe rm i t s . v , , h i ch were i ne f fec ! r ca r te b lancher pe rm i t s t ha t cou ld a l l oe / t he hun t i ng o f anyspec ies i n any p lace (excep t na t i ona l pa rks and p r i va te l and ) a t dnyt ime and by any heans , i nc reased by 1 ,3172 f ron 1973 to 197q . Noo f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r 1 9 7 5 a n d t h e r e a f t e r b u t i t i sknehJn tha t so re 2 ,000 pe rn i t s f o r e lephan t b ,e re i ssued i n 19 iS a f te rthe c losu re o f e lephan t hun t i ng i n 1973 (Dyer 1979) . A concess ionsys tem in t roduced in Narok and some o the r a reas i n 1976 was no t aSuccess as some concess ionna i res who had l i t t l e o r no i dea o f ganemanagemen t p r i nc ip les seve re l y ove rsho t f o r 5ho r t - t e rm p ro f i t , and thesys tem was b rough t t o a t ime ly end by the hun t i ng ban i n 1977 .

F ina l l y , an i nd i rec t e f fec t o f spo r t h i rn t i ng on l eopardp o p u l a t i o n s , n e n t i o n e d b y E a t o n ( 1 9 7 6 ) , w a s i t s p o s s i b l e d e p r e s s i v ee f fec t on the l eve l o f poach ing . A l though seve ra l game wardens d i s -ag reed , mos t o f t he p ro fess iona l hun te rs who exp ressed any op in ion onthe sub jec t be l i eved tha t un t i l t he b reakdc , /n o f con t ro l l ed hun t i ngthe i r p resence i n reno te a reas d id have son re de te r ren t e f fec t becausethey v re re ugua l l y consc ien t i o l s i n repo r t i ng s igns o f poach ing tothe Game Depar t rnen t , des t royed any t raps and sna res they found , andeven occas iona l l y a r res ted poachers they ca rne ac ross . Hov {eve r , a f te rbo th spo r t hun t i ng and poach ing go t ou t o f con t ro l i n t he 1970s thea rde te r ren t e f fec t becane less and l ess . By 1972 they were power lessto do any th ing abou t poach ing , no ma t te r how f l ag ran t and b rauen , asthe ac t i v i t i es o f so many peop le seemed to be beyond reach o f t he l aw .Therea f te r , con t ra ry to Ea ton ' s suppos i t i on , spo r t huh ! i ng had nodepress i ve e f fec t oo poach ing and an i nc reas ing l y de le te r i oos e f fec ton l eopard popu la t i ons by add ing to the a l ready excess i ve o f f t ake byooachers .

- t 1 2 -

6 .7 . D t scuss l oN

To hunt or not to hunt?

To hun t o r no t t o hun t? Tha t i 5 t he ques t i on ' Ea ton (1976 '

1977) s t rong ly advoca ted the sPor t hun t i ng o f l eoPards i n f i ew o f t h t

s iec l es " ' s i t i s tac to ry and P romi 5 i ng s ta tus " l n - A f r i ca and r condemned

t i re dec i s ion bv the U .S . Governnen t t o ban the impor ta t i on o f l eopa rd

t roph ies l ega l ) y ob ta ined by Aner l can hun te rs on sa fa r i i n A f r i ca '

Th i s s tand i " , i l t o t rppo . t "d by Teer g swank (1977) '

L /ha t do KenY, r ' 5 p ro fess ione l hun te rs th ink? V i thou t excep_

t ion those I spoke to rega rded the U .5 , ban a5 i naPProPr ia te and

unhe lp fu l . 8u i t hey shd* /ed fa r l ess en thus iasm than Ea ton fo r t hereopen ing o f l eopa rd hun t i ng and fe la ag reed w i th h i5 rosy assessmen t

o f i t r n r i " t u t o f t he spec ies i n Kenya ' The ove rwhe lm ing consensus o f

op in ion w6s the t spo r t hun t i ng o f l eopa rds cou ld be reopened in c€ r t6 in

s i l ec ted a reas ( though ve ry fe " r ) bu t on l y under the |nos t s t r ' ngen t

cond i t i ons , w l r i ch wo ; ld i nc lude a re tu rn to a sys tem o f con t ro l l edhun t ing and a to ta l ban on the shoo t i ng o f f eoa les ' ' ' l o reove r mos t

o f t he hun !e rs and wardens I i n te rv ie t ' ed exPressed rese rva ! i ons 'Seve ra l doub ted i f l eoPards a re nunerous enough ye t t o j us t i f y t he

reopening of sport hunting and reconnnended at least ' fetJ f iore years

o r resp i i c ' t o a ] l ou dep le ied PoPr - r l a t i ons to recove r f rom the ons laugh t

o f t he 1970s . l i os t exPressed rese rva t i ons on whe the r con t ro l l ed

h rn i i ng .o r ta uu " , , o .L aga in i n t he I i gh t o f wha t haPpenud f ron 1970

to 1977 and a l I we re adaman ! tha t t he re shou ld be no ques t i on wna tso -

eve r o f hun t i ng recPen ing excep t under a sys tem o f hones t and e f fec t i ve

c o n t r o l , w i t h h e e v y P e n a l t i e s f o r i n f r a c t i o n '

l f con t ro l l ed hun t i ng cou ld be made to work aga in i n KenYa '

h , i t h app rop r ia te i np rovenen tg , shou ld the l eoPard aga in b ' nade

a u a i l a l l e t o s p o r t h u n t i n g ? | b e t i e v e i t s h o u l d ' A l t h o u g h s P o r t

hun t i ng i s opposed by many conse rva t i on i s t s , Pa r t i cu la r l y - thoseou t5 id ; A f r i ca , t he re a re many v rea l thy peop le i n Eu rope , A5 ia , and

itr. Arn"ricas who a.e prepared to pey lerge sums of rnoney to hunt in

A f r i c . : . And as I have a l ready shc , red ' t he l eopard i s a p r ime a t t rac -

! i on . one aspec ! o f t he econon ic a rgumen t f o r reopen ing i t t o

l i censed hun t i ng i s t ha t t he spec ies cou ld ea rn Kenya va luab le and

much-needed fo re ign exchange . I n Eo tswana , where l eoperd hun t i ng i s

Derm i t t ed , i t | . l as ca l cu la ted tha t i n 1976 the ave rage va lue to tne

i , " r "a " . . " i o f l eopa rds sho t by l i censed spo r t hun te rs (nos t l y non -

r c ; i d e n t s ) w a s 1 , 8 7 i P u l a p e r l e o p a r d ( h u r r a Y 1 9 7 8 ) . T h i s l s r o u g h l Ye q u i v . l e n t t o K . s h s . 2 0 , 5 0 0 / - o r U . S . 5 2 ' 3 1 5 a t t h e c u r r e n t r a t e so f exchange .

In 1958 c la rke e [ i t che l l ( t 968 ) rev iewed the econon i i cva lue o f hun t i ng and pho tog raPh ic aa fa r i s i n [ as t A f r i ca and con -c luded : "The re i s no doub t t ha t t he ma jo r econc rn l c bene f i t 5 Gur ren t l yy ie lded by w i l d l i f e a re de r i ved f rom hun t i ng and game-v i e } / i ng ' ' ' ' i t

w i l l b e a l o n g t i n r e b e f o r e t h e r e t u r n s f r o m o t h e r f o r h s o f o t i l i z a t i o n

c a n c o m p a r e w i t h t h e t o u r i s t / r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e o f w i l d l i f e " r T h i s i s

no l ess t rue i n Kenya i n l 98 l t han l t was i n 1968 . l f any th ing o l t r use

o f t he coun t r y rs l , v i l d l i f e resou rce has reg ressed s ince then as h l i n t l ng

nov { makes no con t r i bu t i on to the economY o r t he PeoP le o f Kenya ' Ye tthe economic a rgumen t i n f avou r o f hun t i ng i 5 a l so a -power fu l a rgumen t

f o r c o n s e r v a t i o i . I t i s w e l l s u d f i e d u P b y r r ' D a n i e l S i n d i y o ' K e n y a ' s

D i rec to r o f l , / i l d l i f e Conserva t i on and i ranagemen t , i n Tee r e Swank (1977)

t

I t J -

r r l t seens ve ry c lea r t o me tha t no one i s go ing to conse rve andmanage a resou rce tha t i s no t go ing to p rov ide sone f i nanc ia l re tu rnto them. Th is app l i e5 !o the l l asa i o r anY o the r l ando rvne rs . Theleopard does cau5e dan tage to the l i ves tock , end i t can no t be e r . -pec ted the t t he l ' l asa i w i l l l i ve happ i l y w i th an an ima l t ha t has on l yn e g a t i v e b e n e f i t 5 . . , . . T h e p r e s e r v e t i o n o f w i l d l i f e w i l t h n o r e t u r nto iay has no chance , . . . . L rha t I r , r ou l d l i ke to see i : i onse rva t i on o fr r i l d l i f e t h rough a managemen t sys tc tn ; t ha t i 9 , t ake i n to cons ide ra taona l I t he b io logy and hab i ta t o f t he spec ies and nanage l t f o r an eco_norn i c re tu rn , whe the r t h ig be hun t i ng o r v ievJ ing , so we can j us t i f ythe ex i s tence o f t he an ima l t o t he Iandov ,ne r . "

T h i s i s t h e r e a l i t y o f w i l d l i f e c o n s e r v a t i o n i n A f r i c atoday . And i t r nus t be accep ted be fo re a t t€ tnp t i ng to fo rmu la te anypo l i cy fo r conse rv ing the l eopard . As f i ye rs (1976) a l so emPhas ised ,t h i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l p r e d a t o r h a s g o t t o ' r P a y i t s w a y " i f i t i 5 t os u r v i v e i n a n y n u m b e r . I b e l i e v e t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e o f f l a s a i -l and l rh i ch i s nc i . , ' one o f Kenya ' s na jo r , t hough admi t ted lY deP le tec 'rese rvo i r s o f l eopa rd . l f t he l eopards the re have no Pos i t i ve va lueto o f f se t aga ins t t he i r dep reda t i ons as s tock - ra ide rs , t heY w i I l bep o i s o n e d o r k i l l e d i n o t h e r w a y s , a n d u l t i m a t e l y f e w m i g h t s u r v i v e .As the sys tem o f l and tenu re changes , as i t i s nc do ing , f rom nomad icpas to re l i sm to a sys tem o f g roup ranches v r i t h de f i ned , ad jud i ca tedboundar ies , and as the l {asa i i nc reas ing i y en te r t he cash econory ' sothe need to g i ve the l eopard mone ta ry va lue w i l l become inc reas inq l yc r u c i a l t o i t s s u r v i v a l . C o n t r o l l e d 5 p o r t h u n t i n g c a n g i v e i t t h i 5va lue i n l l asa i l and and e l56 {he re .

I sugges t i he re fo re tha t 5ub jec t t o t he res t r i c t i ons andrese rva t i ons d igcugsed be lo . / t he Kenya Govern rnen t 5hou ld cons ide rre ins ta t i ng the l eopard as a hun t l ng t roPhy s /ec ies i n Kenya .

5 . 7 . 2 . l h € r e ?

l f I i censed spo r t hun t i ng i s re ins te ted i n Kenya and i f t heleopard i s des igne ted a t rophy gpec ies , where cou ld the con ! ro l l edhun t ing o f l eopa rds be env i saged?

The resu l t s o f t h i5 su rveY (Chap te r q and Chap te r 5 ) i od l -ca te tha t mos t Dar t s o f Kenya canno t even be cons ideaed , beca . r sethe i r l eopa rd popu la t i ons 6 re 50 deP le ted tha t sPor t hun t i ng v {o r l dbe e i t he r f ru i t l ess o r r Jndes i rab le o r bo th a t t he P resen t t i r ne . Thenere s i x th o f Kenya e l i g ib le fo r cons ide .a t i on conPr i ses Narok andKa j i ado d i s t r i c t s , t he fo res ted con t ro l l ed a rea b locks on the Abe t -oa ies (80 , 81 , 82 ) and l . l oun t Kenya l 7 \ , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ) , Hvan . . 'P r o v i n c e , e n d L a i k i p i a D i s t r i c t . I n a d d i t i o n I b e l i e v e t h a t B l o c k

5 l ( i . e . 5 1 , 5 l A € 5 l B ) ' w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e L e r o g h i F o r e s t a n dK€r i s ia H i l l s nea r l ' l a ra la l , cou ld be i nc luded on an exPer imen t ; lbas i s . Ho reve r , l eopa rd hun t i ng shou ld no t be Perm i t t ed i n any o the rpa r t o f no r the tn Kenya a t t he p resen t t ime .

l lasai land. the Aberdares and | lount f€nya forest5' andB l o c k 5 l a r e e l i g i b l e b e c a u s e t h e i r l e o P a r d p o p u l a t i o n s a r e p r o b a b l ync rJ adequa !e to w i ths tand I im i ted con t ro l l ed h !n t i ng and beceusethose a reas p rov ide the bes t l eoPard t roPh ies and wou ld be imPor tan tt o a n y f u t u r i h u n t i n g i n d u s t r y . L a i k i p i a i s e l i g i b l e b e c a u s e i t s t i l lcon t " i ns " reasonab le l eopard popu la t i on v rh i ch fo rms a rese rvo i r o fac tua l and Do ten t i a l s tock_ ra ide rs and because the con t ro l o f hun t i ng

' l r q -

rou ld be g rea t l y f ac l l l t a ted the re by the ex l s t cnce o f genera l l . y we l l -

i un "o r * " i " t . t i anchcs f t he con t ro l o f g tock - ra lde rs v r l l l be d l scussed

i i t c r l n t t r t s chaP t . r . l { yanza P rov lncc l 5 c l l g lb le because a l t hough

i t "on t " I ns re la t i ve l y s r l ra l I r c tn r .an t l coPs rd Popu la t I ons , - I t - | 5 -P re -

s e n t l y t h e s c e n e o f s e r l o u s c o n f l l c t w l t h m a n , P a r t l c u l a r l y I n S I a y a

ina x i t r "u d l s t r l c t s . Thcse r cmnan ts have no l ong te f i n f u lu re nhe t_

socvc r , and l t wou td bc be t t c r l f t hey cou ld be c l lm lna tcd t5oon€r

i " i t " i ' a i " " l a te r . yhe the r v l s l t l ng 5po r t sm€n v rou ld s l sh to -hu t t l l

such dense ly popu la ted a rca5 l s ano the r me t te r r f o r hun t l ng c l l cn ts

i " ru ao e f . i " i as rnuch to en joy I t f . I n t he bush , away f rom PeoP le a r j

, i . o r ra ru r . , o f t he Twen t le ih Ccn tu ry , as to shoo t gane an lna l s Bu t

so rne ' r i gh t acccP t t he cha l l enge and l t shou ld be oPen to then l o do sc '

i i , - t " * i " " . ' t h ' i s p roves lmpr i c t l cab le , t he Governmen t shou ld e l t he r

,n i " i t . * " " i l " i n " t l on l t sc l i o r l nv l t c P ro fcas lona l hun tc rs In l o co i t

and mekc l t wo r thwh l l e f o r t hem to do gc t .

6 . 7 . 3 . v h c n ?

At the P resen t t lme (mtd -1981) l t aPpears tha t t he Keny6

Govc rnoen t 15 no t yc t r . ady to r coPcn sPor t hun t l ng ' s l t has no t

o romu loa ted the r cv l sed ru i cs ' r cau la t l ons ' and sys tcns v {h l ch v {o " ld be

! " . J i ! " " i i l a . t o anv reopen lng o i hun t l ng . Nor l e t he hun t l ng In -

J r ! t i " J "uov fo r l r nned ta tc r csumpt lon a l t hough lhc bas l c l n f ras t ruc tu r !

s t l l l ex i s t i . As l t v rou ld takc acve ra l non ths a f t c r ' ny Govern rnen t

.nnouncemc t t f o r t he Indu . t r y t o re -es tab l l sh l t se l f I n f ! l l Y io rk lng

o rae r "no !o a t t rac t t hc fo re lgn c l l . n ! s uPon v rh l ch - l t deP 'nds ' t hc re

i . i t t t t " p r o s p e c t o f h u n t l n g ; e o P e n l n g l n K c n Y a b e f o r e 1 9 8 2 ' e v e n I t

t he Govarnmcn t does dec ldc to take th l s cou rg€ '

I sugges t , howevc r ' t ha t cven l f hun t l ng l 5 r coPencd l n 1982

the l eoparo s t to i i a no t be mad ; l nmcd ia !e lY -ava l l ab l c . t g spo r t hun te r :

" r cep r i n La l k lp la and Nyanza . Thc re shou ld p rc f c rab l y be a P ro -; ; ; i ; ; " ; ; o . r l o i o r onc vea r a f t c r t he fo rma l r ' oPcn lng o f hun ! l n9 '

, i i " . " . i ' . i i . t i g h r b c , i o g l v e t h e s P c c l c a f u r t h e r r c s P l t e l ' r h a s a l -

l anc , , E lock 51 ' 8nd thc tbn tane fo res ts and i n o rdc r t o 9 l vc a r oPPor_

i r i i i t r o t dc te r r ' i n i nq ( l ) whe the r t hc ne " l sYs tcm o f con t ro l l cd hun ' - i ns

i l . " l r t i . o -o ioo " r l v , -ana ( t l ) r , he the r o r no t t hc l eopard popu la t l o '

" i - r - i ' " t l " L i t ! . . ! r t r t " t . n t i v i n ev ldencc to i us t l f y t he resunPt l c -

c . hun t i ng . Such an assessmen t rou ld need to co rne f rom the Perso i '

t . r t quu l i f i " a t o Judgc l eopard popu la t l ons ; t he P ro fe5s lona l hun te rs

"na'oirt"| . expe r t enied- f le I d men. but the Govcrnhent nu:t be PreParedto l i s t . n t o peoP le who know wha t t hey a re ta l k lng .€bou t ' v l t hou t

i o -oo " . " t l on Le t " reen the V l l d l l f e Dep i r tmen t aod thc P ro fess lona lhun te rs no 3ys tcm o f con t ro l l cd hun t l ng can bc rnade t0 work '

6 . 7 . 4 , H o w m a n y ?

Th ls qu .g t l on l 5 d l f f l cu l t t o l nswer and has a luaYs bccn

onc o f t he 6aJo r 'P rob lems o f ope ra t l ng .ny r ys te f i o f con tJo l l ed hun t -

l no , l n t he pas t , quo tas werc no t sc i on 6 b lock by b loc t ba5 l5 ' 8 ' r t

I n -wc l l r egu la t cd a rcas tha warden keP t a con t l nuoug r ' co rd o f nun t -

i n o o f f t a k l s a n d c o u l d a m c n d l h e c o n t i o l t c d . r c a c o n d i t l o n s l f h e f e l t

t h i t t oo rnany €n lha l s had bccn taken In one P lacc o r l f - t hc re were

i l ans o f any sho r tagc . Th l s nean t r howevc r r t ha t t he c f fec t l vcncss

o i "ga . . r "n l s " t . n t i cpcndcd a lnos t en t l r c l y on the conPc t ' nc ' . a rd"^p i r l en . . o i t hc war ien , whosc l guess t lma ic5 | we rc unavQ ldab ly basec

on sub jcc t l vc Inp rcss lons . Th l s was cspcc la l l y t ruc fo r a 9cc 'e t l vc

t l 5 -

ca rn i vo re , such as the l aoPard , wh lch was InPoss lb l c t o census ' Neve r_

th " less " r i r dens cou ld gc t a use fu l l dca o f r c la t l ve abundancc 6nd

ooo ! la t i on t rends by l l s t cn lng to P ro fcss iona l hun tc rs v ' ho had been

IM i " " i t , . - "n i t " r . A l l hough In t i t c 1980s the ac r l a l su rvcys o f t hc

l , " i " j i " . . " r " "a Eco log l ca l i on t to r tng un l t shou ld P rov ldc a rough

; ; ; i ; ; ; ; ' ; . ; l i " ; quo i " t t o . t he l e r l e r hc rb i vo rcs , t hc l ' oPard v t i l !

con l i nuc to rema in a p rob l cm. I

I be l i cve l t l s ro r thwh l l e t o cxamlnc th l5 i r ob l cm In

rc la t l on to p ; ss lb t c l coPard PoPr 'L la t l ons €nd Pa5 t hun t l ng -o f f t akes l n

; ; ; ; i ; ; " ; - . ; a r r t vc a t i a t l ona l quo tas fo r t hc fu tu re ' Thcsc I

su :ocs t i hou ld bc ac t on a b lock bas l5 tha t t akcs thc a rca oT l ne

; ; ; : ; - i " i ; - ; ; ; . ; ; , - " ' " . r I " s sonc i dea o r re la t lYc abundance ' Th le

i n . u i t " o t " I n v o l v e s c o n s l d e r a b l e s p e c u l a t l o n , n o t l c a s t b e c a u s e o u r

i ; ; ; i : ; ; ; ' . ; i ; : ' : i " c i i o .pos t t t on o f l eopa rd PoPu la t Ions . In thc w i Id

l s s t l l i I ncomp lc t c . However ' by d raw lng uPon da ta f rom l coParo

popul . t lon5 in the Tsavo and Kruscr-nat ion: l P" l l : , :11 ry?Yl : :1 . ' "d a t a f r o n o t h c r l a . g c c a t s ' P a r t l c u l a r l Y t h e b a s l c a l l y s o l l ! r r Y

i r t i " t " i , r . t s poss ib l c t o tna r lge In ro r€ - l n fo rmed spccu la t l on ' The

r c s u l t l n o f i q u r c s m a y b c w l d e o p c n t o c r l t i c l s m ' B u ! t h a t l 5 w n y I

o i . i " na i r ' . t , and t i c l i cvc thc a t t cmPt to do so rePrescn ts a s tep

forwa rd .

The fo l l ow lng assumPt lons ' bou t w l l d l ' oPard PoPu la t i onshave been nade:

l . T h e s e x r a t l o o f a d u l t l c o P a r d s ' i n c l u d l n g t r a n s l e n t s '

l s aoo ro r l "a te l v O 9 ma les to 1 fe i l a l c , cvcn though res idcn t -adu l t

; ; . ; i : ; ' ; ; ; ; ; ; i i o , i nu "be r r cs lden t adu l t na les bv l ' 8 I I (Ba l l cv '

" . . . . . # . i n C i a p t e r 2 ) . l h a v e a s s u ' r e d t h a t n o r t a l l t Y i n a d u l t r a l e s

i . ! i i gh ; i v 9 , * , l r t nan tn adu l t f cma lcs ( i ) bcca r . r se o f f l sh t i ng

u" , , " i " " i " i , and ( i i ) becausc o f t he l r g rea te r bo ldness nh i ch t ' nds

to exposc then to t roL lb le .

2 . A ! any one t i i l c abou t 559 c f t ne adu l t f cme les a rc

accompan ied by dcpcnden t young . Th ' s ' naY be sma l I cubs o r l a lge r

s lbadu I t 5 .

3 . Thc ra t l o o f l n rma tu re l coPards ( cubs and subadu l t5 '

" , , ne t l . r a .p ! i a .n i -o . -no t ) t o adu l t f ema les I5 l ' 3 i I | ' nd thc ra t l o

o i - i , * " , r . ! l eopa rds to a l l ad ! l l s l s 0 '71 I 1 ' Th l s assunes 3 reaso -

nab le ra t c o f i nc rcase l n r csponse to dcp le t l on '

4 . I n a hyPo th . t l c . l PoPu !a t l on o f 29 l eoPards the scxes

a n d a g e s m i g h t b e d l s t r l b u t c d a s f o l l o w s l

8 a d u l t | n a l c s ( 5 r c s l d c n t s , 3 t r a n s l c n t s )

rI

9 a d u l t f e m a l c s ' o f w h l c h l

{ have no dcPendent cubs : 0

2 h a v c l l t t e i s o f 3 E 2 r 5 s m a l l c u b s

3 have l 6 rgc dePenden t c ' l bs (2+1+ l ) : 4 l a rge c t rbs

3 Indepcndcn t l ubadu l t s : 3 subadu l t s

adu l t s + l 2 l f f i na tu re : t o ta l o f 29 l coPards '1 7

5 . Ia l l l copa rds sho tbut ncar enougll.

have a5sumed thatwc re adu l t ma lcs

In thc day5 o f con t ro l l ed hun t i ng

. T h l s l s P r o b a b l Y n o t q u l t c t r u e

- t r 6 -

6 . I havc assuned tha t a 101 annua l o f f t akc o f t he rdu l tma lc popu la t i on l s a r . casonab lc comProo lsc be twecn reduc t l on and con -

se rYa t i on o f t he popu la t l on .

Lc t us s ta r t r r l t h an .xamlna t l on o f 1965 hun t l ng da ta f romNarok 0 i s t r l c t (Game Dep t . 1965) . I n t ha t yea r 52 l coPards were sho tby l i ccns .d hun tc rs In b locks 57 , 58 , 59 ,6nd 50 , . s show i bc low

BLOCK AR€A LEOPARDS SHOT kmzlL€oPARo siior

58

6o

2250 kn?2650 kn?5100 km'2250 kn2

l ll 01 0

lo7 k&22u1 t^2Jl0 krnl225 knz

TOTATS ' l2,z5o urnz 236 kn2

Note : A l I a reas a rc app rox lma tc on l y .

A t t ha t t im . t he l coPard popu la t l on o f Narok D is t r l c !appeared to l e ab l c t o v r l t hs tand an annua l o f f t ake o f t h l s o rde r ,

t i r ough tha t i n B tock 57 may h6ve been .xcess l ve . l f , howevc r , i t i s

assu i ,ed tha t a l l t hc 52 l coPards sho t wc re .du l t ha les end r 'P re -sen ted l 0? o f t he adu l t ma le PoPu la t l on , t hcn :

T h c . d u l t l n a l c P o p ! l a t i o n r o u l d h a u e b c e n 5 2 X l 0 : ! 2 0 a c ' : l t r n : l e s ;

Thc to ta l pop . l a r i on l "ou ld have becn 520 X 3 .625* : . 1885 . l co la rds 'Thesc f i qu r€s rap resen t dcns i t l e5 o l t adu l t na le /2 \ kn 'o ' 1 l eo -pa td /6 .5 knz wh i l h secm redsonab ly l t kc lY a t t ha t t lmc .

In 1975 , however , when the Game DcPa t tmen t I n t rocuced a

5v5 tem o f concess lons In Narok D is t r l c t l t aPprovcd the fo l l ow lngouo tas fo r l eoDards :

coNcEss t0ri AREA APPROVED QUOTA krn2lLtoPARD

N . l .N . 2 ,n . 3 .N . l { .1,1 .5 .N . 6 .i 1 . 7 .

c ?051 2

l 0 I l73

121

km2km2km2km2xn2gn2km2

916 km21058 km21725 ktr.1550 ki/1037 kml880 kmz

1205 km2

00000

0

TOTALS 8382 km2 12'I 15 k,r'Z

l f t hc Narok l copa rd PoPu la t l on had s t l l t b ' cn a t . t hc 1965

leve l , wh ich l 5 un l t ke l y becausc hcavy Poach lng had by th 'n i n te r -

vcncd . t he rc m lqh t havc bcen l bou t 350 adu l t ma lc l aoP ! rds P rcscn tIn th ; 8 ,382 knz cove rcd by the conccss lons (1 .e . t adu l t n6 le to

2 t i k l n2 ) . l f r h l s was so , i n o f f t ake o f 72 wou td hayc r .P resen ledno l . se than 2 l t o f t he adu l t ma lc PoPu la t l on and wou ld have been

. x . e s s i v c i f l m p l e o e n t c d . I s u g g c a t t h a t d o u b l e t h c d e n e l l y ( l ' e '

I adu l t ma le /12 knz ) wou ld have bc .n requ l r . d fo r l hc l coPardpopu la t l on to w l ths tand a l 0? annua l o l f t ake o f €du l t na l cs | { l t hoJ t

*convc rs ion f l c to r . 29 l coParde . 3 .625

S a d u l t n . l c a

. 1 1 7 .

l l l . f f ec t i l n o thc r words a poPu la t l on o f abou t 700 adu l t . na le ! o r

i , : ig i i "p i ra i iso x t .ozs ' 2,538 c I leopard/3 '3 krnz) ' I , doubti i l cooards wcrc tha t numcrous In t975 whcn there was a l rcady cv i -

; . " ; ; ; ; ; ; " ; ; p . i ln tng "na narkcd dePle t lon ' .For tun ' tc lv lhc - -

"""i.".a or.a! of 72 l ioPards/annurn wis suspendcd af[er Protcsts from

; ; : ; ; ; i i i ; i " " " v i ld l t re soc lc tv , 'nd the hunt lns ba 'n canc In to

c f f e c t l n 1 9 7 7 .

That heavy o f f takes f ron ccr ta ln €xccPt lo ;a l . i I ca5 .naY be

poss iu te ts ; r ,gge i i . l uy f tgu . t t f rom Ak l ra Ranch (2e0 kmz) whcre be-

l * . . " fggg ana- i973 Inc ius lve .bout f l ve l coPard5 werc tho t . ' vc ry

year by l l censed hunters ' sPParcn t ly w l thout l l l c f fcc t ' Th l .5 reP-

l " i " " i ! . " o f r take o f I ;du i i mate / i6 km2/annum' The- leoPard PoPula t ion" " i - . i i i r " r " l i r . . i a t r4 -s r on thc bas is o f ba l t lng (F lc ld ' Pe15 'co f l ' ' i ' ' )

; ; ; ; ; ; i i ; ; " bcen app icc lab lv h lehcr because an o f f tske o f . f l ve

l I io " .a , o " , annum cou ld have rep icsented 21 '3 lZ o l thc adu l ! na les

l " i " i l i l i . i , ro r t ]u " b" "n . ' . . , .1uo ' Bu t there v ras no no t i ccab le

i . . f i " " - f i - i r ' " Popu la t ion . l f l t l5 assu f ted tha t th ls o f f takc rep-

i . i . " l "o l l i ; f ' t l e ad , r l t ma le Popu la t ion , bccause i t does seem la rgc

i i i - l r i i " - i t " f r a rca , th . adu l i ma les v 'ou ld have numbcred ' t l cae !

l i ' t i - "e "1 . - r " i " tg . , L^2nJ sq .mt . ) and thc to ta l leoPard PoPula t ion '' i i . i " a i n o s n , a l l c u b s , 1 2 0 ( l l e o P a r d / 2 . 3 r t 2 l o ' 9 s q : T ! ' ) ' T h e s e d € n -

r i i i . t " i " v e r y h l g n b u ! $ l t h l n t h e r e a l o o f P o s s l b i l l t y ' l l o w ' v e r '

ei i r i , wrt r i t l oeep roctv sorsci , p lent l fu l Pt :v, ' . : l ! i : : : ' : : l ' " f to"

f o " . t ' i n 9 , p r o v l d c d , l i k e S o l l o , a n ' x c c P t l o n a l h a b l t a t v { l t n c x c e P -' . r " r " r r i ' r ' l o r ' t

loca i dens t t l cs o f l copard probab ly ma ln ta lned by the

in i i s .u l r on-o t leopards f rom I ' loun t Longonot . to rcP l ace . those-shot '

i u t i t r i l " r h l g h d e n s l t l c s . r c a l m o 5 t c c r t a l n l Y n c v e r f o u n o o v e r

i r i .n r t " " a rea j and shoutd no t fo rm the b 's ls io r any es t lmates fo r

sc t t in9 hunt I ng quotas .

From the fo rego lng I be l levc tha t thc lnnua l 9 f r : : l : t f

l copards 5hou ld no t excr ;d . n rax l roum o f I €du l t na le /75 kn ' /annum

i i - ! " " " a r ' t . mos! favourab le P laces euch as Ak l ra ' The 1955-data

slrooest that for Narok otstrtct-l i " i i i"t" lr 1 a6Jlr nale/21.6 kn2 /

: ; ; : ; ' ; " ; ; ' t ; ; ; "n "u i " ' " , t ' u t a t tha t t lne ' and. tha t exceed lns I t '

" r r i i t , i i "pp . " "a la tc r w l th thc sdvcnt o f uncont ro l l cd sPor t -huot lng

; ; ; - ; " ;J l ; r , wou ld rcsu l t In dcc l lnc ' B lock 57 Y 'as one o f those

in . , "h . " .a ' i " " . re s lgns o f overshoo l lng b I 1975 ' and | 5u99e5t th t t

a sus ta lned o f f take o f r "a r r t - t " i t7 io i ' r t t2 /unn" ( t r t t 1965 r ' t c ) l5

i ro [ " i i v " * . " " "1"e . A t the pres tn t t lme thc l copard PoPula t lon o f

l l . . l -o i t , i i " , as a who lc l s p robab ly about ha l f o f what l t . v r65 In

i i i i , "na f u " f f . vc tha t l coP; rd quo i rs : t t fo r thc 1980s shou ld no t

i - " i i i . i r " E tcced I adu l t ma lc /500 'kmz/6nn ' rn ' l Jhc thcr the Government

i . in . i . , ! t the o ld hunt lng b locks or the conccss lon5 or -dcv lses a

; ; ; ; ; ; ; : ; i ' - 1 t . " r . " u " , i s t h i s f o r n u l a l s c q u a l l v a P P l l c a b l c t o 3 1 r '

i " i i i . i " t t o f cxanPle , however , I heve uscd l t to .der lve quotas

f o r l h c h u n t l n g b i o c l 5 a n d c o n c c s s l o n a r e a s l l s t e d D € l o w i

I IUIiT IN6 BLOC K AR EA QUOTA (adu l t ma les /annun)

BLOCK 57BLoCK 58BLOCK 59BLOCK 60

225026505 1 0 02?50

gn2knr2km2kmz

5l 0

TOTALS 12,250 k^2 25

c0NcEss l0N AREA qUoTA (adult mrles/annunr)

t { . t .N . 2 .N . 3 .N . q .N . 5 .N . 6 .N . 7 .

9 1 6r 058172515501 0 3 7880

1206

62kn2r.lkn2km2km2

2

{ ? 1/250 kn?l TOTALS 8382 km2 r 8

All tha quotas glvcn rbove arc rounded off to thc ne'rcst

who le number . and the on l y excePt lon to thc augges ted quo ta o f I adu l t

r . i . 7soo t r2 ' t . t he concc i s lon N .6 . t Jh tch Inc ludes the l l ku ruman Fo res t '

That ls an 6rea lvhcre there seems to bc a good lcoPard PoPulatlont t r i i i es oeen I i t t l e . f f cc ted bY poach lng . l t l 5 scns lb l c t he re fo rc

io - i " k " t t , i t I n ro accoun t by sc i t l ng . h tghc r quo ta l n o th ' r v /o rds '

" i t t , ouo t r quo ta " shov ld a5 . ru l c bc bascd on a chosen dens l t y , such as

i .au t i "u t " /SOO kn rz , good gamc managc tncn t requ l r c5 a f l ex i l l c . rpp roac t

tha t r ' akca use o f know ledgc o f t he coun t r y and conYnon scnse ' - evc r_

t i ' e te$ c^c .p t l ons shou ld -on l y be madc when thc re ' r c su f f l c l cn t 9 roundgi o i i o a o l n g ' . N . 6 . a n d B l o c K 6 2 , w h l c h I n c l u d c s l t , a r c s P e c l a l c a s e s '

Tc , re l se qu6 tas fo r any o thc r r cagon , such as sho r t t c rn P ro f l t , wou ld

b€ sho r t - s i gh ted and l r respons lb le .

l n Narok D le t r l c t . 5 a t Jho le the re B r ' sone 16 ,600 kn '2 po ten -

t l . l l y . v . l l a b l ' f o r h u n t i n g , s u b j e c t t o P c f i ! l s s l o n f r o m t h e l a n d o w n e r s

" r - * . i f - " i t he Gouern ten t . - i

b " l l ou " t ha t evcn a t t hc p resen t t lme

i i " a t r t r t . t ' t l copa rd popu la t l ons cou ld suPPor t rn annua l o f f t ekc o f

i i a r l i ra te lSoo r i2 , t .e . . to t r l o f 33 l .oPards a year . A t th ' ra tesi n "u" r rgg . t i .a In i cc t lon 6 .7 .5 . th ls cou ld rcprescnt rn Incon 'e to

the Hasa i o f 297 '000/ - . Ycar .F o r K a j l a d o D l g t r l c t , w h l c h w a s I b ' l l c v ' m o r e h e a v l l y

ooached and ovcrshot th rn Ia rok , I suggest 6n In l t l ' l o f f take o fi -a l r i i mate / r .ooo k rn2 l rnnum. Th ls v rou ld g lvc , as an cxamplc , thc

fo l low lng quotas fo r thc fo l low lng (1970) b locks :

HUNT ING ELCCK AREA QUoTA (adu l t na l cs /annun)

BrocK 84BLOCK 8{ABLoCK 52*8L0cK 53BrocK 6t8L0C K 55BLOCK 55ABLOCK 56sLocK 66A

102 515252250

1 \ 7 5

95020 50875

I2z*?'I

2I2I

km2knr26n2kn2krn2r.1kn2km2

TO]ALS | 5 ,000 koz

* Exc . l ud lng Nkurunan Fo res t Po r t l on In Narok D ls t r l c t '

l f du r i ng th . f l r e t t v ro yc . r s o f hun t l ng a t t h l s l cvc lI t became cv lden t t ha t l copa rds 6 r . no rc p len t l f u l t han I suspec tand cou ld r { l t hs t i nd a h lghc i o f f t r k . , t hc quo ta cou td !e ra l scd tothe sanc l cve l as the t f o r Narok i I r du l t ma lc /500 kmz lannum. Bu tI t shou ld no t be a l l ow .d to cxceed l / 250 knz .

sUgges t t na t an a b l e i n l t l a l I1 l cope rd / f . km

ln the fo rcs t b locksq lo ta o f I . du l t. Th ls assunlcs. Thcsc quotas

on l lount Kenya andnalc/250 kmzlannun

a dcns l t y o f I . du l tshou ld b r $a ln ta lned

thc Abcrdares I$6u ld be rcaso-

nale/25 kn' orfo r t h . f l r s t

HUNT ING BLOCK ARgA QUoTA (rdul t l ' ]ales/annur)

ELOCKBLOC KBLOC K

650700400250550375\25250

8L0CK 74BLOCK 758L0CK 76BLoCK 77BLoCK 78BLOCK 79

l

32I212I

krn2km2km2

km2km2km2l12km2km2

808 l82

TOTALS- - - - , 7

t r . / o yca rs . They cou ld bc ra l sed l l t e r l f t hc l copa rd Popu la t i onsp rove l i r ge enough bu t t he o f f t akc shou ld no ! cxcced I adu l t na le/150 krTrzl.nnum.

F o r s a m b u r ! D i s t r i c t I s u a a e 5 t . n I n l t l - i q u o t a o f I . d u l tn r l c /500 km2 lann ' rm con f l ncd to ! l ock 5 l (1 . . . 51 , 5 lA , 5 lB ) and cx -c l u d l n o . n a r e a o f a b o u t 7 0 0 k m l w l t h l n a 1 5 k m r a d l u s o f f l a r a l a l .Th i s c i r c le wou ld Inc ludc the l t a ra la l Gane Sanc tua ry and P ro tec t t hel coperds I l v l ng l n t hc v l c ln l t y o f t he S . f . r l Lodg . ' wh . re thcY a rcba l t cd fo r pho toq raDh ic tou r l sm. B lock 51 cove rs apProx l rna tc l y\ , 575 kn2 o r 3 ,8 i5 u^z exc lud ing the sanc tua ry zone and a t t hesuggcs tcd quo ta ghou ld bc rb le to w l ths tand an o f f t ake o f 6 l coParc jaa i t a r . Th i s cou ld be Inc rcased l f a f t c r two yc . r s o f o f f t r k . a tth l s ra te i t becomes obv lous tha t l coPards a re su f f l c l en t l y nunerousto j us t l f y an Inc rcasc . I n t l nc l coPard h ln t l ng cou ld Poss lb l y bccx tcnd€d to ad jaccn t b locks l n Samburu , bu t I doub t l f t h i s cou ld becon tcmp l . t cd much be fo re 1990 .

Fo r La l k lg la , wherc rbs t o f t he l 6nd i s p r l va tc l y o tned 'I su99c5 t t ha ! E lock 67 (1075 km2) cou ld bc r coP .ncd to l . opa rd hBr t -i ng 6 i en expe r lmen ta l bas l s l r l t h .n In l t l a l quo ta o f 2 (1 /500 | ' . l r . z ) '

vha t happ .ns on the renches 13 l a rge lY up to the ownc rs .b t cau5esec t l on i l o f t hc v l l d l l f c ( consc r i r t i on and l l anagenen t ) Ac t (1975)g i ves the& the r l gh t t o k l l l . ny gane an lma l cbus lng na te r i a l da r , raseor lo55 to thc land or to any crop or stock thcrcon. t lorvever ' Isuggcs t t ha t a quo ta o f 9 l roPards a yca r f o r t hc . v lho l c o f t he res to f t hc d ie t r l c t (8643 k rnz e l . du l t n la le /1000 knz ) wou ld be r caso 'n 6 b l c I n l t l e l l y . E x a c t l y h o w l c o P a r d s o n t h c q u o t l w o u l d b e d i s t r i -b t r t ed wou ld deDend uoon the w lshes o f t he l andov /n? rs i no t a l l wou ldncccasa r l l y bc l n f . vou r o f a l l ow lhg .ny l eoPard shoo t l ng on the i rl r nd , L /h l l c o the rs rou ld bc de l l gh ted '

I hope thcse f l gu rcs p rov lde e use fu l gu lde fo r t heposs ib l c r . sumpt lon o f l eopa rd hun t l ng In knya . They can be re -v i scd up {a rds ( l i kc l y , o r downw. rds ( l css l r ke l y ) r s expe r l cnc€d l c t d t e g , b u t t h e y p r o v l d . . r t . r t l n g p o l n t f o r 3 . t t l n g q u o t a s .How rca l l s t l c t hcy €c tua l l y . r c c .n on l y be de te rn lncd by t r t l ng themou t , f g r , as I have sa ld aa r l l c r , t hc rc l s no be t te r way g f asscss -Ing l eopard popu la t l ons th rn by b . l t l ng .nd hun t l ng . E r r t , on l y l ft hc r c rumpt lon o f hun t l ng l s I n l t l . l l y r cs t r l c t cd to p ro f l r s l ona lhun ta rs o f p roven cxpc . l cncc .nd In t cAr l t y w l l l l t bc pos6 tb le toob ta ln such assessne i t s . Thc op ln lon : o f ga r i c wardeng a re , I bL l i eve ,o f l css s lgn i f l cence becausa nowadays f i bs t wa rdcns devo tc no rc t imet o . d m l n l . t r a t l o n t h a n t o s a f a r l l n t h e b u s h , p a r t l c u l a r l y o n f o o t ,ahd t r c 5o o f ten t rans fe r rad and r l shu f f l cd th6 t t hcy do no t have thet l ne to ge t t o know thc l r d l s t r l c t ! p rope . l y i so i | e o f t h . r cp l l cs r c -cclvcd In thc qucstlonnalrc survey rhov,/cd hor, out of touch sonc ofthcn . r . . Ncvc r the l css I be l l cvc th i t t hc 6nnua l ge t t l ng o fquo tes l hou ld bc donc by . Jo ln t codn l t t ce o f sen lo r V l l d l l f c Dcpar t -men t o f f l ceas and su i tab le rep rescn t ; t l ve5 f ro tn a rev l ved P ro fcss lona lHun tc rs Assoc ia t i on . Bu t l t Dus t be a genu lnc l y co -opc ra t l ve axc rc i5el f i t l s t o F r , r l .

6 .7 .5 Fo r how ouch?

At the t lme o f t he hun t l ng b in In 1977 the spec i . l l l cenccand con t ro l l ed a r .a fees fo r a na l . l copa rd werc t , 000 / - and 2 ,000 / -r . spcc t l vc l y . Vhcn thc conccss ion sys tem was In t roduccd , I f ce o f5 ,000 / - wh lch wen t d i rec t l y t o t he l andowher r cp l r ced the con t ro l l eCarca fce. Hobr do these f lgures conpare wlth those chaaged In othe.A f r l c .n coun t r i . s t rhc rc l eope rd hun t l ng l s pe ro l t t cd?

In Zamb ia i n 1980 the s lpp lemen ta ry I l cencc fo r 6 l eopa rdcos t l J .S . S 660 (eq ! , l v . l en t t o K .5hs . 5 ,870 / - . t t he ra te o f shs . 8 . , cto the do l l . r ) and In Bo tsw !na 300 Pu la (abou t K .shs . 3 ,300 / - ) , I nZ lmbebwc In 1981 Hun tc rg A f r l ca | l c re cha rg lng thc l r c l l cn ts U ,S .S 1 ,200 (K .shs . 10 ,680 / - ) f o r shoo t l ng E l copa rd , a l t hough th i s I n -c luded p rcpe ra t i on o f t he t rophy as t l e l l as Goyernhcn t l l ccncc fees .

Eear lng thcse f l gu rcs l n n lnd 8nd tak lng In f l a t l on In toaccoun t t oo , I be l l cve l t wou ld bc r casonab lc fo r t he Kenya Govc rnnen tto chn rgc K .shs . 12 ,000 / - pc r l copa .d , o f wh lch 25 t o r 3 ,000 / - wo l l dbc a spec la l I l cence fec payab lc to cove rnnen t be fo re rhe s . f€ r irnd 75 t o r 9 ,000 / - wou ld be payab lc t c t he l ando l rne r (whe the r p r l va teo r co rpoaa te o r coun ty cgunc l l ) a f t c r t he l copa rd has becn sho t .Thc .e l s , ho | r cvc r , a case fo r . l l o t r | n9 . r c fund o f t hc apec la l l l cencefee l f no l copa rd l s sho t because th l s wou ld removc any tempta t l onto shoo t . n .n ima l o f poo r t rophy qu r l l t y ne r . l y t o f l l l r l l c cncea l r c a d y p a i d f o r . K . s h i . ! 2 , 0 0 c / - l s r o u g h l y c q u l y . l e n t t o U . s .$ 1 ,350 .nd Hou ld no t , I n my op ln lon , bc cxccss l vc . Thc l cop . rd 19. p r i r | c t rophy .nd l t shou ld h . vc .n app rop r la te p r l ce t . 9 I n k . . p ingne t on l y i r l t h t h l5 s ta tus bu t . l so thc fac t t h . i t bc spcc l ca l s f a rl css cocnco In Kcn la , and A f r l c . , t h .n l t ugcd to be .

I t l i pa r t l cu l . r l y lmpgr t .n t t h . t t hc bu l k o f t he r r venucrccc l vcd f ro {n hun t l ng I l r opa rd i hou ld 90 to thc l r ndovmcr (s ) , f o rwhon it providcs hand5omc cgmp.nsatlon fol sny los3cs of l lv.stockhc/they m.y havc Incurred and 6trong Incentlvc to prot"ct ralher th,: ic l l r n i n . t c a l l t h c l . o p e r d s o n t h . t l . n d . T h l s e s p e C l r l l y a p p l l . s t o

t hc i t asa l g rgup ranchcs , wh lch a re o f t cn cx tchs l vc , va ry lng l n s l zef r(!r l 35 to 1,000 kmz, rnd largc prlv.tc rnd con|lnerclal ranch.s. Thcr€l s , o f cou rsc , q lways s r l l k t ha t a l . ndowner , pa r t l cu l r r l y a s tna l tone , may wan t a l l t he l copa rds on h l9 l . nd c t l n lna tcd by l po r t hun -t c r r I n o rde r t o make .n lmed l . t c rhg r t - t c rm p ro f l t . Bu t s t r l c t. dhc r .ncc to r b lock quo ta r y5 tcn rhou ld t r kc c r r c o f t h l s . l f ar tock - re ld lng l copa rd l s k l l l cd on h l s l and c l t he r by thc i l l l d l l f eocpar tocn t lmp lenEn t lng con t ro l o r by h lnse l f cxc rc l6 lng h l9 l cge lr l gh t t o de fcnd l i f c and p ropc r t y , hc wou ld r ccc l vc no 9 ,000 / - f ee a rdr {ou ld . l so fo r f c l t t he t rophy .

In conc lus lon an o f f t r kc o f 48 l copa rds In l t asa l l and cou ld ,. t t he feeg guggcs tcc , b r l ng In no l css thah \32 ,000 / - p .a . t o t hcp rop l c o f i , l a rok .nd Ka j l . do d l s t r l c t s and 14q ,000 / - t q t he Govc rnoen tln spcc l . l I l ccnce f ce t . l f t hc auggcs ted quo t .5 fo r S .mburu , t he[Dun t€ ln9 , and Le l k lp l . l r c ! l 50 fu l f l l l cd ' t hc to t . l a f l bun t o f f o rc lgncxchange that could be brought Into K.ny6 by thc sport huntlng of 83l copards *ou ld bc 996 ,000 / - o r U ,S . $ l t l ' 910 pc r annum, As 75 i o fth lg rou ld go d i r cc t l y t o t hc l ando inc rs (o r I n t he case o f t he non -tanc fo ras tg to the coun ty counc l l s ) t he rc hou ld be a Power fu l f l nan -c la l I ncen t i vc no t t o des t roy a l l l copa .ds fo r sho r t t c rm Pro f l t o rp r c d a t o r . x t c r | n l n a t l o n . P r o v l d e d t h . t l l l c a s l l l l l l n g l s k c p t f i r m l yunder control , Some of the quota5 could probably be ralged aftcr a fe$years , | { l t h consequen t I nc rcase In r cvcnuc .

5 .7 .6 . By ,hom and under wha t cond l t l ons?

I strongly recomcnd th.t l f sport huntlng rcoPens In KcnyaI t shou ld , w l th thc excep t l on o f b l rd shoo t l ng , be r ca t r l c ted tq non -r a s l d c n t o v c r s c r s v l s l t o r s . T h e w l l d l l f e r c s o u r c a , a n d I n P a r t i c u l € rthc l eopard , shou ld 5 . r . ga rded p r lmar l l y . s an ca rnc r o f f o rc lgncxchangc, . coorpd lty of Yrhlch Keny. ls In vcry short suPplY andgr . r t i nd l nc rcas lng nccd . Fo rc ign cxshange 15 no t g l l ned by r l l o t { 'l ng r cs ldcn t hun te rg to k l l l r c l s t l vc l y unconmon an lma ls wh lch cou ldea rn l a rge amoun ts o f do l l a rs r poundg , f rancs , mark5 , o r yan r t hou ! ' hgchcmcs fo r c ropp lng hc rb l vo r r s fo r | nca t obv lous l y f o rm a sePara ternd spcc la l casc . uncon t ro l l ed h ln t l ng by l l cchsed r cs lden t5 , I n -s lud ing nembers o f t hc o lp lom. t l c Corp5 , was one o f t he fac to rs tha tl cd to the nced fo r a hun t l ng ban , . nd l t shou ld no t be . l l oned torccur, l{orcovcr the control of I lccnsad sport huntlog v{ol ld bc nuchces i c r l f h ( l n t l ng v ras res t r l c t cd to non - res ldcn ts Hho wou ld hav€ to beaccompan lcd by a p ro fe5s lona l hun tc r .

S lncc v r l t hou t t he co -opq ra t l on o f p ro fess lon l l hun te rscoo t ro l l ed hun t l ng c .nno t N ,o rk , i t l g eggcn t l a l t ha t P ro fcs5 lona lhun tc r r s l l cences shou ld bc A ran ted on l y to n len o f P roven cxPc r lencc 'I n t c g r l t y , . n d . b l l l t y t o a t t r t c t o v e r s c a s c l l c n t s a n d w h c h a d . l s obcen mcmbers o f t hc fo rne r E .A .P .H .A . o f r t l cas t f l vc yea rs g tand lng .

A Kcny . P ro fess lona l Hun te rs Asgoc la t l on shou ld bc fo r .ned rnd t r ca ted.s a r capec t .b le p ro fegs lona l body work lng l n c losc con tu l t a t l on w l thGovernncn t . T ra ln lng p rog ra rmes fo r ne hun te rs cou ld bc o rgan lSedw i th l t ! co -opc r . t l on . l l ow .vc r ' t hc p roccdur . s f o r t cs t l ng lPP l l 'can ts fo r A5s l s tan t r s Pc r rn l t s shou ld be re lns ta t cd l hd r l go rou9 lyadherad to , w l th no dev la t l on wha tsocve r . No pe rson shou lC be g ran leda f u l l A s s l s t a n t ' r P . r m l t u n l € s s h e h a s f l r s t s c r v c d a n . p p r c n t l c . s h i pof at leas! one ye6r and has becn recofiEnded by a jolnt Panel ofthc Assoc le t l on , t hc V l l d l l f e Depar tmen t , and the Cen t ra l F l rea r r , s

1 2 2 .

Su rcau o f t he l (enya Po l l ce . l t l ! v l t r l t h r t h lgh s t .nda rds a rc dc 'nanded .nd na ln ta lnad . . The re l hgu ld be no conPromlsc on th l . ,becausc the l copa rd , l l kc o thc r mcnbc rs o f t hc 019 f l yc ' can beh lgh l y c iangerous , and i t wou ld bc l r r cspons lb l c t o cooml t f o t c lgnv l s l t o rg 1o thc ca re o f pc r tong no t qua l l f l cd to P ro tec t t hc tn In anc|I lergency. Any professlooal hunter convlctad of a scrloos offcnccaga lns t t he T l l d l l f c ( consc rva t l on l nd Ionagencn t ) Ac t sh+ ld bec ) .pe l l ed f rom thc Assoc l . t l on and .u to .na t l c . l l y l osc h l i hun t l ngand f l r ea rns l l cences l n rdd l ! l on to any f l . c t o r lmpr l ronmen t l nposedby the cou r t s . I n 3ho r t , con t ro l rnua t mcen con t ro l r and thc pena l t l esnus t bc such as to render no l n f r r c t l on uo r thwh l l e . I n add l t l on ,con t ro l ove r t he book lng o f hun t l ng b locks shou ld bc r cs to . .d ' andno prafcsslonal hunter thould be ! l lov{cd to crcort r lorc than trg hunt-i ng c l l en ts a t t he s .me t lmc . Th l s wou ld p revcn t P tckage tou r hun tso f t h . t ype tha t e ta r t cd In the o ld -19705 lnd l . d t o d l sas t rous ove r -shoor i n9.

No t more th .n fou r ba l t s pe r c l l cn t P . r hun t l ng b locks h o r l d b e a l l o r e d . l f t h . s e f a l l t o . t t r a c t a s u l t a b l . t r g P h y m a l c ,I t sugges t5 tha t t hc . rea r5 lGopard popu la t l on l s dep lc t cd o r t ha tthc hunter does not knofl what he l3 dotng. Thc pr.ct lcc bcforc thehun t lng ban o f p l t t l ng up as tnany as 10 -20 ba l t5 shou ld be p roh lb l t edby l av r i apa r t f r o rn any th lng e l sc l t l 5 vc . y w .s t . f u l o f t h . l oca lhe rb i vo rcs . Fu r thc rmorc no v l s l t l ng hun te r 5hou ld bc a l l owad toshoo t no rc than onc l copa rd l n Kanya and no d l sPcnsa t l on shou ld bemade fo r hun t . r s a l l egcd ly co l l cc t l ng fo r I nugcu t r s r ,

The shoo t l ng o f f .ma lc l copa rd : shou ld bc p roh lb l t cd , €ndIn the cvcn t o f a genu lne h l3 take the t rophy 3hou ld bc fo r f c l t ed toGovernnen t . bu t t hc con t ro l l ed a r . ! f cc o f 9 .000 / 'wou ld g t l l l haveto be pa ld , Eo th thc sku l l . nd thc sc ro tu l i o f . ny l eop . rd sho tshou ld be p rese rved a ! ev ldcnce o f agc and scx a t rd thou ld be requ l redto . . cco rnp rny the sk ln to th . t r x l dc r |n l s t s and to thc Y l l d l l f e DcP . r t -nen t f o r i ss rJc o f ! n cxpo r t pa rm l t .

The sk ln o f .ny l cop . rd tho t by !n ovc rscas c l l cn t shou ldbc req ! i red to l aava the coun t r y who lc .nd unmoun tcd no t l a ta r t han60 days a f t c r t he end o f t hc sa fa r l . on l y p .gccss lng fo r t h lPmen t 't h a t i 5 d l p p i n g a n d p a c k l n g ' s h o u l d b c r l l o t r c d ' . n d l d e a l l Y t h l sshou ld be done by a s lng l c f l rm , such as the fo rmer Z l imc r t | ann ' ' |unde r Governmen t guperv l s lon . A spcc la l cxpo r t Pe rm l t , l ssucd by thev l l d l l f e Depar rmen t and coun tc r3 lgn rd by the p ro fess iona l hun te r 'shou ld be requ i red , . nd sa le o f t hc t rophy thou ld bc s t . l c t l y f o r -b idden In Kenya . Thc ban on eny l oc . l dca l l ng In l coP i rd sk lnsghou ld r cna ln In fo rce , becausc thc rc l 9 l l t t l e doub t t ha t I n t hcl96os end 1970s , wh .n the re w . re ov€ r ! 00 dca le rs In l eopa rd sk lns InKenya ("Sunday Natlon" 13,/9/70) ' l .rge numbcrs of lcoPards fGrcpo . r ;hcd gpec l f i ce l l y t o supp ly thc cu r lo shoPs lh the coun t r y . s t Je l las thc ove rseas fu r t radc . l { eve r aga ln , l f t he l coPard l s t o su rv i vcin K rnya l n r casonab lc numbcrs ' mus t l oca l dca l l ng In l coP . rd 5k lns bepc rm l t t cd .

The sklns of lcoPards thot on control by Gov.rnmcnt off lcerso r l andown . rs o r se l zcd by o r f o r f c l t cd to Governmen t shou ld bc -d l s -posed o f I n . cco rdancc t l i h Rcao lu t l on Com,3 .24 . on thc D lsPoss l o fCon f l sc . t cd o r Accu rnu l r t ed Spec lncns o f Appcnd lx I Spec l cs . Th l !} J . s pagsed a t t he Th l rd l l ee t i ng o f t h . Pa r t l cs to C . l .T .E .S . I n [ cwDelhl ln larch t981 and rccormcnds that Part lcs transfer sPcclf l |enso f Append lx t spcc l .3 to o thc l coun t l l es on l y f o r bona t l d . t c l en t l f l q

I

or educetlonel purposcs lnd that they ltorc or degtroy cxcass sPaclmcnswherc t r .ns fe r fo r thesc PurPoses ls no t Prac t lcab l . . Keny . l s as lgnatory tq thc Conv.n t lon . Vh. teYer h .PPens ' l coPard sk lng thou ldnot be .xDgr tcd fo r thc In te rna t lona l fu r t rade a5 th ls w l l l on lyaggr .ya tc thc leop. rd rs 9 t . tug by hc lp l l tg to tna ln ta ln d .Fand.

6 : 7 . 7 . u . S . l c q l e l a t l o n

So far as the Unlted Stata! Goveanment l3 conccrned,r ccoFr i cnd tha t l t l l f t s l t s p resen t b .n on th . lmPor t . t l on o f l coPardt roph le5 l cg l t lma tc l y sho t I n A f r l c . by Aner l c .n sPor t h ln t c rs . Th l5cou ld be ach levcd by dec la r l ng thc i eoPard I ' t h re r tened

ra thc r t han"cndangered r r , wh l l . a t t he samc t l l ne kceP lng l t on ApPcnd lx I o fC . l , T . E . S . T h l i l s w h a t t h e U . S . F l s h . n d t J l l d l l f c S e r v l c . h a s P r o -posed , . nd I guppor t l t . The b .n on lDPor t l ng thc l eg l t lma te l yacqu l r cd t roph lcs o f spo r t hun te rs has ng t ' I n ny oP in lon , se tved .nyuse fu l 9u rpos . . The number l nvo l ved h .s bcen re l t t l ve l y sna l l and theban rr.,ni countcr to th. conccpt of glvlng th. lcoPard nonetarY valucth . t r { l l l he lp to Jus t l f y l t s con t l nucd cx l s t cncc l n A f r l ca '

l f t h e u . s . F l s h . n d v t l d l l f c S c r v l c e w a n t s s a f c a u a r d s t o.nsu re tha t t l f t t ng o f t hc ban doca no t oPen thc doo r tg abusc ' t hefo l l ow lng mcasures cou ld ba cons ldc red to supp lcn ren t any con t ro l s to r l ack o f t hcm, In A f r l s r ,

t , Thc U .5 . Gov . rnmcn t l hou ld l ng l s t on the P roduc t l onto U.S. Cugtons by thc Arncrlcan 3Port hunter of r copy of the hunt'I ng l l cence and a va l l d . xPor t Pc rm l t f r on the coun t rY In .wh lch h l9le6pard wrs 5ho t . No gk ln o r t roPhy unacconP.n l cd by guch Pc rm l t5shou ld bc a l l owed In to the Un l t cd S ta teg .

2 . T h c F l 5 h e n d g l l d l l f e S c r v l c e t h o u l d l 5 9 u c , c l t h e r I nV .sh ing ton o r t h rough U .S . embass l cs l n A f r l ca r a non_rcuseab le sca lto evc i y An re r l can hun te r p ropos lng to shoo t . l . oPard In A f r l ca ' . sr r , gges ted In Tec r g Swank (1977) . The sea l shou ld b? numbercd , w i thno - i ro sea ls bea r lng thc aahe n labe r r and an lmpor t Pc rh l t endorscd! , l t h t ha ! n lnbe r t hou ld be l ssued w l th l t ' Thcs . wou ld be g l ven tothe hun tc r be fo rc h l s s . f a r l and wou ld have to be ra tu rned to theServ l ce l f hc fa l l cd to shoo t h l5 l copa rd . No t ca l o r Pe rn l t r hou ldbe lssued |t lor€ than once; those rcturned unuscd should be destroyed.l f , ho l r€v . r , t he hun tc r s l ccecded ln ob ta ln lng h l s l coPr rd r t he sea lshou ld be r t t ached to thc ak ln be fo r . l . av lng A f r l ce and l t s numberghou ld be endorscd on thc cxpo r t pe rm l t l ssued In A f r l ca . No t roPhyun .ccon rpah led by thc co r rcc t sea l and lmpor t Pc rm l t shou ld bc r l l oweCln to the Un l t cd S t . t es .

J . se l . ed 5k ln5 and t roPh les shou ld bc d l sposed o f bY theScrv l ce l n . cco rd .ncc r , , l t h Rcsa lu t l on Con l .3 .24 . o f C .1 .T .E .5 . D€s t -ruc t l on ro ! l d b ! p re fe r i b le to l ccunu la t l on .

I be l i e rc thcse s . feguards nou ld bc ru f f l c l en t t o P rcvcn tposs lb le sbuse by fu re r l c .n cPor t hun te rs g r g thc r Pe r iqns . Abus . by;po r t hun tc rs l s un l i kc l y bcca l sc .sPor t3 rBn P .y lng r l . r gc .anoun to i nnney to 9o hun t l ng In A f r l c r r l nos t I nva r lab l y wan ts tg kecP h l st roph le i r : i ouvcn l r s ; hc l ! un l l ke lY to se l l h l3 - l eqPerd sk ln tothc fu r t rade as ' aPar t f r om rny th lng e l s . , he wou ld Fake a l oss byso do lng . l { cve r the le rs thc rc ahou ld b . sa fcauards r l f on l y t o P rcven to the r p i r sons f ro f t t . k l ng .dvan t .ge o f r . l axa t l on o f t he ban . I bc -

I l eve i ew Aner i can hun t l ng c l l cn t i wou ld ob j cc t t o t hc l r i nP lc tnen ta t l on

l f t he r casons a re adcqua te l y exp la lncd and the measurcs a r . I n t ro -d l ced tac t fu l l y . nd e f f l c l cn t l y ,

l f o the r coun t r l cs In Eu ropc and As la cou ld be pe rs ladcd toadop t t hc samc po l l cy es the Un l t cd S te tes thc l . opa rd rs fu tu re InA f r l ca wou ld be f i l o re secu rc .

I6 .7 .8 . Thc p rob lem o f s tock - r . l de r5

The t lme has f l na l l y come to d€a l w l l h t he vexa t l ous p rob lemof wha t t o do w l th na raud lng l eopards In Xenya . To ta l cx te ro ina l i onmay be the enswer In Nyanza bu t l t l s no t t he so lu t l on e l scwherc .K .nya rs n . t l on . l pe rks cove r on l y { , 5? o f t he coun t r y and l f t he l co -pa rd l s t o su rv l ve i n any nu rnbe r l t nug t co_ex l s t w l th nan In theo t h r r 9 5 . 5 1 l n h 6 b i t e d a n d u s e d b y n a n . l { o s t l e o P e r d s p r o b a b l yneve r touch l l ves tock o r e l5e do so on l y occas lona l l y , bu t sone beco repers l s ten t 5 tock_ ra lde rs and Dus t be t6ck l cd d i spsss iona te l y .

I n v l cw o f t he f r l l u re o f t r . ns loca t l on (Chep te r l ) on l yone r ca l l s t l c so lu t l on r cma lns : t o k l l I t hen . Th l s can be 6ch levedc l thc r by po l son lng o r by shoo t l ng them. I am no t I n f avou r o f po i sonor rn ) f o rm o f sna re o r Jawcd g ln t rap because o f t hc c rue l t y I nvo l ved.nd because o the r , I nnocen t , an lna l s a rc l l ke l y t o su f fe r . l f a l eo -p r r d h a s t o b e k i l l c d l t s h o u l d b e k l l l e d q u l c k l y a n d c l e a n l y w l t h as i n g l e s h o t . l t c a n c l t h c r b . s h o t o v e r l t s k l l l o r o n . b . l t o r l tcan be t rnppcd l n . box t rap snd 5ho t l n t hc t rap . Th i s r cco rmenda t i onm a y b e c o n t r o v c r s i a l b u t i t l 3 r a t l o n a l ; a n d w l l d l l f e c o n s c r v a t l o nand managenen t l n t hc 1980s nus t r cs t on a ra t l ona l bas l5 l f l t l s t or o r k a t 6 l l .

I n t hco ry the bcs t so lu t l on l f Kcnya rs hun t l ng ban l e l l f t edwou ld bc to a l l o ' , v l s l t l ng spo Lsmen acconPan lcd by . cgmPet .n t P ro 'f css lona l hun tc r t o shoo t a s tock - ra ldc r ove r a k l l l o r ba l t l t hcspo r t s ran wou ld ob ta ln h l s t rophy and the l andowner wou ld bcne f l tf r om thc ae f iEva l o f t he s tock - ra ldc r and paynen t o f t he 91000 . /_ hun t l nsfee . I n p rac t l ce the re a rc aeve ra l p rob l cms .

F i r s t , n o t a l l h u n t l n g c l l e n t s a r e g o o d s h o t s a n d t h c r ewou ld r lway r be the r l sk o f a fa rm cnd lng up l r l t h a wounded andthe re fo re dangeroug l eopard , The p resence o f a p ro fcsg lona l hun !e re /ou ld , however , bc a ga feguard and the heavy respons lb l l l t y o ff i n i sh ing o f f a v rounded leopard ! . rou ld rena ln w l th h lm .

Sccond ly l t l s no t a lways poss lb le to be su re exac t l y r {h l chl coDards a re 5 tock - ra ide rs and wh lch t re Innocen t . l f 5 r .ock - ra ld lngleop6rd5 a re dcc la red ropcn gamer In any Par t o f t he coun t r y r f i anyl n n o c c n t l e o p a r d s v i o u l d b e k l l l c d a s t h e p o s s l b l l l t l c s f o r . b u s c a r eenormous and the d l f f l c ' l l t l es o f cxe rc l s ln -o con t ro l s r c fo rm ldab le .I t h c r e f o r e g u g g c s t t h a t t o s t a r t w l t h o n l y L a l k l P l a D l s t r l c t , a t a r tf rom the o lhc r a reas I have des lgna ted , sho r . r t d be oade ava l l ob l c f o rthe hun t i ng o f s tock - ra lde rs , I a l so sugges t t ha t , un l l ke thc o the ra r c a s , t h e h u n t l n g o f l e o p a r d s I n L a l k l P l a s h o u l d I n l t l . l l y b e r e s t -r l c tad to known o r s t rong ly suspcc ted s tock_ ra lde r9 . The l andowners ,howcv€r , wou ld have the f l na l say and l t N Iou ld bc uP to th r t J l l d l l f eDepr r tmcn t t o consu l t t hem and the P ro fe5s lona l hun te rs In work lngou t t he dc t . l l s o f a p rac t l c .b te schemc ,

Th l rd l y r pe rs lg ten t s tock_ ra ldc rs can beconc re rna rkab lycunn ing and unp red lc t .b le , and i t r ou ld o f ten be d l f f l cu l t t o syn -ch ron l i e t he p i cscnce o f a non -acs iden t hun tc r and p ro fess lona l w i th

' t 2 5 -

the bes t oDpgr tun l tv fo r qe t t lng I par t l cu la r l .oPard ' Pro fess lona lh u n t . r s p l ; ; t h e t i i r f a r l i n b n t h s I n l d v a n c c a n d n l g h t f l n d l t d l f f l -cu l t to d ls r rp t .n l t lnc r . ry tg take rdv .n tage o f an oPPor tun l tysudden ly o f fc rcd . lsewherc ' In the d .y3-o f con t ro l l ' d hun l lng 'howevcr, therc u5ed to oPcrat.. sYstern In whlch ganE wardcns notlf ledpro fess iona l hunter r o f thc cx l ! t cncc o f Prob lc r sn lmi l l s ' guch a5roquc e lcphant o r rh lngr In cer t r ln a rcas ' and bec 'us ' o t tnc c losc" " : " " " i i i i " " bc twcen hunters rnd thc DePar tncn t l t worked reason 'b lywe l l . l f the gys tern cou ld bc rcsusc l t l ted l t wou ld be cas le r tooo" r " ta no , as v l r tua l l y . l l P ro fcss lona l huntc rs a rc ln rad lo contac !" i i i l - iL " " , i ia " wor ld and th ; rc n i lgh t be huntc rs 'nd c l len ts who coLr ld

; ; i ; ; J ; . ; . . 9 " o f t t t L . t k l P l a l s , r f t e r . l l ' I n t h e Y c r y c e n t r e o f

Kcny . and r aood hunt tng r re r In l t s o$ ,n r lgh t '

l f no hunt lng Par ty l5 rv . l l .b lc ! t the c ruc l ' l t lne 'nd

thc o f fcnd ing lcopard c6n i lnu is to t rke !n unaccePtab lc to l l t thc

; ; ; ; ; ; r r ro i ta n ! " " no a l te rna t lvc bu t to exerc lsc h ls lega l , r lgh tundcr Scc t lon 3 l o f the Y l ld l l f c (Conserva t lon rnd l ' l anagcment ' l .Ac t to

i t i i t t re an tnra i h tmsc l f o r to c . l l uPon sss ls tance f rom thc v l ld l l feDcD. r tment . l f thc narauder l5 lucc .ss fu l l y k l l l cd by c l thc r tnc

lrndorrncr or thc Dcparttncnt thc landowner would not rccclvc anY

i ,ooOl : r t rn t fns fee bu t rou ld bc rc l l cvcd o f thc cause o f h ls .Prob-

i i . " , ' - L i i t r i s ' r r s u a l l y a l l h c . s k e ' T h c s k l n s o f l e o P a r d s k l l l ' d I n

thts'wev should be suirendercd tg Govcrnnent for the reasons glven

i " i i l l i ' " "a-ai ip" iea of tn lccord.ncc wtth c. l .T,E's" PrefcrablY bvi"!iirlti." as cxperlcncc hns shown that not all membcrs of the. DePart-r "n i iun u" t rus ted w l th l copard sk lns . Indced the landqvrner shou ldl i i "o ' f r .a to rcpor t the k l l l l ng o f .ny leoPard on cont ro l on h lsi " " ; - i ; th ; D i . " " io . ' " 0 f f l cc tn - t {a l rob i .nd the Yardrn to whotn thc

sk ln l s sur rendercd shou ld bc r .qu l rcd to Produce l t a t Wl ld l l feOepartnEnt Headquartcrs.

F lna l lY , on ly In l l yanza Prov lnce , 6nd to a . l csser ex ten t

L a l k l D l a , x h c r e t i o p a r d h u n t l n g s h o u t d b e r e g a r d c d P r l m a r l l y . a s a

; ; ; ; ; ; i - ; " ; ; ; ; ; i r ' o l ia t r " r ' l i s and cond l t l ;ns ou t l lncd e ' r l l c r be

. . i " . "d . i " -n " " "2a , fo r cx .np le , the tak lng o f adu l t f 'ma les .cou ldi " i . i . i , , " l e lJ tn i lanao*nc i ts shoot lng fcc cou ld bc reduced f ron

9.0b0/ - to a nomlna l 1 ,000/ - ' bec .use the Po l lcy th ' re shou lo pc one

o i rcduc t lon and cvcntua l c l lm lna t lon o f the lcoPard PoPula t lon 'ff"a"o""t ' i t '"." would ncad to be Incentlve to encourage sPort hunter9

to oo to the dcnre ly Dopu la tcd rnd re ls t lYe lY unaPPea l lng Par ls o f

" i . i " r " -x " " i " - i . , t i r c i r ' l eopards . In La lk lp ia , ̂ wh lch ls n rore cen! ra l

"na s l tu " t . i In r t t r . c t l ve tount ry wherc thcre ls P len lY-o f gogd

hunt lno . such an Inccn t lve wou ld no t bc ncccsgary ' Thc landgwncrshou ld- icce lvc thc fu l l fe . o f 9 '000/ - fo r any leopard shot .by I

v ls l t lna hunter rnd th . rhoot lng g f rn adu l t female shou ld De. Per 'm l t tca i f therc . re ro .son.b lc g rounds fo r be l l ' v lng 3he-has oeen

i io i t : r " ia rns ' In the rca t o f ihe count ry the ru le shou ld rena ln :

on ly edu l t rn les .

6.7.e. g?E.l!:g

In conc lus lon nY PrgPos. lg fo r thc rcopcn lng o f leoPardhunt lna cou ld rcs to rc to t ie rp ic lcs rea l nonetarY va lue , a t f i r s t J ' Js ti ; ; " ; i . i ; - " ; . ; ; u , r t ta te r ' ho ie fu l l y l th roughout r 'enva ls . ranse lands 'Pr lya t . .nd corPora t . r€nchersr Inc lud lng th ' owncrs o t thc a rouPranches tha t a r i r rp td ly comlng In to cx ls tcnce In Pas tora l a rea9 ' a rc

' 1 2 5 .

un l l ke ly to t ry to c l ln lna tc a l l leopards f ron thc l r land when thcva luc to then o f cach idu l t mr lc cou ld bc 9 ,000/ ' , bes lde wh lch lheoccar lona l loss o f e fcw rhccp or goet3 Pr l?5 In tq lns lgn l t l c rnce .In c f fcc t the lcopard rou ld beconc !n honornry ldd l t lon to thc l rl lvestock and lt9 futurc l.ould thcn bs nbrc accure.

F lna l l y , . l l thc suggest lons .nd recomcodt t lon t nadc aboveon thc sub jcc t o f rcopen lng lcoPard hunt lng h lnge on one c luc la lcond l t lon . That l s tha t l f hun t lng rcoPens In Kcnya l t l r l l l be donepropcr ly , .nd no t .s In the t970e. Thcrc i lue t bc !n honcs t lnd c f fec-t l ve 5y5 tcm o f con t .o l led hunt lnq In wh lch Pro fcs5 lona l hunters ,I andowners, end-iIE-ITTC'ilJE-biiJrtnent co-opcrlte. Thc appa! I I ngrbuges that took place bcforc the huntlng ban must not be al lolrcd torccur . l f thcy do r .cur , a l l thc suggcat lons I h .ve nade.bove w l l lbe lnvalldated.nd I would rccoonend lnstcad THAT THE HutlTlNG 0F LEoPARDSIN KEI{YA REIIAIII CLOSED.

Thl5 wguld be bad for the conscrvrtlon and tnanagement ofthe lcog . rd i bad fo r the s ta tus o f the gPcc les i bad fo r the !and-orvncrs .nd nomadlc pas tor . l l s ts who losc l l vcs toek to leoP6rdr ; bacfor Kcnyars capac l ty to e . rn fo re lgn cxch .nge and to p rov lde emPloy- -oent fo ; hcr p€op le ; .nd las t bu t no t lees t bad fo r the rePuta t lon o fthc Uildllfe Conservatlon and l '{anagcnent DePartnent and thc KenyacoveTnment . l t rou ld s lgn t fy a to ta l fa l lq re o f w l ld l l te cons . rva t lon.nd manra .mcnt and en Ind lc t rncn t o f the sount ry rs Inab l l l t y tq nanageI ts na tu ie l resources on any th lng o thcr th .n a Inagcndor (cor ruPt lonand reckc tecr lng) ba9 l9 . t {c can on ly hope tha t cvcn ts w l l I Proveothcrw lsc .

8u t onc th lng ls cer t . ln . The fu tu rc o f the leoPard ' anda l l w l ld l l f c ' In Kcnya w i l l depend uPon thc ou tco f ie .

- 127 -

COITSERVATIOi { A I {D I IA I {AGEt lENT OF THE TTOPARD I I { KENYA

A P O L I C Y

Thc fonnu la t lon o f po l l cy l5 thc Prc rog . t l vc o f Government.nd l t l s no t ny In tcn t lon to usurP th ls ' I bc l l cver however r . tha tcons t ruc t lye 9u99est lon5 fo r a Po l lcY to conseTve tnd manage theleoperd ln Kcny . m.y bc lsc t l l . I h lvc ln the Preced lng chaPtersd l rcusscd var lous rspcc tg o f th ls ;uch !5 t rans loc l t lonr sPor thunt lng , gamc-v lcw lng tour l :mr .nd the Prob lem o f s tock ' r . ld ln9 .Thc PurPgse of thls chaptcr ls ta draw 8ll thele togethcr Into acohc ien i po l l cy , w l th r few qdd l t lonr l rcconncndat lons th l t havc no tyct been F.de,

Thq bas lc ques t lon th r t the Ggvernnent must dec lde ls *ha tI t wants . Does l t i r .n t to e l ln lna tc r l l p rcdator t ' l . c lud lng thcl .opardr a9 | rnenace to l l fe end l l rnb and a negat lve- ln f luence.onl l y is to ik deye lop 'nent? l f l t does , nuch o f v iha t fo l lows In th lsshapter w l l l bc i r rc lcvant , But two pred lc t lons can be nade. onc lstha i oo na t tc r how hard l t t f les , thc Ggvernmrnt wou ld p robab lY no t beablc to .xtcrnlnate the leoPard In Kcnya; cnough v,ould rlvrays rcfialnto causc prob le rs somewherc a t 5ome t lhe . Second ly r tha near -ann lh l la t ion o f leoPards i ,o ' r ld undoubtcd lY lnc rc .se thc-Prob lc l t t sar ls lng f ron c rop- r i ld lng by herb ivorous vern ln . Fgr a l thgugh i sa idln Cha i tc r t tha i I be l l ; vc thc leopardrs ro lc ln cont ro l l lng thcnuoberi of brr3on and pl9 hrs bccn exaggerated, leoP.rds do prcy uPonthcn and do thare fore rcduce the l r nunbbrs to some cx ten t , I r fo r onetao ho t lu rDr lsed tha t so f ie o f the shr l l les t qgmPla ln ts o f c roP ' ra ld lngby thegc a;lnal5 currcntly sonc from Ukahbani ' wher. lcoPards haveb icn so ass lduous ly Perse iu ted over the Years . LeoPards do h6ve a ro lcln the ba lancc o f na iu re lnd thc l r rcorcva l f rom the equat lon can on lybe cxpcc ted to unba lance l t , Bu t wh l lc conced lng tha ! l coPards dosornet ihes k l l l l l ves tock , I hEve shown In ChaPtcr 4 tha t the l r dcPre 'drtlong In Kcnya !s a whole arc not of great InPort.ncei theY cer-t r ln ly dq nq t ju5 t l fY . count ry - i r ldc caopa lgn o f a t temPtcd ex tc rmi -na t lon . l / t ra t we nced to dcc lde is v {hc ther o r no t the lgsses o tl l ves tock to l cap . rds cou ld bc o f fsc t by the Pos l t l ve econo 'n lc va lueof the spec lca In Keny. . I suggest they cou ld be and tha t r Po l l cy o fatternpted .xterolnatlon would be rhort'5l9hted' coun tc r-Praduct I vc 'lnd l r tespons lb l . .

I tugges t th . t l rha t we want l . s te ld 15 r Po l l cy to -conservethc lcoDard to ihe nrax Inrr.ro bencfl l to thc pcgple of Kenya whllc tt thesane t l ; c t t l l n lm ls lng l t s dcpr?dat lons on l l vee toqk . Th ls w l l l rc 'qu l te sonc chengcs i f a t t l t ;der bo th In lnd ou t o f Govcrnmcnt ' F l rs t ,i t w l l l rcqu l re -e g rca ter aPPrac l r t lon o f thc PotQnt la l va lue o f thergcc lcg tg ' thc cou i t .v "s e r rho lc , esgec l r l l y ta l lndowncrs ' lnd nuchl i s s t o l e r r n c e q f l l l ; g r l k l l l l n g r n d d c a l l n g I n s k l n s ' b o t h o f t { h l c hshou ld bc :evcrc ly pun lshcd, Second lY, ond perhrps Par .dox lc r l lY ,I t r . l l l ' r cqq l r . a 'n6rc rcq l l s t l c rPPr ;ach tq thc nan.gement o f 3 tock-faldel:. l f t{c want to congefve thc leoPard v.c,ltust accePt tno! 50melcop. rds w l l l abuse oor fq rbc t r .nce by k l l l Ing l lYes tock , Thosctha i dg so Dcrs ls ten t lv nus t :bc dca l t w l th , And as t rans loca t lon hasbeen lhown

' to bc lesgc iy fu t l le r th ls npans k l l l l ng lhcmr Prc fe rab ly

- 128 -

by thc bu l l c t . Th l s n . y bc con t rovc rs la l , egPec l r l l y ove rs .as .npngs tp iop le who do no t have . thc l eopard as a P rcda to ry ne lghbour ,_bu t p ro -

v ldcd tha t t hc Dr€c t l cc l $ no t ebused bY becomlng thc bas l3 fo rano the r l coga rd sk ln rackc t , l t t hou ld ba seen as ra t l ona l and accep_t .b le . Wt th thcae Po ln ts l n m lnd I sugge i t t he fo l l od lng as a po l i cyfo r conse rv lng and manag lng the l eoPard l n X rnya i nos t o f , t hcm aPP lycqu r l l y wc l l t o t hc chee t .h . :

I . I RECOI.IIIEND THAT THT KENYA COVERN}IENT SHOULD EFFEC'IVELY CONSERVETI ]E COUNTRY 'S FORESTS AND t , I t LDL IFE OUTSIOE AS VELL AS INSIDE THENAT IONAL PARKS AND RESERVTS.

Th ls g tudy ha5 Ind l ca tcd tha t no r . t han 801 o f Kenya rslaopards l l vc ou ts ld r t hc na t l ona l Pa rks and resa rves and tha tthe i r nos t lmpor t .n t hab l t . t l 3 t hc Ind tgenous fo rcs t i r h l ch l sd l sappca r lng so f . s t . l f t hc apec l . s l s t o bc conse rvcd ' I t 9hab i i a t s mu i t bc p rcse rved as we l l as thc w l l d i l f c on wh lch l tf eeds , Th i s has impor tan t I t np l l ca t l ong fo r nanagemen t as we l l asfo r consc rva t l on , bccsuse l f t he l copa rd '5 na tu ra l hab l ta t5 andprey a rc no t consc rved , t hc apcc l15 w l l l I nev l tab l y be fo rccd In to

o rea te r con f l l c t w l l h nan , as 15 h .pPen lng now In wcs ta rn l ( cnya 'i he samc apo l l cs to the l l on and chcc tah . I n f ac t da ta f ro tn al l asa l ranc i r ' l n Xe j l ado D l l t r l c t havc shov , ,n tha t t rhe rcas l o55es o fl i vcs tock to p reda t ton aooun tcd to on l y l t cach yca r y r i t h vJ l l dp r c y 6 v a l l a b l c , t h e y r o e c t o l 2 t w l t h n o w l l d p r e y a v a l l a b l e a n d ,cven a f te t accoun t lng fo r g ra3s land resou rces t sken by e l l d he rb i -v o r e i , t h e r e s u l t s s i l l l J u 5 t l f l e d . j o l n t w l l d l l f e / l l v e s t o c kopera t i on (Hye rs , pc rs . comm. ) . I n o thc r t ro rds ' l f you $ ran t t oavo id o r n r i n im lsc t roub lc f rom g tock_ ra ld lng ca rn l vo res , don ' tk i l l a l l t h e i r n a t r . r r a l p r c y l

2. I RECOHXEND THAT THE KENYA GOVERN}1ENT DISCONTINUES TfiE .MNSLOCATIONOF LEOPARDS AND OTHER CARI{IVORES AS A CONSERVATIOII AND I 'ANAGEXENTPOLICY FOR THE REASONS GIVEN IN CHAPTER 3 .

Th ls needs no fu r thc r c l . bo ra t i on ,

3. I RECOXI{€ND THAT PERSISTET/T STOCK.RAIDIN6 LEOPARDS AND OTHER CARNI'VOKES 8E SHOT, AS SUGGTSTED IN CHAPTERS 3 6 5'

Occ .s lona l g tock ' ra ldc rs shou ld bc l c f t I n p .ace l f po5s lb le 'w l th d ras t l c heasu rcs tokcn on l y oga lns t Pc r5 l3 t cn t na rauders 'The number o f pc rs l5 ten t g tock - ta lde rs tha t y rou ld be tho t eachyca r undc r t h l s po l l cy shou ld no t bc su f f l c l en t t o a f fec t t h 'i t a tus o f t hc l r spcc l . t l n t hc coun t r y ss a r rho l c , bu t cs re fu lr cco rds shou ld be k .p t 30 tha t t hc s l t ua t l on can ba mon l to red 'I n th l s r caa rd l t l 3 d l sconcc r t l ng to f l nd tha t gone ganc 5 ta t l on5(c .9 . Nyahuru ru and Nanyuk l ) do no t kc .p r cco rds dnd tha t cvcn theGarn; De;artmcnt/ul ldl I fc DeP.rtftcnt Hcedquartcrs ha' not publ lshed

. an annua l r cPor t f o r t 6 Yaar r .

q. I RECOI{I.IEIIO THAT THE KETIYA GOVERNIENT RTOPENS THE CONTROLLEO SPORTTIUNTINC OF LEOPARDS TO NON-RESIDENT }IUNTERS ALOI{C THE LINES SUG-CESTEO IN CHAPTER 5,

5. I RECOMXEND TIIAT THE KEIIYA GOVERT{XE}IT REqUIRES TIt€ I ' IANUFACTURERSOF THE POISONOUS ACARICIDES USEO TO X ILL LEOPARDS TO TNCORPOMTE AN

AODIT IV€ THAT I {AKES THE L IQUID OISTASTEFUL TO ANI I {ALS.

5 .

7 .

o .

_ 1 2 9 -

vhcn th. tox.Phcne polson rCooPcrtoxr ! 'as flrst Introdlc'd

! r . c a t t t c d l p , n a n y d o 9 5 o n f a r n s d l e d f r o m d r l n k l n g l t ' S l n c ci i . i i i r t . " bcen u :c i rx icns lva ly to Po lson Pr 'da tors , rs chept ' rr r i r r o r . a . A s l o n g . 9 o . s 1 9 7 2 t h c E ' s t A f r l c a n l ' l l d l l f ' S o c l e t y" r f "a i r ' " manufac iu r i rs l f they cou ld IncorPora !e a d ls tae te fu l ."a l i i f " . Or . was to ld tha t ! l though l t cou ld be dohe l t v {ou ld , add

i . - i f t " i " i t o f th r Produc t . I bc i levc thc KrnYa Governnent .shou ldrcoucs t thc Inc lus lon o f an ldd l t l va dcaPl tc the cxpense; . l r lne

nan, . r fac tu rc rs fa l l to comPly they cou ld cas l lY be compc l lco to oo

so because tCooPer tox t and g ln l la r conpounds arc hadc In .Kenya '; ; ; ; ; i ; i f i rm! shou ld bc requ l red to oPcra tc respons lb lv as wc l l

. s p r o f l t a b l y .

I RTCOhHEND THAT THI KENYA GOVERNI'IENT'S BAN ON THE EXPORT OF LEOPARD

sKtr.rs (LN 181 0J 21/8/79) SHoULD gE REVISED:

I) TO TOTALLY PROIIIEIT THE EXPORT OF LEOPARD ANO CHEETAHSKllls FOR ANY Coflt lERClAL PURPoS€i

I t ) i0 ALLoI A LEGlT l I {ATELY L lcEt lsED i loN-Rts loENT sPoRls l lA l lTO EXPORT TO HIS COUNTRY OF ORTGIN THE SKI } i OF A LEO-PARD LEGALLY SHOT BY HII{ II,I KENYA.

I RECOH}IENO THAT THE KENYA COVERNI'IENT CONTINUES TO PROHIBIT IN'.

oeiiHireiv ALL LocAL DEALtNc lN LEoPARD AND CHEETAH sKlNs ANYvHERE

IN KENYA.

t t thoutd be l l l cga l fo r any person to se l l leoPard orchcet .h tk ln ! to any o thcr Pcrgon In5 ldc or ou ts lde the count ry '; ; - ; ; , " ; " . t "n o r t t i * tho i . i k ln5 werc o r lg lna l l y .ob ta lned ' T rans-

i " . i i ' i i t . o , " " " i i r t i f o f t rophtcs In l caa l .possess lon bY.way,o f g l f t

thou ld cont lnue to be rubJcc t to thc p iov ls lons o f sec t lon .4q o f lhe

Y l ld l l f c (Conscrva t lon .nd f lanegerncnt ) Ac t o f . l976 ' The sk ln o r

env lcop" .d 3ho! by a I l censcd ;on ' rcs ldcn t hunter thou ld leave the

" . i " i i " ' * r t . f . end inmor . rn tcd w l th ln 60 day5 o f the 'nd o f thc -sa far l. n d r h o u l d b c d l p p e d . n d P a c k . d b Y . r l n g l e f l r m o f t a x l d e r m l e l sr rnder Governhent luPcrv l t lon .

I RTCOI{HSiID THAT THI KTNYA GOVERITHENT DISPOSES OF THE SKINS.OF..i td ia ios rno cf IEETAH sHoT oN coNTRot oR st lzED fRox PoAcHtRsr- lNai ib ioance vrTH RtsoLuTtoN col l , l .24 ' oF THE CoNVENTI0N 0N INTER-IATIONAL TMDE lN INDANGERTD SPECIES, T0 WHICH XENYA ls A s l r r 'NATORY.

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A B L E S , E . D . ( 1 9 6 9 ) . H o m e r a n g e 5 t u d l e s . , fJ . l l a m m 6 l . 5 0 ( l ) : t 0 8 - 1 1 9 .

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TIe- s , - un l ve rs iay o f Na i rob i . 219 pp .

r e d f o x e s ( V u I p € s v , J l P c s )

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Ia n A f r i c a n L e o p a r d .

Longnans , London.

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A N O N . ( l 9 i C ) . R e p o r ! s u b n i t t e d o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f p o a c h i n g i n K e n y aa n d T a n z a n i a . E a s t A f r i c a n t , / i l d l i f e S o c i e t y . 5 P p . t y p e s c r i P t .

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\ , , / i ns ton , 0regon .

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P c o v h , L . h . t 6 L 0 v g R , P . E . ( 1 9 7 r ) , A p r o p o s a l t o e s t a b l i s h a c h a i n o fna t i ona l pa r l i s o r na t i ona l monumen ts a long the l eng th o f t he KenyaR i f t V a l l € ) ' . R e p o r t f o r K e n y a N a ! i o n a l P a r k s . 5 { p p . t y p e s c r i p t '

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C A S E B E g R , R . t . ( 1 9 7 5 ) . S u i n m a r l e s o f s t a t i s t i c s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s p e r t e i n -i n9 !o w i l d l i f e , Pa rks rnd Reserves In Kenya . Kenya Game DePa i ' tme i t" n l u . l . O , p . / r . l . O . w i l d l i f e M a n a g e m e n t P r c i e c t , l l a i r o b i ' P r o j e c tvo rk i no Oocumen t No , 8 .

C

tC A s € B E E R , R . L . t t 1 8 A L , H . r . x . ( 1 9 7 4 ) . A n i n i a l H o r t a l i t y ' 1 9 7 3 / 7 \ .

f , a j i a d o D i s t r i c t . K e n y a G a n e o e p a r t m e n t t U - l l . D . P . / F A . 0 . v i l d l i f el l andgenE. t P ro jec t , Na l rob l . P ro jec t l , / o rk ing Doc lnen t No .5 .

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€ L 0 F F , F . C . ( 1 9 7 3 b ) .ve rnay i .

'Koedoe

E s ' r E s , R . D . ( 1 9 6 7 ) .1 6 l t ) : 3 8 - \ 7 .

E t . / E R , R . F . ( r 9 7 3 ) .\ 9 \ PP .

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Vater use by the Ka l rhar il 6 : 1 4 9 - 1 5 4 .

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I t a t . H i s t , 7 6 ( 2 ) | 2 0 - 2 t

i t y o f w i l d l i f e i n1 9 7 3 - 1 9 1 4 . E . A r r .

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